[LinAlg] Prepare map class for Tpetra

[maxfirmbach]

Description

Sub issue from #875 to prepare the class Core::LinAlg::Map for the switch.
Here notes, steps and open problems can be found.

Catch Epetra error in the wrapper itself #1190:

• Catch errors with CHECK_EPETRA_CALL (see [LinAlg] Add Epetra check to map #1409)

In the Tpetra::Map, everything that is related to index lists mainly works with Teuchos::ArrayView. What comes close to it is a std::span.

• Use std::span instead of raw pointers for all methods where possible.

Everything else seems to be a 1-to-1 replacement later on.