diff --git a/packages/engine/Source/Core/Credit.js b/packages/engine/Source/Core/Credit.js
index 98525c04c79..23b9caea8ed 100644
--- a/packages/engine/Source/Core/Credit.js
+++ b/packages/engine/Source/Core/Credit.js
@@ -166,7 +166,8 @@ Credit.getIonCredit = function (attribution) {
  */
 Credit.clone = function (credit) {
   if (defined(credit)) {
-    return new Credit(credit.html, credit.showOnScreen);
+    return credit;
+    // return new Credit(credit.html, credit.showOnScreen);
   }
 };
 export default Credit;
diff --git a/packages/engine/Source/Core/Matrix3.js b/packages/engine/Source/Core/Matrix3.js
index 7a7ab6c3213..7887f3c53ba 100644
--- a/packages/engine/Source/Core/Matrix3.js
+++ b/packages/engine/Source/Core/Matrix3.js
@@ -35,28 +35,30 @@ import CesiumMath from "./Math.js";
  * @see Matrix2
  * @see Matrix4
  */
-function Matrix3(
-  column0Row0,
-  column1Row0,
-  column2Row0,
-  column0Row1,
-  column1Row1,
-  column2Row1,
-  column0Row2,
-  column1Row2,
-  column2Row2,
-) {
-  this[0] = column0Row0 ?? 0.0;
-  this[1] = column0Row1 ?? 0.0;
-  this[2] = column0Row2 ?? 0.0;
-  this[3] = column1Row0 ?? 0.0;
-  this[4] = column1Row1 ?? 0.0;
-  this[5] = column1Row2 ?? 0.0;
-  this[6] = column2Row0 ?? 0.0;
-  this[7] = column2Row1 ?? 0.0;
-  this[8] = column2Row2 ?? 0.0;
+class Matrix3 extends Float64Array {
+  constructor(
+    column0Row0,
+    column1Row0,
+    column2Row0,
+    column0Row1,
+    column1Row1,
+    column2Row1,
+    column0Row2,
+    column1Row2,
+    column2Row2,
+  ) {
+    super(9);
+    this[0] = column0Row0 ?? 0.0;
+    this[1] = column0Row1 ?? 0.0;
+    this[2] = column0Row2 ?? 0.0;
+    this[3] = column1Row0 ?? 0.0;
+    this[4] = column1Row1 ?? 0.0;
+    this[5] = column1Row2 ?? 0.0;
+    this[6] = column2Row0 ?? 0.0;
+    this[7] = column2Row1 ?? 0.0;
+    this[8] = column2Row2 ?? 0.0;
+  }
 }
-
 /**
  * The number of elements used to pack the object into an array.
  * @type {number}
@@ -1671,9 +1673,7 @@ Matrix3.equalsEpsilon = function (left, right, epsilon) {
  * @type {Matrix3}
  * @constant
  */
-Matrix3.IDENTITY = Object.freeze(
-  new Matrix3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0),
-);
+Matrix3.IDENTITY = new Matrix3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
 
 /**
  * An immutable Matrix3 instance initialized to the zero matrix.
@@ -1681,9 +1681,7 @@ Matrix3.IDENTITY = Object.freeze(
  * @type {Matrix3}
  * @constant
  */
-Matrix3.ZERO = Object.freeze(
-  new Matrix3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
-);
+Matrix3.ZERO = new Matrix3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
 
 /**
  * The index into Matrix3 for column 0, row 0.
diff --git a/packages/engine/Source/Core/Matrix4.js b/packages/engine/Source/Core/Matrix4.js
index f30b8a73390..80e0afeea83 100644
--- a/packages/engine/Source/Core/Matrix4.js
+++ b/packages/engine/Source/Core/Matrix4.js
@@ -53,40 +53,43 @@ import RuntimeError from "./RuntimeError.js";
  * @see Matrix3
  * @see Packable
  */
-function Matrix4(
-  column0Row0,
-  column1Row0,
-  column2Row0,
-  column3Row0,
-  column0Row1,
-  column1Row1,
-  column2Row1,
-  column3Row1,
-  column0Row2,
-  column1Row2,
-  column2Row2,
-  column3Row2,
-  column0Row3,
-  column1Row3,
-  column2Row3,
-  column3Row3,
-) {
-  this[0] = column0Row0 ?? 0.0;
-  this[1] = column0Row1 ?? 0.0;
-  this[2] = column0Row2 ?? 0.0;
-  this[3] = column0Row3 ?? 0.0;
-  this[4] = column1Row0 ?? 0.0;
-  this[5] = column1Row1 ?? 0.0;
-  this[6] = column1Row2 ?? 0.0;
-  this[7] = column1Row3 ?? 0.0;
-  this[8] = column2Row0 ?? 0.0;
-  this[9] = column2Row1 ?? 0.0;
-  this[10] = column2Row2 ?? 0.0;
-  this[11] = column2Row3 ?? 0.0;
-  this[12] = column3Row0 ?? 0.0;
-  this[13] = column3Row1 ?? 0.0;
-  this[14] = column3Row2 ?? 0.0;
-  this[15] = column3Row3 ?? 0.0;
+class Matrix4 extends Float64Array {
+  constructor(
+    column0Row0,
+    column1Row0,
+    column2Row0,
+    column3Row0,
+    column0Row1,
+    column1Row1,
+    column2Row1,
+    column3Row1,
+    column0Row2,
+    column1Row2,
+    column2Row2,
+    column3Row2,
+    column0Row3,
+    column1Row3,
+    column2Row3,
+    column3Row3,
+  ) {
+    super(16);
+    this[0] = column0Row0 ?? 0.0;
+    this[1] = column0Row1 ?? 0.0;
+    this[2] = column0Row2 ?? 0.0;
+    this[3] = column0Row3 ?? 0.0;
+    this[4] = column1Row0 ?? 0.0;
+    this[5] = column1Row1 ?? 0.0;
+    this[6] = column1Row2 ?? 0.0;
+    this[7] = column1Row3 ?? 0.0;
+    this[8] = column2Row0 ?? 0.0;
+    this[9] = column2Row1 ?? 0.0;
+    this[10] = column2Row2 ?? 0.0;
+    this[11] = column2Row3 ?? 0.0;
+    this[12] = column3Row0 ?? 0.0;
+    this[13] = column3Row1 ?? 0.0;
+    this[14] = column3Row2 ?? 0.0;
+    this[15] = column3Row3 ?? 0.0;
+  }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1929,41 +1932,23 @@ Matrix4.multiplyTransformation = function (left, right, result) {
   const right13 = right[13];
   const right14 = right[14];
 
-  const column0Row0 = left0 * right0 + left4 * right1 + left8 * right2;
-  const column0Row1 = left1 * right0 + left5 * right1 + left9 * right2;
-  const column0Row2 = left2 * right0 + left6 * right1 + left10 * right2;
-
-  const column1Row0 = left0 * right4 + left4 * right5 + left8 * right6;
-  const column1Row1 = left1 * right4 + left5 * right5 + left9 * right6;
-  const column1Row2 = left2 * right4 + left6 * right5 + left10 * right6;
-
-  const column2Row0 = left0 * right8 + left4 * right9 + left8 * right10;
-  const column2Row1 = left1 * right8 + left5 * right9 + left9 * right10;
-  const column2Row2 = left2 * right8 + left6 * right9 + left10 * right10;
-
-  const column3Row0 =
-    left0 * right12 + left4 * right13 + left8 * right14 + left12;
-  const column3Row1 =
-    left1 * right12 + left5 * right13 + left9 * right14 + left13;
-  const column3Row2 =
-    left2 * right12 + left6 * right13 + left10 * right14 + left14;
-
-  result[0] = column0Row0;
-  result[1] = column0Row1;
-  result[2] = column0Row2;
+  result[0] = left0 * right0 + left4 * right1 + left8 * right2;
+  result[1] = left1 * right0 + left5 * right1 + left9 * right2;
+  result[2] = left2 * right0 + left6 * right1 + left10 * right2;
   result[3] = 0.0;
-  result[4] = column1Row0;
-  result[5] = column1Row1;
-  result[6] = column1Row2;
+  result[4] = left0 * right4 + left4 * right5 + left8 * right6;
+  result[5] = left1 * right4 + left5 * right5 + left9 * right6;
+  result[6] = left2 * right4 + left6 * right5 + left10 * right6;
   result[7] = 0.0;
-  result[8] = column2Row0;
-  result[9] = column2Row1;
-  result[10] = column2Row2;
+  result[8] = left0 * right8 + left4 * right9 + left8 * right10;
+  result[9] = left1 * right8 + left5 * right9 + left9 * right10;
+  result[10] = left2 * right8 + left6 * right9 + left10 * right10;
   result[11] = 0.0;
-  result[12] = column3Row0;
-  result[13] = column3Row1;
-  result[14] = column3Row2;
+  result[12] = left0 * right12 + left4 * right13 + left8 * right14 + left12;
+  result[13] = left1 * right12 + left5 * right13 + left9 * right14 + left13;
+  result[14] = left2 * right12 + left6 * right13 + left10 * right14 + left14;
   result[15] = 1.0;
+
   return result;
 };
 
@@ -2968,25 +2953,23 @@ Matrix4.inverseTranspose = function (matrix, result) {
  * @type {Matrix4}
  * @constant
  */
-Matrix4.IDENTITY = Object.freeze(
-  new Matrix4(
-    1.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    1.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    1.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    1.0,
-  ),
+Matrix4.IDENTITY = new Matrix4(
+  1.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  1.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  1.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  1.0,
 );
 
 /**
@@ -2995,25 +2978,23 @@ Matrix4.IDENTITY = Object.freeze(
  * @type {Matrix4}
  * @constant
  */
-Matrix4.ZERO = Object.freeze(
-  new Matrix4(
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-    0.0,
-  ),
+Matrix4.ZERO = new Matrix4(
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
+  0.0,
 );
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/engine/Source/Scene/Cesium3DTilesetStatistics.js b/packages/engine/Source/Scene/Cesium3DTilesetStatistics.js
index 17b094f33ad..c70b1c40aca 100644
--- a/packages/engine/Source/Scene/Cesium3DTilesetStatistics.js
+++ b/packages/engine/Source/Scene/Cesium3DTilesetStatistics.js
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ function Cesium3DTilesetStatistics() {
   // Memory statistics
   this.geometryByteLength = 0;
   this.texturesByteLength = 0;
-  this.texturesReferenceCounterById = {};
+  this.texturesReferenceCounterById = new Map();
   this.batchTableByteLength = 0; // batch textures and any binary metadata properties not otherwise accounted for
 }
 
@@ -100,12 +100,12 @@ Cesium3DTilesetStatistics.prototype.incrementLoadCounts = function (content) {
     const textureIds = content.getTextureIds();
     for (const textureId of textureIds) {
       const referenceCounter =
-        this.texturesReferenceCounterById[textureId] ?? 0;
+        this.texturesReferenceCounterById.get(textureId) ?? 0;
       if (referenceCounter === 0) {
         const textureByteLength = content.getTextureByteLengthById(textureId);
         this.texturesByteLength += textureByteLength;
       }
-      this.texturesReferenceCounterById[textureId] = referenceCounter + 1;
+      this.texturesReferenceCounterById.set(textureId, referenceCounter + 1);
     }
   }
 
@@ -146,13 +146,13 @@ Cesium3DTilesetStatistics.prototype.decrementLoadCounts = function (content) {
     // total textures byte length
     const textureIds = content.getTextureIds();
     for (const textureId of textureIds) {
-      const referenceCounter = this.texturesReferenceCounterById[textureId];
+      const referenceCounter = this.texturesReferenceCounterById.get(textureId);
       if (referenceCounter === 1) {
-        delete this.texturesReferenceCounterById[textureId];
+        this.texturesReferenceCounterById.delete(textureId);
         const textureByteLength = content.getTextureByteLengthById(textureId);
         this.texturesByteLength -= textureByteLength;
       } else {
-        this.texturesReferenceCounterById[textureId] = referenceCounter - 1;
+        this.texturesReferenceCounterById.set(textureId, referenceCounter - 1);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -187,9 +187,7 @@ Cesium3DTilesetStatistics.clone = function (statistics, result) {
     statistics.numberOfTilesCulledWithChildrenUnion;
   result.geometryByteLength = statistics.geometryByteLength;
   result.texturesByteLength = statistics.texturesByteLength;
-  result.texturesReferenceCounterById = {
-    ...statistics.texturesReferenceCounterById,
-  };
+  result.texturesReferenceCounterById = statistics.texturesReferenceCounterById;
   result.batchTableByteLength = statistics.batchTableByteLength;
 };
 export default Cesium3DTilesetStatistics;
diff --git a/packages/engine/Source/Scene/Cesium3DTilesetTraversal.js b/packages/engine/Source/Scene/Cesium3DTilesetTraversal.js
index fd13b76d9d4..7ecc0681303 100644
--- a/packages/engine/Source/Scene/Cesium3DTilesetTraversal.js
+++ b/packages/engine/Source/Scene/Cesium3DTilesetTraversal.js
@@ -188,6 +188,11 @@ function isOnScreenLongEnough(tile, frameState) {
  * @param {FrameState} frameState
  */
 Cesium3DTilesetTraversal.updateTile = function (tile, frameState) {
+  if (tile._visitedFrame === frameState.frameNumber) {
+    // Prevents another pass from visiting the frame again
+    return;
+  }
+  Cesium3DTilesetTraversal.visitTile(tile, frameState);
   updateTileVisibility(tile, frameState);
   tile.updateExpiration();
 
@@ -279,6 +284,9 @@ function anyChildrenVisible(tile, frameState) {
     const child = children[i];
     child.updateVisibility(frameState);
     anyVisible = anyVisible || child.isVisible;
+    if (anyVisible) {
+      break;
+    }
   }
   return anyVisible;
 }
diff --git a/packages/engine/Source/Scene/Scene.js b/packages/engine/Source/Scene/Scene.js
index 16149ca8b23..4cc389eb629 100644
--- a/packages/engine/Source/Scene/Scene.js
+++ b/packages/engine/Source/Scene/Scene.js
@@ -3831,12 +3831,23 @@ function callAfterRenderFunctions(scene) {
   functions.length = 0;
 }
 
+/**
+ * @param {Scene} scene
+ * @returns {Number|undefined} The height of the globe at the camera position, or undefined if the height cannot be determined.
+ */
 function getGlobeHeight(scene) {
-  if (scene.mode === SceneMode.MORPHING) {
+  if (
+    scene.mode === SceneMode.MORPHING ||
+    scene._screenSpaceCameraController.collisionHeightReference ===
+      HeightReference.NONE
+  ) {
     return;
   }
   const cartographic = scene.camera.positionCartographic;
-  return scene.getHeight(cartographic);
+  return scene.getHeight(
+    cartographic,
+    scene._screenSpaceCameraController.collisionHeightReference,
+  );
 }
 
 function getMaxPrimitiveHeight(primitive, cartographic, scene) {
diff --git a/packages/engine/Source/Scene/ScreenSpaceCameraController.js b/packages/engine/Source/Scene/ScreenSpaceCameraController.js
index d4864da3e04..ccf9e788962 100644
--- a/packages/engine/Source/Scene/ScreenSpaceCameraController.js
+++ b/packages/engine/Source/Scene/ScreenSpaceCameraController.js
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import MapMode2D from "./MapMode2D.js";
 import SceneMode from "./SceneMode.js";
 import SceneTransforms from "./SceneTransforms.js";
 import TweenCollection from "./TweenCollection.js";
+import HeightReference from "./HeightReference.js";
 
 /**
  * Modifies the camera position and orientation based on mouse input to a canvas.
@@ -265,13 +266,13 @@ function ScreenSpaceCameraController(scene) {
     : ellipsoid.minimumRadius * 1.175;
   this._minimumTrackBallHeight = this.minimumTrackBallHeight;
   /**
-   * When disabled, the values of <code>maximumZoomDistance</code> and <code>minimumZoomDistance</code> are ignored.
-   * Also used in conjunction with {@link Cesium3DTileset#enableCollision} to prevent the camera from moving through or below a 3D Tileset surface.
-   * This may also affect clamping behavior when using {@link HeightReference.CLAMP_TO_GROUND} on 3D Tiles.
-   * @type {boolean}
-   * @default true
+   * This value controls the height reference for the {@link ScreenSpaceCameraController} collision, which is used to limit the camera minimum and maximum zoom.
+   * When set to {@link HeightReference.NONE}, the camera can go underground, and the values of <code>maximumZoomDistance</code> and <code>minimumZoomDistance</code> are ignored.
+   * For all other values, the camera is constrained to be above the terrain and/or 3D Tiles (depending on {@link Cesium3DTileset#enableCollision}).
+   * @type {HeightReference}
+   * @default HeightReference.CLAMP_TO_GROUND
    */
-  this.enableCollisionDetection = true;
+  this.collisionHeightReference = HeightReference.CLAMP_TO_GROUND;
   /**
    * The angle, relative to the ellipsoid normal, restricting the maximum amount that the user can tilt the camera. If <code>undefined</code>, the angle of the camera tilt is unrestricted.
    * @type {number|undefined}
@@ -353,6 +354,27 @@ function ScreenSpaceCameraController(scene) {
   this._maximumUndergroundPickDistance = 10000.0;
 }
 
+Object.defineProperties(ScreenSpaceCameraController.prototype, {
+  /**
+   * When disabled, the values of <code>maximumZoomDistance</code> and <code>minimumZoomDistance</code> are ignored.
+   * Also used in conjunction with {@link Cesium3DTileset#enableCollision} to prevent the camera from moving through or below a 3D Tileset surface.
+   * This may also affect clamping behavior when using {@link HeightReference.CLAMP_TO_GROUND} on 3D Tiles.
+   * @type {boolean}
+   * @default true
+   * @deprecated Use {@link ScreenSpaceCameraController#collisionHeightReference} instead.
+   */
+  enableCollisionDetection: {
+    get: function () {
+      return this.collisionHeightReference !== HeightReference.NONE;
+    },
+    set: function (value) {
+      this.collisionHeightReference = value
+        ? HeightReference.CLAMP_TO_GROUND
+        : HeightReference.NONE;
+    },
+  },
+});
+
 function decay(time, coefficient) {
   if (time < 0) {
     return 0.0;
@@ -556,6 +578,16 @@ const scratchZoomViewOptions = {
   orientation: new HeadingPitchRoll(),
 };
 
+/**
+ *
+ * @param {ScreenSpaceCameraController} object
+ * @param {*} startPosition
+ * @param {*} movement
+ * @param {*} zoomFactor
+ * @param {*} distanceMeasure
+ * @param {*} unitPositionDotDirection
+ * @returns
+ */
 function handleZoom(
   object,
   startPosition,