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+# 📁 File Permissions in Linux
+
+File permissions help control **who** can read, write, or execute a file or directory.
+
+## 🔐 Symbolic Permissions
+
+User types:
+
+- `u` → **user** (owner)
+- `g` → **group**
+- `o` → **others**
+
+Permissions:
+
+- `r` → **read**
+- `w` → **write**
+- `x` → **execute**
+
+Operators:
+
+- `+` → **add** permission
+- `-` → **remove** permission
+- `=` → **set exactly** (override)
+
+### 🧪 Examples
+
+```bash
+# Add execute permission for user
+chmod u+x script.sh
+
+# Remove write permission from group
+chmod g-w file.txt
+
+# Set read-only for everyone. `a` means all (user, group, others)
+chmod a=r file.txt
+
+# Custom permission set for user, group, others
+chmod u=rw,g=r,o= file.txt
+```
+
+## 🗂️ Numeric Permissions
+
+Each permission has a number:
+
+- `r` = **4**
+- `w` = **2**
+- `x` = **1**
+
+To calculate total:
+
+- `7` = 4 + 2 + 1 → **read + write + execute**
+- `6` = 4 + 2 → **read + write**
+- `5` = 4 + 1 → **read + execute**
+- `0` = **no permissions**
+
+**Permissions** are defined in **three digits: user-group-others** (755, 644, etc.).
+
+### 🧪 Examples
+
+```bash
+# rwx for user, rx for group and others
+chmod 755 script.sh
+
+# rw for user, r for group and others
+chmod 644 notes.txt
+
+# full access for user only
+chmod 700 secret.sh
+```
+
+## 👤 Ownership
+
+Every file or directory has an owner and a group. To view ownership `ls -l` command is used.
+
+To change owner:
+
+```bash
+sudo chown username file.txt
+```
+
+To change group:
+
+```bash
+sudo chgrp groupname file.txt
+```
+
+To change both owner and group:
+
+```bash
+sudo chown username:groupname file.txt
+```
+
+### 🧪 Examples
+
+```bash
+# Change owner to alice
+sudo chown alice document.txt
+
+# Change owner to bob and group to developers
+sudo chown bob:developers script.sh
+```