It seems to be possible to generate PR preview for GitLab pages by pushing the build files to a subdirectory in a central repository (e.g. ComPWA/docs-preview) with the cpina/github-action-push-to-another-repository action. See this workflow for an example.
For now, as a hack, we can deploy the pages on GitHub Pages for a fork (see e.g. this workflow, but those previews are only temporary.