diff --git a/src/benchmark/study_parameters_benchmark.py b/src/benchmark/study_parameters_benchmark.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..189262b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/benchmark/study_parameters_benchmark.py
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Stanford University and the project authors (see CONTRIBUTORS.md)
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+from typing import Dict, List, Any, Optional, Tuple
+from difflib import SequenceMatcher
+import numpy as np
+import re
+from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
+
+
+_model: Optional[SentenceTransformer] = None
+
+
+def _get_model() -> SentenceTransformer:
+    global _model
+    if _model is None:
+        _model = SentenceTransformer("pritamdeka/S-PubMedBert-MS-MARCO")
+    return _model
+
+
+def align_study_parameters_by_variant_id(
+    ground_truth_list: List[Dict[str, Any]],
+    predictions_list: List[Dict[str, Any]],
+) -> Tuple[List[Dict[str, Any]], List[Dict[str, Any]]]:
+    """
+    Align study parameters by Variant Annotation ID.
+    """
+    aligned_gt: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+    aligned_pred: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+
+    # prediction index by Variant Annotation ID
+    pred_by_id: Dict[Any, Dict[str, Any]] = {}
+    pred_by_pmid_id: Dict[Tuple[Any, Any], Dict[str, Any]] = {}
+
+    for pred_rec in predictions_list:
+        variant_id = pred_rec.get('Variant Annotation ID')
+        pmid = pred_rec.get('PMID')
+        if variant_id is not None:
+            pred_by_id[variant_id] = pred_rec
+            if pmid is not None:
+                pred_by_pmid_id[(pmid, variant_id)] = pred_rec
+
+    # ground truth to predictions
+    for gt_rec in ground_truth_list:
+        variant_id = gt_rec.get('Variant Annotation ID')
+        pmid = gt_rec.get('PMID')
+
+        match = None
+        if variant_id is not None and variant_id in pred_by_id:
+            match = pred_by_id[variant_id]
+
+        if match is not None:
+            aligned_gt.append(gt_rec)
+            aligned_pred.append(match)
+
+    return aligned_gt, aligned_pred
+
+
+def parse_numeric(value: Any) -> Optional[float]:
+    """Parse numeric value from string or number, handling scientific notation."""
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    if isinstance(value, (int, float)):
+        return float(value)
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        # Remove common formatting (commas, spaces, currency symbols)
+        cleaned = re.sub(r'[,\s$]', '', value.strip())
+        try:
+            return float(cleaned)
+        except ValueError:
+            return None
+    return None
+
+
+def numeric_tolerance_match(
+    gt_val: Any,
+    pred_val: Any,
+    exact_weight: float = 1.0,
+    tolerance_5pct: float = 0.9,
+    tolerance_10pct: float = 0.8,
+) -> float:
+    """Numeric comparison with tolerance levels."""
+    gt_num = parse_numeric(gt_val)
+    pred_num = parse_numeric(pred_val)
+
+    if gt_num is None and pred_num is None:
+        return 1.0
+    if gt_num is None or pred_num is None:
+        return 0.0
+
+    if gt_num == 0 and pred_num == 0:
+        return 1.0
+    if gt_num == 0 or pred_num == 0:
+        return 0.0
+
+    diff = abs(gt_num - pred_num)
+    pct_diff = diff / abs(gt_num)
+
+    if diff == 0:
+        return exact_weight
+    elif pct_diff <= 0.05:
+        return tolerance_5pct
+    elif pct_diff <= 0.10:
+        return tolerance_10pct
+    else:
+        return 0.0
+
+
+def parse_p_value(pval_str: Any) -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[float]]:
+    """Parse P value string into operator and numeric value."""
+    if pval_str is None:
+        return None, None
+
+    pval_str = str(pval_str).strip()
+    if not pval_str:
+        return None, None
+
+    # Extract operator (<=, >=, <, >, =)
+    operator_match = re.search(r'([<>=≤≥]=?)', pval_str)
+    operator = operator_match.group(1) if operator_match else '='
+
+    # Extract numeric value
+    value_str = re.sub(r'[<>=≤≥\s]', '', pval_str)
+    value = parse_numeric(value_str)
+
+    return operator, value
+
+
+def p_value_match(gt_val: Any, pred_val: Any) -> float:
+    """Match P value with both operator and value."""
+    gt_op, gt_val_num = parse_p_value(gt_val)
+    pred_op, pred_val_num = parse_p_value(pred_val)
+
+    if gt_op is None and pred_op is None:
+        return 1.0
+    if gt_op is None or pred_op is None:
+        return 0.0
+
+    # Normalize operators for comparison
+    op_map = {'<=': '≤', '>=': '≥', '<': '<', '>': '>', '=': '='}
+    gt_op_norm = op_map.get(gt_op, gt_op)
+    pred_op_norm = op_map.get(pred_op, pred_op)
+
+    operator_score = 1.0 if gt_op_norm == pred_op_norm else 0.0
+    value_score = numeric_tolerance_match(gt_val_num, pred_val_num, exact_weight=1.0, tolerance_5pct=0.9, tolerance_10pct=0.7)
+
+    # Combined: 50% operator, 50% value
+    return 0.5 * operator_score + 0.5 * value_score
+
+
+def evaluate_study_parameters(samples: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Evaluate study parameters when provided a list with exactly two dicts:
+      - samples[0] = ground truth study parameters dict
+      - samples[1] = prediction study parameters dict
+    """
+
+    if not isinstance(samples, list) or len(samples) != 2:
+        raise ValueError("Expected a list with exactly two dicts: [ground_truth, prediction].")
+    gt, pred = samples[0], samples[1]
+    if not isinstance(gt, dict) or not isinstance(pred, dict):
+        raise ValueError("Both items must be dicts: [ground_truth_dict, prediction_dict].")
+
+    # Prepare lists and align
+    gt_list_raw: List[Dict[str, Any]] = [gt]
+    pred_list_raw: List[Dict[str, Any]] = [pred]
+    gt_list, pred_list = align_study_parameters_by_variant_id(gt_list_raw, pred_list_raw)
+
+    if not gt_list:
+        # nothing aligned; return empty result structure
+        return {'total_samples': 0, 'field_scores': {}, 'overall_score': 0.0, 'detailed_results': []}
+
+    model = _get_model()
+
+    def exact_match(gt_val: Any, pred_val: Any) -> float:
+        if gt_val is None and pred_val is None:
+            return 1.0
+        if gt_val is None or pred_val is None:
+            return 0.0
+        return 1.0 if str(gt_val).strip().lower() == str(pred_val).strip().lower() else 0.0
+
+    def semantic_similarity(gt_val: Any, pred_val: Any) -> float:
+        if gt_val is None and pred_val is None:
+            return 1.0
+        if gt_val is None or pred_val is None:
+            return 0.0
+        gt_str = str(gt_val).strip()
+        pred_str = str(pred_val).strip()
+        if gt_str == pred_str:
+            return 1.0
+        try:
+            embeddings = model.encode([gt_str, pred_str])
+            gt_embedding = embeddings[0]
+            pred_embedding = embeddings[1]
+            similarity = float(
+                np.dot(gt_embedding, pred_embedding)
+                / (np.linalg.norm(gt_embedding) * np.linalg.norm(pred_embedding))
+            )
+            return similarity
+        except Exception:
+            return SequenceMatcher(None, gt_str.lower(), pred_str.lower()).ratio()
+
+    def category_equal(a: Any, b: Any) -> float:
+        a_norm = (re.sub(r"\s+", " ", str(a).strip().lower()) if a is not None else None)
+        b_norm = (re.sub(r"\s+", " ", str(b).strip().lower()) if b is not None else None)
+        if a_norm is None and b_norm is None:
+            return 1.0
+        if a_norm is None or b_norm is None:
+            return 0.0
+        return 1.0 if a_norm == b_norm else 0.0
+
+    # Map evaluators to study parameters schema fields
+    field_evaluators = {
+        'Study Parameters ID': exact_match,
+        'Variant Annotation ID': exact_match,
+        'Study Type': category_equal,
+        'Study Cases': lambda gt, pred: numeric_tolerance_match(gt, pred, exact_weight=1.0, tolerance_5pct=0.9, tolerance_10pct=0.8),
+        'Study Controls': lambda gt, pred: numeric_tolerance_match(gt, pred, exact_weight=1.0, tolerance_5pct=0.9, tolerance_10pct=0.8),
+        'Characteristics': semantic_similarity,
+        'Characteristics Type': category_equal,
+        'Frequency in Cases': lambda gt, pred: numeric_tolerance_match(gt, pred, exact_weight=1.0, tolerance_5pct=0.9, tolerance_10pct=0.8),
+        'Allele of Frequency in Cases': semantic_similarity,
+        'Frequency in Controls': lambda gt, pred: numeric_tolerance_match(gt, pred, exact_weight=1.0, tolerance_5pct=0.9, tolerance_10pct=0.8),
+        'Allele of Frequency in Controls': semantic_similarity,
+        'P Value': p_value_match,
+        'Ratio Stat Type': category_equal,
+        'Ratio Stat': lambda gt, pred: numeric_tolerance_match(gt, pred, exact_weight=1.0, tolerance_5pct=0.9, tolerance_10pct=0.8),
+        'Confidence Interval Start': lambda gt, pred: numeric_tolerance_match(gt, pred, exact_weight=1.0, tolerance_5pct=0.9, tolerance_10pct=0.8),
+        'Confidence Interval Stop': lambda gt, pred: numeric_tolerance_match(gt, pred, exact_weight=1.0, tolerance_5pct=0.9, tolerance_10pct=0.8),
+        'Biogeographical Groups': category_equal,
+    }
+
+    results: Dict[str, Any] = {'total_samples': len(gt_list), 'field_scores': {}, 'overall_score': 0.0}
+
+    for field, evaluator in field_evaluators.items():
+        scores: List[float] = []
+        for g, p in zip(gt_list, pred_list):
+            scores.append(evaluator(g.get(field), p.get(field)))
+        results['field_scores'][field] = {'mean_score': sum(scores) / len(scores), 'scores': scores}
+
+    results['detailed_results'] = []
+    for i, (g, p) in enumerate(zip(gt_list, pred_list)):
+        sample_result: Dict[str, Any] = {'sample_id': i, 'field_scores': {}}
+        for field, evaluator in field_evaluators.items():
+            sample_result['field_scores'][field] = evaluator(g.get(field), p.get(field))
+        # No dependency penalties wired yet for study parameters; can be added later if needed
+        sample_result['dependency_issues'] = []
+        results['detailed_results'].append(sample_result)
+
+    for field in list(field_evaluators.keys()):
+        field_scores = [s['field_scores'][field] for s in results['detailed_results']]
+        results['field_scores'][field] = {'mean_score': sum(field_scores) / len(field_scores), 'scores': field_scores}
+
+    field_means = [v['mean_score'] for v in results['field_scores'].values()]
+    results['overall_score'] = sum(field_means) / len(field_means) if field_means else 0.0
+    return results
+