diff --git a/osu.Android.props b/osu.Android.props
index b179b8b837db..56931bbcb4e6 100644
--- a/osu.Android.props
+++ b/osu.Android.props
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
     <EmbedAssembliesIntoApk>true</EmbedAssembliesIntoApk>
   </PropertyGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
-    <PackageReference Include="ppy.osu.Framework.Android" Version="2023.1227.1" />
+    <PackageReference Include="ppy.osu.Framework.Android" Version="2024.110.0" />
   </ItemGroup>
   <PropertyGroup>
     <!-- Fody does not handle Android build well, and warns when unchanged.
diff --git a/osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Scoring/CatchScoreProcessor.cs b/osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Scoring/CatchScoreProcessor.cs
index 4b3d378889bc..161a59c5fdf5 100644
--- a/osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Scoring/CatchScoreProcessor.cs
+++ b/osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Scoring/CatchScoreProcessor.cs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Judgements;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
 using osu.Game.Scoring;
@@ -20,20 +21,73 @@ public partial class CatchScoreProcessor : ScoreProcessor
         private const int combo_cap = 200;
         private const double combo_base = 4;
 
+        private double fruitTinyScale;
+
         public CatchScoreProcessor()
             : base(new CatchRuleset())
         {
         }
 
+        protected override void Reset(bool storeResults)
+        {
+            base.Reset(storeResults);
+
+            // large ticks are *purposefully* not counted to match stable
+            int fruitTinyScaleDivisor = MaximumResultCounts.GetValueOrDefault(HitResult.SmallTickHit) + MaximumResultCounts.GetValueOrDefault(HitResult.Great);
+            fruitTinyScale = fruitTinyScaleDivisor == 0
+                ? 0
+                : (double)MaximumResultCounts.GetValueOrDefault(HitResult.SmallTickHit) / fruitTinyScaleDivisor;
+        }
+
         protected override double ComputeTotalScore(double comboProgress, double accuracyProgress, double bonusPortion)
         {
-            return 600000 * comboProgress
-                   + 400000 * Accuracy.Value * accuracyProgress
+            const int max_tiny_droplets_portion = 400000;
+
+            double comboPortion = 1000000 - max_tiny_droplets_portion + max_tiny_droplets_portion * (1 - fruitTinyScale);
+            double dropletsPortion = max_tiny_droplets_portion * fruitTinyScale;
+            double dropletsHit = MaximumResultCounts.GetValueOrDefault(HitResult.SmallTickHit) == 0
+                ? 0
+                : (double)ScoreResultCounts.GetValueOrDefault(HitResult.SmallTickHit) / MaximumResultCounts.GetValueOrDefault(HitResult.SmallTickHit);
+
+            return comboPortion * comboProgress
+                   + dropletsPortion * dropletsHit
                    + bonusPortion;
         }
 
+        public override int GetBaseScoreForResult(HitResult result)
+        {
+            switch (result)
+            {
+                // dirty hack to emulate accuracy on stable weighting every object equally in accuracy portion
+                case HitResult.Great:
+                case HitResult.LargeTickHit:
+                case HitResult.SmallTickHit:
+                    return 300;
+
+                case HitResult.LargeBonus:
+                    return 200;
+            }
+
+            return base.GetBaseScoreForResult(result);
+        }
+
         protected override double GetComboScoreChange(JudgementResult result)
-            => GetBaseScoreForResult(result.Type) * Math.Min(Math.Max(0.5, Math.Log(result.ComboAfterJudgement, combo_base)), Math.Log(combo_cap, combo_base));
+        {
+            double baseIncrease = 0;
+
+            switch (result.Type)
+            {
+                case HitResult.Great:
+                    baseIncrease = 300;
+                    break;
+
+                case HitResult.LargeTickHit:
+                    baseIncrease = 100;
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            return baseIncrease * Math.Min(Math.Max(0.5, Math.Log(result.ComboAfterJudgement, combo_base)), Math.Log(combo_cap, combo_base));
+        }
 
         public override ScoreRank RankFromAccuracy(double accuracy)
         {
diff --git a/osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests/Editor/TestSceneEditorAutoplayFastStreams.cs b/osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests/Editor/TestSceneEditorAutoplayFastStreams.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cf5cd809efdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests/Editor/TestSceneEditorAutoplayFastStreams.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using System.Linq;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using osu.Framework.Testing;
+using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Objects;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Objects.Drawables;
+using osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Game.Tests.Visual;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests.Editor
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// This test covers autoplay working correctly in the editor on fast streams.
+    /// Might seem like a weird test, but frame stability being toggled can cause autoplay to operation incorrectly.
+    /// This is clearly a bug with the autoplay algorithm, but is worked around at an editor level for now.
+    /// </summary>
+    public partial class TestSceneEditorAutoplayFastStreams : EditorTestScene
+    {
+        protected override IBeatmap CreateBeatmap(RulesetInfo ruleset)
+        {
+            var testBeatmap = new TestBeatmap(ruleset, false);
+            testBeatmap.HitObjects.AddRange(new[]
+            {
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 500 },
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 530 },
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 560 },
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 590 },
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 620 },
+            });
+
+            return testBeatmap;
+        }
+
+        protected override Ruleset CreateEditorRuleset() => new OsuRuleset();
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestAllHit()
+        {
+            AddStep("start playback", () => EditorClock.Start());
+            AddUntilStep("wait for all hit", () =>
+            {
+                DrawableHitCircle[] hitCircles = Editor.ChildrenOfType<DrawableHitCircle>().OrderBy(s => s.HitObject.StartTime).ToArray();
+
+                return hitCircles.Length == 5 && hitCircles.All(h => h.IsHit);
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests/Editor/TestSceneOsuComposerSelection.cs b/osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests/Editor/TestSceneOsuComposerSelection.cs
index 623cefff6bcd..366f17daeea0 100644
--- a/osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests/Editor/TestSceneOsuComposerSelection.cs
+++ b/osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests/Editor/TestSceneOsuComposerSelection.cs
@@ -46,10 +46,12 @@ public void TestSelectAfterFadedOut()
             moveMouseToObject(() => slider);
 
             AddStep("seek after end", () => EditorClock.Seek(750));
+            AddUntilStep("wait for seek", () => !EditorClock.IsSeeking);
             AddStep("left click", () => InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Left));
             AddAssert("slider not selected", () => EditorBeatmap.SelectedHitObjects.Count == 0);
 
             AddStep("seek to visible", () => EditorClock.Seek(650));
+            AddUntilStep("wait for seek", () => !EditorClock.IsSeeking);
             AddStep("left click", () => InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Left));
             AddUntilStep("slider selected", () => EditorBeatmap.SelectedHitObjects.Single() == slider);
         }
diff --git a/osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Objects/Drawables/DrawableSlider.cs b/osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Objects/Drawables/DrawableSlider.cs
index b306fd38c19e..4099d47d6188 100644
--- a/osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Objects/Drawables/DrawableSlider.cs
+++ b/osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Objects/Drawables/DrawableSlider.cs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 using osu.Framework.Bindables;
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
 using osu.Framework.Graphics.Containers;
+using osu.Framework.Layout;
 using osu.Game.Audio;
 using osu.Game.Graphics.Containers;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects;
@@ -66,6 +67,8 @@ public partial class DrawableSlider : DrawableOsuHitObject
         private Container<DrawableSliderRepeat> repeatContainer;
         private PausableSkinnableSound slidingSample;
 
+        private readonly LayoutValue drawSizeLayout;
+
         public DrawableSlider()
             : this(null)
         {
@@ -82,6 +85,7 @@ public DrawableSlider([CanBeNull] Slider s = null)
                 AlwaysPresent = true,
                 Alpha = 0
             };
+            AddLayout(drawSizeLayout = new LayoutValue(Invalidation.DrawSize | Invalidation.MiscGeometry));
         }
 
         [BackgroundDependencyLoader]
@@ -246,21 +250,20 @@ protected override void Update()
             Ball.UpdateProgress(completionProgress);
             SliderBody?.UpdateProgress(HeadCircle.IsHit ? completionProgress : 0);
 
-            foreach (DrawableHitObject hitObject in NestedHitObjects)
-            {
-                if (hitObject is ITrackSnaking s)
-                    s.UpdateSnakingPosition(HitObject.Path.PositionAt(SliderBody?.SnakedStart ?? 0), HitObject.Path.PositionAt(SliderBody?.SnakedEnd ?? 0));
-            }
+            foreach (DrawableSliderRepeat repeat in repeatContainer)
+                repeat.UpdateSnakingPosition(HitObject.Path.PositionAt(SliderBody?.SnakedStart ?? 0), HitObject.Path.PositionAt(SliderBody?.SnakedEnd ?? 0));
 
             Size = SliderBody?.Size ?? Vector2.Zero;
             OriginPosition = SliderBody?.PathOffset ?? Vector2.Zero;
 
-            if (DrawSize != Vector2.Zero)
+            if (!drawSizeLayout.IsValid)
             {
-                var childAnchorPosition = Vector2.Divide(OriginPosition, DrawSize);
+                Vector2 pos = Vector2.Divide(OriginPosition, DrawSize);
                 foreach (var obj in NestedHitObjects)
-                    obj.RelativeAnchorPosition = childAnchorPosition;
-                Ball.RelativeAnchorPosition = childAnchorPosition;
+                    obj.RelativeAnchorPosition = pos;
+                Ball.RelativeAnchorPosition = pos;
+
+                drawSizeLayout.Validate();
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Objects/Drawables/DrawableSliderRepeat.cs b/osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Objects/Drawables/DrawableSliderRepeat.cs
index c6d4f7c4cada..32395655289e 100644
--- a/osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Objects/Drawables/DrawableSliderRepeat.cs
+++ b/osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Objects/Drawables/DrawableSliderRepeat.cs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Objects.Drawables
 {
-    public partial class DrawableSliderRepeat : DrawableOsuHitObject, ITrackSnaking
+    public partial class DrawableSliderRepeat : DrawableOsuHitObject
     {
         public new SliderRepeat HitObject => (SliderRepeat)base.HitObject;
 
diff --git a/osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Objects/Drawables/ITrackSnaking.cs b/osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Objects/Drawables/ITrackSnaking.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index cae2a7c36d10..000000000000
--- a/osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Objects/Drawables/ITrackSnaking.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
-// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
-
-using osuTK;
-
-namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Objects.Drawables
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    /// A component which tracks the current end snaking position of a slider.
-    /// </summary>
-    public interface ITrackSnaking
-    {
-        void UpdateSnakingPosition(Vector2 start, Vector2 end);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/osu.Game.Tests/Database/BackgroundDataStoreProcessorTests.cs b/osu.Game.Tests/Database/BackgroundDataStoreProcessorTests.cs
index 43ce7200d28f..8b066f860fde 100644
--- a/osu.Game.Tests/Database/BackgroundDataStoreProcessorTests.cs
+++ b/osu.Game.Tests/Database/BackgroundDataStoreProcessorTests.cs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
+using System;
 using System.Linq;
 using NUnit.Framework;
 using osu.Framework.Allocation;
@@ -182,9 +183,63 @@ public void TestScoreUpgradeFailed()
             AddAssert("Score version not upgraded", () => Realm.Run(r => r.Find<ScoreInfo>(scoreInfo.ID)!.TotalScoreVersion), () => Is.EqualTo(30000002));
         }
 
+        [Test]
+        public void TestCustomRulesetScoreNotSubjectToUpgrades([Values] bool available)
+        {
+            RulesetInfo rulesetInfo = null!;
+            ScoreInfo scoreInfo = null!;
+            TestBackgroundDataStoreProcessor processor = null!;
+
+            AddStep("Add unavailable ruleset", () => Realm.Write(r => r.Add(rulesetInfo = new RulesetInfo
+            {
+                ShortName = Guid.NewGuid().ToString(),
+                Available = available
+            })));
+
+            AddStep("Add score for unavailable ruleset", () => Realm.Write(r => r.Add(scoreInfo = new ScoreInfo(
+                ruleset: rulesetInfo,
+                beatmap: r.All<BeatmapInfo>().First())
+            {
+                TotalScoreVersion = 30000001
+            })));
+
+            AddStep("Run background processor", () => Add(processor = new TestBackgroundDataStoreProcessor()));
+            AddUntilStep("Wait for completion", () => processor.Completed);
+
+            AddAssert("Score not marked as failed", () => Realm.Run(r => r.Find<ScoreInfo>(scoreInfo.ID)!.BackgroundReprocessingFailed), () => Is.False);
+            AddAssert("Score version not upgraded", () => Realm.Run(r => r.Find<ScoreInfo>(scoreInfo.ID)!.TotalScoreVersion), () => Is.EqualTo(30000001));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestNonLegacyScoreNotSubjectToUpgrades()
+        {
+            ScoreInfo scoreInfo = null!;
+            TestBackgroundDataStoreProcessor processor = null!;
+
+            AddStep("Add score which requires upgrade (and has beatmap)", () =>
+            {
+                Realm.Write(r =>
+                {
+                    r.Add(scoreInfo = new ScoreInfo(ruleset: r.All<RulesetInfo>().First(), beatmap: r.All<BeatmapInfo>().First())
+                    {
+                        TotalScoreVersion = 30000005,
+                        LegacyTotalScore = 123456,
+                    });
+                });
+            });
+
+            AddStep("Run background processor", () => Add(processor = new TestBackgroundDataStoreProcessor()));
+            AddUntilStep("Wait for completion", () => processor.Completed);
+
+            AddAssert("Score not marked as failed", () => Realm.Run(r => r.Find<ScoreInfo>(scoreInfo.ID)!.BackgroundReprocessingFailed), () => Is.False);
+            AddAssert("Score version not upgraded", () => Realm.Run(r => r.Find<ScoreInfo>(scoreInfo.ID)!.TotalScoreVersion), () => Is.EqualTo(30000005));
+        }
+
         public partial class TestBackgroundDataStoreProcessor : BackgroundDataStoreProcessor
         {
             protected override int TimeToSleepDuringGameplay => 10;
+
+            public bool Completed => ProcessingTask.IsCompleted;
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneArgonHealthDisplay.cs b/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneArgonHealthDisplay.cs
index 30fb4412f46f..5d2921107e8a 100644
--- a/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneArgonHealthDisplay.cs
+++ b/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneArgonHealthDisplay.cs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
 using osu.Framework.Graphics.Shapes;
 using osu.Framework.Testing;
+using osu.Framework.Threading;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Judgements;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Judgements;
@@ -159,5 +160,15 @@ private void applyPerfectHit()
                 Type = HitResult.Perfect
             });
         }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestSimulateDrain()
+        {
+            ScheduledDelegate del = null!;
+
+            AddStep("simulate drain", () => del = Scheduler.AddDelayed(() => healthProcessor.Health.Value -= 0.00025f * Time.Elapsed, 0, true));
+            AddUntilStep("wait until zero", () => healthProcessor.Health.Value == 0);
+            AddStep("cancel drain", () => del.Cancel());
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneFailingLayer.cs b/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneFailingLayer.cs
index 235ada2d633a..684d263a586b 100644
--- a/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneFailingLayer.cs
+++ b/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneFailingLayer.cs
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ public partial class TestSceneFailingLayer : OsuTestScene
 
         private readonly Bindable<bool> showHealth = new Bindable<bool>();
 
+        private HealthProcessor healthProcessor;
+
         [Resolved]
         private OsuConfigManager config { get; set; }
 
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ private void create(HealthProcessor healthProcessor)
         {
             AddStep("create layer", () =>
             {
-                Child = new HealthProcessorContainer(healthProcessor)
+                Child = new HealthProcessorContainer(this.healthProcessor = healthProcessor)
                 {
                     RelativeSizeAxes = Axes.Both,
                     Child = layer = new FailingLayer()
@@ -50,12 +52,12 @@ public void TestLayerFading()
             AddSliderStep("current health", 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, val =>
             {
                 if (layer != null)
-                    layer.Current.Value = val;
+                    healthProcessor.Health.Value = val;
             });
 
-            AddStep("set health to 0.10", () => layer.Current.Value = 0.1);
+            AddStep("set health to 0.10", () => healthProcessor.Health.Value = 0.1);
             AddUntilStep("layer fade is visible", () => layer.ChildrenOfType<Container>().First().Alpha > 0.1f);
-            AddStep("set health to 1", () => layer.Current.Value = 1f);
+            AddStep("set health to 1", () => healthProcessor.Health.Value = 1f);
             AddUntilStep("layer fade is invisible", () => !layer.ChildrenOfType<Container>().First().IsPresent);
         }
 
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ public void TestLayerDisabledViaConfig()
             create(new DrainingHealthProcessor(0));
             AddUntilStep("layer is visible", () => layer.IsPresent);
             AddStep("disable layer", () => config.SetValue(OsuSetting.FadePlayfieldWhenHealthLow, false));
-            AddStep("set health to 0.10", () => layer.Current.Value = 0.1);
+            AddStep("set health to 0.10", () => healthProcessor.Health.Value = 0.1);
             AddUntilStep("layer is not visible", () => !layer.IsPresent);
         }
 
@@ -74,7 +76,7 @@ public void TestLayerVisibilityWithAccumulatingProcessor()
         {
             create(new AccumulatingHealthProcessor(1));
             AddUntilStep("layer is not visible", () => !layer.IsPresent);
-            AddStep("set health to 0.10", () => layer.Current.Value = 0.1);
+            AddStep("set health to 0.10", () => healthProcessor.Health.Value = 0.1);
             AddUntilStep("layer is not visible", () => !layer.IsPresent);
         }
 
@@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ public void TestLayerVisibilityWithAccumulatingProcessor()
         public void TestLayerVisibilityWithDrainingProcessor()
         {
             create(new DrainingHealthProcessor(0));
-            AddStep("set health to 0.10", () => layer.Current.Value = 0.1);
+            AddStep("set health to 0.10", () => healthProcessor.Health.Value = 0.1);
             AddWaitStep("wait for potential fade", 10);
             AddAssert("layer is still visible", () => layer.IsPresent);
         }
@@ -92,7 +94,7 @@ public void TestLayerVisibilityWithDifferentOptions()
         {
             create(new DrainingHealthProcessor(0));
 
-            AddStep("set health to 0.10", () => layer.Current.Value = 0.1);
+            AddStep("set health to 0.10", () => healthProcessor.Health.Value = 0.1);
 
             AddStep("don't show health", () => showHealth.Value = false);
             AddStep("disable FadePlayfieldWhenHealthLow", () => config.SetValue(OsuSetting.FadePlayfieldWhenHealthLow, false));
diff --git a/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneSkinnableHealthDisplay.cs b/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneSkinnableHealthDisplay.cs
index 15a7b48323bb..1849e8abd005 100644
--- a/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneSkinnableHealthDisplay.cs
+++ b/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneSkinnableHealthDisplay.cs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ public partial class TestSceneSkinnableHealthDisplay : SkinnableHUDComponentTest
         [Cached(typeof(HealthProcessor))]
         private HealthProcessor healthProcessor = new DrainingHealthProcessor(0);
 
-        protected override Drawable CreateArgonImplementation() => new ArgonHealthDisplay { Scale = new Vector2(0.6f), Width = 1f };
+        protected override Drawable CreateArgonImplementation() => new ArgonHealthDisplay { Scale = new Vector2(0.6f), Width = 600, UseRelativeSize = { Value = false } };
         protected override Drawable CreateDefaultImplementation() => new DefaultHealthDisplay { Scale = new Vector2(0.6f) };
         protected override Drawable CreateLegacyImplementation() => new LegacyHealthDisplay { Scale = new Vector2(0.6f) };
 
@@ -35,6 +35,13 @@ public void SetUpSteps()
             });
         }
 
+        protected override void Update()
+        {
+            base.Update();
+
+            healthProcessor.Health.Value -= 0.0001f * Time.Elapsed;
+        }
+
         [Test]
         public void TestHealthDisplayIncrementing()
         {
diff --git a/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Menus/TestSceneIntroMusicActionHandling.cs b/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Menus/TestSceneIntroMusicActionHandling.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..01aeaff1db81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Menus/TestSceneIntroMusicActionHandling.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using System.Linq;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using osu.Framework.Testing;
+using osu.Game.Input.Bindings;
+using osu.Game.Screens.Menu;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Menus
+{
+    public partial class TestSceneIntroMusicActionHandling : OsuGameTestScene
+    {
+        private GlobalActionContainer globalActionContainer => Game.ChildrenOfType<GlobalActionContainer>().First();
+
+        public override void SetUpSteps()
+        {
+            CreateNewGame();
+            // we do not want to progress to main menu immediately, hence the override and lack of `ConfirmAtMainMenu()` call here.
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestPauseDuringIntro()
+        {
+            AddUntilStep("Wait for music", () => Game?.MusicController.IsPlaying == true);
+
+            // Check that pause doesn't work during intro sequence.
+            AddStep("Toggle playback", () => globalActionContainer.TriggerPressed(GlobalAction.MusicPlay));
+            AddAssert("Still playing before menu", () => Game?.MusicController.IsPlaying == true);
+            AddUntilStep("Wait for main menu", () => Game?.ScreenStack.CurrentScreen is MainMenu menu && menu.IsLoaded);
+
+            // Check that toggling after intro still works.
+            AddStep("Toggle playback", () => globalActionContainer.TriggerPressed(GlobalAction.MusicPlay));
+            AddUntilStep("Music paused", () => Game?.MusicController.IsPlaying == false && Game?.MusicController.UserPauseRequested == true);
+            AddStep("Toggle playback", () => globalActionContainer.TriggerPressed(GlobalAction.MusicPlay));
+            AddUntilStep("Music resumed", () => Game?.MusicController.IsPlaying == true && Game?.MusicController.UserPauseRequested == false);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Navigation/TestSceneScreenNavigation.cs b/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Navigation/TestSceneScreenNavigation.cs
index a0069f55c7fe..8cb993eff266 100644
--- a/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Navigation/TestSceneScreenNavigation.cs
+++ b/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Navigation/TestSceneScreenNavigation.cs
@@ -938,6 +938,35 @@ public void TestTouchScreenDetectionInGame()
             AddUntilStep("touch device mod still active", () => Game.SelectedMods.Value, () => Has.One.InstanceOf<ModTouchDevice>());
         }
 
+        [Test]
+        public void TestExitSongSelectAndImmediatelyClickLogo()
+        {
+            Screens.Select.SongSelect songSelect = null;
+            PushAndConfirm(() => songSelect = new TestPlaySongSelect());
+            AddUntilStep("wait for song select", () => songSelect.BeatmapSetsLoaded);
+
+            AddStep("import beatmap", () => BeatmapImportHelper.LoadQuickOszIntoOsu(Game).WaitSafely());
+
+            AddUntilStep("wait for selected", () => !Game.Beatmap.IsDefault);
+
+            AddStep("press escape and then click logo immediately", () =>
+            {
+                InputManager.Key(Key.Escape);
+                clickLogoWhenNotCurrent();
+            });
+
+            void clickLogoWhenNotCurrent()
+            {
+                if (songSelect.IsCurrentScreen())
+                    Scheduler.AddOnce(clickLogoWhenNotCurrent);
+                else
+                {
+                    InputManager.MoveMouseTo(Game.ChildrenOfType<OsuLogo>().Single());
+                    InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Left);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         private Func<Player> playToResults()
         {
             var player = playToCompletion();
diff --git a/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneWikiHeader.cs b/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneWikiHeader.cs
index 4e71c5977e9d..d259322d4a4e 100644
--- a/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneWikiHeader.cs
+++ b/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneWikiHeader.cs
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ public partial class TestSceneWikiHeader : OsuTestScene
         [Cached]
         private readonly Bindable<APIWikiPage> wikiPageData = new Bindable<APIWikiPage>(new APIWikiPage
         {
-            Title = "Main Page",
-            Path = "Main_Page",
+            Title = "Main page",
+            Path = WikiOverlay.INDEX_PATH,
         });
 
         private TestHeader header;
diff --git a/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneWikiMainPage.cs b/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneWikiMainPage.cs
index 9967be73e8bf..7b4eadd46d9f 100644
--- a/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneWikiMainPage.cs
+++ b/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneWikiMainPage.cs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ public TestSceneWikiMainPage()
             };
         }
 
-        // From https://osu.ppy.sh/api/v2/wiki/en/Main_Page
+        // From https://osu.ppy.sh/api/v2/wiki/en/Main_page
         private const string main_page_markdown =
             "---\nlayout: main_page\n---\n\n<!-- Do not add any empty lines inside this div. -->\n\n<div class=\"wiki-main-page__blurb\">\nWelcome to the osu! wiki, a project containing a wide range of osu! related information.\n</div>\n\n<div class=\"wiki-main-page__panels\">\n<div class=\"wiki-main-page-panel wiki-main-page-panel--full\">\n\n# Getting started\n\n[Welcome](/wiki/Welcome) • [Installation](/wiki/Installation) • [Registration](/wiki/Registration) • [Help Centre](/wiki/Help_Centre) • [FAQ](/wiki/FAQ)\n\n</div>\n<div class=\"wiki-main-page-panel\">\n\n# Game client\n\n[Interface](/wiki/Interface) • [Options](/wiki/Options) • [Visual settings](/wiki/Visual_Settings) • [Shortcut key reference](/wiki/Shortcut_key_reference) • [Configuration file](/wiki/osu!_Program_Files/User_Configuration_File) • [Program files](/wiki/osu!_Program_Files)\n\n[File formats](/wiki/osu!_File_Formats): [.osz](/wiki/osu!_File_Formats/Osz_(file_format)) • [.osk](/wiki/osu!_File_Formats/Osk_(file_format)) • [.osr](/wiki/osu!_File_Formats/Osr_(file_format)) • [.osu](/wiki/osu!_File_Formats/Osu_(file_format)) • [.osb](/wiki/osu!_File_Formats/Osb_(file_format)) • [.db](/wiki/osu!_File_Formats/Db_(file_format))\n\n</div>\n<div class=\"wiki-main-page-panel\">\n\n# Gameplay\n\n[Game modes](/wiki/Game_mode): [osu!](/wiki/Game_mode/osu!) • [osu!taiko](/wiki/Game_mode/osu!taiko) • [osu!catch](/wiki/Game_mode/osu!catch) • [osu!mania](/wiki/Game_mode/osu!mania)\n\n[Beatmap](/wiki/Beatmap) • [Hit object](/wiki/Hit_object) • [Mods](/wiki/Game_modifier) • [Score](/wiki/Score) • [Replay](/wiki/Replay) • [Multi](/wiki/Multi)\n\n</div>\n<div class=\"wiki-main-page-panel\">\n\n# [Beatmap editor](/wiki/Beatmap_Editor)\n\nSections: [Compose](/wiki/Beatmap_Editor/Compose) • [Design](/wiki/Beatmap_Editor/Design) • [Timing](/wiki/Beatmap_Editor/Timing) • [Song setup](/wiki/Beatmap_Editor/Song_Setup)\n\nComponents: [AiMod](/wiki/Beatmap_Editor/AiMod) • [Beat snap divisor](/wiki/Beatmap_Editor/Beat_Snap_Divisor) • [Distance snap](/wiki/Beatmap_Editor/Distance_Snap) • [Menu](/wiki/Beatmap_Editor/Menu) • [SB load](/wiki/Beatmap_Editor/SB_Load) • [Timelines](/wiki/Beatmap_Editor/Timelines)\n\n[Beatmapping](/wiki/Beatmapping) • [Difficulty](/wiki/Beatmap/Difficulty) • [Mapping techniques](/wiki/Mapping_Techniques) • [Storyboarding](/wiki/Storyboarding)\n\n</div>\n<div class=\"wiki-main-page-panel\">\n\n# Beatmap submission and ranking\n\n[Submission](/wiki/Submission) • [Modding](/wiki/Modding) • [Ranking procedure](/wiki/Beatmap_ranking_procedure) • [Mappers' Guild](/wiki/Mappers_Guild) • [Project Loved](/wiki/Project_Loved)\n\n[Ranking criteria](/wiki/Ranking_Criteria): [osu!](/wiki/Ranking_Criteria/osu!) • [osu!taiko](/wiki/Ranking_Criteria/osu!taiko) • [osu!catch](/wiki/Ranking_Criteria/osu!catch) • [osu!mania](/wiki/Ranking_Criteria/osu!mania)\n\n</div>\n<div class=\"wiki-main-page-panel\">\n\n# Community\n\n[Tournaments](/wiki/Tournaments) • [Skinning](/wiki/Skinning) • [Projects](/wiki/Projects) • [Guides](/wiki/Guides) • [osu!dev Discord server](/wiki/osu!dev_Discord_server) • [How you can help](/wiki/How_You_Can_Help!) • [Glossary](/wiki/Glossary)\n\n</div>\n<div class=\"wiki-main-page-panel\">\n\n# People\n\n[The Team](/wiki/People/The_Team): [Developers](/wiki/People/The_Team/Developers) • [Global Moderation Team](/wiki/People/The_Team/Global_Moderation_Team) • [Support Team](/wiki/People/The_Team/Support_Team) • [Nomination Assessment Team](/wiki/People/The_Team/Nomination_Assessment_Team) • [Beatmap Nominators](/wiki/People/The_Team/Beatmap_Nominators) • [osu! Alumni](/wiki/People/The_Team/osu!_Alumni) • [Project Loved Team](/wiki/People/The_Team/Project_Loved_Team)\n\nOrganisations: [osu! UCI](/wiki/Organisations/osu!_UCI)\n\n[Community Contributors](/wiki/People/Community_Contributors) • [Users with unique titles](/wiki/People/Users_with_unique_titles)\n\n</div>\n<div class=\"wiki-main-page-panel\">\n\n# For developers\n\n[API](/wiki/osu!api) • [Bot account](/wiki/Bot_account) • [Brand identity guidelines](/wiki/Brand_identity_guidelines)\n\n</div>\n<div class=\"wiki-main-page-panel\">\n\n# About the wiki\n\n[Sitemap](/wiki/Sitemap) • [Contribution guide](/wiki/osu!_wiki_Contribution_Guide) • [Article styling criteria](/wiki/Article_Styling_Criteria) • [News styling criteria](/wiki/News_Styling_Criteria)\n\n</div>\n</div>\n";
     }
diff --git a/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneWikiMarkdownContainer.cs b/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneWikiMarkdownContainer.cs
index 6c87553971e8..890930560254 100644
--- a/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneWikiMarkdownContainer.cs
+++ b/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneWikiMarkdownContainer.cs
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ public void TestLink()
         {
             AddStep("set current path", () => markdownContainer.CurrentPath = $"{API.WebsiteRootUrl}/wiki/Article_styling_criteria/");
 
-            AddStep("set '/wiki/Main_Page''", () => markdownContainer.Text = "[wiki main page](/wiki/Main_Page)");
-            AddAssert("check url", () => markdownContainer.Link.Url == $"{API.WebsiteRootUrl}/wiki/Main_Page");
+            AddStep("set '/wiki/Main_page''", () => markdownContainer.Text = "[wiki main page](/wiki/Main_page)");
+            AddAssert("check url", () => markdownContainer.Link.Url == $"{API.WebsiteRootUrl}/wiki/Main_page");
 
             AddStep("set '../FAQ''", () => markdownContainer.Text = "[FAQ](../FAQ)");
             AddAssert("check url", () => markdownContainer.Link.Url == $"{API.WebsiteRootUrl}/wiki/FAQ");
diff --git a/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneWikiOverlay.cs b/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneWikiOverlay.cs
index 79c7e3a22ee3..e70d35f74a8a 100644
--- a/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneWikiOverlay.cs
+++ b/osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneWikiOverlay.cs
@@ -107,12 +107,12 @@ private void setUpWikiResponse(APIWikiPage r, string? redirectionPath = null)
                 };
             });
 
-        // From https://osu.ppy.sh/api/v2/wiki/en/Main_Page
+        // From https://osu.ppy.sh/api/v2/wiki/en/Main_page
         private APIWikiPage responseMainPage => new APIWikiPage
         {
-            Title = "Main Page",
-            Layout = "main_page",
-            Path = "Main_Page",
+            Title = "Main page",
+            Layout = WikiOverlay.INDEX_PATH.ToLowerInvariant(), // custom classes are always lower snake.
+            Path = WikiOverlay.INDEX_PATH,
             Locale = "en",
             Subtitle = null,
             Markdown =
diff --git a/osu.Game/BackgroundDataStoreProcessor.cs b/osu.Game/BackgroundDataStoreProcessor.cs
index a748a7422a91..fc7db13d4105 100644
--- a/osu.Game/BackgroundDataStoreProcessor.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/BackgroundDataStoreProcessor.cs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 using osu.Framework.Logging;
 using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
 using osu.Game.Database;
+using osu.Game.Extensions;
 using osu.Game.Online.API;
 using osu.Game.Overlays;
 using osu.Game.Overlays.Notifications;
@@ -28,6 +29,8 @@ namespace osu.Game
     /// </summary>
     public partial class BackgroundDataStoreProcessor : Component
     {
+        protected Task ProcessingTask { get; private set; } = null!;
+
         [Resolved]
         private RulesetStore rulesetStore { get; set; } = null!;
 
@@ -61,7 +64,7 @@ protected override void LoadComplete()
         {
             base.LoadComplete();
 
-            Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+            ProcessingTask = Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
             {
                 Logger.Log("Beginning background data store processing..");
 
@@ -314,10 +317,17 @@ private void convertLegacyTotalScoreToStandardised()
         {
             Logger.Log("Querying for scores that need total score conversion...");
 
-            HashSet<Guid> scoreIds = realmAccess.Run(r => new HashSet<Guid>(r.All<ScoreInfo>()
-                                                                             .Where(s => !s.BackgroundReprocessingFailed && s.BeatmapInfo != null
-                                                                                                                         && s.TotalScoreVersion < LegacyScoreEncoder.LATEST_VERSION)
-                                                                             .AsEnumerable().Select(s => s.ID)));
+            HashSet<Guid> scoreIds = realmAccess.Run(r => new HashSet<Guid>(
+                r.All<ScoreInfo>()
+                 .Where(s => !s.BackgroundReprocessingFailed
+                             && s.BeatmapInfo != null
+                             && s.IsLegacyScore
+                             && s.TotalScoreVersion < LegacyScoreEncoder.LATEST_VERSION)
+                 .AsEnumerable()
+                 // must be done after materialisation, as realm doesn't want to support
+                 // nested property predicates
+                 .Where(s => s.Ruleset.IsLegacyRuleset())
+                 .Select(s => s.ID)));
 
             Logger.Log($"Found {scoreIds.Count} scores which require total score conversion.");
 
diff --git a/osu.Game/Database/RealmFileStore.cs b/osu.Game/Database/RealmFileStore.cs
index 1da64d5be8e6..9683baec69d3 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Database/RealmFileStore.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Database/RealmFileStore.cs
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.IO;
-using System.Linq;
 using osu.Framework.Extensions;
 using osu.Framework.IO.Stores;
 using osu.Framework.Logging;
@@ -98,15 +98,11 @@ public void Cleanup()
             // can potentially be run asynchronously, although we will need to consider operation order for disk deletion vs realm removal.
             realm.Write(r =>
             {
-                // TODO: consider using a realm native query to avoid iterating all files (https://github.com/realm/realm-dotnet/issues/2659#issuecomment-927823707)
-                var files = r.All<RealmFile>().ToList();
-
-                foreach (var file in files)
+                foreach (var file in r.All<RealmFile>().Filter(@$"{nameof(RealmFile.Usages)}.@count = 0"))
                 {
                     totalFiles++;
 
-                    if (file.BacklinksCount > 0)
-                        continue;
+                    Debug.Assert(file.BacklinksCount == 0);
 
                     try
                     {
diff --git a/osu.Game/Database/StandardisedScoreMigrationTools.cs b/osu.Game/Database/StandardisedScoreMigrationTools.cs
index 9cfb9ea95756..8c73806cb595 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Database/StandardisedScoreMigrationTools.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Database/StandardisedScoreMigrationTools.cs
@@ -311,13 +311,22 @@ private static long convertFromLegacyTotalScore(ScoreInfo score, LegacyBeatmapCo
             long maximumLegacyBonusScore = attributes.BonusScore;
 
             double legacyAccScore = maximumLegacyAccuracyScore * score.Accuracy;
-            // We can not separate the ComboScore from the BonusScore, so we keep the bonus in the ratio.
-            // Note that `maximumLegacyComboScore + maximumLegacyBonusScore` can actually be 0
-            // when playing a beatmap with no bonus objects, with mods that have a 0.0x multiplier on stable (relax/autopilot).
-            // In such cases, just assume 0.
-            double comboProportion = maximumLegacyComboScore + maximumLegacyBonusScore > 0
-                ? Math.Max((double)score.LegacyTotalScore - legacyAccScore, 0) / (maximumLegacyComboScore + maximumLegacyBonusScore)
-                : 0;
+
+            double comboProportion;
+
+            if (maximumLegacyComboScore + maximumLegacyBonusScore > 0)
+            {
+                // We can not separate the ComboScore from the BonusScore, so we keep the bonus in the ratio.
+                comboProportion = Math.Max((double)score.LegacyTotalScore - legacyAccScore, 0) / (maximumLegacyComboScore + maximumLegacyBonusScore);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // Two possible causes:
+                // the beatmap has no bonus objects *AND*
+                // either the active mods have a zero mod multiplier, in which case assume 0,
+                // or the *beatmap* has a zero `difficultyPeppyStars` (or just no combo-giving objects), in which case assume 1.
+                comboProportion = legacyModMultiplier == 0 ? 0 : 1;
+            }
 
             // We assume the bonus proportion only makes up the rest of the score that exceeds maximumLegacyBaseScore.
             long maximumLegacyBaseScore = maximumLegacyAccuracyScore + maximumLegacyComboScore;
@@ -437,16 +446,42 @@ double lowerEstimateOfComboPortionInStandardisedScore
                     break;
 
                 case 2:
+                    // compare logic in `CatchScoreProcessor`.
+
+                    // this could technically be slightly incorrect in the case of stable scores.
+                    // because large droplet misses are counted as full misses in stable scores,
+                    // `score.MaximumStatistics.GetValueOrDefault(Great)` will be equal to the count of fruits *and* large droplets
+                    // rather than just fruits (which was the intent).
+                    // this is not fixable without introducing an extra legacy score attribute dedicated for catch,
+                    // and this is a ballpark conversion process anyway, so attempt to trudge on.
+                    int fruitTinyScaleDivisor = score.MaximumStatistics.GetValueOrDefault(HitResult.SmallTickHit) + score.MaximumStatistics.GetValueOrDefault(HitResult.Great);
+                    double fruitTinyScale = fruitTinyScaleDivisor == 0
+                        ? 0
+                        : (double)score.MaximumStatistics.GetValueOrDefault(HitResult.SmallTickHit) / fruitTinyScaleDivisor;
+
+                    const int max_tiny_droplets_portion = 400000;
+
+                    double comboPortion = 1000000 - max_tiny_droplets_portion + max_tiny_droplets_portion * (1 - fruitTinyScale);
+                    double dropletsPortion = max_tiny_droplets_portion * fruitTinyScale;
+                    double dropletsHit = score.MaximumStatistics.GetValueOrDefault(HitResult.SmallTickHit) == 0
+                        ? 0
+                        : (double)score.Statistics.GetValueOrDefault(HitResult.SmallTickHit) / score.MaximumStatistics.GetValueOrDefault(HitResult.SmallTickHit);
+
                     convertedTotalScore = (long)Math.Round((
-                        600000 * comboProportion
-                        + 400000 * score.Accuracy
+                        comboPortion * estimateComboProportionForCatch(attributes.MaxCombo, score.MaxCombo, score.Statistics.GetValueOrDefault(HitResult.Miss))
+                        + dropletsPortion * dropletsHit
                         + bonusProportion) * modMultiplier);
                     break;
 
                 case 3:
+                    // in the mania case accuracy actually changes between score V1 and score V2 / standardised
+                    // (PERFECT weighting changes from 300 to 305),
+                    // so for better accuracy recompute accuracy locally based on hit statistics and use that instead,
+                    double scoreV2Accuracy = ComputeAccuracy(score);
+
                     convertedTotalScore = (long)Math.Round((
                         850000 * comboProportion
-                        + 150000 * Math.Pow(score.Accuracy, 2 + 2 * score.Accuracy)
+                        + 150000 * Math.Pow(scoreV2Accuracy, 2 + 2 * scoreV2Accuracy)
                         + bonusProportion) * modMultiplier);
                     break;
 
@@ -461,6 +496,94 @@ double lowerEstimateOfComboPortionInStandardisedScore
             return convertedTotalScore;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// <para>
+        /// For catch, the general method of calculating the combo proportion used for other rulesets is generally useless.
+        /// This is because in stable score V1, catch has quadratic score progression,
+        /// while in stable score V2, score progression is logarithmic up to 200 combo and then linear.
+        /// </para>
+        /// <para>
+        /// This means that applying the naive rescale method to scores with lots of short combos (think 10x 100-long combos on a 1000-object map)
+        /// by linearly rescaling the combo portion as given by score V1 leads to horribly underestimating it.
+        /// Therefore this method attempts to counteract this by calculating the best case estimate for the combo proportion that takes all of the above into account.
+        /// </para>
+        /// <para>
+        /// The general idea is that aside from the <paramref name="scoreMaxCombo"/> which the player is known to have hit,
+        /// the remaining misses are evenly distributed across the rest of the objects that give combo.
+        /// This is therefore a worst-case estimate.
+        /// </para>
+        /// </summary>
+        private static double estimateComboProportionForCatch(int beatmapMaxCombo, int scoreMaxCombo, int scoreMissCount)
+        {
+            if (beatmapMaxCombo == 0)
+                return 1;
+
+            if (scoreMaxCombo == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+            if (beatmapMaxCombo == scoreMaxCombo)
+                return 1;
+
+            double estimatedBestCaseTotal = estimateBestCaseComboTotal(beatmapMaxCombo);
+
+            int remainingCombo = beatmapMaxCombo - (scoreMaxCombo + scoreMissCount);
+            double totalDroppedScore = 0;
+
+            int assumedLengthOfRemainingCombos = (int)Math.Floor((double)remainingCombo / scoreMissCount);
+
+            if (assumedLengthOfRemainingCombos > 0)
+            {
+                int assumedCombosCount = (int)Math.Floor((double)remainingCombo / assumedLengthOfRemainingCombos);
+                totalDroppedScore += assumedCombosCount * estimateDroppedComboScoreAfterMiss(assumedLengthOfRemainingCombos);
+
+                remainingCombo -= assumedCombosCount * assumedLengthOfRemainingCombos;
+
+                if (remainingCombo > 0)
+                    totalDroppedScore += estimateDroppedComboScoreAfterMiss(remainingCombo);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // there are so many misses that attempting to evenly divide remaining combo results in 0 length per combo,
+                // i.e. all remaining judgements are combo breaks.
+                // in that case, presume every single remaining object is a miss and did not give any combo score.
+                totalDroppedScore = estimatedBestCaseTotal - estimateBestCaseComboTotal(scoreMaxCombo);
+            }
+
+            return estimatedBestCaseTotal == 0
+                ? 1
+                : 1 - Math.Clamp(totalDroppedScore / estimatedBestCaseTotal, 0, 1);
+
+            double estimateBestCaseComboTotal(int maxCombo)
+            {
+                if (maxCombo == 0)
+                    return 1;
+
+                double estimatedTotal = 0.5 * Math.Min(maxCombo, 2);
+
+                if (maxCombo <= 2)
+                    return estimatedTotal;
+
+                // int_2^x log_4(t) dt
+                estimatedTotal += (Math.Min(maxCombo, 200) * (Math.Log(Math.Min(maxCombo, 200)) - 1) + 2 - Math.Log(4)) / Math.Log(4);
+
+                if (maxCombo <= 200)
+                    return estimatedTotal;
+
+                estimatedTotal += (maxCombo - 200) * Math.Log(200) / Math.Log(4);
+                return estimatedTotal;
+            }
+
+            double estimateDroppedComboScoreAfterMiss(int lengthOfComboAfterMiss)
+            {
+                if (lengthOfComboAfterMiss >= 200)
+                    lengthOfComboAfterMiss = 200;
+
+                // int_0^x (log_4(200) - log_4(t)) dt
+                // note that this is an pessimistic estimate, i.e. it may subtract too much if the miss happened before reaching 200 combo
+                return lengthOfComboAfterMiss * (1 + Math.Log(200) - Math.Log(lengthOfComboAfterMiss)) / Math.Log(4);
+            }
+        }
+
         public static double ComputeAccuracy(ScoreInfo scoreInfo)
         {
             Ruleset ruleset = scoreInfo.Ruleset.CreateInstance();
diff --git a/osu.Game/Models/RealmFile.cs b/osu.Game/Models/RealmFile.cs
index 2faa3f0ca6c8..4d1642fb5f4a 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Models/RealmFile.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Models/RealmFile.cs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
+using System.Linq;
 using osu.Game.IO;
 using Realms;
 
@@ -11,5 +12,8 @@ public class RealmFile : RealmObject, IFileInfo
     {
         [PrimaryKey]
         public string Hash { get; set; } = string.Empty;
+
+        [Backlink(nameof(RealmNamedFileUsage.File))]
+        public IQueryable<RealmNamedFileUsage> Usages { get; } = null!;
     }
 }
diff --git a/osu.Game/Online/Leaderboards/Leaderboard.cs b/osu.Game/Online/Leaderboards/Leaderboard.cs
index 93aa0b95a7c1..67f2590ad8ed 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Online/Leaderboards/Leaderboard.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Online/Leaderboards/Leaderboard.cs
@@ -152,6 +152,15 @@ protected override void LoadComplete()
         /// </summary>
         public void RefetchScores() => Scheduler.AddOnce(refetchScores);
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clear all scores from the display.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void ClearScores()
+        {
+            cancelPendingWork();
+            SetScores(null);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Call when a retrieval or display failure happened to show a relevant message to the user.
         /// </summary>
@@ -220,9 +229,7 @@ private void refetchScores()
         {
             Debug.Assert(ThreadSafety.IsUpdateThread);
 
-            cancelPendingWork();
-
-            SetScores(null);
+            ClearScores();
             setState(LeaderboardState.Retrieving);
 
             currentFetchCancellationSource = new CancellationTokenSource();
diff --git a/osu.Game/Overlays/SettingsToolboxGroup.cs b/osu.Game/Overlays/SettingsToolboxGroup.cs
index c0948c1eab0d..de13bd96d486 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Overlays/SettingsToolboxGroup.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Overlays/SettingsToolboxGroup.cs
@@ -151,9 +151,12 @@ protected override void Update()
             base.Update();
 
             if (!headerTextVisibilityCache.IsValid)
+            {
                 // These toolbox grouped may be contracted to only show icons.
                 // For now, let's hide the header to avoid text truncation weirdness in such cases.
                 headerText.FadeTo(headerText.DrawWidth < DrawWidth ? 1 : 0, 150, Easing.OutQuint);
+                headerTextVisibilityCache.Validate();
+            }
         }
 
         protected override bool OnInvalidate(Invalidation invalidation, InvalidationSource source)
diff --git a/osu.Game/Overlays/Wiki/WikiHeader.cs b/osu.Game/Overlays/Wiki/WikiHeader.cs
index 55be05ed7ad6..d64d6b934a29 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Overlays/Wiki/WikiHeader.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Overlays/Wiki/WikiHeader.cs
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Overlays.Wiki
 {
     public partial class WikiHeader : BreadcrumbControlOverlayHeader
     {
-        private const string index_path = "Main_page";
-
         public static LocalisableString IndexPageString => LayoutStrings.HeaderHelpIndex;
 
         public readonly Bindable<APIWikiPage> WikiPageData = new Bindable<APIWikiPage>();
@@ -45,7 +43,7 @@ private void onWikiPageChange(ValueChangedEvent<APIWikiPage> e)
 
             TabControl.AddItem(IndexPageString);
 
-            if (e.NewValue.Path == index_path)
+            if (e.NewValue.Path == WikiOverlay.INDEX_PATH)
             {
                 Current.Value = IndexPageString;
                 return;
diff --git a/osu.Game/Overlays/WikiOverlay.cs b/osu.Game/Overlays/WikiOverlay.cs
index 440e451201cb..ffbc168fb7d3 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Overlays/WikiOverlay.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Overlays/WikiOverlay.cs
@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ namespace osu.Game.Overlays
 {
     public partial class WikiOverlay : OnlineOverlay<WikiHeader>
     {
-        private const string index_path = "Main_page";
+        public const string INDEX_PATH = @"Main_page";
 
         public string CurrentPath => path.Value;
 
-        private readonly Bindable<string> path = new Bindable<string>(index_path);
+        private readonly Bindable<string> path = new Bindable<string>(INDEX_PATH);
 
         private readonly Bindable<APIWikiPage> wikiData = new Bindable<APIWikiPage>();
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public WikiOverlay()
         {
         }
 
-        public void ShowPage(string pagePath = index_path)
+        public void ShowPage(string pagePath = INDEX_PATH)
         {
             path.Value = pagePath.Trim('/');
             Show();
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ private void onSuccess(APIWikiPage response)
             wikiData.Value = response;
             path.Value = response.Path;
 
-            if (response.Layout == index_path)
+            if (response.Layout.Equals(INDEX_PATH, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
                 LoadDisplay(new WikiMainPage
                 {
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ private void onFail(string originalPath)
             path.Value = "error";
 
             LoadDisplay(articlePage = new WikiArticlePage($@"{api.WebsiteRootUrl}/wiki/",
-                $"Something went wrong when trying to fetch page \"{originalPath}\".\n\n[Return to the main page](Main_page)."));
+                $"Something went wrong when trying to fetch page \"{originalPath}\".\n\n[Return to the main page]({INDEX_PATH})."));
         }
 
         private void showParentPage()
diff --git a/osu.Game/Rulesets/Edit/DrawableEditorRulesetWrapper.cs b/osu.Game/Rulesets/Edit/DrawableEditorRulesetWrapper.cs
index 174b278d8991..ebf06bcc4e44 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Rulesets/Edit/DrawableEditorRulesetWrapper.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Rulesets/Edit/DrawableEditorRulesetWrapper.cs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
+using System;
 using System.Linq;
 using osu.Framework.Allocation;
 using osu.Framework.Extensions.ObjectExtensions;
@@ -26,6 +27,9 @@ internal partial class DrawableEditorRulesetWrapper<TObject> : CompositeDrawable
         [Resolved]
         private EditorBeatmap beatmap { get; set; } = null!;
 
+        [Resolved]
+        private EditorClock editorClock { get; set; } = null!;
+
         public DrawableEditorRulesetWrapper(DrawableRuleset<TObject> drawableRuleset)
         {
             this.drawableRuleset = drawableRuleset;
@@ -38,7 +42,6 @@ public DrawableEditorRulesetWrapper(DrawableRuleset<TObject> drawableRuleset)
         [BackgroundDependencyLoader]
         private void load()
         {
-            drawableRuleset.FrameStablePlayback = false;
             Playfield.DisplayJudgements.Value = false;
         }
 
@@ -65,6 +68,22 @@ protected override void LoadComplete()
             Scheduler.AddOnce(regenerateAutoplay);
         }
 
+        protected override void Update()
+        {
+            base.Update();
+
+            // Whenever possible, we want to stay in frame stability playback.
+            // Without doing so, we run into bugs with some gameplay elements not behaving as expected.
+            //
+            // Note that this is not using EditorClock.IsSeeking as that would exit frame stability
+            // on all seeks. The intention here is to retain frame stability for small seeks.
+            //
+            // I still think no gameplay elements should require frame stability in the first place, but maybe that ship has sailed already..
+            bool shouldBypassFrameStability = Math.Abs(drawableRuleset.FrameStableClock.CurrentTime - editorClock.CurrentTime) > 1000;
+
+            drawableRuleset.FrameStablePlayback = !shouldBypassFrameStability;
+        }
+
         private void regenerateAutoplay()
         {
             var autoplayMod = drawableRuleset.Mods.OfType<ModAutoplay>().Single();
diff --git a/osu.Game/Rulesets/Mods/ModCinema.cs b/osu.Game/Rulesets/Mods/ModCinema.cs
index dbb37e0af6b0..7c88a8a5881b 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Rulesets/Mods/ModCinema.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Rulesets/Mods/ModCinema.cs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ public class ModCinema : ModAutoplay, IApplicableToHUD, IApplicableToPlayer, IAp
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModCinema;
         public override LocalisableString Description => "Watch the video without visual distractions.";
 
-        public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => base.IncompatibleMods.Concat(new[] { typeof(ModAutoplay), typeof(ModNoFail) }).ToArray();
+        public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => base.IncompatibleMods.Concat(new[] { typeof(ModAutoplay), typeof(ModNoFail), typeof(ModFailCondition) }).ToArray();
 
         public void ApplyToHUD(HUDOverlay overlay)
         {
diff --git a/osu.Game/Rulesets/Mods/ModFailCondition.cs b/osu.Game/Rulesets/Mods/ModFailCondition.cs
index 471c3bfe8d30..0b229766c14f 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Rulesets/Mods/ModFailCondition.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Rulesets/Mods/ModFailCondition.cs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods
 {
     public abstract class ModFailCondition : Mod, IApplicableToHealthProcessor, IApplicableFailOverride
     {
-        public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => new[] { typeof(ModNoFail) };
+        public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => new[] { typeof(ModNoFail), typeof(ModCinema) };
 
         [SettingSource("Restart on fail", "Automatically restarts when failed.")]
         public BindableBool Restart { get; } = new BindableBool();
diff --git a/osu.Game/Rulesets/Objects/Drawables/DrawableHitObject.cs b/osu.Game/Rulesets/Objects/Drawables/DrawableHitObject.cs
index 1daaa24d5723..bce28361cb81 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Rulesets/Objects/Drawables/DrawableHitObject.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Rulesets/Objects/Drawables/DrawableHitObject.cs
@@ -599,7 +599,9 @@ protected double CalculateSamplePlaybackBalance(double position)
             float balanceAdjustAmount = positionalHitsoundsLevel.Value * 2;
             double returnedValue = balanceAdjustAmount * (position - 0.5f);
 
-            return returnedValue;
+            // Rounded to reduce the overhead of audio adjustments (which are currently bindable heavy).
+            // Balance is very hard to perceive in small increments anyways.
+            return Math.Round(returnedValue, 2);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
diff --git a/osu.Game/Rulesets/Scoring/ScoreProcessor.cs b/osu.Game/Rulesets/Scoring/ScoreProcessor.cs
index 13c5d523da52..14fa92822457 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Rulesets/Scoring/ScoreProcessor.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Rulesets/Scoring/ScoreProcessor.cs
@@ -169,14 +169,14 @@ public Dictionary<HitResult, int> MaximumStatistics
                 if (!beatmapApplied)
                     throw new InvalidOperationException($"Cannot access maximum statistics before calling {nameof(ApplyBeatmap)}.");
 
-                return new Dictionary<HitResult, int>(maximumResultCounts);
+                return new Dictionary<HitResult, int>(MaximumResultCounts);
             }
         }
 
         private bool beatmapApplied;
 
-        private readonly Dictionary<HitResult, int> scoreResultCounts = new Dictionary<HitResult, int>();
-        private readonly Dictionary<HitResult, int> maximumResultCounts = new Dictionary<HitResult, int>();
+        protected readonly Dictionary<HitResult, int> ScoreResultCounts = new Dictionary<HitResult, int>();
+        protected readonly Dictionary<HitResult, int> MaximumResultCounts = new Dictionary<HitResult, int>();
 
         private readonly List<HitEvent> hitEvents = new List<HitEvent>();
         private HitObject? lastHitObject;
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ protected sealed override void ApplyResultInternal(JudgementResult result)
             if (result.FailedAtJudgement)
                 return;
 
-            scoreResultCounts[result.Type] = scoreResultCounts.GetValueOrDefault(result.Type) + 1;
+            ScoreResultCounts[result.Type] = ScoreResultCounts.GetValueOrDefault(result.Type) + 1;
 
             if (result.Type.IncreasesCombo())
                 Combo.Value++;
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ protected sealed override void RevertResultInternal(JudgementResult result)
             if (result.FailedAtJudgement)
                 return;
 
-            scoreResultCounts[result.Type] = scoreResultCounts.GetValueOrDefault(result.Type) - 1;
+            ScoreResultCounts[result.Type] = ScoreResultCounts.GetValueOrDefault(result.Type) - 1;
 
             if (result.Judgement.MaxResult.AffectsAccuracy())
             {
@@ -400,13 +400,13 @@ protected override void Reset(bool storeResults)
                 maximumComboPortion = currentComboPortion;
                 maximumAccuracyJudgementCount = currentAccuracyJudgementCount;
 
-                maximumResultCounts.Clear();
-                maximumResultCounts.AddRange(scoreResultCounts);
+                MaximumResultCounts.Clear();
+                MaximumResultCounts.AddRange(ScoreResultCounts);
 
                 MaximumTotalScore = TotalScore.Value;
             }
 
-            scoreResultCounts.Clear();
+            ScoreResultCounts.Clear();
 
             currentBaseScore = 0;
             currentMaximumBaseScore = 0;
@@ -435,10 +435,10 @@ public virtual void PopulateScore(ScoreInfo score)
             score.MaximumStatistics.Clear();
 
             foreach (var result in HitResultExtensions.ALL_TYPES)
-                score.Statistics[result] = scoreResultCounts.GetValueOrDefault(result);
+                score.Statistics[result] = ScoreResultCounts.GetValueOrDefault(result);
 
             foreach (var result in HitResultExtensions.ALL_TYPES)
-                score.MaximumStatistics[result] = maximumResultCounts.GetValueOrDefault(result);
+                score.MaximumStatistics[result] = MaximumResultCounts.GetValueOrDefault(result);
 
             // Populate total score after everything else.
             score.TotalScore = TotalScore.Value;
@@ -469,8 +469,8 @@ public override void ResetFromReplayFrame(ReplayFrame frame)
             HighestCombo.Value = frame.Header.MaxCombo;
             TotalScore.Value = frame.Header.TotalScore;
 
-            scoreResultCounts.Clear();
-            scoreResultCounts.AddRange(frame.Header.Statistics);
+            ScoreResultCounts.Clear();
+            ScoreResultCounts.AddRange(frame.Header.Statistics);
 
             SetScoreProcessorStatistics(frame.Header.ScoreProcessorStatistics);
 
diff --git a/osu.Game/Scoring/Legacy/LegacyScoreEncoder.cs b/osu.Game/Scoring/Legacy/LegacyScoreEncoder.cs
index cf0a7bd54f00..110cf63e5c92 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Scoring/Legacy/LegacyScoreEncoder.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Scoring/Legacy/LegacyScoreEncoder.cs
@@ -36,9 +36,11 @@ public class LegacyScoreEncoder
         /// <item><description>30000007: Adjust osu!mania combo and accuracy portions and judgement scoring values. Reconvert all scores.</description></item>
         /// <item><description>30000008: Add accuracy conversion. Reconvert all scores.</description></item>
         /// <item><description>30000009: Fix edge cases in conversion for scores which have 0.0x mod multiplier on stable. Reconvert all scores.</description></item>
+        /// <item><description>30000010: Fix mania score V1 conversion using score V1 accuracy rather than V2 accuracy. Reconvert all scores.</description></item>
+        /// <item><description>30000011: Re-do catch scoring to mirror stable Score V2 as closely as feasible. Reconvert all scores.</description></item>
         /// </list>
         /// </remarks>
-        public const int LATEST_VERSION = 30000009;
+        public const int LATEST_VERSION = 30000011;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The first stable-compatible YYYYMMDD format version given to lazer usage of replays.
diff --git a/osu.Game/Screens/Menu/IntroScreen.cs b/osu.Game/Screens/Menu/IntroScreen.cs
index de7732dd5e33..ac7dffc241a3 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Screens/Menu/IntroScreen.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Screens/Menu/IntroScreen.cs
@@ -95,6 +95,8 @@ public abstract partial class IntroScreen : StartupScreen
             Colour = Color4.Black
         };
 
+        public override bool? AllowGlobalTrackControl => false;
+
         protected IntroScreen([CanBeNull] Func<MainMenu> createNextScreen = null)
         {
             this.createNextScreen = createNextScreen;
diff --git a/osu.Game/Screens/Menu/MainMenu.cs b/osu.Game/Screens/Menu/MainMenu.cs
index 14c950d72694..a75edd1cff9c 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Screens/Menu/MainMenu.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Screens/Menu/MainMenu.cs
@@ -51,6 +51,8 @@ public partial class MainMenu : OsuScreen, IHandlePresentBeatmap, IKeyBindingHan
 
         public override bool AllowExternalScreenChange => true;
 
+        public override bool? AllowGlobalTrackControl => true;
+
         private Screen songSelect;
 
         private MenuSideFlashes sideFlashes;
diff --git a/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonAccuracyCounter.cs b/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonAccuracyCounter.cs
index 521ad6342634..171aa3f44b8d 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonAccuracyCounter.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonAccuracyCounter.cs
@@ -83,12 +83,14 @@ public ArgonAccuracyTextComponent()
                         },
                         fractionPart = new ArgonCounterTextComponent(Anchor.TopLeft)
                         {
+                            RequiredDisplayDigits = { Value = 2 },
                             WireframeOpacity = { BindTarget = WireframeOpacity },
                             Scale = new Vector2(0.5f),
                         },
                         percentText = new ArgonCounterTextComponent(Anchor.TopLeft)
                         {
                             Text = @"%",
+                            RequiredDisplayDigits = { Value = 1 },
                             WireframeOpacity = { BindTarget = WireframeOpacity }
                         },
                     }
diff --git a/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonComboCounter.cs b/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonComboCounter.cs
index 5ea7fd0b8280..1d6ca3c89320 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonComboCounter.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonComboCounter.cs
@@ -57,6 +57,31 @@ private void load(ScoreProcessor scoreProcessor)
             });
         }
 
+        public override int DisplayedCount
+        {
+            get => base.DisplayedCount;
+            set
+            {
+                base.DisplayedCount = value;
+                updateWireframe();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void updateWireframe()
+        {
+            text.RequiredDisplayDigits.Value = getDigitsRequiredForDisplayCount();
+        }
+
+        private int getDigitsRequiredForDisplayCount()
+        {
+            // one for the single presumed starting digit, one for the "x" at the end.
+            int digitsRequired = 2;
+            long c = DisplayedCount;
+            while ((c /= 10) > 0)
+                digitsRequired++;
+            return digitsRequired;
+        }
+
         protected override LocalisableString FormatCount(int count) => $@"{count}x";
 
         protected override IHasText CreateText() => text = new ArgonCounterTextComponent(Anchor.TopLeft, MatchesStrings.MatchScoreStatsCombo.ToUpper())
diff --git a/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonCounterTextComponent.cs b/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonCounterTextComponent.cs
index 2a3f4365cb9a..a11f2f01cd71 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonCounterTextComponent.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonCounterTextComponent.cs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using System;
-using System.Linq;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using osu.Framework.Allocation;
 using osu.Framework.Bindables;
@@ -33,14 +33,7 @@ public partial class ArgonCounterTextComponent : CompositeDrawable, IHasText
         public LocalisableString Text
         {
             get => textPart.Text;
-            set
-            {
-                int remainingCount = RequiredDisplayDigits.Value - value.ToString().Count(char.IsDigit);
-                string remainingText = remainingCount > 0 ? new string('#', remainingCount) : string.Empty;
-
-                wireframesPart.Text = remainingText + value;
-                textPart.Text = value;
-            }
+            set => textPart.Text = value;
         }
 
         public ArgonCounterTextComponent(Anchor anchor, LocalisableString? label = null)
@@ -81,6 +74,8 @@ public ArgonCounterTextComponent(Anchor anchor, LocalisableString? label = null)
                     }
                 }
             };
+
+            RequiredDisplayDigits.BindValueChanged(digits => wireframesPart.Text = new string('#', digits.NewValue));
         }
 
         private string textLookup(char c)
@@ -137,33 +132,49 @@ public ArgonCounterSpriteText(Func<char, string> getLookup)
             [BackgroundDependencyLoader]
             private void load(TextureStore textures)
             {
+                const string font_name = @"argon-counter";
+
                 Spacing = new Vector2(-2f, 0f);
-                Font = new FontUsage(@"argon-counter", 1);
-                glyphStore = new GlyphStore(textures, getLookup);
+                Font = new FontUsage(font_name, 1);
+                glyphStore = new GlyphStore(font_name, textures, getLookup);
             }
 
             protected override TextBuilder CreateTextBuilder(ITexturedGlyphLookupStore store) => base.CreateTextBuilder(glyphStore);
 
             private class GlyphStore : ITexturedGlyphLookupStore
             {
+                private readonly string fontName;
                 private readonly TextureStore textures;
                 private readonly Func<char, string> getLookup;
 
-                public GlyphStore(TextureStore textures, Func<char, string> getLookup)
+                private readonly Dictionary<char, ITexturedCharacterGlyph?> cache = new Dictionary<char, ITexturedCharacterGlyph?>();
+
+                public GlyphStore(string fontName, TextureStore textures, Func<char, string> getLookup)
                 {
+                    this.fontName = fontName;
                     this.textures = textures;
                     this.getLookup = getLookup;
                 }
 
                 public ITexturedCharacterGlyph? Get(string? fontName, char character)
                 {
+                    // We only service one font.
+                    if (fontName != this.fontName)
+                        return null;
+
+                    if (cache.TryGetValue(character, out var cached))
+                        return cached;
+
                     string lookup = getLookup(character);
                     var texture = textures.Get($"Gameplay/Fonts/{fontName}-{lookup}");
 
-                    if (texture == null)
-                        return null;
+                    TexturedCharacterGlyph? glyph = null;
+
+                    if (texture != null)
+                        glyph = new TexturedCharacterGlyph(new CharacterGlyph(character, 0, 0, texture.Width, texture.Height, null), texture, 0.125f);
 
-                    return new TexturedCharacterGlyph(new CharacterGlyph(character, 0, 0, texture.Width, texture.Height, null), texture, 0.125f);
+                    cache[character] = glyph;
+                    return glyph;
                 }
 
                 public Task<ITexturedCharacterGlyph?> GetAsync(string fontName, char character) => Task.Run(() => Get(fontName, character));
diff --git a/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonHealthDisplay.cs b/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonHealthDisplay.cs
index 8acc43c091da..236bd3366d80 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonHealthDisplay.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonHealthDisplay.cs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Linq;
 using osu.Framework.Allocation;
 using osu.Framework.Bindables;
+using osu.Framework.Caching;
 using osu.Framework.Extensions.Color4Extensions;
 using osu.Framework.Extensions.ObjectExtensions;
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
@@ -58,39 +58,12 @@ public partial class ArgonHealthDisplay : HealthDisplay, ISerialisableDrawable
 
         private bool displayingMiss => resetMissBarDelegate != null;
 
-        private readonly List<Vector2> missBarVertices = new List<Vector2>();
-        private readonly List<Vector2> healthBarVertices = new List<Vector2>();
+        private readonly List<Vector2> vertices = new List<Vector2>();
 
         private double glowBarValue;
 
-        public double GlowBarValue
-        {
-            get => glowBarValue;
-            set
-            {
-                if (glowBarValue == value)
-                    return;
-
-                glowBarValue = value;
-                Scheduler.AddOnce(updatePathVertices);
-            }
-        }
-
         private double healthBarValue;
 
-        public double HealthBarValue
-        {
-            get => healthBarValue;
-            set
-            {
-                if (healthBarValue == value)
-                    return;
-
-                healthBarValue = value;
-                Scheduler.AddOnce(updatePathVertices);
-            }
-        }
-
         public const float MAIN_PATH_RADIUS = 10f;
 
         private const float curve_start_offset = 70;
@@ -100,6 +73,8 @@ public double HealthBarValue
 
         private readonly LayoutValue drawSizeLayout = new LayoutValue(Invalidation.DrawSize);
 
+        private readonly Cached pathVerticesCache = new Cached();
+
         public ArgonHealthDisplay()
         {
             AddLayout(drawSizeLayout);
@@ -158,7 +133,6 @@ protected override void LoadComplete()
             base.LoadComplete();
 
             HealthProcessor.NewJudgement += onNewJudgement;
-            Current.BindValueChanged(onCurrentChanged, true);
 
             // we're about to set `RelativeSizeAxes` depending on the value of `UseRelativeSize`.
             // setting `RelativeSizeAxes` internally transforms absolute sizing to relative and back to keep the size the same,
@@ -173,65 +147,54 @@ protected override void LoadComplete()
 
         private void onNewJudgement(JudgementResult result) => pendingMissAnimation |= !result.IsHit;
 
-        private void onCurrentChanged(ValueChangedEvent<double> valueChangedEvent)
-            // schedule display updates one frame later to ensure we know the judgement result causing this change (if there is one).
-            => Scheduler.AddOnce(updateDisplay);
-
-        private void updateDisplay()
+        protected override void Update()
         {
-            double newHealth = Current.Value;
-
-            if (newHealth >= GlowBarValue)
-                finishMissDisplay();
-
-            double time = newHealth > GlowBarValue ? 500 : 250;
+            base.Update();
 
-            // TODO: this should probably use interpolation in update.
-            this.TransformTo(nameof(HealthBarValue), newHealth, time, Easing.OutQuint);
+            if (!drawSizeLayout.IsValid)
+            {
+                updatePath();
+                drawSizeLayout.Validate();
+            }
 
-            if (pendingMissAnimation && newHealth < GlowBarValue)
-                triggerMissDisplay();
+            healthBarValue = Interpolation.DampContinuously(healthBarValue, Current.Value, 50, Time.Elapsed);
+            if (!displayingMiss)
+                glowBarValue = Interpolation.DampContinuously(glowBarValue, Current.Value, 50, Time.Elapsed);
 
-            pendingMissAnimation = false;
+            mainBar.Alpha = (float)Interpolation.DampContinuously(mainBar.Alpha, Current.Value > 0 ? 1 : 0, 40, Time.Elapsed);
+            glowBar.Alpha = (float)Interpolation.DampContinuously(glowBar.Alpha, glowBarValue > 0 ? 1 : 0, 40, Time.Elapsed);
 
-            if (!displayingMiss)
-                this.TransformTo(nameof(GlowBarValue), newHealth, time, Easing.OutQuint);
+            updatePathVertices();
         }
 
-        protected override void Update()
+        protected override void HealthChanged(bool increase)
         {
-            base.Update();
+            if (Current.Value >= glowBarValue)
+                finishMissDisplay();
 
-            if (!drawSizeLayout.IsValid)
+            if (pendingMissAnimation)
             {
-                updatePath();
-                drawSizeLayout.Validate();
+                triggerMissDisplay();
+                pendingMissAnimation = false;
             }
 
-            mainBar.Alpha = (float)Interpolation.DampContinuously(mainBar.Alpha, Current.Value > 0 ? 1 : 0, 40, Time.Elapsed);
-            glowBar.Alpha = (float)Interpolation.DampContinuously(glowBar.Alpha, GlowBarValue > 0 ? 1 : 0, 40, Time.Elapsed);
+            base.HealthChanged(increase);
         }
 
         protected override void FinishInitialAnimation(double value)
         {
             base.FinishInitialAnimation(value);
-            this.TransformTo(nameof(HealthBarValue), value, 500, Easing.OutQuint);
-            this.TransformTo(nameof(GlowBarValue), value, 250, Easing.OutQuint);
+            this.TransformTo(nameof(healthBarValue), value, 500, Easing.OutQuint);
+            this.TransformTo(nameof(glowBarValue), value, 250, Easing.OutQuint);
         }
 
         protected override void Flash()
         {
             base.Flash();
 
-            mainBar.TransformTo(nameof(BarPath.GlowColour), main_bar_glow_colour.Opacity(0.8f))
-                   .TransformTo(nameof(BarPath.GlowColour), main_bar_glow_colour, 300, Easing.OutQuint);
-
             if (!displayingMiss)
             {
-                glowBar.TransformTo(nameof(BarPath.BarColour), Colour4.White, 30, Easing.OutQuint)
-                       .Then()
-                       .TransformTo(nameof(BarPath.BarColour), main_bar_colour, 1000, Easing.OutQuint);
-
+                // TODO: REMOVE THIS. It's recreating textures.
                 glowBar.TransformTo(nameof(BarPath.GlowColour), Colour4.White, 30, Easing.OutQuint)
                        .Then()
                        .TransformTo(nameof(BarPath.GlowColour), main_bar_glow_colour, 300, Easing.OutQuint);
@@ -245,13 +208,15 @@ private void triggerMissDisplay()
 
             this.Delay(500).Schedule(() =>
             {
-                this.TransformTo(nameof(GlowBarValue), Current.Value, 300, Easing.OutQuint);
+                this.TransformTo(nameof(glowBarValue), Current.Value, 300, Easing.OutQuint);
                 finishMissDisplay();
             }, out resetMissBarDelegate);
 
+            // TODO: REMOVE THIS. It's recreating textures.
             glowBar.TransformTo(nameof(BarPath.BarColour), new Colour4(255, 147, 147, 255), 100, Easing.OutQuint).Then()
                    .TransformTo(nameof(BarPath.BarColour), new Colour4(255, 93, 93, 255), 800, Easing.OutQuint);
 
+            // TODO: REMOVE THIS. It's recreating textures.
             glowBar.TransformTo(nameof(BarPath.GlowColour), new Colour4(253, 0, 0, 255).Lighten(0.2f))
                    .TransformTo(nameof(BarPath.GlowColour), new Colour4(253, 0, 0, 255), 800, Easing.OutQuint);
         }
@@ -263,6 +228,7 @@ private void finishMissDisplay()
 
             if (Current.Value > 0)
             {
+                // TODO: REMOVE THIS. It's recreating textures.
                 glowBar.TransformTo(nameof(BarPath.BarColour), main_bar_colour, 300, Easing.In);
                 glowBar.TransformTo(nameof(BarPath.GlowColour), main_bar_glow_colour, 300, Easing.In);
             }
@@ -302,7 +268,6 @@ private void updatePath()
             if (DrawWidth - padding < rescale_cutoff)
                 rescalePathProportionally();
 
-            List<Vector2> vertices = new List<Vector2>();
             barPath.GetPathToProgress(vertices, 0.0, 1.0);
 
             background.Vertices = vertices;
@@ -332,20 +297,25 @@ void rescalePathProportionally()
 
         private void updatePathVertices()
         {
-            barPath.GetPathToProgress(healthBarVertices, 0.0, healthBarValue);
-            barPath.GetPathToProgress(missBarVertices, healthBarValue, Math.Max(glowBarValue, healthBarValue));
+            barPath.GetPathToProgress(vertices, 0.0, healthBarValue);
+            if (vertices.Count == 0) vertices.Add(Vector2.Zero);
+            Vector2 initialVertex = vertices[0];
+            for (int i = 0; i < vertices.Count; i++)
+                vertices[i] -= initialVertex;
 
-            if (healthBarVertices.Count == 0)
-                healthBarVertices.Add(Vector2.Zero);
+            mainBar.Vertices = vertices;
+            mainBar.Position = initialVertex;
 
-            if (missBarVertices.Count == 0)
-                missBarVertices.Add(Vector2.Zero);
+            barPath.GetPathToProgress(vertices, healthBarValue, Math.Max(glowBarValue, healthBarValue));
+            if (vertices.Count == 0) vertices.Add(Vector2.Zero);
+            initialVertex = vertices[0];
+            for (int i = 0; i < vertices.Count; i++)
+                vertices[i] -= initialVertex;
 
-            glowBar.Vertices = missBarVertices.Select(v => v - missBarVertices[0]).ToList();
-            glowBar.Position = missBarVertices[0];
+            glowBar.Vertices = vertices;
+            glowBar.Position = initialVertex;
 
-            mainBar.Vertices = healthBarVertices.Select(v => v - healthBarVertices[0]).ToList();
-            mainBar.Position = healthBarVertices[0];
+            pathVerticesCache.Validate();
         }
 
         protected override void Dispose(bool isDisposing)
@@ -358,14 +328,17 @@ protected override void Dispose(bool isDisposing)
 
         private partial class BackgroundPath : SmoothPath
         {
+            private static readonly Color4 colour_white = Color4.White.Opacity(0.8f);
+            private static readonly Color4 colour_black = Color4.Black.Opacity(0.2f);
+
             protected override Color4 ColourAt(float position)
             {
                 if (position <= 0.16f)
-                    return Color4.White.Opacity(0.8f);
+                    return colour_white;
 
                 return Interpolation.ValueAt(position,
-                    Color4.White.Opacity(0.8f),
-                    Color4.Black.Opacity(0.2f),
+                    colour_white,
+                    colour_black,
                     -0.5f, 1f, Easing.OutQuint);
             }
         }
@@ -404,12 +377,14 @@ public Colour4 GlowColour
 
             public float GlowPortion { get; init; }
 
+            private static readonly Colour4 transparent_black = Colour4.Black.Opacity(0.0f);
+
             protected override Color4 ColourAt(float position)
             {
                 if (position >= GlowPortion)
                     return BarColour;
 
-                return Interpolation.ValueAt(position, Colour4.Black.Opacity(0.0f), GlowColour, 0.0, GlowPortion, Easing.InQuint);
+                return Interpolation.ValueAt(position, transparent_black, GlowColour, 0.0, GlowPortion, Easing.InQuint);
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonScoreCounter.cs b/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonScoreCounter.cs
index 005f7e36a7e5..f7ca218767b0 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonScoreCounter.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ArgonScoreCounter.cs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
+using System;
 using osu.Framework.Bindables;
 using osu.Framework.Extensions.LocalisationExtensions;
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
@@ -15,6 +16,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Screens.Play.HUD
 {
     public partial class ArgonScoreCounter : GameplayScoreCounter, ISerialisableDrawable
     {
+        private ArgonScoreTextComponent scoreText = null!;
+
         protected override double RollingDuration => 500;
         protected override Easing RollingEasing => Easing.OutQuint;
 
@@ -33,13 +36,42 @@ public partial class ArgonScoreCounter : GameplayScoreCounter, ISerialisableDraw
 
         protected override LocalisableString FormatCount(long count) => count.ToLocalisableString();
 
-        protected override IHasText CreateText() => new ArgonScoreTextComponent(Anchor.TopRight, BeatmapsetsStrings.ShowScoreboardHeadersScore.ToUpper())
+        protected override IHasText CreateText() => scoreText = new ArgonScoreTextComponent(Anchor.TopRight, BeatmapsetsStrings.ShowScoreboardHeadersScore.ToUpper())
         {
-            RequiredDisplayDigits = { BindTarget = RequiredDisplayDigits },
             WireframeOpacity = { BindTarget = WireframeOpacity },
             ShowLabel = { BindTarget = ShowLabel },
         };
 
+        public ArgonScoreCounter()
+        {
+            RequiredDisplayDigits.BindValueChanged(_ => updateWireframe());
+        }
+
+        public override long DisplayedCount
+        {
+            get => base.DisplayedCount;
+            set
+            {
+                base.DisplayedCount = value;
+                updateWireframe();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void updateWireframe()
+        {
+            scoreText.RequiredDisplayDigits.Value =
+                Math.Max(RequiredDisplayDigits.Value, getDigitsRequiredForDisplayCount());
+        }
+
+        private int getDigitsRequiredForDisplayCount()
+        {
+            int digitsRequired = 1;
+            long c = DisplayedCount;
+            while ((c /= 10) > 0)
+                digitsRequired++;
+            return digitsRequired;
+        }
+
         private partial class ArgonScoreTextComponent : ArgonCounterTextComponent
         {
             public ArgonScoreTextComponent(Anchor anchor, LocalisableString? label = null)
diff --git a/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ComboCounter.cs b/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ComboCounter.cs
index 17531281aad8..93802e11c212 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ComboCounter.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/ComboCounter.cs
@@ -11,11 +11,6 @@ public abstract partial class ComboCounter : RollingCounter<int>, ISerialisableD
     {
         public bool UsesFixedAnchor { get; set; }
 
-        protected ComboCounter()
-        {
-            Current.Value = DisplayedCount = 0;
-        }
-
         protected override double GetProportionalDuration(int currentValue, int newValue)
         {
             return Math.Abs(currentValue - newValue) * RollingDuration * 100.0f;
diff --git a/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/FailingLayer.cs b/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/FailingLayer.cs
index 3954e23cbe31..2bac7660b3e2 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/FailingLayer.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/FailingLayer.cs
@@ -100,11 +100,11 @@ private void updateState()
 
         protected override void Update()
         {
+            base.Update();
+
             double target = Math.Clamp(max_alpha * (1 - Current.Value / low_health_threshold), 0, max_alpha);
 
             boxes.Alpha = (float)Interpolation.Lerp(boxes.Alpha, target, Clock.ElapsedFrameTime * 0.01f);
-
-            base.Update();
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/HealthDisplay.cs b/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/HealthDisplay.cs
index 774703682670..3ef3dcb4176f 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/HealthDisplay.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Screens/Play/HUD/HealthDisplay.cs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
 using osu.Framework.Graphics.Containers;
 using osu.Framework.Threading;
+using osu.Framework.Utils;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Judgements;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.UI;
@@ -30,11 +31,13 @@ public abstract partial class HealthDisplay : CompositeDrawable
         public Bindable<double> Current { get; } = new BindableDouble
         {
             MinValue = 0,
-            MaxValue = 1
+            MaxValue = 1,
         };
 
         private BindableNumber<double> health = null!;
 
+        protected bool InitialAnimationPlaying => initialIncrease != null;
+
         private ScheduledDelegate? initialIncrease;
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -56,13 +59,6 @@ protected override void LoadComplete()
 
             // Don't bind directly so we can animate the startup procedure.
             health = HealthProcessor.Health.GetBoundCopy();
-            health.BindValueChanged(h =>
-            {
-                if (initialIncrease != null)
-                    FinishInitialAnimation(h.OldValue);
-
-                Current.Value = h.NewValue;
-            });
 
             if (hudOverlay != null)
                 showHealthBar.BindTo(hudOverlay.ShowHealthBar);
@@ -70,12 +66,42 @@ protected override void LoadComplete()
             // this probably shouldn't be operating on `this.`
             showHealthBar.BindValueChanged(healthBar => this.FadeTo(healthBar.NewValue ? 1 : 0, HUDOverlay.FADE_DURATION, HUDOverlay.FADE_EASING), true);
 
+            initialHealthValue = health.Value;
+
             if (PlayInitialIncreaseAnimation)
                 startInitialAnimation();
             else
                 Current.Value = health.Value;
         }
 
+        private double lastValue;
+        private double initialHealthValue;
+
+        protected override void Update()
+        {
+            base.Update();
+
+            if (!InitialAnimationPlaying || health.Value != initialHealthValue)
+            {
+                Current.Value = health.Value;
+
+                if (initialIncrease != null)
+                    FinishInitialAnimation(Current.Value);
+            }
+
+            // Health changes every frame in draining situations.
+            // Manually handle value changes to avoid bindable event flow overhead.
+            if (!Precision.AlmostEquals(lastValue, Current.Value, 0.001f))
+            {
+                HealthChanged(Current.Value > lastValue);
+                lastValue = Current.Value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected virtual void HealthChanged(bool increase)
+        {
+        }
+
         private void startInitialAnimation()
         {
             if (Current.Value >= health.Value)
diff --git a/osu.Game/Screens/Ranking/Statistics/SoloStatisticsPanel.cs b/osu.Game/Screens/Ranking/Statistics/SoloStatisticsPanel.cs
index 73b9897096fe..762be618535f 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Screens/Ranking/Statistics/SoloStatisticsPanel.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Screens/Ranking/Statistics/SoloStatisticsPanel.cs
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ protected override ICollection<StatisticItem> CreateStatisticItems(ScoreInfo new
                     RelativeSizeAxes = Axes.X,
                     Anchor = Anchor.Centre,
                     Origin = Anchor.Centre,
-                    Width = 0.5f,
                     StatisticsUpdate = { BindTarget = StatisticsUpdate }
                 })).ToArray();
             }
diff --git a/osu.Game/Screens/Select/BeatmapCarousel.cs b/osu.Game/Screens/Select/BeatmapCarousel.cs
index 89911c9a698d..44086347874a 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Screens/Select/BeatmapCarousel.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Screens/Select/BeatmapCarousel.cs
@@ -96,18 +96,19 @@ public partial class BeatmapCarousel : CompositeDrawable, IKeyBindingHandler<Glo
         /// <summary>
         /// Extend the range to retain already loaded pooled drawables.
         /// </summary>
-        private const float distance_offscreen_before_unload = 1024;
+        private const float distance_offscreen_before_unload = 2048;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Extend the range to update positions / retrieve pooled drawables outside of visible range.
         /// </summary>
-        private const float distance_offscreen_to_preload = 512; // todo: adjust this appropriately once we can make set panel contents load while off-screen.
+        private const float distance_offscreen_to_preload = 768;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Whether carousel items have completed asynchronously loaded.
         /// </summary>
         public bool BeatmapSetsLoaded { get; private set; }
 
+        [Cached]
         protected readonly CarouselScrollContainer Scroll;
 
         private readonly NoResultsPlaceholder noResultsPlaceholder;
@@ -1251,7 +1252,7 @@ protected override void PerformSelection()
             }
         }
 
-        protected partial class CarouselScrollContainer : UserTrackingScrollContainer<DrawableCarouselItem>
+        public partial class CarouselScrollContainer : UserTrackingScrollContainer<DrawableCarouselItem>
         {
             private bool rightMouseScrollBlocked;
 
diff --git a/osu.Game/Screens/Select/Carousel/DrawableCarouselBeatmapSet.cs b/osu.Game/Screens/Select/Carousel/DrawableCarouselBeatmapSet.cs
index f16e92a82a0b..369db37e6319 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Screens/Select/Carousel/DrawableCarouselBeatmapSet.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Screens/Select/Carousel/DrawableCarouselBeatmapSet.cs
@@ -5,11 +5,14 @@
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using osu.Framework.Allocation;
+using osu.Framework.Extensions.IEnumerableExtensions;
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
 using osu.Framework.Graphics.Containers;
 using osu.Framework.Graphics.Cursor;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Primitives;
 using osu.Framework.Graphics.UserInterface;
 using osu.Framework.Utils;
 using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
@@ -46,6 +49,8 @@ public partial class DrawableCarouselBeatmapSet : DrawableCarouselItem, IHasCont
 
         private MenuItem[]? mainMenuItems;
 
+        private double timeSinceUnpool;
+
         [Resolved]
         private BeatmapManager manager { get; set; } = null!;
 
@@ -54,6 +59,7 @@ protected override void FreeAfterUse()
             base.FreeAfterUse();
 
             Item = null;
+            timeSinceUnpool = 0;
 
             ClearTransforms();
         }
@@ -92,13 +98,21 @@ protected override void Update()
                 // algorithm for this is taken from ScrollContainer.
                 // while it doesn't necessarily need to match 1:1, as we are emulating scroll in some cases this feels most correct.
                 Y = (float)Interpolation.Lerp(targetY, Y, Math.Exp(-0.01 * Time.Elapsed));
+
+            loadContentIfRequired();
         }
 
+        private CancellationTokenSource? loadCancellation;
+
         protected override void UpdateItem()
         {
+            loadCancellation?.Cancel();
+            loadCancellation = null;
+
             base.UpdateItem();
 
             Content.Clear();
+            Header.Clear();
 
             beatmapContainer = null;
             beatmapsLoadTask = null;
@@ -107,32 +121,8 @@ protected override void UpdateItem()
                 return;
 
             beatmapSet = ((CarouselBeatmapSet)Item).BeatmapSet;
-
-            DelayedLoadWrapper background;
-            DelayedLoadWrapper mainFlow;
-
-            Header.Children = new Drawable[]
-            {
-                // Choice of background image matches BSS implementation (always uses the lowest `beatmap_id` from the set).
-                background = new DelayedLoadWrapper(() => new SetPanelBackground(manager.GetWorkingBeatmap(beatmapSet.Beatmaps.MinBy(b => b.OnlineID)))
-                {
-                    RelativeSizeAxes = Axes.Both,
-                }, 200)
-                {
-                    RelativeSizeAxes = Axes.Both
-                },
-                mainFlow = new DelayedLoadWrapper(() => new SetPanelContent((CarouselBeatmapSet)Item), 50)
-                {
-                    RelativeSizeAxes = Axes.Both
-                },
-            };
-
-            background.DelayedLoadComplete += fadeContentIn;
-            mainFlow.DelayedLoadComplete += fadeContentIn;
         }
 
-        private void fadeContentIn(Drawable d) => d.FadeInFromZero(150);
-
         protected override void Deselected()
         {
             base.Deselected();
@@ -190,6 +180,56 @@ private void updateBeatmapDifficulties()
             }
         }
 
+        [Resolved]
+        private BeatmapCarousel.CarouselScrollContainer scrollContainer { get; set; } = null!;
+
+        private void loadContentIfRequired()
+        {
+            Quad containingSsdq = scrollContainer.ScreenSpaceDrawQuad;
+
+            // Using DelayedLoadWrappers would only allow us to load content when on screen, but we want to preload while off-screen
+            // to provide a better user experience.
+
+            // This is tracking time that this drawable is updating since the last pool.
+            // This is intended to provide a debounce so very fast scrolls (from one end to the other of the carousel)
+            // don't cause huge overheads.
+            //
+            // We increase the delay based on distance from centre, so the beatmaps the user is currently looking at load first.
+            float timeUpdatingBeforeLoad = 50 + Math.Abs(containingSsdq.Centre.Y - ScreenSpaceDrawQuad.Centre.Y) / containingSsdq.Height * 100;
+
+            Debug.Assert(Item != null);
+
+            // A load is already in progress if the cancellation token is non-null.
+            if (loadCancellation != null)
+                return;
+
+            timeSinceUnpool += Time.Elapsed;
+
+            // We only trigger a load after this set has been in an updating state for a set amount of time.
+            if (timeSinceUnpool <= timeUpdatingBeforeLoad)
+                return;
+
+            loadCancellation = new CancellationTokenSource();
+
+            LoadComponentsAsync(new CompositeDrawable[]
+            {
+                // Choice of background image matches BSS implementation (always uses the lowest `beatmap_id` from the set).
+                new SetPanelBackground(manager.GetWorkingBeatmap(beatmapSet.Beatmaps.MinBy(b => b.OnlineID)))
+                {
+                    RelativeSizeAxes = Axes.Both,
+                },
+                new SetPanelContent((CarouselBeatmapSet)Item)
+                {
+                    Depth = float.MinValue,
+                    RelativeSizeAxes = Axes.Both,
+                }
+            }, drawables =>
+            {
+                Header.AddRange(drawables);
+                drawables.ForEach(d => d.FadeInFromZero(150));
+            }, loadCancellation.Token);
+        }
+
         private void updateBeatmapYPositions()
         {
             if (beatmapContainer == null)
diff --git a/osu.Game/Screens/Select/PlaySongSelect.cs b/osu.Game/Screens/Select/PlaySongSelect.cs
index 7b7b8857f373..4951504ff55d 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Screens/Select/PlaySongSelect.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Screens/Select/PlaySongSelect.cs
@@ -146,6 +146,14 @@ Player createPlayer()
             }
         }
 
+        public override void OnSuspending(ScreenTransitionEvent e)
+        {
+            // Scores will be refreshed on arriving at this screen.
+            // Clear them to avoid animation overload on returning to song select.
+            playBeatmapDetailArea.Leaderboard.ClearScores();
+            base.OnSuspending(e);
+        }
+
         public override void OnResuming(ScreenTransitionEvent e)
         {
             base.OnResuming(e);
diff --git a/osu.Game/Screens/Select/SongSelect.cs b/osu.Game/Screens/Select/SongSelect.cs
index 2d5c44e5a5a7..bf1724995adb 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Screens/Select/SongSelect.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Screens/Select/SongSelect.cs
@@ -660,7 +660,8 @@ protected override void LogoArriving(OsuLogo logo, bool resuming)
 
             logo.Action = () =>
             {
-                FinaliseSelection();
+                if (this.IsCurrentScreen())
+                    FinaliseSelection();
                 return false;
             };
         }
diff --git a/osu.Game/Skinning/LegacyHealthDisplay.cs b/osu.Game/Skinning/LegacyHealthDisplay.cs
index 845fc77394d1..9c06cbbfb5f5 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Skinning/LegacyHealthDisplay.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Skinning/LegacyHealthDisplay.cs
@@ -79,7 +79,14 @@ protected override void Update()
             marker.Position = fill.Position + new Vector2(fill.DrawWidth, isNewStyle ? fill.DrawHeight / 2 : 0);
         }
 
-        protected override void Flash() => marker.Flash();
+        protected override void HealthChanged(bool increase)
+        {
+            if (increase)
+                marker.Bulge();
+            base.HealthChanged(increase);
+        }
+
+        protected override void Flash() => marker.Flash(Current.Value >= epic_cutoff);
 
         private static Texture getTexture(ISkin skin, string name) => skin?.GetTexture($"scorebar-{name}");
 
@@ -113,19 +120,16 @@ public LegacyOldStyleMarker(ISkin skin)
                 Origin = Anchor.Centre,
             };
 
-            protected override void LoadComplete()
+            protected override void Update()
             {
-                base.LoadComplete();
+                base.Update();
 
-                Current.BindValueChanged(hp =>
-                {
-                    if (hp.NewValue < 0.2f)
-                        Main.Texture = superDangerTexture;
-                    else if (hp.NewValue < epic_cutoff)
-                        Main.Texture = dangerTexture;
-                    else
-                        Main.Texture = normalTexture;
-                });
+                if (Current.Value < 0.2f)
+                    Main.Texture = superDangerTexture;
+                else if (Current.Value < epic_cutoff)
+                    Main.Texture = dangerTexture;
+                else
+                    Main.Texture = normalTexture;
             }
         }
 
@@ -226,37 +230,30 @@ private void load()
 
             public abstract Sprite CreateSprite();
 
-            protected override void LoadComplete()
+            public override void Flash(bool isEpic)
             {
-                base.LoadComplete();
-
-                Current.BindValueChanged(val =>
-                {
-                    if (val.NewValue > val.OldValue)
-                        bulgeMain();
-                });
-            }
-
-            public override void Flash()
-            {
-                bulgeMain();
-
-                bool isEpic = Current.Value >= epic_cutoff;
-
+                Bulge();
                 explode.Blending = isEpic ? BlendingParameters.Additive : BlendingParameters.Inherit;
                 explode.ScaleTo(1).Then().ScaleTo(isEpic ? 2 : 1.6f, 120);
                 explode.FadeOutFromOne(120);
             }
 
-            private void bulgeMain() =>
+            public override void Bulge()
+            {
+                base.Bulge();
                 Main.ScaleTo(1.4f).Then().ScaleTo(1, 200, Easing.Out);
+            }
         }
 
         public partial class LegacyHealthPiece : CompositeDrawable
         {
             public Bindable<double> Current { get; } = new Bindable<double>();
 
-            public virtual void Flash()
+            public virtual void Bulge()
+            {
+            }
+
+            public virtual void Flash(bool isEpic)
             {
             }
         }
diff --git a/osu.Game/Skinning/LegacySpriteText.cs b/osu.Game/Skinning/LegacySpriteText.cs
index 8aefa5025233..581e7534e474 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Skinning/LegacySpriteText.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Skinning/LegacySpriteText.cs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using osu.Framework.Allocation;
 using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
@@ -44,10 +45,11 @@ public LegacySpriteText(LegacyFont font)
         [BackgroundDependencyLoader]
         private void load(ISkinSource skin)
         {
-            base.Font = new FontUsage(skin.GetFontPrefix(font), 1, fixedWidth: FixedWidth);
+            string fontPrefix = skin.GetFontPrefix(font);
+            base.Font = new FontUsage(fontPrefix, 1, fixedWidth: FixedWidth);
             Spacing = new Vector2(-skin.GetFontOverlap(font), 0);
 
-            glyphStore = new LegacyGlyphStore(skin, MaxSizePerGlyph);
+            glyphStore = new LegacyGlyphStore(fontPrefix, skin, MaxSizePerGlyph);
         }
 
         protected override TextBuilder CreateTextBuilder(ITexturedGlyphLookupStore store) => base.CreateTextBuilder(glyphStore);
@@ -57,25 +59,42 @@ private class LegacyGlyphStore : ITexturedGlyphLookupStore
             private readonly ISkin skin;
             private readonly Vector2? maxSize;
 
-            public LegacyGlyphStore(ISkin skin, Vector2? maxSize)
+            private readonly string fontName;
+
+            private readonly Dictionary<char, ITexturedCharacterGlyph?> cache = new Dictionary<char, ITexturedCharacterGlyph?>();
+
+            public LegacyGlyphStore(string fontName, ISkin skin, Vector2? maxSize)
             {
+                this.fontName = fontName;
                 this.skin = skin;
                 this.maxSize = maxSize;
             }
 
             public ITexturedCharacterGlyph? Get(string? fontName, char character)
             {
+                // We only service one font.
+                if (fontName != this.fontName)
+                    return null;
+
+                if (cache.TryGetValue(character, out var cached))
+                    return cached;
+
                 string lookup = getLookupName(character);
 
                 var texture = skin.GetTexture($"{fontName}-{lookup}");
 
-                if (texture == null)
-                    return null;
+                TexturedCharacterGlyph? glyph = null;
+
+                if (texture != null)
+                {
+                    if (maxSize != null)
+                        texture = texture.WithMaximumSize(maxSize.Value);
 
-                if (maxSize != null)
-                    texture = texture.WithMaximumSize(maxSize.Value);
+                    glyph = new TexturedCharacterGlyph(new CharacterGlyph(character, 0, 0, texture.Width, texture.Height, null), texture, 1f / texture.ScaleAdjust);
+                }
 
-                return new TexturedCharacterGlyph(new CharacterGlyph(character, 0, 0, texture.Width, texture.Height, null), texture, 1f / texture.ScaleAdjust);
+                cache[character] = glyph;
+                return glyph;
             }
 
             private static string getLookupName(char character)
diff --git a/osu.Game/Skinning/SkinnableSound.cs b/osu.Game/Skinning/SkinnableSound.cs
index f866a4f8ec91..f153f4f8d321 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Skinning/SkinnableSound.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Skinning/SkinnableSound.cs
@@ -194,9 +194,33 @@ private void updateSamples()
         /// <summary>
         /// Whether any samples are currently playing.
         /// </summary>
-        public bool IsPlaying => samplesContainer.Any(s => s.Playing);
+        public bool IsPlaying
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                foreach (PoolableSkinnableSample s in samplesContainer)
+                {
+                    if (s.Playing)
+                        return true;
+                }
+
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
 
-        public bool IsPlayed => samplesContainer.Any(s => s.Played);
+        public bool IsPlayed
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                foreach (PoolableSkinnableSample s in samplesContainer)
+                {
+                    if (s.Played)
+                        return true;
+                }
+
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
 
         public IBindable<double> AggregateVolume => samplesContainer.AggregateVolume;
 
diff --git a/osu.Game/Tests/Visual/OsuGameTestScene.cs b/osu.Game/Tests/Visual/OsuGameTestScene.cs
index 94be4a375d1a..947305439ee0 100644
--- a/osu.Game/Tests/Visual/OsuGameTestScene.cs
+++ b/osu.Game/Tests/Visual/OsuGameTestScene.cs
@@ -58,6 +58,12 @@ private void load()
 
         [SetUpSteps]
         public virtual void SetUpSteps()
+        {
+            CreateNewGame();
+            ConfirmAtMainMenu();
+        }
+
+        protected void CreateNewGame()
         {
             AddStep("Create new game instance", () =>
             {
@@ -71,8 +77,6 @@ public virtual void SetUpSteps()
 
             AddUntilStep("Wait for load", () => Game.IsLoaded);
             AddUntilStep("Wait for intro", () => Game.ScreenStack.CurrentScreen is IntroScreen);
-
-            ConfirmAtMainMenu();
         }
 
         [TearDownSteps]
diff --git a/osu.Game/Utils/NelderMeadSimplex.cs b/osu.Game/Utils/NelderMeadSimplex.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..063fb57d6b01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/osu.Game/Utils/NelderMeadSimplex.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+// all code referenced from:
+// https://github.com/mathnet/mathnet-numerics/blob/master/src/Numerics/Optimization/NelderMeadSimplex.cs
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2002-2022 Math.NET
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+namespace osu.Game.Utils
+{
+    public static class NelderMeadSimplex
+    {
+        private const double jitter = 1e-10d;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Finds the minimum of the objective function without an initial perturbation, the default values used
+        /// by fminsearch() in Matlab are used instead
+        /// http://se.mathworks.com/help/matlab/math/optimizing-nonlinear-functions.html#bsgpq6p-11
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="objectiveFunction">The objective function, no gradient or hessian needed</param>
+        /// <param name="initialGuess">The initial guess</param>
+        /// <param name="convergenceTolerance">The convergence tolerance</param>
+        /// <param name="maximumIterations">The maximum iterations</param>
+        /// <returns>The minimum point</returns>
+        public static double Minimum(ValueObjectiveFunction objectiveFunction, double initialGuess, double convergenceTolerance = 1e-8, int maximumIterations = 1000)
+        {
+            double initialPerturbation = initialGuess == 0.0 ? 0.00025 : initialGuess * 0.05;
+
+            return Minimum(objectiveFunction, initialGuess, initialPerturbation, convergenceTolerance, maximumIterations);
+        }
+
+        public static double Minimum(ValueObjectiveFunction objectiveFunction, double initialGuess, double initialPerturbation, double convergenceTolerance = 1e-8, int maximumIterations = 1000)
+        {
+            // we only allow taking in a single guess, and `numVertices` is equal to `numDimensions + 1` which always calculates to 2 in this case.
+            const int num_vertices = 2;
+
+            double[][] vertices = initializeVertices(initialGuess, initialPerturbation);
+
+            int evaluationCount = 0;
+            ErrorProfile errorProfile;
+
+            double[] errorValues = initializeErrorValues(vertices, objectiveFunction);
+            int numTimesHasConverged = 0;
+
+            // iterate until we converge, or complete our permitted number of iterations
+            while (true)
+            {
+                errorProfile = evaluateSimplex(errorValues);
+
+                if (hasConverged(convergenceTolerance, errorProfile, errorValues))
+                {
+                    numTimesHasConverged++;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    numTimesHasConverged = 0;
+                }
+
+                if (numTimesHasConverged == 2)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // attempt a reflection of the simplex
+                double reflectionPointValue = tryToScaleSimplex(-1.0, ref errorProfile, vertices, errorValues, objectiveFunction);
+                ++evaluationCount;
+
+                if (reflectionPointValue <= errorValues[errorProfile.LowestIndex])
+                {
+                    // it's better than the be st point, so attempt an expansion of the simplex
+                    tryToScaleSimplex(2.0, ref errorProfile, vertices, errorValues, objectiveFunction);
+                    ++evaluationCount;
+                }
+                else if (reflectionPointValue >= errorValues[errorProfile.NextHighestIndex])
+                {
+                    // it would be worse than the second best point, so attempt a contraction to look
+                    // for an intermediate point
+                    double currentWorst = errorValues[errorProfile.HighestIndex];
+                    double contractionPointValue = tryToScaleSimplex(0.5, ref errorProfile, vertices, errorValues, objectiveFunction);
+                    ++evaluationCount;
+
+                    if (contractionPointValue >= currentWorst)
+                    {
+                        // that would be even worse, so let's try to contract uniformly towards the low point;
+                        // don't bother to update the error profile, we'll do it at the start of the
+                        // next iteration
+                        shrinkSimplex(errorProfile, vertices, errorValues, objectiveFunction);
+                        evaluationCount += num_vertices; // that required one function evaluation for each vertex; keep track
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // check to see if we have exceeded our alloted number of evaluations
+                if (evaluationCount >= maximumIterations)
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException($"Exceeded maximum ({maximumIterations}) simplex evaluations");
+                }
+            }
+
+            objectiveFunction.EvaluateAt(vertices[errorProfile.LowestIndex]);
+            return objectiveFunction.Point[0];
+        }
+
+        private static void shrinkSimplex(ErrorProfile errorProfile, double[][] vertices, double[] errorValues, ValueObjectiveFunction objectiveFunction)
+        {
+            double[] lowestVertex = vertices[errorProfile.LowestIndex];
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < vertices.Length; i++)
+            {
+                if (i != errorProfile.LowestIndex)
+                {
+                    vertices[i] = (vertices[i].AddVector(lowestVertex)).Multiply(0.5);
+                    objectiveFunction.EvaluateAt(vertices[i]);
+                    errorValues[i] = objectiveFunction.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static double tryToScaleSimplex(double scaleFactor, ref ErrorProfile errorProfile, double[][] vertices, double[] errorValues, ValueObjectiveFunction objectiveFunction)
+        {
+            // find the centroid through which we will reflect
+            double[] centroid = computeCentroid(vertices, errorProfile);
+
+            // define the vector from the centroid to the high point
+            double[] centroidToHighPoint = vertices[errorProfile.HighestIndex].Subtract(centroid);
+
+            // scale and position the vector to determine the new trial point
+            double[] newPoint = centroidToHighPoint.Multiply(scaleFactor).AddVector(centroid);
+
+            // evaluate the new point
+            objectiveFunction.EvaluateAt(newPoint);
+            double newErrorValue = objectiveFunction.Value;
+
+            // if it's better, replace the old high point
+            if (newErrorValue < errorValues[errorProfile.HighestIndex])
+            {
+                vertices[errorProfile.HighestIndex] = newPoint;
+                errorValues[errorProfile.HighestIndex] = newErrorValue;
+            }
+
+            return newErrorValue;
+        }
+
+        private static double[] computeCentroid(double[][] vertices, ErrorProfile errorProfile)
+        {
+            int numVertices = vertices.Length;
+
+            List<double> centroid = new List<double>(numVertices - 1);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < numVertices; i++)
+            {
+                if (i != errorProfile.HighestIndex)
+                {
+                    centroid.Add(0);
+                    centroid = centroid.AddVector(vertices[i]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return centroid.Multiply(1.0d / (numVertices - 1));
+        }
+
+        private static ErrorProfile evaluateSimplex(double[] errorValues)
+        {
+            ErrorProfile errorProfile = new ErrorProfile();
+
+            if (errorValues[0] > errorValues[1])
+            {
+                errorProfile.HighestIndex = 0;
+                errorProfile.NextHighestIndex = 1;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                errorProfile.HighestIndex = 1;
+                errorProfile.NextHighestIndex = 0;
+            }
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < errorValues.Length; index++)
+            {
+                double errorValue = errorValues[index];
+
+                if (errorValue <= errorValues[errorProfile.LowestIndex])
+                {
+                    errorProfile.LowestIndex = index;
+                }
+
+                if (errorValue > errorValues[errorProfile.HighestIndex])
+                {
+                    errorProfile.NextHighestIndex = errorProfile.HighestIndex; // downgrade the current highest to next highest
+                    errorProfile.HighestIndex = index;
+                }
+                else if (errorValue > errorValues[errorProfile.NextHighestIndex] && index != errorProfile.HighestIndex)
+                {
+                    errorProfile.NextHighestIndex = index;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return errorProfile;
+        }
+
+        private static bool hasConverged(double convergenceTolerance, ErrorProfile errorProfile, double[] errorValues)
+        {
+            double range = 2 * Math.Abs(errorValues[errorProfile.HighestIndex] - errorValues[errorProfile.LowestIndex]) /
+                           (Math.Abs(errorValues[errorProfile.HighestIndex]) + Math.Abs(errorValues[errorProfile.LowestIndex]) + jitter);
+
+            return range < convergenceTolerance;
+        }
+
+        private static double[] initializeErrorValues(double[][] vertices, ValueObjectiveFunction valueObjectiveFunction)
+        {
+            double[] errorValues = new double[vertices.Length];
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < vertices.Length; i++)
+            {
+                valueObjectiveFunction.EvaluateAt(vertices[i]);
+                errorValues[i] = valueObjectiveFunction.Value;
+            }
+
+            return errorValues;
+        }
+
+        private static double[][] initializeVertices(double value, double initialPerturbation)
+        {
+            // we only allow taking in a single guess, and `numVertices` is equal to `numDimensions + 1` which always calculates to 2 in this case.
+            double[][] vertices = new[]
+            {
+                new[] { value },
+                new[] { value + (1 * initialPerturbation) }
+            };
+
+            return vertices;
+        }
+
+        private sealed class ErrorProfile
+        {
+            public int HighestIndex { get; set; }
+            public int NextHighestIndex { get; set; }
+            public int LowestIndex { get; set; }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class Extensions
+    {
+        public static double[] Subtract(this double[] current, double[] other)
+        {
+            var result = new List<double>();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < current.Length; i++)
+            {
+                double negated = current[i] - other[i];
+                result.Add(negated);
+            }
+
+            return result.ToArray();
+        }
+
+        public static List<double> AddVector(this List<double> current, double[] other)
+        {
+            var result = new List<double>();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < current.Count; i++)
+            {
+                double sum = current[i] + other[i];
+                result.Add(sum);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static double[] AddVector(this double[] current, double[] other)
+        {
+            var result = new List<double>();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < current.Length; i++)
+            {
+                double sum = current[i] + other[i];
+                result.Add(sum);
+            }
+
+            return result.ToArray();
+        }
+
+        public static double[] Multiply(this List<double> current, double other)
+        {
+            var result = new List<double>();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < current.Count; i++)
+            {
+                double sum = current[i] * other;
+                result.Add(sum);
+            }
+
+            return result.ToArray();
+        }
+
+        public static double[] Multiply(this double[] current, double other)
+        {
+            var result = new List<double>();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < current.Length; i++)
+            {
+                double sum = current[i] * other;
+                result.Add(sum);
+            }
+
+            return result.ToArray();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/osu.Game/Utils/StatUtils.cs b/osu.Game/Utils/StatUtils.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..63b4292266a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/osu.Game/Utils/StatUtils.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,754 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+// All code is referenced from the following:
+// https://github.com/mathnet/mathnet-numerics/blob/master/src/Numerics/SpecialFunctions/Erf.cs
+// https://github.com/mathnet/mathnet-numerics/blob/master/src/Numerics/Optimization/NelderMeadSimplex.cs
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2002-2022 Math.NET
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+using System;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Utils
+{
+    public static class StatUtils
+    {
+        private const double sqrt2_pi = 2.5066282746310005024157652848110452530069867406099d;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// **************************************
+        /// COEFFICIENTS FOR METHOD ErfImp       *
+        /// **************************************
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator of ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erf(x) in the interval [1e-10, 0.5].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_an = { 0.00337916709551257388990745, -0.00073695653048167948530905, -0.374732337392919607868241, 0.0817442448733587196071743, -0.0421089319936548595203468, 0.0070165709512095756344528, -0.00495091255982435110337458, 0.000871646599037922480317225 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for  a denominator of ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erf(x) in the interval [1e-10, 0.5].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_ad = { 1, -0.218088218087924645390535, 0.412542972725442099083918, -0.0841891147873106755410271, 0.0655338856400241519690695, -0.0120019604454941768171266, 0.00408165558926174048329689, -0.000615900721557769691924509 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [0.5, 0.75].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_bn = { -0.0361790390718262471360258, 0.292251883444882683221149, 0.281447041797604512774415, 0.125610208862766947294894, 0.0274135028268930549240776, 0.00250839672168065762786937 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [0.5, 0.75].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_bd = { 1, 1.8545005897903486499845, 1.43575803037831418074962, 0.582827658753036572454135, 0.124810476932949746447682, 0.0113724176546353285778481 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [0.75, 1.25].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_cn = { -0.0397876892611136856954425, 0.153165212467878293257683, 0.191260295600936245503129, 0.10276327061989304213645, 0.029637090615738836726027, 0.0046093486780275489468812, 0.000307607820348680180548455 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [0.75, 1.25].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_cd = { 1, 1.95520072987627704987886, 1.64762317199384860109595, 0.768238607022126250082483, 0.209793185936509782784315, 0.0319569316899913392596356, 0.00213363160895785378615014 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [1.25, 2.25].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_dn = { -0.0300838560557949717328341, 0.0538578829844454508530552, 0.0726211541651914182692959, 0.0367628469888049348429018, 0.00964629015572527529605267, 0.00133453480075291076745275, 0.778087599782504251917881e-4 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [1.25, 2.25].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_dd = { 1, 1.75967098147167528287343, 1.32883571437961120556307, 0.552528596508757581287907, 0.133793056941332861912279, 0.0179509645176280768640766, 0.00104712440019937356634038, -0.106640381820357337177643e-7 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [2.25, 3.5].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_en = { -0.0117907570137227847827732, 0.014262132090538809896674, 0.0202234435902960820020765, 0.00930668299990432009042239, 0.00213357802422065994322516, 0.00025022987386460102395382, 0.120534912219588189822126e-4 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [2.25, 3.5].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_ed = { 1, 1.50376225203620482047419, 0.965397786204462896346934, 0.339265230476796681555511, 0.0689740649541569716897427, 0.00771060262491768307365526, 0.000371421101531069302990367 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [3.5, 5.25].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_fn = { -0.00546954795538729307482955, 0.00404190278731707110245394, 0.0054963369553161170521356, 0.00212616472603945399437862, 0.000394984014495083900689956, 0.365565477064442377259271e-4, 0.135485897109932323253786e-5 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [3.5, 5.25].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_fd = { 1, 1.21019697773630784832251, 0.620914668221143886601045, 0.173038430661142762569515, 0.0276550813773432047594539, 0.00240625974424309709745382, 0.891811817251336577241006e-4, -0.465528836283382684461025e-11 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [5.25, 8].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_gn = { -0.00270722535905778347999196, 0.0013187563425029400461378, 0.00119925933261002333923989, 0.00027849619811344664248235, 0.267822988218331849989363e-4, 0.923043672315028197865066e-6 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [5.25, 8].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_gd = { 1, 0.814632808543141591118279, 0.268901665856299542168425, 0.0449877216103041118694989, 0.00381759663320248459168994, 0.000131571897888596914350697, 0.404815359675764138445257e-11 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [8, 11.5].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_hn = { -0.00109946720691742196814323, 0.000406425442750422675169153, 0.000274499489416900707787024, 0.465293770646659383436343e-4, 0.320955425395767463401993e-5, 0.778286018145020892261936e-7 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [8, 11.5].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_hd = { 1, 0.588173710611846046373373, 0.139363331289409746077541, 0.0166329340417083678763028, 0.00100023921310234908642639, 0.24254837521587225125068e-4 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [11.5, 17].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_in = { -0.00056907993601094962855594, 0.000169498540373762264416984, 0.518472354581100890120501e-4, 0.382819312231928859704678e-5, 0.824989931281894431781794e-7 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [11.5, 17].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_id = { 1, 0.339637250051139347430323, 0.043472647870310663055044, 0.00248549335224637114641629, 0.535633305337152900549536e-4, -0.117490944405459578783846e-12 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [17, 24].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_jn = { -0.000241313599483991337479091, 0.574224975202501512365975e-4, 0.115998962927383778460557e-4, 0.581762134402593739370875e-6, 0.853971555085673614607418e-8 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [17, 24].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_jd = { 1, 0.233044138299687841018015, 0.0204186940546440312625597, 0.000797185647564398289151125, 0.117019281670172327758019e-4 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [24, 38].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_kn = { -0.000146674699277760365803642, 0.162666552112280519955647e-4, 0.269116248509165239294897e-5, 0.979584479468091935086972e-7, 0.101994647625723465722285e-8 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [24, 38].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_kd = { 1, 0.165907812944847226546036, 0.0103361716191505884359634, 0.000286593026373868366935721, 0.298401570840900340874568e-5 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [38, 60].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_ln = { -0.583905797629771786720406e-4, 0.412510325105496173512992e-5, 0.431790922420250949096906e-6, 0.993365155590013193345569e-8, 0.653480510020104699270084e-10 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [38, 60].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_ld = { 1, 0.105077086072039915406159, 0.00414278428675475620830226, 0.726338754644523769144108e-4, 0.477818471047398785369849e-6 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [60, 85].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_mn = { -0.196457797609229579459841e-4, 0.157243887666800692441195e-5, 0.543902511192700878690335e-7, 0.317472492369117710852685e-9 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [60, 85].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_md = { 1, 0.052803989240957632204885, 0.000926876069151753290378112, 0.541011723226630257077328e-5, 0.535093845803642394908747e-15 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [85, 110].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_nn = { -0.789224703978722689089794e-5, 0.622088451660986955124162e-6, 0.145728445676882396797184e-7, 0.603715505542715364529243e-10 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator in ErfImp
+        /// calculation for Erfc(x) in the interval [85, 110].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erf_imp_nd = { 1, 0.0375328846356293715248719, 0.000467919535974625308126054, 0.193847039275845656900547e-5 };
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// **************************************
+        /// COEFFICIENTS FOR METHOD ErfInvImp    *
+        /// **************************************
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator of ErfInvImp
+        /// calculation for Erf^-1(z) in the interval [0, 0.5].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erv_inv_imp_an = { -0.000508781949658280665617, -0.00836874819741736770379, 0.0334806625409744615033, -0.0126926147662974029034, -0.0365637971411762664006, 0.0219878681111168899165, 0.00822687874676915743155, -0.00538772965071242932965 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator of ErfInvImp
+        /// calculation for Erf^-1(z) in the interval [0, 0.5].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erv_inv_imp_ad = { 1, -0.970005043303290640362, -1.56574558234175846809, 1.56221558398423026363, 0.662328840472002992063, -0.71228902341542847553, -0.0527396382340099713954, 0.0795283687341571680018, -0.00233393759374190016776, 0.000886216390456424707504 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator of ErfInvImp
+        /// calculation for Erf^-1(z) in the interval [0.5, 0.75].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erv_inv_imp_bn = { -0.202433508355938759655, 0.105264680699391713268, 8.37050328343119927838, 17.6447298408374015486, -18.8510648058714251895, -44.6382324441786960818, 17.445385985570866523, 21.1294655448340526258, -3.67192254707729348546 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator of ErfInvImp
+        /// calculation for Erf^-1(z) in the interval [0.5, 0.75].
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erv_inv_imp_bd = { 1, 6.24264124854247537712, 3.9713437953343869095, -28.6608180499800029974, -20.1432634680485188801, 48.5609213108739935468, 10.8268667355460159008, -22.6436933413139721736, 1.72114765761200282724 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator of ErfInvImp
+        /// calculation for Erf^-1(z) in the interval [0.75, 1] with x less than 3.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erv_inv_imp_cn = { -0.131102781679951906451, -0.163794047193317060787, 0.117030156341995252019, 0.387079738972604337464, 0.337785538912035898924, 0.142869534408157156766, 0.0290157910005329060432, 0.00214558995388805277169, -0.679465575181126350155e-6, 0.285225331782217055858e-7, -0.681149956853776992068e-9 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator of ErfInvImp
+        /// calculation for Erf^-1(z) in the interval [0.75, 1] with x less than 3.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erv_inv_imp_cd = { 1, 3.46625407242567245975, 5.38168345707006855425, 4.77846592945843778382, 2.59301921623620271374, 0.848854343457902036425, 0.152264338295331783612, 0.01105924229346489121 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator of ErfInvImp
+        /// calculation for Erf^-1(z) in the interval [0.75, 1] with x between 3 and 6.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erv_inv_imp_dn = { -0.0350353787183177984712, -0.00222426529213447927281, 0.0185573306514231072324, 0.00950804701325919603619, 0.00187123492819559223345, 0.000157544617424960554631, 0.460469890584317994083e-5, -0.230404776911882601748e-9, 0.266339227425782031962e-11 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator of ErfInvImp
+        /// calculation for Erf^-1(z) in the interval [0.75, 1] with x between 3 and 6.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erv_inv_imp_dd = { 1, 1.3653349817554063097, 0.762059164553623404043, 0.220091105764131249824, 0.0341589143670947727934, 0.00263861676657015992959, 0.764675292302794483503e-4 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator of ErfInvImp
+        /// calculation for Erf^-1(z) in the interval [0.75, 1] with x between 6 and 18.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erv_inv_imp_en = { -0.0167431005076633737133, -0.00112951438745580278863, 0.00105628862152492910091, 0.000209386317487588078668, 0.149624783758342370182e-4, 0.449696789927706453732e-6, 0.462596163522878599135e-8, -0.281128735628831791805e-13, 0.99055709973310326855e-16 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator of ErfInvImp
+        /// calculation for Erf^-1(z) in the interval [0.75, 1] with x between 6 and 18.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erv_inv_imp_ed = { 1, 0.591429344886417493481, 0.138151865749083321638, 0.0160746087093676504695, 0.000964011807005165528527, 0.275335474764726041141e-4, 0.282243172016108031869e-6 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator of ErfInvImp
+        /// calculation for Erf^-1(z) in the interval [0.75, 1] with x between 18 and 44.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erv_inv_imp_fn = { -0.0024978212791898131227, -0.779190719229053954292e-5, 0.254723037413027451751e-4, 0.162397777342510920873e-5, 0.396341011304801168516e-7, 0.411632831190944208473e-9, 0.145596286718675035587e-11, -0.116765012397184275695e-17 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator of ErfInvImp
+        /// calculation for Erf^-1(z) in the interval [0.75, 1] with x between 18 and 44.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erv_inv_imp_fd = { 1, 0.207123112214422517181, 0.0169410838120975906478, 0.000690538265622684595676, 0.145007359818232637924e-4, 0.144437756628144157666e-6, 0.509761276599778486139e-9 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a numerator of ErfInvImp
+        /// calculation for Erf^-1(z) in the interval [0.75, 1] with x greater than 44.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erv_inv_imp_gn = { -0.000539042911019078575891, -0.28398759004727721098e-6, 0.899465114892291446442e-6, 0.229345859265920864296e-7, 0.225561444863500149219e-9, 0.947846627503022684216e-12, 0.135880130108924861008e-14, -0.348890393399948882918e-21 };
+
+        /// <summary> Polynomial coefficients for a denominator of ErfInvImp
+        /// calculation for Erf^-1(z) in the interval [0.75, 1] with x greater than 44.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static readonly double[] erv_inv_imp_gd = { 1, 0.0845746234001899436914, 0.00282092984726264681981, 0.468292921940894236786e-4, 0.399968812193862100054e-6, 0.161809290887904476097e-8, 0.231558608310259605225e-11 };
+
+        /// <summary>Calculates the error function.</summary>
+        /// <param name="x">The value to evaluate.</param>
+        /// <returns>the error function evaluated at given value.</returns>
+        /// <remarks>
+        ///     <list type="bullet">
+        ///         <item>returns 1 if <c>x == double.PositiveInfinity</c>.</item>
+        ///         <item>returns -1 if <c>x == double.NegativeInfinity</c>.</item>
+        ///     </list>
+        /// </remarks>
+        public static double Erf(double x)
+        {
+            if (x == 0)
+            {
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            if (double.IsPositiveInfinity(x))
+            {
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            if (double.IsNegativeInfinity(x))
+            {
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            if (double.IsNaN(x))
+            {
+                return double.NaN;
+            }
+
+            return erfImp(x, false);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Calculates the complementary error function.</summary>
+        /// <param name="x">The value to evaluate.</param>
+        /// <returns>the complementary error function evaluated at given value.</returns>
+        /// <remarks>
+        ///     <list type="bullet">
+        ///         <item>returns 0 if <c>x == double.PositiveInfinity</c>.</item>
+        ///         <item>returns 2 if <c>x == double.NegativeInfinity</c>.</item>
+        ///     </list>
+        /// </remarks>
+        public static double Erfc(double x)
+        {
+            if (x == 0)
+            {
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            if (double.IsPositiveInfinity(x))
+            {
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            if (double.IsNegativeInfinity(x))
+            {
+                return 2;
+            }
+
+            if (double.IsNaN(x))
+            {
+                return double.NaN;
+            }
+
+            return erfImp(x, true);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Calculates the inverse error function evaluated at z.</summary>
+        /// <returns>The inverse error function evaluated at given value.</returns>
+        /// <remarks>
+        ///   <list type="bullet">
+        ///     <item>returns double.PositiveInfinity if <c>z &gt;= 1.0</c>.</item>
+        ///     <item>returns double.NegativeInfinity if <c>z &lt;= -1.0</c>.</item>
+        ///   </list>
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <summary>Calculates the inverse error function evaluated at z.</summary>
+        /// <param name="z">value to evaluate.</param>
+        /// <returns>the inverse error function evaluated at Z.</returns>
+        public static double ErfInv(double z)
+        {
+            if (z == 0.0)
+            {
+                return 0.0;
+            }
+
+            if (z >= 1.0)
+            {
+                return double.PositiveInfinity;
+            }
+
+            if (z <= -1.0)
+            {
+                return double.NegativeInfinity;
+            }
+
+            double p, q, s;
+
+            if (z < 0)
+            {
+                p = -z;
+                q = 1 - p;
+                s = -1;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                p = z;
+                q = 1 - z;
+                s = 1;
+            }
+
+            return erfInvImpl(p, q, s);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Implementation of the error function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="z">Where to evaluate the error function.</param>
+        /// <param name="invert">Whether to compute 1 - the error function.</param>
+        /// <returns>the error function.</returns>
+        private static double erfImp(double z, bool invert)
+        {
+            if (z < 0)
+            {
+                if (!invert)
+                {
+                    return -erfImp(-z, false);
+                }
+
+                if (z < -0.5)
+                {
+                    return 2 - erfImp(-z, true);
+                }
+
+                return 1 + erfImp(-z, false);
+            }
+
+            double result;
+
+            // Big bunch of selection statements now to pick which
+            // implementation to use, try to put most likely options
+            // first:
+            if (z < 0.5)
+            {
+                // We're going to calculate erf:
+                if (z < 1e-10)
+                {
+                    result = (z * 1.125) + (z * 0.003379167095512573896158903121545171688);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // Worst case absolute error found: 6.688618532e-21
+                    result = (z * 1.125) + (z * EvaluatePolynomial(z, erf_imp_an) / EvaluatePolynomial(z, erf_imp_ad));
+                }
+            }
+            else if (z < 110)
+            {
+                // We'll be calculating erfc:
+                invert = !invert;
+                double r, b;
+
+                if (z < 0.75)
+                {
+                    // Worst case absolute error found: 5.582813374e-21
+                    r = EvaluatePolynomial(z - 0.5, erf_imp_bn) / EvaluatePolynomial(z - 0.5, erf_imp_bd);
+                    b = 0.3440242112F;
+                }
+                else if (z < 1.25)
+                {
+                    // Worst case absolute error found: 4.01854729e-21
+                    r = EvaluatePolynomial(z - 0.75, erf_imp_cn) / EvaluatePolynomial(z - 0.75, erf_imp_cd);
+                    b = 0.419990927F;
+                }
+                else if (z < 2.25)
+                {
+                    // Worst case absolute error found: 2.866005373e-21
+                    r = EvaluatePolynomial(z - 1.25, erf_imp_dn) / EvaluatePolynomial(z - 1.25, erf_imp_dd);
+                    b = 0.4898625016F;
+                }
+                else if (z < 3.5)
+                {
+                    // Worst case absolute error found: 1.045355789e-21
+                    r = EvaluatePolynomial(z - 2.25, erf_imp_en) / EvaluatePolynomial(z - 2.25, erf_imp_ed);
+                    b = 0.5317370892F;
+                }
+                else if (z < 5.25)
+                {
+                    // Worst case absolute error found: 8.300028706e-22
+                    r = EvaluatePolynomial(z - 3.5, erf_imp_fn) / EvaluatePolynomial(z - 3.5, erf_imp_fd);
+                    b = 0.5489973426F;
+                }
+                else if (z < 8)
+                {
+                    // Worst case absolute error found: 1.700157534e-21
+                    r = EvaluatePolynomial(z - 5.25, erf_imp_gn) / EvaluatePolynomial(z - 5.25, erf_imp_gd);
+                    b = 0.5571740866F;
+                }
+                else if (z < 11.5)
+                {
+                    // Worst case absolute error found: 3.002278011e-22
+                    r = EvaluatePolynomial(z - 8, erf_imp_hn) / EvaluatePolynomial(z - 8, erf_imp_hd);
+                    b = 0.5609807968F;
+                }
+                else if (z < 17)
+                {
+                    // Worst case absolute error found: 6.741114695e-21
+                    r = EvaluatePolynomial(z - 11.5, erf_imp_in) / EvaluatePolynomial(z - 11.5, erf_imp_id);
+                    b = 0.5626493692F;
+                }
+                else if (z < 24)
+                {
+                    // Worst case absolute error found: 7.802346984e-22
+                    r = EvaluatePolynomial(z - 17, erf_imp_jn) / EvaluatePolynomial(z - 17, erf_imp_jd);
+                    b = 0.5634598136F;
+                }
+                else if (z < 38)
+                {
+                    // Worst case absolute error found: 2.414228989e-22
+                    r = EvaluatePolynomial(z - 24, erf_imp_kn) / EvaluatePolynomial(z - 24, erf_imp_kd);
+                    b = 0.5638477802F;
+                }
+                else if (z < 60)
+                {
+                    // Worst case absolute error found: 5.896543869e-24
+                    r = EvaluatePolynomial(z - 38, erf_imp_ln) / EvaluatePolynomial(z - 38, erf_imp_ld);
+                    b = 0.5640528202F;
+                }
+                else if (z < 85)
+                {
+                    // Worst case absolute error found: 3.080612264e-21
+                    r = EvaluatePolynomial(z - 60, erf_imp_mn) / EvaluatePolynomial(z - 60, erf_imp_md);
+                    b = 0.5641309023F;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // Worst case absolute error found: 8.094633491e-22
+                    r = EvaluatePolynomial(z - 85, erf_imp_nn) / EvaluatePolynomial(z - 85, erf_imp_nd);
+                    b = 0.5641584396F;
+                }
+
+                double g = Math.Exp(-z * z) / z;
+                result = (g * b) + (g * r);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // Any value of z larger than 28 will underflow to zero:
+                result = 0;
+                invert = !invert;
+            }
+
+            if (invert)
+            {
+                result = 1 - result;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Calculates the complementary inverse error function evaluated at z.</summary>
+        /// <returns>The complementary inverse error function evaluated at given value.</returns>
+        /// <remarks> We have tested this implementation against the arbitrary precision mpmath library
+        /// and found cases where we can only guarantee 9 significant figures correct.
+        ///     <list type="bullet">
+        ///         <item>returns double.PositiveInfinity if <c>z &lt;= 0.0</c>.</item>
+        ///         <item>returns double.NegativeInfinity if <c>z &gt;= 2.0</c>.</item>
+        ///     </list>
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <summary>calculates the complementary inverse error function evaluated at z.</summary>
+        /// <param name="z">value to evaluate.</param>
+        /// <returns>the complementary inverse error function evaluated at Z.</returns>
+        public static double ErfcInv(double z)
+        {
+            if (z <= 0.0)
+            {
+                return double.PositiveInfinity;
+            }
+
+            if (z >= 2.0)
+            {
+                return double.NegativeInfinity;
+            }
+
+            double p, q, s;
+
+            if (z > 1)
+            {
+                q = 2 - z;
+                p = 1 - q;
+                s = -1;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                p = 1 - z;
+                q = z;
+                s = 1;
+            }
+
+            return erfInvImpl(p, q, s);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The implementation of the inverse error function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="p">First intermediate parameter.</param>
+        /// <param name="q">Second intermediate parameter.</param>
+        /// <param name="s">Third intermediate parameter.</param>
+        /// <returns>the inverse error function.</returns>
+        private static double erfInvImpl(double p, double q, double s)
+        {
+            double result;
+
+            if (p <= 0.5)
+            {
+                // Evaluate inverse erf using the rational approximation:
+                //
+                // x = p(p+10)(Y+R(p))
+                //
+                // Where Y is a constant, and R(p) is optimized for a low
+                // absolute error compared to |Y|.
+                //
+                // double: Max error found: 2.001849e-18
+                // long double: Max error found: 1.017064e-20
+                // Maximum Deviation Found (actual error term at infinite precision) 8.030e-21
+                const float y = 0.0891314744949340820313f;
+                double g = p * (p + 10);
+                double r = EvaluatePolynomial(p, erv_inv_imp_an) / EvaluatePolynomial(p, erv_inv_imp_ad);
+                result = (g * y) + (g * r);
+            }
+            else if (q >= 0.25)
+            {
+                // Rational approximation for 0.5 > q >= 0.25
+                //
+                // x = sqrt(-2*log(q)) / (Y + R(q))
+                //
+                // Where Y is a constant, and R(q) is optimized for a low
+                // absolute error compared to Y.
+                //
+                // double : Max error found: 7.403372e-17
+                // long double : Max error found: 6.084616e-20
+                // Maximum Deviation Found (error term) 4.811e-20
+                const float y = 2.249481201171875f;
+                double g = Math.Sqrt(-2 * Math.Log(q));
+                double xs = q - 0.25;
+                double r = EvaluatePolynomial(xs, erv_inv_imp_bn) / EvaluatePolynomial(xs, erv_inv_imp_bd);
+                result = g / (y + r);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // For q < 0.25 we have a series of rational approximations all
+                // of the general form:
+                //
+                // let: x = sqrt(-log(q))
+                //
+                // Then the result is given by:
+                //
+                // x(Y+R(x-B))
+                //
+                // where Y is a constant, B is the lowest value of x for which
+                // the approximation is valid, and R(x-B) is optimized for a low
+                // absolute error compared to Y.
+                //
+                // Note that almost all code will really go through the first
+                // or maybe second approximation.  After than we're dealing with very
+                // small input values indeed: 80 and 128 bit long double's go all the
+                // way down to ~ 1e-5000 so the "tail" is rather long...
+                double x = Math.Sqrt(-Math.Log(q));
+
+                if (x < 3)
+                {
+                    // Max error found: 1.089051e-20
+                    const float y = 0.807220458984375f;
+                    double xs = x - 1.125;
+                    double r = EvaluatePolynomial(xs, erv_inv_imp_cn) / EvaluatePolynomial(xs, erv_inv_imp_cd);
+                    result = (y * x) + (r * x);
+                }
+                else if (x < 6)
+                {
+                    // Max error found: 8.389174e-21
+                    const float y = 0.93995571136474609375f;
+                    double xs = x - 3;
+                    double r = EvaluatePolynomial(xs, erv_inv_imp_dn) / EvaluatePolynomial(xs, erv_inv_imp_dd);
+                    result = (y * x) + (r * x);
+                }
+                else if (x < 18)
+                {
+                    // Max error found: 1.481312e-19
+                    const float y = 0.98362827301025390625f;
+                    double xs = x - 6;
+                    double r = EvaluatePolynomial(xs, erv_inv_imp_en) / EvaluatePolynomial(xs, erv_inv_imp_ed);
+                    result = (y * x) + (r * x);
+                }
+                else if (x < 44)
+                {
+                    // Max error found: 5.697761e-20
+                    const float y = 0.99714565277099609375f;
+                    double xs = x - 18;
+                    double r = EvaluatePolynomial(xs, erv_inv_imp_fn) / EvaluatePolynomial(xs, erv_inv_imp_fd);
+                    result = (y * x) + (r * x);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // Max error found: 1.279746e-20
+                    const float y = 0.99941349029541015625f;
+                    double xs = x - 44;
+                    double r = EvaluatePolynomial(xs, erv_inv_imp_gn) / EvaluatePolynomial(xs, erv_inv_imp_gd);
+                    result = (y * x) + (r * x);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return s * result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Evaluate a polynomial at point x.
+        /// Coefficients are ordered ascending by power with power k at index k.
+        /// Example: coefficients [3,-1,2] represent y=2x^2-x+3.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="z">The location where to evaluate the polynomial at.</param>
+        /// <param name="coefficients">The coefficients of the polynomial, coefficient for power k at index k.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">
+        /// <paramref name="coefficients"/> is a null reference.
+        /// </exception>
+        public static double EvaluatePolynomial(double z, params double[] coefficients)
+        {
+            // 2020-10-07 jbialogrodzki #730 Since this is public API we should probably
+            // handle null arguments? It doesn't seem to have been done consistently in this class though.
+            if (coefficients == null)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(coefficients));
+            }
+
+            // 2020-10-07 jbialogrodzki #730 Zero polynomials need explicit handling.
+            // Without this check, we attempted to peek coefficients at negative indices!
+            int n = coefficients.Length;
+
+            if (n == 0)
+            {
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            double sum = coefficients[n - 1];
+
+            for (int i = n - 2; i >= 0; --i)
+            {
+                sum *= z;
+                sum += coefficients[i];
+            }
+
+            return sum;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes ln(1+x) with good relative precision when |x| is small
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="x">The parameter for which to compute the log1p function. Range: x > 0.</param>
+        // ReSharper disable once InconsistentNaming
+        public static double Log1p(double x)
+        {
+            double y0 = Math.Log(1.0 + x);
+
+            if ((-0.2928 < x) && (x < 0.4142))
+            {
+                double y = y0;
+
+                if (y == 0.0)
+                {
+                    y = 1.0;
+                }
+                else if ((y < -0.69) || (y > 0.4))
+                {
+                    y = (Math.Exp(y) - 1.0) / y;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    double t = y / 2.0;
+                    y = Math.Exp(t) * Math.Sinh(t) / t;
+                }
+
+                double s = y0 * y;
+                double r = (s - x) / (s + 1.0);
+                y0 = y0 - r * (6 - r) / (6 - 4 * r);
+            }
+
+            return y0;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Find vector x that minimizes the function f(x) using the Nelder-Mead Simplex algorithm.
+        /// For more options and diagnostics consider to use <see cref="NelderMeadSimplex"/> directly.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static double FindMinimumOfScalarFunction(Func<double, double> function, double initialGuess, double tolerance = 1e-8, int maxIterations = 1000)
+        {
+            var objective = new ValueObjectiveFunction(v => function(v[0]));
+            double minimum = NelderMeadSimplex.Minimum(objective, initialGuess, tolerance, maxIterations);
+            return minimum;
+        }
+
+        public static double NormalPdf(double mean, double stddev, double x)
+        {
+            if (stddev < 0.0)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Invalid parametrization for the distribution.");
+            }
+
+            double d = (x - mean) / stddev;
+            return Math.Exp(-0.5 * d * d) / (sqrt2_pi * stddev);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/osu.Game/Utils/ValueObjectiveFunction.cs b/osu.Game/Utils/ValueObjectiveFunction.cs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..556484bedcd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/osu.Game/Utils/ValueObjectiveFunction.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+// all code referenced from:
+// https://github.com/mathnet/mathnet-numerics/blob/f19641843048df073b80f6ecfcbb229d3258049b/src/Numerics/Optimization/ObjectiveFunctions/ValueObjectiveFunction.cs
+
+using System;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Utils
+{
+    public class ValueObjectiveFunction
+    {
+        private readonly Func<double[], double> function;
+
+        public ValueObjectiveFunction(Func<double[], double> function)
+        {
+            this.function = function;
+        }
+
+        public bool IsGradientSupported => false;
+
+        public bool IsHessianSupported => false;
+
+        public void EvaluateAt(double[] point)
+        {
+            Point = point;
+            Value = function(point);
+        }
+
+        public double[] Point { get; private set; } = new double[] { };
+        public double Value { get; private set; }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/osu.Game/osu.Game.csproj b/osu.Game/osu.Game.csproj
index c7e0cc3808ba..4a5e192cb3f5 100644
--- a/osu.Game/osu.Game.csproj
+++ b/osu.Game/osu.Game.csproj
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
       <IncludeAssets>runtime; build; native; contentfiles; analyzers; buildtransitive</IncludeAssets>
     </PackageReference>
     <PackageReference Include="Realm" Version="11.5.0" />
-    <PackageReference Include="ppy.osu.Framework" Version="2023.1227.1" />
+    <PackageReference Include="ppy.osu.Framework" Version="2024.110.0" />
     <PackageReference Include="ppy.osu.Game.Resources" Version="2023.1228.0" />
     <PackageReference Include="Sentry" Version="3.40.0" />
     <!-- Held back due to 0.34.0 failing AOT compilation on ZstdSharp.dll dependency. -->
diff --git a/osu.iOS.props b/osu.iOS.props
index 7e03ab50e286..c180baeab7aa 100644
--- a/osu.iOS.props
+++ b/osu.iOS.props
@@ -23,6 +23,6 @@
     <RuntimeIdentifier>iossimulator-x64</RuntimeIdentifier>
   </PropertyGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
-    <PackageReference Include="ppy.osu.Framework.iOS" Version="2023.1227.1" />
+    <PackageReference Include="ppy.osu.Framework.iOS" Version="2024.110.0" />
   </ItemGroup>
 </Project>