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+---
+id: environment-variables
+title: Environment Variables
+---
+
+Metaflow configuration values can be overridden using environment variables.
+
+All configuration variables defined in `metaflow/metaflow_config.py`
+can be overridden using the following naming convention:
+```
+METAFLOW_<CONFIG_NAME>
+```
+For example, the configuration:
+```python
+DEFAULT_DATASTORE = from_conf("DEFAULT_DATASTORE", "local")
+```
+can be overridden with:
+```bash
+export METAFLOW_DEFAULT_DATASTORE=s3
+```
+Environment variables take precedence over configuration files,
+which in turn override internal defaults.
+
+---
+## Commonly Used Environment Variables
+Below are commonly configured environment variables grouped by category.
+
+
+### User & Runtime
+#### METAFLOW_USER
+Overrides the detected username used for runs.  
+Useful in CI environments or containers where the system user cannot be determined.
+```bash
+export METAFLOW_USER=your_username
+```
+
+#### METAFLOW_RUNTIME_NAME
+Defines the runtime environment name associated with a run.
+If not set, it defaults to `dev`.
+Used by the metadata service to identify the runtime context of executions.
+```bash
+export METAFLOW_RUNTIME_NAME=prod
+```
+> Note: This variable is read directly from the environment and does not use the `from_conf()` configuration pattern.
+
+#### METAFLOW_PRODUCTION_TOKEN
+Defines a production token used for identifying or managing
+production deployments.
+This variable is used by deployment backends such as
+AWS Step Functions, Argo Workflows, and Airflow.
+```bash
+export METAFLOW_PRODUCTION_TOKEN=<token>
+```
+> Note: This variable is read directly from the environment and does not use the `from_conf()` configuration pattern.
+
+
+#### METAFLOW_DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT
+Specifies the default execution environment.
+Valid values: `local`, `conda`, `pypi`, `uv`.
+Default: `local`
+```bash
+export METAFLOW_DEFAULT_ENVIRONMENT=pypi
+```
+
+
+#### METAFLOW_DEFAULT_DATASTORE
+Specifies the default datastore backend (`local`, `s3`, `azure`, `gs`).
+Default: `local`
+```bash
+export METAFLOW_DEFAULT_DATASTORE=s3
+```
+
+### Metadata Service
+#### METAFLOW_DEFAULT_METADATA
+Specifies the metadata provider to use.
+Valid values: `local`, `service`.
+Default: `local`
+```bash
+export METAFLOW_DEFAULT_METADATA=service
+```
+
+#### METAFLOW_SERVICE_URL
+Base URL for the Metaflow metadata service.
+```bash
+export METAFLOW_SERVICE_URL=https://metaflow.example.com
+```
+
+#### METAFLOW_SERVICE_AUTH_KEY
+Authentication key used when connecting to the metadata service.
+```bash
+export METAFLOW_SERVICE_AUTH_KEY=<api_key>
+```
+
+
+### Datastore Configuration
+#### METAFLOW_DATASTORE_SYSROOT_LOCAL
+Root directory for the local datastore.
+
+
+#### METAFLOW_DATASTORE_SYSROOT_S3
+S3 root path used when running with the S3 datastore.
+```bash
+export METAFLOW_DATASTORE_SYSROOT_S3=s3://my-bucket/metaflow
+```
+
+
+#### METAFLOW_DATASTORE_SYSROOT_AZURE
+Azure Blob Storage root path.
+
+
+#### METAFLOW_DATASTORE_SYSROOT_GS
+Google Cloud Storage root path.
+
+
+### AWS Batch
+#### METAFLOW_BATCH_JOB_QUEUE
+AWS Batch job queue used for execution.
+```bash
+export METAFLOW_BATCH_JOB_QUEUE=my-queue
+```
+
+#### METAFLOW_BATCH_CONTAINER_IMAGE
+Default container image used for AWS Batch jobs.
+
+
+### Kubernetes
+#### METAFLOW_KUBERNETES_NAMESPACE
+Kubernetes namespace used for execution.
+Default: `default`
+```bash
+export METAFLOW_KUBERNETES_NAMESPACE=ml-workflows
+```
+
+#### METAFLOW_KUBERNETES_CONTAINER_IMAGE
+Default container image used for Kubernetes jobs.
+
+
+### Secrets & Security
+#### METAFLOW_DEFAULT_SECRETS_BACKEND_TYPE
+Specifies the default secrets backend.
+
+
+#### METAFLOW_AWS_SECRETS_MANAGER_DEFAULT_REGION
+AWS region used for AWS Secrets Manager.
+
+
+### Debugging
+Debug flags can be enabled using:
+```
+METAFLOW_DEBUG_<NAME>
+```
+Examples:
+```bash
+export METAFLOW_DEBUG_S3CLIENT=1
+export METAFLOW_DEBUG_TRACING=1
+```
+
+## Troubleshooting
+### "Unknown user" error
+If you encounter an **"unknown user"** error:
+```bash
+export METAFLOW_USER=your_username
+```
+
+### Environment variable not taking effect
+1. Ensure the variable is exported in your shell.
+2. Restart your shell session if necessary.
+3. Confirm it is set:
+```bash
+env | grep METAFLOW
+```
+4. Verify that the variable name matches the pattern:
+```
+METAFLOW_<CONFIG_NAME>
+```
+
+## Notes
+- Environment variables override configuration files.
+- Configuration files override internal defaults.
+- Some runtime-specific variables (e.g., `METAFLOW_RUNTIME_NAME`, `METAFLOW_PRODUCTION_TOKEN`) are read directly from the environment and are not defined via `from_conf()` in `metaflow_config.py`.
+- The complete and authoritative list of configuration values is defined in `metaflow/metaflow_config.py`.
+