Review of calving glaciers in WGMS link table

[ezwelty]

I reviewed glaciers listed as "Marine-terminating" in wgms/rgi_wgms_links_20220112.csv that are not listed as calving (GLACIER.FRONTAL_CHARS=4) in the Fluctuations of Glaciers database (FoG) or vice-versa, and report below on the differences and the true terminus type based on references.

• 2665 (Bahia del Diablo): marine → land
  • Marinsek, S., & Ermolin, E. (2015). 10 year mass balance by glaciological and geodetic methods of Glaciar Bahía del Diablo, Vega Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Annals of Glaciology, 56(70), 141-146. https://doi.org/10.3189/2015AoG70A958. Note that the glacier is much smaller than RGI60-19.00595 with no regard for drainage divides.
• 3367 (Hurd): marine → land
  • Navarro, F., Jonsell, U., Corcuera, M., & Martín-Español, A. (2013). Decelerated mass loss of Hurd and Johnsons Glaciers, Livingston Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Glaciology, 59(213), 115-128. https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG12J144. Corresponds roughly to the union of RGI60-19.02056, RGI60-19.02057, and RGI60-19.02058.
• 124 (Taku): marine → land (depending on the year). It had a calving front until 1948, after which the fjord began to fill in with sediment, raising the terminus above sea level.
  • Alison S. Criscitiello, Meredith A. Kelly & Bruno Tremblay (2010) The Response of Taku and Lemon Creek Glaciers to Climate, Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 42:1, 34-44, https://doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-42.1.34
• 47 (Bridge): land → lake
  • Chernos, M., Koppes, M., and Moore, R. D.: Ablation from calving and surface melt at lake-terminating Bridge Glacier, British Columbia, 1984–2013, The Cryosphere, 10, 87–102, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-87-2016, 2016.
• 321 (Austdalsbreen): land → lake
  • https://www.nve.no/hydrology/glaciers/glacier-monitoring/austdalsbreen/
• 359 (Griesgletscher): land → lake (depending on the year). The front was inundated by a lake formed by a dam constructed in 1966, but the glacier retreated onto land by at least 2002.
  • Haeberli, W. (1977). Experience with Glacier Calving and Air-Bubbling in High Alpine Water Reservoirs. Journal of Glaciology, 19(81), 589-594. https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000215499
  • https://www.swisseduc.ch/glaciers/alps/griesgletscher/griesgletscher-en.html
• 473 (Rhonegletscher): land → lake (depending on the year). Proglacial lake emerged in 2004–2005.
  • https://www.swisseduc.ch/glaciers/alps/rhonegletscher/index-en.html
  • Tsutaki, S., Nishimura, D., Yoshizawa, T., & Sugiyama, S. (2011). Changes in glacier dynamics under the influence of proglacial lake formation in Rhonegletscher, Switzerland. Annals of Glaciology, 52(58), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756411797252194
• 900 (Ivory): land → lake (depending on the year). The FoG point coordinates are wrong and it actually matches RGI60-18.03355 (clearly lake-terminating) at the head of the valley. Glacier has since retreated out of the lake.
  • Hicks, D. M., McSaveney, M. J., & Chinn, T. J. H. (1990). Sedimentation in Proglacial Ivory Lake, Southern Alps, New Zealand. Arctic and Alpine Research, 22(1), 26–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/1551718
• 1456 (Kongsvegen): land → marine. Or did you consider it land-terminating because RGI60-07.01481 gets "squeezed" by Kronebreen towards the terminus?
  • https://www.swisseduc.ch/glaciers/svalbard/kongsvegen/index-en.html
• 3062 (Breiðamerkurjökull): land → lake
  • Baurley, N. R., Robson, B. A., and Hart, J. K. (2020) Long-term impact of the proglacial lake Jökulsárlón on the flow velocity and stability of Breiðamerkurjökull glacier, Iceland. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 45: 2647–2663. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4920.
• 3340 (Lyman): land → lake (depending on the year). Glacier has retreated out of the lake, but terminated in the lake at the time of RGI60-02.18005.
  • https://blogs.agu.org/fromaglaciersperspective/2022/10/09/lyman-glacier-lost-half-its-area-from-1986-2022/
• 3504 (Kronebreen): land → marine. The FoG point coordinates are wrong (probably) since the current location better matches Kongsbreen (RGI60-07.01482), and "Kronebreen" better matches RGI60-07.01464. In any case, both are marine-terminating.
  • Nuth, C., Schuler, T., Kohler, J., Altena, B., & Hagen, J. (2012). Estimating the long-term calving flux of Kronebreen, Svalbard, from geodetic elevation changes and mass-balance modeling. Journal of Glaciology, 58(207), 119-133. https://doi.org/10.3189/2012JoG11J036
• 367 (Gietro): Listed as calving in FoG presumably because it previously terminated above a cliff (dry calving).
  • https://blogs.agu.org/fromaglaciersperspective/2012/06/05/gietro-glacier-retreat-and-hydropower-switzerland/

A potential case of the reverse (listed in FoG as land-terminating but correctly? here as marine-terminating):

• 39 (Devon Ice Cap NW): Marine-terminating? Perhaps based on Figure 1 in Koerner, R. (1970). The Mass Balance of the Devon Island Ice Cap, Northwest Territories, Canada, 1961-66. Journal of Glaciology, 9(57), 325-336. https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000022863. But unclear whether the region boundaries have changed since then, for example to the northwestern-most (land-terminating) drainage basin in Figure 2 in Burgess, D., and Sharp, M. J. (2008), Recent changes in thickness of the Devon Island ice cap, Canada, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B07204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005238