","count":28,"_input_hash":1819104597,"_task_hash":-95539862,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285165,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Glossary - Undeclared","count":27,"_input_hash":-1423066659,"_task_hash":-431675264,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285168,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Petrucci: General Chemistry ","count":27,"_input_hash":-332943864,"_task_hash":-28625133,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285170,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII XXVIII","count":27,"_input_hash":-1732576906,"_task_hash":-832979822,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285171,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Reaction Mechanisms ","count":27,"_input_hash":-681891805,"_task_hash":1120515375,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680285174,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Jim Clark (Chemguide.co.uk)","count":27,"_input_hash":-2104055196,"_task_hash":789628178,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285176,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Exceptions to the Octet Rule","count":27,"_input_hash":1830037759,"_task_hash":972317032,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285178,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Sample Word 1 | Sample Definition 1","count":27,"_input_hash":1273954728,"_task_hash":1445958692,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285180,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX ","count":27,"_input_hash":-782735925,"_task_hash":264094990,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285181,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Front Matter - Undeclared","count":27,"_input_hash":-2024357151,"_task_hash":-2120546659,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285182,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Principles and Modern Applications","count":27,"_input_hash":-1420275990,"_task_hash":2144636998,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285183,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"For each reaction, explain why the given products form.","count":27,"_input_hash":1085277030,"_task_hash":-1945472411,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680285185,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and","count":26,"_input_hash":-403464048,"_task_hash":982604894,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680285187,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"(cid:0) UndefinedNameError: reference to undefined name 'math' (click for details)","count":26,"_input_hash":247203175,"_task_hash":-909319438,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285189,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Intermolecular Forces","count":26,"_input_hash":-375278348,"_task_hash":-98341146,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680285192,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"new window) [youtu.be]","count":26,"_input_hash":2103085167,"_task_hash":1081113906,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285193,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"curated by OpenStax via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available","count":26,"_input_hash":1183014201,"_task_hash":48666891,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285194,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids ","count":26,"_input_hash":-1129585210,"_task_hash":1615611748,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680285201,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"The data should be consistent with this structure:","count":25,"_input_hash":-689692445,"_task_hash":931087048,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680285212,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Batteries and Fuel Cells ","count":25,"_input_hash":403618481,"_task_hash":1014109349,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680285214,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Aromatic Hydrocarbons","count":25,"_input_hash":-70388654,"_task_hash":1547085433,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680285215,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"pages are missing but we are workin' on it. . . (Public Domain ; Public Domain Pictures)","count":25,"_input_hash":1396988893,"_task_hash":-1663864987,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285218,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"oxidation of alcohols","count":25,"_input_hash":-410705144,"_task_hash":1999009437,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680285220,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Bonds Broken (kJ\/mol)","count":25,"_input_hash":-548462207,"_task_hash":1604104088,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680285221,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"observed reaction products form.","count":24,"_input_hash":90674950,"_task_hash":-515346086,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680285222,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"(Latest | Earliest) View (newer 50) (older 50) (20 | 50 | 100 | 250 | 500)","count":24,"_input_hash":585589482,"_task_hash":964683746,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285226,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Atomic Structure and Symbolism ","count":24,"_input_hash":-691695833,"_task_hash":-776527111,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680285228,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Molecular Orbitals ","count":24,"_input_hash":-319065874,"_task_hash":-1598323008,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680285229,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Alviar-Agnew & Henry Agnew.","count":24,"_input_hash":-2007822749,"_task_hash":1440622768,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285231,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Acid-Base Reactions ","count":24,"_input_hash":-1756811333,"_task_hash":-1327604049,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680285233,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Section 1: Foundation","count":24,"_input_hash":-1550851785,"_task_hash":1066788044,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680285235,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH","count":24,"_input_hash":-1988651763,"_task_hash":-1142774896,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680285237,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"and\/or curated by Ed Vitz, John W. Moore, Justin Shorb, Xavier Prat-Resina, Tim Wendorff, & Adam Hahn.","count":24,"_input_hash":1368632783,"_task_hash":554930098,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285238,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"A general chemistry Libretexts Textmap organized around the textbook ","count":24,"_input_hash":-1900345525,"_task_hash":1760524696,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285243,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"): (CC BY-NC-SA; anonymous)","count":24,"_input_hash":-1056097314,"_task_hash":1586840541,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285244,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Give the IUPAC name for each compound.","count":23,"_input_hash":-1550787166,"_task_hash":1824465244,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680285249,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Chris P Schaller, Ph.D., (College of Saint Benedict \/ Saint John's University)","count":23,"_input_hash":-866056984,"_task_hash":1965752087,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285250,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Introduction - Undeclared","count":23,"_input_hash":1831538439,"_task_hash":1473176118,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285252,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"(b) Answer the question.","count":23,"_input_hash":-2118918220,"_task_hash":455881866,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680285256,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"
","count":16,"_input_hash":1492309110,"_task_hash":-1983583246,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680364423,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Identify the most significant intermolecular force in each substance.","count":16,"_input_hash":-37182063,"_task_hash":740933787,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364430,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Bulk Properties of Liquids - Molecular","count":16,"_input_hash":-299837821,"_task_hash":175470322,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364433,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Average Reaction Rates","count":16,"_input_hash":643149768,"_task_hash":-2104735046,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364434,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"(\u221291.8 kJ)(1000 J\/kJ)","count":16,"_input_hash":792551849,"_task_hash":493695578,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364435,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" The Equilibrium Constant","count":16,"_input_hash":-1330223741,"_task_hash":1795033723,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364436,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Given: three elements","count":16,"_input_hash":93928295,"_task_hash":1821514885,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364437,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Self-Ionization of Water (Kw)","count":16,"_input_hash":1359938955,"_task_hash":1336198175,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364438,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"a. Perform the following conversions.","count":16,"_input_hash":1223798829,"_task_hash":1500879997,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364444,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Source: SDBSWeb : (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology of","count":16,"_input_hash":-1927158498,"_task_hash":1000880343,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680364445,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"e donated by ligands","count":16,"_input_hash":2037733520,"_task_hash":1825245886,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364446,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"reaction products form.","count":16,"_input_hash":1449223364,"_task_hash":1189064207,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364447,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Precipitation Reactions ","count":16,"_input_hash":1004038117,"_task_hash":-876054046,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364453,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Chemistry in Context ","count":16,"_input_hash":2131352597,"_task_hash":2122192050,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680364454,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"C The final concentrations of all species in the reaction mixture are as follows:","count":16,"_input_hash":-1336770855,"_task_hash":-1875119976,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364456,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Molecular and Ionic Compounds ","count":16,"_input_hash":804296156,"_task_hash":677536035,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364457,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Equilibrium Constants ","count":16,"_input_hash":-1384464585,"_task_hash":-1973167269,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364458,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Change in Concentration","count":16,"_input_hash":354940326,"_task_hash":2042809420,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364459,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Molecular Orbital Theory ","count":16,"_input_hash":193013459,"_task_hash":-352893744,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364460,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"illustrated in Figure ","count":16,"_input_hash":-606720591,"_task_hash":-1563449755,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364462,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table ","count":16,"_input_hash":370672644,"_task_hash":976292803,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364467,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Identify each substance as a compound, an element, a heterogeneous mixture, or a homogeneous mixture (solution).","count":16,"_input_hash":1988234863,"_task_hash":-8113583,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364468,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" The First Law of Thermodynamics ","count":16,"_input_hash":-1663613396,"_task_hash":-1708277555,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364469,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Write separate equations representing the reaction of ","count":16,"_input_hash":-1901209235,"_task_hash":674219814,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364470,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Molecular Orbital Theory","count":16,"_input_hash":-1750702130,"_task_hash":-1966760606,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364471,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"7: Molecular Geometry and Electron Domain Theory","count":16,"_input_hash":1475799381,"_task_hash":-1211173290,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364474,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Properties of Transition Metals and Their","count":15,"_input_hash":-857860263,"_task_hash":351498244,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364476,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Formula Mass and The Mole Concept for","count":15,"_input_hash":159376167,"_task_hash":-1191375864,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364477,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Representing Compounds: Chemical Formulas","count":15,"_input_hash":-590392320,"_task_hash":-823962381,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364478,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"and Molecular Modelspounds: Chemical Formulas","count":15,"_input_hash":-438215750,"_task_hash":359419436,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364479,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"point of the pure solvent.","count":15,"_input_hash":624006524,"_task_hash":1525911254,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364480,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Names - CC","count":15,"_input_hash":-1818007251,"_task_hash":-1726049682,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364481,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"and\/or curated by Anonymous.","count":15,"_input_hash":795127909,"_task_hash":1986035245,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364481,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Names -","count":15,"_input_hash":1374967393,"_task_hash":-1007560555,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364482,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Meet the Periodic Table ","count":15,"_input_hash":-1187321991,"_task_hash":-955263036,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364484,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"5.12 Organic Compounds is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and\/or curated by LibreTexts.","count":15,"_input_hash":-1239480080,"_task_hash":894130080,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680364487,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Water is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and\/or curated by LibreTexts.","count":15,"_input_hash":1002282602,"_task_hash":719804837,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680364488,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":" Le Chatelier's Principle","count":15,"_input_hash":-1979936156,"_task_hash":1335784125,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364491,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"Structure and Reactivity ","count":15,"_input_hash":-429088828,"_task_hash":1719526852,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364492,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"5.10 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations - CC","count":15,"_input_hash":1941510625,"_task_hash":1712332431,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680364493,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"b. Answer the question.","count":15,"_input_hash":-2100799667,"_task_hash":-1525981943,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364494,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"remixed, and\/or curated by Anonymous via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit","count":15,"_input_hash":996509383,"_task_hash":-1375915926,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680364495,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"equivalence point | The point in a titration where a","count":15,"_input_hash":1241256845,"_task_hash":1363695230,"options":[{"id":"keep","text":"keep"},{"id":"lose","text":"lose"}],"_view_id":"choice","config":{"choice_style":"multiple"},"accept":[],"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680364500,"common_values":null,"label":null,"score":null,"priority":null,"spans":null,"meta":null}
+{"text":"under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. Download for free at ","count":132,"_input_hash":-2058673093,"_task_hash":1975933278,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680378187,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.5942208767,"priority":0.5942208767,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5942208767}}
+{"text":" in new window); License: Public Domain)","count":80,"_input_hash":999988414,"_task_hash":1414050569,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680378190,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.6037113667,"priority":0.6037113667,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6037113667}}
+{"text":"Source: SDBSWeb : (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology of","count":16,"_input_hash":50565736,"_task_hash":-2124087252,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680378237,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.7254030704,"priority":0.7254030704,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7254030704}}
+{"text":"S\u00b0(H ) = 130.7 J\/(mol\u2022K).","count":15,"_input_hash":-1082354725,"_task_hash":-561449183,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680378247,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.1734183878,"priority":0.1734183878,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1734183878}}
+{"text":", we can use Equation ","count":15,"_input_hash":63039537,"_task_hash":-1082164625,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680378248,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.8321430087,"priority":0.8321430087,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8321430087}}
+{"text":"coordination compound","count":15,"_input_hash":1925647158,"_task_hash":870209860,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680378249,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.5639204979,"priority":0.5639204979,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5639204979}}
+{"text":"(aq) + 5 \u27f6 (aq) + 4 O(l)","count":15,"_input_hash":830501698,"_task_hash":-568121641,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680378250,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.7095813751,"priority":0.7095813751,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7095813751}}
+{"text":"poor conductors of heat and","count":15,"_input_hash":-424653589,"_task_hash":-453475717,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680378250,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9390813708,"priority":0.9390813708,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9390813708}}
+{"text":"electron configuration","count":15,"_input_hash":-963772252,"_task_hash":-324373880,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680378251,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.5887972116,"priority":0.5887972116,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5887972116}}
+{"text":"5.10 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and\/or curated by","count":15,"_input_hash":-463394142,"_task_hash":-334253046,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680378257,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.1110546589,"priority":0.1110546589,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1110546589}}
+{"text":"First, rearrange the equation algebraically to solve for ","count":15,"_input_hash":1852293888,"_task_hash":-1298360526,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379638,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.5334960222,"priority":0.5334960222,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5334960222}}
+{"text":"to-chemistry-general-organic-and-biological.","count":15,"_input_hash":-1140603305,"_task_hash":1302677128,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379648,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.7431009412,"priority":0.7431009412,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7431009412}}
+{"text":"Chemical Formulas and Molecular Models","count":15,"_input_hash":-415242259,"_task_hash":-74429050,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379652,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.6792554259,"priority":0.6792554259,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6792554259}}
+{"text":"new window) \u2014 CK-12 License (opens in new","count":15,"_input_hash":-1866903200,"_task_hash":-296430941,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379653,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.4761935174,"priority":0.4761935174,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4761935174}}
+{"text":"Thumbnail from Wikimedia","count":15,"_input_hash":1327005370,"_task_hash":-1948809657,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379654,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.6814121604,"priority":0.6814121604,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6814121604}}
+{"text":"[youtu.be] (opens in new window)","count":15,"_input_hash":-1097435308,"_task_hash":897733120,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379655,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.6090986133,"priority":0.6090986133,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6090986133}}
+{"text":"For this galvanic cell,","count":14,"_input_hash":-417803629,"_task_hash":2129824679,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379659,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.7667743564,"priority":0.7667743564,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7667743564}}
+{"text":"by the stoichiometry of the salt.","count":14,"_input_hash":-1385341345,"_task_hash":-2133036780,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379659,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.8603276014,"priority":0.8603276014,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8603276014}}
+{"text":"(solution) is zero, the change in Gibbs energy on mixing is determined solely by the entropy of mixing (","count":14,"_input_hash":1769533497,"_task_hash":-1395528667,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379663,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.0703310892,"priority":0.0703310892,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.0703310892}}
+{"text":"*The configuration shown does not include filled d and f subshells.","count":14,"_input_hash":1855316843,"_task_hash":1242924292,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379666,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.4550003111,"priority":0.4550003111,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4550003111}}
+{"text":"List other known quantities","count":14,"_input_hash":-310455910,"_task_hash":-688383750,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379667,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9403162003,"priority":0.9403162003,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9403162003}}
+{"text":"\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013","count":14,"_input_hash":-1910021070,"_task_hash":1293042040,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379668,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.2314569652,"priority":0.2314569652,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2314569652}}
+{"text":"Paramagnetism of Liquid Oxygen","count":14,"_input_hash":99230897,"_task_hash":-1453733629,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379670,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.8205242753,"priority":0.8205242753,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8205242753}}
+{"text":"The Design and Safe Operation of a Nuclear Reactor","count":14,"_input_hash":-935401677,"_task_hash":53865810,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379671,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.578637898,"priority":0.578637898,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.578637898}}
+{"text":"closer to zero the enthalpy of solution, the more \"ideal\" the behavior of the solution becomes. Since the enthalpy of mixing","count":14,"_input_hash":970136200,"_task_hash":1381815363,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379674,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.35756585,"priority":0.35756585,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.35756585}}
+{"text":"Introduction to Dynamic Equilibrium","count":14,"_input_hash":-57353750,"_task_hash":1750467661,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379674,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.2346497327,"priority":0.2346497327,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2346497327}}
+{"text":"The De\u0000nition of Gibbs Free Energy","count":14,"_input_hash":1380115205,"_task_hash":2131891880,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379675,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.3308401406,"priority":0.3308401406,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3308401406}}
+{"text":"parts per million (ppm)","count":14,"_input_hash":1332744702,"_task_hash":-1581400298,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379675,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.6973173618,"priority":0.6973173618,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6973173618}}
+{"text":"*The number in parentheses indicates the ionization step referred to for a polyprotic acid.","count":14,"_input_hash":-872898766,"_task_hash":1867956628,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379676,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.6568441987,"priority":0.6568441987,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6568441987}}
+{"text":" to estimate the following.","count":14,"_input_hash":1696628257,"_task_hash":-1162379580,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379676,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.5823805928,"priority":0.5823805928,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5823805928}}
+{"text":"LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request.","count":14,"_input_hash":-308867036,"_task_hash":-71065898,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379681,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.1810526997,"priority":0.1810526997,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1810526997}}
+{"text":"Using the VSEPR model, predict the molecular geometry of each molecule or ion.","count":14,"_input_hash":1796690747,"_task_hash":692871707,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379684,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.5058930516,"priority":0.5058930516,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5058930516}}
+{"text":"Classify each nuclide as stable or radioactive.","count":14,"_input_hash":-672647926,"_task_hash":623806476,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379686,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8049052358,"priority":0.8049052358,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8049052358}}
+{"text":"Organic Chemistry With a Biological Emphasis by Tim Soderberg (University of Minnesota, Morris)","count":14,"_input_hash":817986386,"_task_hash":-2134793218,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379691,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.3212439418,"priority":0.3212439418,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3212439418}}
+{"text":"Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs in this equilibrium.","count":14,"_input_hash":-1639738283,"_task_hash":-718602172,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379693,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.4842174947,"priority":0.4842174947,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4842174947}}
+{"text":"Using the activity series, predict what happens in each situation. If a reaction occurs, write the net ionic equation.","count":14,"_input_hash":-2083039203,"_task_hash":-51187432,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379694,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.5280765295,"priority":0.5280765295,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5280765295}}
+{"text":"Boundary Surface Diagram","count":14,"_input_hash":-1470773892,"_task_hash":-1595482780,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379695,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.738468349,"priority":0.738468349,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.738468349}}
+{"text":"Lewis Structure of Charged Molecules","count":14,"_input_hash":-1068628637,"_task_hash":-699092059,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379703,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.7573751211,"priority":0.7573751211,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7573751211}}
+{"text":"parts per billion (ppb)","count":14,"_input_hash":-293414978,"_task_hash":-1546007515,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379703,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.1351106912,"priority":0.1351106912,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1351106912}}
+{"text":"Assign oxidation states to all atoms in each compound.","count":14,"_input_hash":-1190492381,"_task_hash":1294643598,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379706,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.7203513384,"priority":0.7203513384,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7203513384}}
+{"text":"Fundamental De\u0000nitions in Chemistry","count":14,"_input_hash":-1697503849,"_task_hash":516357094,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379707,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.4379172623,"priority":0.4379172623,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4379172623}}
+{"text":"Asked for: order of increasing boiling points","count":14,"_input_hash":-586877483,"_task_hash":-1411625344,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379708,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.4309616089,"priority":0.4309616089,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4309616089}}
+{"text":"Number of Possible Isomers","count":14,"_input_hash":1604507503,"_task_hash":-1071562714,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379709,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.152613461,"priority":0.152613461,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.152613461}}
+{"text":"Which molecule(s) has a net dipole moment?","count":14,"_input_hash":-631347955,"_task_hash":1150072756,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379710,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.3567205071,"priority":0.3567205071,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3567205071}}
+{"text":"CK-12 Foundation via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available","count":14,"_input_hash":-258253177,"_task_hash":1168544747,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379711,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.3586769402,"priority":0.3586769402,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3586769402}}
+{"text":"in new window) [youtu.be]","count":14,"_input_hash":719287214,"_task_hash":1305071821,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379712,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.5634401441,"priority":0.5634401441,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5634401441}}
+{"text":"Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases","count":14,"_input_hash":-608068472,"_task_hash":-758388222,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379713,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9232881069,"priority":0.9232881069,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9232881069}}
+{"text":"Vapor Pressure & Boiling Point","count":14,"_input_hash":-891630959,"_task_hash":1918194879,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379714,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.3221416771,"priority":0.3221416771,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3221416771}}
+{"text":"Dispersion Intermolecular Force","count":14,"_input_hash":2089339161,"_task_hash":-1264312550,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379715,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.5581025481,"priority":0.5581025481,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5581025481}}
+{"text":"Determining if a Reaction is Spontaneous","count":14,"_input_hash":-1135087783,"_task_hash":47714493,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379716,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.2544108033,"priority":0.2544108033,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2544108033}}
+{"text":" is predicted to be radioactive, and it is.","count":14,"_input_hash":1555260770,"_task_hash":782448736,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379717,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.7082135677,"priority":0.7082135677,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7082135677}}
+{"text":"Hydrogen Bonding Intermolecular Force","count":14,"_input_hash":-1945789201,"_task_hash":1617864152,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379718,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.4707083702,"priority":0.4707083702,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4707083702}}
+{"text":"Sample Molecular Shape Problems","count":14,"_input_hash":965710487,"_task_hash":-1195877514,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379719,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.5076424479,"priority":0.5076424479,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5076424479}}
+{"text":"CH (g) \u2192 CH (g) + H(g)","count":14,"_input_hash":-497287271,"_task_hash":-1614368570,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379720,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9099538326,"priority":0.9099538326,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9099538326}}
+{"text":"Predict the molecular geometry of each molecule.","count":14,"_input_hash":2067297571,"_task_hash":-1799038635,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379722,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.6735650301,"priority":0.6735650301,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6735650301}}
+{"text":"Given: redox reaction","count":14,"_input_hash":-1397771988,"_task_hash":-1939405283,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379723,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.7951641679,"priority":0.7951641679,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7951641679}}
+{"text":"Oxidation half-reaction:","count":14,"_input_hash":1076721054,"_task_hash":-900436734,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379723,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.4312419295,"priority":0.4312419295,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4312419295}}
+{"text":"Present an analysis of the following data and propose a structure.","count":14,"_input_hash":-1855778095,"_task_hash":113019434,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379724,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.778642416,"priority":0.778642416,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.778642416}}
+{"text":"Structure and Reactivity","count":13,"_input_hash":458165410,"_task_hash":825041742,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379728,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.5092232227,"priority":0.5092232227,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5092232227}}
+{"text":"window) [youtu.be] (opens in new window)","count":13,"_input_hash":-1098340201,"_task_hash":1709349037,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379732,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.7498802543,"priority":0.7498802543,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7498802543}}
+{"text":" are consumed for every 1 mol of ","count":13,"_input_hash":-1606727506,"_task_hash":1254333600,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379733,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.2921231091,"priority":0.2921231091,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2921231091}}
+{"text":"*Energies obtained by spectroscopic measurements are often given in units of wave numbers (cm ); the wave number is the reciprocal of the","count":13,"_input_hash":-1036181125,"_task_hash":-891943335,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379737,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.814111352,"priority":0.814111352,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.814111352}}
+{"text":"The Common Ion Effect","count":13,"_input_hash":-1245598581,"_task_hash":-1027748314,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379738,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.4718181491,"priority":0.4718181491,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4718181491}}
+{"text":"Given: chemical compound","count":13,"_input_hash":241746613,"_task_hash":-224362721,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379738,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.7849829197,"priority":0.7849829197,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7849829197}}
+{"text":"John Moore, Jia Zhou, and Etienne Garand ","count":13,"_input_hash":-1314151018,"_task_hash":1936700808,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379744,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.7934653759,"priority":0.7934653759,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7934653759}}
+{"text":"by Anonymous via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon","count":13,"_input_hash":1828938950,"_task_hash":-1781596391,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379745,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.3169536591,"priority":0.3169536591,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3169536591}}
+{"text":"[commons.wikimedia.org]; License: Public Domain)","count":13,"_input_hash":-1888729468,"_task_hash":-956763699,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379746,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.6824523211,"priority":0.6824523211,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6824523211}}
+{"text":"Young (ChemistryOnline.com) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is","count":13,"_input_hash":1852876141,"_task_hash":2134665080,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379749,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.5503997207,"priority":0.5503997207,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5503997207}}
+{"text":"Approximate Efficiency (%)","count":13,"_input_hash":613612087,"_task_hash":-1229601805,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379751,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.3102124035,"priority":0.3102124035,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3102124035}}
+{"text":"balanced chemical equation","count":13,"_input_hash":-1243758263,"_task_hash":-1646323099,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379752,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.7886171937,"priority":0.7886171937,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7886171937}}
+{"text":"in new window); License: Public Domain)","count":13,"_input_hash":1109666830,"_task_hash":-1033204854,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379754,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.3872891963,"priority":0.3872891963,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3872891963}}
+{"text":"Classify each statement as a law, a theory, an experiment, a hypothesis, a qualitative observation, or a quantitative observation.","count":13,"_input_hash":-1089582813,"_task_hash":-1790926091,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379778,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.5976155996,"priority":0.5976155996,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5976155996}}
+{"text":"(g) + CO(g) \u27f6 NO(g) +","count":13,"_input_hash":1439283649,"_task_hash":-284336077,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379779,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.1524225026,"priority":0.1524225026,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1524225026}}
+{"text":"Given: galvanic cell and redox reaction","count":13,"_input_hash":9939980,"_task_hash":-22698209,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379780,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8220435977,"priority":0.8220435977,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8220435977}}
+{"text":"was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request.","count":13,"_input_hash":1710370193,"_task_hash":1998707711,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379792,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.2180550247,"priority":0.2180550247,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2180550247}}
+{"text":"atom in its ground state:","count":13,"_input_hash":1928916323,"_task_hash":145053996,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379794,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.3441840112,"priority":0.3441840112,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3441840112}}
+{"text":"For each complex, predict its structure, whether it is high spin or low spin, and the number of unpaired electrons present.","count":13,"_input_hash":846469501,"_task_hash":-555288530,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379795,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.6476228237,"priority":0.6476228237,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6476228237}}
+{"text":"Bond polarity and ionic character increase with an increasing difference in electronegativity.","count":13,"_input_hash":528390654,"_task_hash":-1035741609,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379796,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.44322142,"priority":0.44322142,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.44322142}}
+{"text":"1. Identify the most complex substance.","count":13,"_input_hash":-857273621,"_task_hash":32982775,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379797,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.5188982487,"priority":0.5188982487,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5188982487}}
+{"text":": 0.2 L \u00d7 0.0125 M = 0.0025 mol","count":13,"_input_hash":-533805707,"_task_hash":2089497919,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379797,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9136942029,"priority":0.9136942029,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9136942029}}
+{"text":": Densities of Common Substances","count":13,"_input_hash":-45834796,"_task_hash":-377392228,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379798,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.7285859585,"priority":0.7285859585,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7285859585}}
+{"text":"angles of a perfect tetrahedron.","count":13,"_input_hash":-1519069792,"_task_hash":-1521989337,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379798,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.773099184,"priority":0.773099184,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.773099184}}
+{"text":"The Arrhenius Equation","count":13,"_input_hash":-1619429068,"_task_hash":1897220794,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379799,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.1443427503,"priority":0.1443427503,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1443427503}}
+{"text":"The second ionization is","count":12,"_input_hash":-1788905294,"_task_hash":-2033027434,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379799,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.5632230639,"priority":0.5632230639,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5632230639}}
+{"text":"Using the information in Table ","count":12,"_input_hash":2110072085,"_task_hash":-963028443,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379800,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.93608284,"priority":0.93608284,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.93608284}}
+{"text":"nY consumed or produced","count":12,"_input_hash":576731952,"_task_hash":-1089725290,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379800,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.5498828292,"priority":0.5498828292,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5498828292}}
+{"text":"Given: two chemical compounds","count":12,"_input_hash":1428278478,"_task_hash":65413679,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379803,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.6427961588,"priority":0.6427961588,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6427961588}}
+{"text":"Write the formulas of the following compounds:","count":12,"_input_hash":-1334312095,"_task_hash":-1180202612,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379804,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8699957728,"priority":0.8699957728,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8699957728}}
+{"text":"\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154\ue154","count":12,"_input_hash":1564972830,"_task_hash":482623355,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379805,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8249809146,"priority":0.8249809146,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8249809146}}
+{"text":"Graphing Using the Arrhenius Equation","count":12,"_input_hash":-436374807,"_task_hash":-536620683,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379808,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9155589938,"priority":0.9155589938,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9155589938}}
+{"text":"(Exercises) - CC BY 4.0","count":12,"_input_hash":1927095971,"_task_hash":-290286728,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379830,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.4262644351,"priority":0.4262644351,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4262644351}}
+{"text":"transmutation reaction.","count":12,"_input_hash":-1060935227,"_task_hash":1404209421,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379833,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.5914074779,"priority":0.5914074779,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5914074779}}
+{"text":"12 Foundation via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon","count":12,"_input_hash":1401656876,"_task_hash":283056472,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379838,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.1874752194,"priority":0.1874752194,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1874752194}}
+{"text":"The Lewis electron structure is","count":12,"_input_hash":-1792039021,"_task_hash":1232566586,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379841,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.236405611,"priority":0.236405611,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.236405611}}
+{"text":"summary and ask yourself how they relate to the topics in the chapter.","count":12,"_input_hash":-888075546,"_task_hash":-2059571908,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379843,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.8337906003,"priority":0.8337906003,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8337906003}}
+{"text":"moderately strong Lewis acids.","count":12,"_input_hash":1633873186,"_task_hash":-1053616407,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379844,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.4053371549,"priority":0.4053371549,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4053371549}}
+{"text":"Name each ionic compound.","count":12,"_input_hash":-89057838,"_task_hash":-1843125521,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379845,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.7039128542,"priority":0.7039128542,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7039128542}}
+{"text":"Collision Theory of Kinetics","count":12,"_input_hash":1630126013,"_task_hash":-1351405744,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379845,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9147425294,"priority":0.9147425294,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9147425294}}
+{"text":"Determine the reaction order and the rate constant.","count":12,"_input_hash":-801225544,"_task_hash":1436807394,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379846,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.8185451627,"priority":0.8185451627,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8185451627}}
+{"text":" (Credit: CK-12 Foundation; Source: CK-12 Foundation; License: CK-12 Curriculum Materials license)","count":12,"_input_hash":-1419089727,"_task_hash":1472965708,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379847,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.7756066918,"priority":0.7756066918,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7756066918}}
+{"text":"then using the definition of ","count":12,"_input_hash":795311301,"_task_hash":613006089,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379849,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.7070676088,"priority":0.7070676088,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7070676088}}
+{"text":"With an expanded valence, this species is an exception to the octet rule.","count":12,"_input_hash":590609542,"_task_hash":-655882859,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379850,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.8890196681,"priority":0.8890196681,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8890196681}}
+{"text":"electromagnetic radiation","count":12,"_input_hash":-1799443071,"_task_hash":-2005183800,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379851,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.2119296342,"priority":0.2119296342,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2119296342}}
+{"text":" appearing as an intermediate.","count":12,"_input_hash":-2079559400,"_task_hash":1488375620,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379852,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.7719059587,"priority":0.7719059587,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7719059587}}
+{"text":"Modified by Tom Neils (Grand Rapids Community College)","count":12,"_input_hash":845810544,"_task_hash":137634665,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379854,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.7996539474,"priority":0.7996539474,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7996539474}}
+{"text":"Calculate the standard free-energy change (","count":12,"_input_hash":-81220463,"_task_hash":1247184703,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379858,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.7983578444,"priority":0.7983578444,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7983578444}}
+{"text":"Libretext: The Basics of GOB Chemistry (Ball et al.)","count":12,"_input_hash":-1850995085,"_task_hash":1279278507,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379859,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.6699810028,"priority":0.6699810028,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6699810028}}
+{"text":"new window); License: Public Domain)","count":12,"_input_hash":-1940855129,"_task_hash":-1706769256,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379867,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.2574035823,"priority":0.2574035823,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2574035823}}
+{"text":"window) [commons.wikimedia.org]; License: Public Domain)","count":12,"_input_hash":-1901997884,"_task_hash":1706902824,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379871,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.386690259,"priority":0.386690259,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.386690259}}
+{"text":"What is the pH of a solution that contains","count":12,"_input_hash":-635678512,"_task_hash":146667893,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379873,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8948209286,"priority":0.8948209286,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8948209286}}
+{"text":"molecular masses may be unknown.","count":12,"_input_hash":1526688808,"_task_hash":-1922119824,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379874,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8335296512,"priority":0.8335296512,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8335296512}}
+{"text":"c. predict which element differs the most from the others in its chemistry.","count":12,"_input_hash":-733616345,"_task_hash":-2004259625,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379875,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.7570684552,"priority":0.7570684552,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7570684552}}
+{"text":"Measures of Concentration","count":12,"_input_hash":-1207511195,"_task_hash":-1366377264,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379876,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9883384109,"priority":0.9883384109,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9883384109}}
+{"text":"Converting Units of Concentration","count":12,"_input_hash":-158887371,"_task_hash":-1800537096,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379877,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9807882309,"priority":0.9807882309,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9807882309}}
+{"text":"a branched-chain amino","count":12,"_input_hash":2088772344,"_task_hash":1897747870,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379878,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.0205216687,"priority":0.0205216687,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.0205216687}}
+{"text":"carboxyl groups are ionized","count":12,"_input_hash":-1336957363,"_task_hash":982805327,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379879,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.2831830978,"priority":0.2831830978,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2831830978}}
+{"text":"at physiological pH; also","count":12,"_input_hash":-1810269427,"_task_hash":-2095143796,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379879,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.0902148485,"priority":0.0902148485,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.0902148485}}
+{"text":"*The m denotes metastable, where an excited state nucleus decays to the ground state of the same isotope.","count":12,"_input_hash":-1700857018,"_task_hash":1613999108,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379880,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.7852731347,"priority":0.7852731347,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7852731347}}
+{"text":"Molecular Formula (C H","count":12,"_input_hash":1688844466,"_task_hash":-565140251,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379881,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.5211478472,"priority":0.5211478472,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5211478472}}
+{"text":"Dalton\u2019s Law of Partial Pressures","count":12,"_input_hash":914151646,"_task_hash":1447685643,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379881,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.579220593,"priority":0.579220593,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.579220593}}
+{"text":"a. write the half-reaction that occurs at each electrode.","count":12,"_input_hash":-475369799,"_task_hash":1746429506,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379882,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9437596798,"priority":0.9437596798,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9437596798}}
+{"text":"b. indicate which electrode is the cathode and which is the anode.","count":12,"_input_hash":1182448916,"_task_hash":-1579405076,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379883,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9283017516,"priority":0.9283017516,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9283017516}}
+{"text":"), and most probable speed (","count":12,"_input_hash":1800020156,"_task_hash":1858503308,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379883,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9348149896,"priority":0.9348149896,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9348149896}}
+{"text":"We now describe how the kinetic molecular theory of gases explains some of the important relationships we have discussed","count":12,"_input_hash":-1684262262,"_task_hash":119740076,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379885,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.1542343497,"priority":0.1542343497,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1542343497}}
+{"text":"law of definite proportions","count":12,"_input_hash":1880518079,"_task_hash":1449003654,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379885,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.2293119282,"priority":0.2293119282,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2293119282}}
+{"text":"Used for trace quantities; masses are known but","count":12,"_input_hash":-533512016,"_task_hash":33363122,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379886,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.8656068444,"priority":0.8656068444,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8656068444}}
+{"text":"milliliters of solution","count":12,"_input_hash":-276372303,"_task_hash":56238931,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379886,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8325500488,"priority":0.8325500488,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8325500488}}
+{"text":"Calculations Involving Molarity (M)","count":12,"_input_hash":-1489233146,"_task_hash":1691274764,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379887,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.5944858789,"priority":0.5944858789,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5944858789}}
+{"text":"B According to Table ","count":12,"_input_hash":189330336,"_task_hash":-789974992,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379890,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8477825522,"priority":0.8477825522,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8477825522}}
+{"text":"De\u0000nition of Strong\/Weak Acids & Bases","count":12,"_input_hash":-1136964378,"_task_hash":124482056,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379891,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.933750093,"priority":0.933750093,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.933750093}}
+{"text":"Initial Rates and Rate Law Expressions","count":12,"_input_hash":-2045049470,"_task_hash":1142433019,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379891,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.5376067162,"priority":0.5376067162,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5376067162}}
+{"text":"Classify each compound as a strong acid, a weak acid, a strong base, a weak base, or none of these.","count":12,"_input_hash":2064299804,"_task_hash":1256974942,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379892,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9476796389,"priority":0.9476796389,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9476796389}}
+{"text":"First Order Integrated Rate Law Equation","count":12,"_input_hash":-328337031,"_task_hash":-1022389198,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379892,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.5870499611,"priority":0.5870499611,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5870499611}}
+{"text":"b. What is its mole fraction?","count":12,"_input_hash":-1850252900,"_task_hash":1712910671,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379896,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.2659933269,"priority":0.2659933269,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2659933269}}
+{"text":"E = (6.625 x 10 J s mol","count":12,"_input_hash":-1539219431,"_task_hash":-948287290,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379896,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8691605926,"priority":0.8691605926,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8691605926}}
+{"text":"a. classify these elements as metals, semimetals, or nonmetals.","count":12,"_input_hash":-1772206069,"_task_hash":555198686,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379897,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.7083523273,"priority":0.7083523273,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7083523273}}
+{"text":"The Ideal Gas Law Equation","count":12,"_input_hash":2083019558,"_task_hash":-1610944504,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379897,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.963496685,"priority":0.963496685,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.963496685}}
+{"text":"What are the concentrations of all species derived from the solutes in these aqueous solutions?","count":12,"_input_hash":-1850755445,"_task_hash":-2038036762,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379898,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.535697937,"priority":0.535697937,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.535697937}}
+{"text":"Second Type of Ideal Gas Law Problems","count":12,"_input_hash":-483097220,"_task_hash":1694638045,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379898,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9071750045,"priority":0.9071750045,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9071750045}}
+{"text":"Which compounds would be classified as carbohydrates?","count":12,"_input_hash":2124327464,"_task_hash":573136210,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379899,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.844456017,"priority":0.844456017,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.844456017}}
+{"text":") = moles of solute = (","count":12,"_input_hash":860471950,"_task_hash":-1720358468,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379900,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.2211583257,"priority":0.2211583257,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2211583257}}
+{"text":"g of solute\/10 g of solution","count":12,"_input_hash":-564158884,"_task_hash":912934460,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379903,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.5655280948,"priority":0.5655280948,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5655280948}}
+{"text":"Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions:","count":12,"_input_hash":-704042335,"_task_hash":-86845957,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379904,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8299148083,"priority":0.8299148083,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8299148083}}
+{"text":"The kinetic molecular theory of gases provides a molecular explanation for the observations that led to the development of the","count":12,"_input_hash":354384478,"_task_hash":1497821362,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379904,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9183732867,"priority":0.9183732867,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9183732867}}
+{"text":"Write two complete, balanced equations for each of the following reactions, one using condensed formulas and one using Lewis","count":12,"_input_hash":-1957202931,"_task_hash":-553496779,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379905,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9388941526,"priority":0.9388941526,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9388941526}}
+{"text":"(aq) + 6 \u2192 2C (aq) + 7 O(l)","count":12,"_input_hash":596806903,"_task_hash":-2116061927,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379908,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.8682650328,"priority":0.8682650328,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8682650328}}
+{"text":"Thumbnail for version as of","count":12,"_input_hash":61671269,"_task_hash":1536518490,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379916,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9147561789,"priority":0.9147561789,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9147561789}}
+{"text":"Electrochemical cells","count":12,"_input_hash":-531959560,"_task_hash":1946365376,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379917,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9616305232,"priority":0.9616305232,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9616305232}}
+{"text":"Given: balanced chemical equation, initial concentrations, and initial rates","count":12,"_input_hash":1554175055,"_task_hash":-901002054,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379918,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.8089641333,"priority":0.8089641333,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8089641333}}
+{"text":"Concept Review Exercise","count":12,"_input_hash":-495085543,"_task_hash":1026620813,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379922,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.6595853567,"priority":0.6595853567,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6595853567}}
+{"text":" at this temperature.","count":12,"_input_hash":-692680852,"_task_hash":1042828703,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379923,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9827488065,"priority":0.9827488065,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9827488065}}
+{"text":"The electronegativity of ","count":12,"_input_hash":1516334753,"_task_hash":1300040927,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379924,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.7786337733,"priority":0.7786337733,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7786337733}}
+{"text":"curated by Melanie M. Cooper & Michael W. Klymkowsky via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts","count":12,"_input_hash":-1129979867,"_task_hash":-105887146,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379926,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.3990847468,"priority":0.3990847468,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3990847468}}
+{"text":"Given: mass and speed of object","count":12,"_input_hash":-744856864,"_task_hash":1590381057,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379927,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9284556508,"priority":0.9284556508,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9284556508}}
+{"text":"Calculating Grxn using Gf","count":12,"_input_hash":1188714226,"_task_hash":-997299313,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379928,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9821564555,"priority":0.9821564555,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9821564555}}
+{"text":"This equation can be rearranged as follows:","count":12,"_input_hash":1931045711,"_task_hash":1970225913,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379929,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.3974981308,"priority":0.3974981308,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3974981308}}
+{"text":"Using ICE Tables to \u0000nd Kc","count":12,"_input_hash":1377849271,"_task_hash":976918649,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379930,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.7894554734,"priority":0.7894554734,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7894554734}}
+{"text":"reduction (unbalanced):\u00a0","count":12,"_input_hash":757988914,"_task_hash":1492947992,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379932,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9770290256,"priority":0.9770290256,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9770290256}}
+{"text":"Mn:\u00a0Does (1 \u00d7 1) = (1 \u00d7 1)? Yes.","count":12,"_input_hash":1776912423,"_task_hash":550152985,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379932,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.8181791306,"priority":0.8181791306,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8181791306}}
+{"text":"nonspontaneous process","count":12,"_input_hash":584751112,"_task_hash":-425086531,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379932,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8113905191,"priority":0.8113905191,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8113905191}}
+{"text":"Write Lewis structures for the following:","count":12,"_input_hash":-925926283,"_task_hash":601156376,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379936,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9663229585,"priority":0.9663229585,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9663229585}}
+{"text":"semipermeable membrane.","count":12,"_input_hash":-581999208,"_task_hash":1123003874,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379937,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9499756694,"priority":0.9499756694,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9499756694}}
+{"text":"Covalent-Network Solids: Semiconductors and","count":12,"_input_hash":-1147926908,"_task_hash":-74660937,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379939,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.903075397,"priority":0.903075397,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.903075397}}
+{"text":"Graham\u2019s law of Diffusion and Effusion","count":12,"_input_hash":-746520668,"_task_hash":-2079586730,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379939,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.7941077352,"priority":0.7941077352,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7941077352}}
+{"text":"number of significant figures.","count":12,"_input_hash":-375513212,"_task_hash":-2102836254,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379940,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.8168001175,"priority":0.8168001175,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8168001175}}
+{"text":"Discovery of Quantization ","count":12,"_input_hash":328091702,"_task_hash":-5411822,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379940,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.8299818039,"priority":0.8299818039,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8299818039}}
+{"text":"Give the abbreviation for each unit and define the abbreviation in terms of the base unit.","count":12,"_input_hash":-480116972,"_task_hash":-91776385,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379941,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9973651767,"priority":0.9973651767,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9973651767}}
+{"text":"*These contain the Hg","count":12,"_input_hash":-241838555,"_task_hash":-1940066217,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379941,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9712107778,"priority":0.9712107778,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9712107778}}
+{"text":"a. C(s) + excess O (g) ","count":12,"_input_hash":-754946650,"_task_hash":-608145735,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379942,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9309797287,"priority":0.9309797287,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9309797287}}
+{"text":"answer to two significant figures.","count":12,"_input_hash":406364946,"_task_hash":952522961,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379942,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9862452745,"priority":0.9862452745,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9862452745}}
+{"text":"Percentage of Reactant Remaining","count":12,"_input_hash":1335249345,"_task_hash":423228839,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379943,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9528350234,"priority":0.9528350234,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9528350234}}
+{"text":"standard temperature and pressure (STP) |","count":12,"_input_hash":2054049554,"_task_hash":-1841099307,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379943,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9254032969,"priority":0.9254032969,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9254032969}}
+{"text":"[salicyclic acid \u2212 [salicyclic acid","count":12,"_input_hash":2033980997,"_task_hash":1177665041,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379944,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.4364239275,"priority":0.4364239275,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4364239275}}
+{"text":" gives the following:","count":11,"_input_hash":-657867703,"_task_hash":951681714,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379945,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8724310994,"priority":0.8724310994,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8724310994}}
+{"text":"AgCl(s) \u21cc A (aq) + C (aq)","count":11,"_input_hash":2003052418,"_task_hash":3569239,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379946,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.8778065443,"priority":0.8778065443,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8778065443}}
+{"text":"pressure, so no melting point can be given.","count":11,"_input_hash":1738453441,"_task_hash":-625013883,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379946,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9957149625,"priority":0.9957149625,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9957149625}}
+{"text":"Describe the four levels of protein structure.","count":11,"_input_hash":-464597888,"_task_hash":-469200635,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379947,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9933238626,"priority":0.9933238626,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9933238626}}
+{"text":"Permission Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported","count":11,"_input_hash":-1765525339,"_task_hash":-515607097,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379949,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9611945152,"priority":0.9611945152,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9611945152}}
+{"text":"Powered by MediaWiki ","count":11,"_input_hash":-25133876,"_task_hash":-1318995400,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379951,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8749924898,"priority":0.8749924898,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8749924898}}
+{"text":"Content is available under Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported.","count":11,"_input_hash":-1610701656,"_task_hash":-2083727528,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379955,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9722616076,"priority":0.9722616076,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9722616076}}
+{"text":"Ionization Energy\/MJ mol","count":11,"_input_hash":993773653,"_task_hash":2029839159,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379959,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9815764427,"priority":0.9815764427,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9815764427}}
+{"text":"effective nuclear charge","count":11,"_input_hash":-1644557948,"_task_hash":-953774564,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379960,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9763792157,"priority":0.9763792157,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9763792157}}
+{"text":"Discovering Sub-atomic Particles ","count":11,"_input_hash":245161390,"_task_hash":-2026351388,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379962,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9800120592,"priority":0.9800120592,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9800120592}}
+{"text":"Kinetic molecular theory of gases:","count":11,"_input_hash":-199138012,"_task_hash":827906926,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379963,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8723807931,"priority":0.8723807931,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8723807931}}
+{"text":"Root mean square speed:","count":11,"_input_hash":747996696,"_task_hash":-804038936,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379964,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.6581639051,"priority":0.6581639051,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6581639051}}
+{"text":"*The configuration shown does not include filled d and f subshells. This is the normal boiling point of He. Solid He does not exist at 1 atm","count":11,"_input_hash":-719175702,"_task_hash":411648103,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379966,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9918273687,"priority":0.9918273687,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9918273687}}
+{"text":"That's for one molecule. On a per mole basis, ","count":11,"_input_hash":358891387,"_task_hash":-739981124,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379966,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9591359496,"priority":0.9591359496,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9591359496}}
+{"text":"Given: reactants and products","count":11,"_input_hash":-1841268007,"_task_hash":-1949306173,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379967,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9909245372,"priority":0.9909245372,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9909245372}}
+{"text":"boiling point elevation","count":11,"_input_hash":390024029,"_task_hash":-674968075,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379967,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.4016589224,"priority":0.4016589224,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4016589224}}
+{"text":"Donated by ligands: 6 x 2 = 12","count":11,"_input_hash":-1318330008,"_task_hash":-800002807,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379968,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.7088440657,"priority":0.7088440657,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7088440657}}
+{"text":"precipitation reaction.","count":11,"_input_hash":-727021728,"_task_hash":-2100107721,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379968,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9789710641,"priority":0.9789710641,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9789710641}}
+{"text":"freezing point depression","count":11,"_input_hash":1503015970,"_task_hash":541029565,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379969,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9779671431,"priority":0.9779671431,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9779671431}}
+{"text":"heterogeneous equilibrium | An equilibrium in","count":11,"_input_hash":-1237432064,"_task_hash":-681467626,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379969,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.7972172499,"priority":0.7972172499,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7972172499}}
+{"text":"Pauli exclusion principle","count":11,"_input_hash":-1789408306,"_task_hash":-1898632815,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379970,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.5801391602,"priority":0.5801391602,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5801391602}}
+{"text":"electrophilic addition to alkenes","count":11,"_input_hash":-1138633992,"_task_hash":606353344,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379978,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9642172456,"priority":0.9642172456,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9642172456}}
+{"text":"No higher resolution available. ","count":11,"_input_hash":1657850943,"_task_hash":1645093706,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379979,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.8661547303,"priority":0.8661547303,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8661547303}}
+{"text":"Jump to: navigation, search","count":11,"_input_hash":1912226047,"_task_hash":445652004,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379981,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9285315871,"priority":0.9285315871,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9285315871}}
+{"text":"in new window) \u2014 CK-12 License (opens in new","count":11,"_input_hash":1371153376,"_task_hash":2115192043,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379982,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.111218214,"priority":0.111218214,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.111218214}}
+{"text":"Given: balanced equilibrium equation, ","count":11,"_input_hash":648775625,"_task_hash":-881153365,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379984,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9951133132,"priority":0.9951133132,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9951133132}}
+{"text":"By solving the equation for ","count":11,"_input_hash":1596087449,"_task_hash":1162600749,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379986,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9761803746,"priority":0.9761803746,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9761803746}}
+{"text":"amount of X consumed or produced","count":11,"_input_hash":1435237784,"_task_hash":807229640,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379987,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9955196381,"priority":0.9955196381,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9955196381}}
+{"text":"layer. Bromine and iodine are less abundant than chlorine, and astatine is so radioactive that it exists in only negligible amounts in","count":11,"_input_hash":-1433163378,"_task_hash":-1120929611,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379989,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9848602414,"priority":0.9848602414,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9848602414}}
+{"text":"found in Teflon coatings on kitchen utensils. Although chlorofluorocarbon propellants and refrigerants are believed to lead to the","count":11,"_input_hash":813888962,"_task_hash":901762202,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379991,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9559054971,"priority":0.9559054971,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9559054971}}
+{"text":"elements on Earth, respectively; they are found in huge deposits of limestone and other minerals.","count":11,"_input_hash":23854146,"_task_hash":1276731473,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379992,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.987293601,"priority":0.987293601,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.987293601}}
+{"text":"The alkaline earth metals are beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. Beryllium, strontium, and barium are","count":11,"_input_hash":-1911889711,"_task_hash":1677719860,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379993,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9650067687,"priority":0.9650067687,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9650067687}}
+{"text":"The alkali metals are lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. Hydrogen is unique in that it is generally placed","count":11,"_input_hash":-1048173923,"_task_hash":2070582807,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379994,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9896027446,"priority":0.9896027446,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9896027446}}
+{"text":"with the definition of ","count":11,"_input_hash":-1532825371,"_task_hash":258141720,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680379994,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9735193849,"priority":0.9735193849,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9735193849}}
+{"text":"AP Chemistry Chapter 7 Review - Science Geek","count":11,"_input_hash":1346241698,"_task_hash":-678851121,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379996,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.7950638533,"priority":0.7950638533,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7950638533}}
+{"text":"Quantum Chemistry Quizzes - mhe education","count":11,"_input_hash":1872456585,"_task_hash":-2140806119,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680379999,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9934903383,"priority":0.9934903383,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9934903383}}
+{"text":"raised to its coefficient in the chemical equation.","count":11,"_input_hash":-118763267,"_task_hash":-1831013257,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380000,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9974421263,"priority":0.9974421263,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9974421263}}
+{"text":"Ionization Constants of Weak Acids","count":11,"_input_hash":-114431204,"_task_hash":2070535882,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380001,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9979999661,"priority":0.9979999661,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9979999661}}
+{"text":"Equilibrium Constant (K)","count":11,"_input_hash":-2037069327,"_task_hash":724823156,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380002,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9931520224,"priority":0.9931520224,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9931520224}}
+{"text":"Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials","count":11,"_input_hash":-672969235,"_task_hash":-473381299,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380003,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.993489027,"priority":0.993489027,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.993489027}}
+{"text":"From Moore, Collins, Davies. \"Chemistry\" McGraw-Hill Companies.","count":11,"_input_hash":1400402575,"_task_hash":95970067,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680380006,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9785903096,"priority":0.9785903096,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9785903096}}
+{"text":"reaction is as follows:","count":11,"_input_hash":1775222930,"_task_hash":780910138,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380008,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9715152979,"priority":0.9715152979,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9715152979}}
+{"text":"Molar Masses of Compounds","count":11,"_input_hash":1803431110,"_task_hash":980590800,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380008,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9605218172,"priority":0.9605218172,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9605218172}}
+{"text":"radioisotope\u2019s nuclei per unit time:","count":11,"_input_hash":-2104558565,"_task_hash":-1263401209,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380009,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.2837930024,"priority":0.2837930024,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2837930024}}
+{"text":"style=\"text-align:center;\">","count":11,"_input_hash":1589598144,"_task_hash":1295867639,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680380011,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8731182218,"priority":0.8731182218,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8731182218}}
+{"text":"class=\"lt-chem-38278\" data-th=\"Ionization Reaction\" ","count":11,"_input_hash":-1682038973,"_task_hash":377773897,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680380015,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.953905642,"priority":0.953905642,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.953905642}}
+{"text":"Cu + 4NH \u21cc [Cu(NH ) ]","count":11,"_input_hash":1197017060,"_task_hash":-1361690064,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380017,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.4466329217,"priority":0.4466329217,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4466329217}}
+{"text":"TextMap: Beginning Chemistry (Ball et al.)","count":11,"_input_hash":-1605753351,"_task_hash":1955261918,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680380020,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9818778038,"priority":0.9818778038,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9818778038}}
+{"text":"\u00a0number of moles of solute dissolved","count":11,"_input_hash":1766981806,"_task_hash":1576381134,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380080,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9066665173,"priority":0.9066665173,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9066665173}}
+{"text":"Paul R. Young (ChemistryOnline.com) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit","count":11,"_input_hash":10411102,"_task_hash":-964332636,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680380129,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.0338796675,"priority":0.0338796675,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.0338796675}}
+{"text":"curated by John Moore, Jia Zhou, and Etienne Garand via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a","count":11,"_input_hash":-1847901479,"_task_hash":-447634067,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680380166,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.2599972785,"priority":0.2599972785,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2599972785}}
+{"text":"from the following information:","count":11,"_input_hash":767941786,"_task_hash":-2105145398,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380168,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9730071425,"priority":0.9730071425,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9730071425}}
+{"text":"Substituting Equation ","count":11,"_input_hash":-1110992056,"_task_hash":822309627,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380169,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9979761243,"priority":0.9979761243,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9979761243}}
+{"text":"Average Bond Energy (kJ\/mol)","count":11,"_input_hash":-1051084850,"_task_hash":-1193650853,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380170,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9940317273,"priority":0.9940317273,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9940317273}}
+{"text":"apparent number of particles in solution","count":11,"_input_hash":914470460,"_task_hash":-1197668117,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380171,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9919551015,"priority":0.9919551015,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9919551015}}
+{"text":"compound is the one in which its electron pairs","count":10,"_input_hash":-339188096,"_task_hash":1698713761,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380176,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9520187974,"priority":0.9520187974,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9520187974}}
+{"text":"monatomic | A species containing a single atom.","count":10,"_input_hash":661875627,"_task_hash":-2131240560,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380177,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9969100356,"priority":0.9969100356,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9969100356}}
+{"text":"n-type semiconductor | A semiconductor that has","count":10,"_input_hash":472431853,"_task_hash":-1409494244,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380178,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9872402549,"priority":0.9872402549,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9872402549}}
+{"text":"been doped with an impurity that has more valence","count":10,"_input_hash":836517031,"_task_hash":-1256842904,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380197,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8248476386,"priority":0.8248476386,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8248476386}}
+{"text":"nanotubes | One of at least four allotropes of carbon","count":10,"_input_hash":-162170963,"_task_hash":-740727558,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380197,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9884572625,"priority":0.9884572625,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9884572625}}
+{"text":"conditions so that a single desired product or set of","count":10,"_input_hash":597367307,"_task_hash":-105533566,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380199,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.7546254396,"priority":0.7546254396,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7546254396}}
+{"text":"that are cylinders of carbon atoms and are intermediate","count":10,"_input_hash":1935805351,"_task_hash":-155796842,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380200,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9747237563,"priority":0.9747237563,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9747237563}}
+{"text":"thermodynamic control | The altering of reaction","count":10,"_input_hash":-1092561659,"_task_hash":-1613487428,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380203,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.4285779595,"priority":0.4285779595,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4285779595}}
+{"text":"in structure between graphite and the fullerenes.","count":10,"_input_hash":-1648295665,"_task_hash":555924838,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380204,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9915941358,"priority":0.9915941358,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9915941358}}
+{"text":"net ionic equation | A chemical equation that","count":10,"_input_hash":-1411114872,"_task_hash":93636806,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380204,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9392436743,"priority":0.9392436743,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9392436743}}
+{"text":"shows only those species that participate in the","count":10,"_input_hash":-2137095470,"_task_hash":1585584540,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380205,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8390170336,"priority":0.8390170336,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8390170336}}
+{"text":"neutral solution | A solution in which the total","count":10,"_input_hash":1304815534,"_task_hash":545081656,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380206,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9524612427,"priority":0.9524612427,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9524612427}}
+{"text":"positive charge from all the cations is matched by an","count":10,"_input_hash":166981327,"_task_hash":-237438759,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380207,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8759433627,"priority":0.8759433627,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8759433627}}
+{"text":"Surface tension is measured in units of energy per area","count":10,"_input_hash":-1132000634,"_task_hash":-1214480752,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380208,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9889581203,"priority":0.9889581203,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9889581203}}
+{"text":"identical total negative charge from all the anions.","count":10,"_input_hash":-345904480,"_task_hash":749177025,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380210,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9817750454,"priority":0.9817750454,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9817750454}}
+{"text":"neutrons | A subatomic particle with no charge that","count":10,"_input_hash":-230102656,"_task_hash":190798183,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380210,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9714127779,"priority":0.9714127779,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9714127779}}
+{"text":"resides in the nucleus of almost all atoms.","count":10,"_input_hash":-2052642886,"_task_hash":-160625722,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380210,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9987277389,"priority":0.9987277389,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9987277389}}
+{"text":"noble gases | Any element in group 18 of the","count":10,"_input_hash":522536440,"_task_hash":-1212844721,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380211,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8447502851,"priority":0.8447502851,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8447502851}}
+{"text":"periodic table. All are unreactive monatomic gases at","count":10,"_input_hash":1775668322,"_task_hash":-303617327,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380212,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9060739279,"priority":0.9060739279,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9060739279}}
+{"text":"room temperature and pressure.","count":10,"_input_hash":1241401395,"_task_hash":-2006815782,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380213,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9775016308,"priority":0.9775016308,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9775016308}}
+{"text":"nodes | The point where the amplitude of a wave is","count":10,"_input_hash":-1696787632,"_task_hash":-2002722995,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380213,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9162916541,"priority":0.9162916541,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9162916541}}
+{"text":"nonbonding molecular orbitals | A molecular","count":10,"_input_hash":-1286673597,"_task_hash":1168248303,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380214,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9539696574,"priority":0.9539696574,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9539696574}}
+{"text":"interact only very weakly, creating essentially no","count":10,"_input_hash":1702618850,"_task_hash":-657479621,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380215,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8680537939,"priority":0.8680537939,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8680537939}}
+{"text":"change in the electron probability density between the","count":10,"_input_hash":-119721573,"_task_hash":-1652517043,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380218,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9854370952,"priority":0.9854370952,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9854370952}}
+{"text":"nonstoichiometric compounds | A solid that","count":10,"_input_hash":497325657,"_task_hash":682918058,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380219,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8889337182,"priority":0.8889337182,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8889337182}}
+{"text":"the surface area of a liquid by a certain amount.","count":10,"_input_hash":32804946,"_task_hash":-1953505921,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380220,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.6872888803,"priority":0.6872888803,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6872888803}}
+{"text":"intrinsically variable stoichiometries without","count":10,"_input_hash":-1701200606,"_task_hash":-1878491900,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380221,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8874256015,"priority":0.8874256015,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8874256015}}
+{"text":"monatomic ions | An ion with only a single atom.","count":10,"_input_hash":-784398761,"_task_hash":-1152662071,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380222,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9934774637,"priority":0.9934774637,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9934774637}}
+{"text":"ultraviolet light | High-energy radiation ","count":10,"_input_hash":936454506,"_task_hash":-680032579,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380223,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9154706001,"priority":0.9154706001,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9154706001}}
+{"text":"nonvolatile liquids | A liquid with a relatively low","count":10,"_input_hash":297816737,"_task_hash":843503950,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380227,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9704543352,"priority":0.9704543352,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9704543352}}
+{"text":"molten salt | A salt that has been heated to its","count":10,"_input_hash":-39922834,"_task_hash":1338322050,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380228,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.7710434198,"priority":0.7710434198,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7710434198}}
+{"text":"bonded atoms in a molecule or a polyatomic ion in","count":10,"_input_hash":-286503720,"_task_hash":-1932718743,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380229,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8771760464,"priority":0.8771760464,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8771760464}}
+{"text":"tetrahedral holes | One of two kinds of holes in a","count":10,"_input_hash":786195135,"_task_hash":111605387,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380230,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9781125188,"priority":0.9781125188,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9781125188}}
+{"text":"molecular mass | The sum of the average masses","count":10,"_input_hash":1363957727,"_task_hash":-704391260,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380231,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9705163836,"priority":0.9705163836,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9705163836}}
+{"text":"of the atoms in one molecule of a substance, each","count":10,"_input_hash":-1628680599,"_task_hash":79763282,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380232,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9447012544,"priority":0.9447012544,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9447012544}}
+{"text":"are seven base units in the SI system.","count":10,"_input_hash":-2144007214,"_task_hash":818009951,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380233,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9969522953,"priority":0.9969522953,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9969522953}}
+{"text":"multiplied by its subscript.","count":10,"_input_hash":440238247,"_task_hash":1330156679,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380233,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8854102492,"priority":0.8854102492,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8854102492}}
+{"text":"molecular orbital theory ","count":10,"_input_hash":-564073601,"_task_hash":974048674,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380234,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9930705428,"priority":0.9930705428,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9930705428}}
+{"text":"bonding model in which molecular orbitals are created","count":10,"_input_hash":16677526,"_task_hash":1063175075,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380236,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9932565689,"priority":0.9932565689,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9932565689}}
+{"text":"linear combination of atomic orbitals","count":10,"_input_hash":-1676712527,"_task_hash":524022666,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380239,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.967474103,"priority":0.967474103,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.967474103}}
+{"text":"system of units based on metric units that requires","count":10,"_input_hash":-1536051509,"_task_hash":598420459,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380240,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8269087672,"priority":0.8269087672,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8269087672}}
+{"text":"Syst\u00e8me internationale d\u2019unit\u00e9s (or SI) | A","count":10,"_input_hash":-17759648,"_task_hash":1211779841,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380240,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.8768727183,"priority":0.8768727183,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8768727183}}
+{"text":"system; that is, system + surroundings = universe.","count":10,"_input_hash":-720160731,"_task_hash":-1683803204,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380241,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9593205452,"priority":0.9593205452,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9593205452}}
+{"text":"surroundings | All the universe that is not the","count":10,"_input_hash":-1970243366,"_task_hash":982239179,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380241,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9505146146,"priority":0.9505146146,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9505146146}}
+{"text":"polar liquid, thereby reducing the surface tension of","count":10,"_input_hash":1047373806,"_task_hash":-1518465397,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380242,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9813228846,"priority":0.9813228846,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9813228846}}
+{"text":"intermolecular interactions between molecules of a","count":10,"_input_hash":1421676323,"_task_hash":1787741777,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380243,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9548293352,"priority":0.9548293352,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9548293352}}
+{"text":"such as soaps and detergents, that disrupt the attractive","count":10,"_input_hash":-1321501298,"_task_hash":-1444973424,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380244,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9984178543,"priority":0.9984178543,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9984178543}}
+{"text":"molecules held together by relatively weak forces,","count":10,"_input_hash":-1414008785,"_task_hash":1312379462,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380244,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9240126014,"priority":0.9240126014,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9240126014}}
+{"text":"such as dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonds,","count":10,"_input_hash":-671425406,"_task_hash":-7236693,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380245,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9831097126,"priority":0.9831097126,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9831097126}}
+{"text":"and London dispersion forces.","count":10,"_input_hash":668762128,"_task_hash":1435405096,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380245,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9720970988,"priority":0.9720970988,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9720970988}}
+{"text":"molecularity | The number of molecules that collide","count":10,"_input_hash":679882921,"_task_hash":351529238,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380246,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.8968753815,"priority":0.8968753815,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8968753815}}
+{"text":"wide variety of chemical reactions that are harmful to","count":10,"_input_hash":238519927,"_task_hash":-370828181,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380246,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9939960241,"priority":0.9939960241,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9939960241}}
+{"text":"cannot be detected by the human eye but can cause a","count":10,"_input_hash":849061443,"_task_hash":1303610421,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380246,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9556239247,"priority":0.9556239247,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9556239247}}
+{"text":"affecting the fundamental structure of the crystal.","count":10,"_input_hash":-1845283710,"_task_hash":-321262423,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380247,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9980192184,"priority":0.9980192184,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9980192184}}
+{"text":"normal boiling point | The temperature at which a","count":10,"_input_hash":128500110,"_task_hash":1131160456,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380247,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9967761636,"priority":0.9967761636,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9967761636}}
+{"text":"written only if the number is greater than 1.","count":10,"_input_hash":131525379,"_task_hash":2044271443,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380248,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9879624248,"priority":0.9879624248,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9879624248}}
+{"text":"results when an impurity atom occupies a normal","count":10,"_input_hash":-1185665963,"_task_hash":666808996,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380248,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9736360908,"priority":0.9736360908,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9736360908}}
+{"text":"osmotic pressure (\u03a0) | The pressure difference","count":10,"_input_hash":1318644053,"_task_hash":881870038,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380249,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9960523844,"priority":0.9960523844,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9960523844}}
+{"text":"between the two sides of a semipermeable membrane","count":10,"_input_hash":-740439367,"_task_hash":1599351978,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380249,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9810044169,"priority":0.9810044169,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9810044169}}
+{"text":"that separates a pure solvent from a solution prepared","count":10,"_input_hash":-1969997997,"_task_hash":1209342951,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380250,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.944088757,"priority":0.944088757,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.944088757}}
+{"text":"substitutional impurity | A point defect that","count":10,"_input_hash":-2071657175,"_task_hash":-545327420,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380250,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9551509023,"priority":0.9551509023,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9551509023}}
+{"text":"from the same solvent.","count":10,"_input_hash":-1269083144,"_task_hash":1598727054,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380250,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9942111373,"priority":0.9942111373,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9942111373}}
+{"text":"overall chemical equation | A chemical equation","count":10,"_input_hash":1015434732,"_task_hash":-1801065066,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380251,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9906519651,"priority":0.9906519651,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9906519651}}
+{"text":"reactants and products as","count":10,"_input_hash":-454221222,"_task_hash":-1459123037,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380251,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9868200421,"priority":0.9868200421,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9868200421}}
+{"text":"undissociated, electrically neutral compounds.","count":10,"_input_hash":-602995833,"_task_hash":271410797,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380252,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9938880801,"priority":0.9938880801,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9938880801}}
+{"text":"subshell | A group of wave functions that have the","count":10,"_input_hash":2032582552,"_task_hash":1536198842,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380252,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9720431566,"priority":0.9720431566,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9720431566}}
+{"text":"overlapping bands | Molecular orbitals derived","count":10,"_input_hash":1216177212,"_task_hash":-960560029,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380252,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9728307724,"priority":0.9728307724,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9728307724}}
+{"text":"from two or more different kinds of valence electrons","count":10,"_input_hash":1094607236,"_task_hash":-1439006200,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380255,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9962745905,"priority":0.9962745905,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9962745905}}
+{"text":"that have similar energies.","count":10,"_input_hash":175332908,"_task_hash":-20588414,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380256,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9970871806,"priority":0.9970871806,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9970871806}}
+{"text":"overtones | The vibration of a standing wave that is","count":10,"_input_hash":1392319882,"_task_hash":607737682,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380256,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9957653284,"priority":0.9957653284,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9957653284}}
+{"text":"higher in energy than the fundamental vibration.","count":10,"_input_hash":-1948981664,"_task_hash":-661306237,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380257,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9786675572,"priority":0.9786675572,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9786675572}}
+{"text":"chemical reaction. The substance that loses electrons is","count":10,"_input_hash":238338582,"_task_hash":180324589,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380257,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9984378219,"priority":0.9984378219,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9984378219}}
+{"text":"oxidation state | The charge that each atom in a","count":10,"_input_hash":-743319858,"_task_hash":719435797,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380258,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9985234141,"priority":0.9985234141,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9985234141}}
+{"text":"compound would have if all its bonding electrons were","count":10,"_input_hash":1534820986,"_task_hash":-148914611,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380258,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9977020621,"priority":0.9977020621,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9977020621}}
+{"text":"transferred to the atom with the greater attraction for","count":10,"_input_hash":1882981683,"_task_hash":1950935251,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380259,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9899506569,"priority":0.9899506569,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9899506569}}
+{"text":"oxidation\u2013reduction reactions | A chemical","count":10,"_input_hash":498496165,"_task_hash":-1056545688,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380259,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9775370359,"priority":0.9775370359,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9775370359}}
+{"text":"arrangement of atoms in space.","count":10,"_input_hash":627612731,"_task_hash":-502388751,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380260,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.999115169,"priority":0.999115169,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999115169}}
+{"text":"molecule that shows which atoms are bonded to one","count":10,"_input_hash":-651573256,"_task_hash":-64157063,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380260,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9974199533,"priority":0.9974199533,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9974199533}}
+{"text":"reaction that exhibits a change in the oxidation states","count":10,"_input_hash":1127049494,"_task_hash":2064633159,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380261,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9971363544,"priority":0.9971363544,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9971363544}}
+{"text":"of one or more elements in the reactants that has the","count":10,"_input_hash":768052092,"_task_hash":1362906089,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380261,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9966545105,"priority":0.9966545105,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9966545105}}
+{"text":"general form oxidant + reductant \u2192 reduced oxidant +","count":10,"_input_hash":133963211,"_task_hash":-1088079083,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380261,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9914508462,"priority":0.9914508462,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9914508462}}
+{"text":"osmosis | The net flow of solvent through a","count":10,"_input_hash":817830901,"_task_hash":-1880154543,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380262,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9961206317,"priority":0.9961206317,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9961206317}}
+{"text":"substrate | The reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed","count":10,"_input_hash":-1187756900,"_task_hash":-937628786,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380263,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.998316288,"priority":0.998316288,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.998316288}}
+{"text":"substance boils at a pressure of 1 atm.","count":10,"_input_hash":92863870,"_task_hash":-1317466828,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380263,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.995524168,"priority":0.995524168,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.995524168}}
+{"text":"Superalloys | A high-strength alloy based on cobalt,","count":10,"_input_hash":1145615037,"_task_hash":-680893657,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380263,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9594532251,"priority":0.9594532251,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9594532251}}
+{"text":"surface tension | The energy required to increase","count":10,"_input_hash":1697469689,"_task_hash":-1591537541,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380264,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9896376133,"priority":0.9896376133,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9896376133}}
+{"text":"nucleus | The central core of an atom where protons","count":10,"_input_hash":-2051064039,"_task_hash":-200750073,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380265,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9666691422,"priority":0.9666691422,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9666691422}}
+{"text":"and any neutrons reside.","count":10,"_input_hash":-565061216,"_task_hash":-2137582711,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380265,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9597570896,"priority":0.9597570896,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9597570896}}
+{"text":"octane rating | A measure of a fuel\u2019s ability to burn","count":10,"_input_hash":-2007646623,"_task_hash":909164502,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380266,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9460787773,"priority":0.9460787773,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9460787773}}
+{"text":"temperature and pressure at which it should be a gas.","count":10,"_input_hash":2003255155,"_task_hash":1802993912,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380266,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9763423204,"priority":0.9763423204,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9763423204}}
+{"text":"in a combustion engine without knocking or pinging","count":10,"_input_hash":-838614540,"_task_hash":-14897340,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380267,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9947507977,"priority":0.9947507977,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9947507977}}
+{"text":"superheated liquid | An unstable liquid at a","count":10,"_input_hash":1012794993,"_task_hash":726057560,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380267,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9961387515,"priority":0.9961387515,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9961387515}}
+{"text":"supercritical fluid | The single, dense fluid phase","count":10,"_input_hash":507296827,"_task_hash":1974064416,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380268,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9910129905,"priority":0.9910129905,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9910129905}}
+{"text":"(indications of premature combustion). The higher the","count":10,"_input_hash":1873880065,"_task_hash":154370373,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380270,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9988534451,"priority":0.9988534451,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9988534451}}
+{"text":"high surface stability, and ","count":10,"_input_hash":-1231545882,"_task_hash":-1786110711,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380271,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9935132861,"priority":0.9935132861,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9935132861}}
+{"text":"oxidation state method | A procedure for","count":10,"_input_hash":459526853,"_task_hash":2132408483,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380271,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9982281327,"priority":0.9982281327,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9982281327}}
+{"text":"that have properties intermediate between those of a","count":10,"_input_hash":-2008051262,"_task_hash":-1948284382,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380271,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9965988994,"priority":0.9965988994,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9965988994}}
+{"text":"balancing oxidation\u2013reduction (redox) reactions in","count":10,"_input_hash":-203406376,"_task_hash":2094654565,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380272,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9926960468,"priority":0.9926960468,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9926960468}}
+{"text":"which the overall reaction is conceptually separated","count":10,"_input_hash":514675148,"_task_hash":-1467074290,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380272,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9961392283,"priority":0.9961392283,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9961392283}}
+{"text":"into two parts: an oxidation and a reduction.","count":10,"_input_hash":760286000,"_task_hash":-283991701,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380273,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9991300702,"priority":0.9991300702,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991300702}}
+{"text":"octaves | A group of seven elements, corresponding","count":10,"_input_hash":469353768,"_task_hash":-1659142671,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380273,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9991963506,"priority":0.9991963506,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991963506}}
+{"text":"liquid crystals | A substance that exhibits phases","count":10,"_input_hash":-401866442,"_task_hash":549400507,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380273,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.998735249,"priority":0.998735249,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.998735249}}
+{"text":"Liquefaction | The condensation of gases into a","count":10,"_input_hash":580310506,"_task_hash":-817011118,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380274,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9981653094,"priority":0.9981653094,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9981653094}}
+{"text":"to the horizontal rows in the main group elements (not","count":10,"_input_hash":-291748249,"_task_hash":2022131798,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380274,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9984686971,"priority":0.9984686971,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9984686971}}
+{"text":"counting the noble gases, which were unknown at the","count":10,"_input_hash":1898767709,"_task_hash":1752218254,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380275,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9926261306,"priority":0.9926261306,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9926261306}}
+{"text":"used in applications that require mechanical strength,","count":10,"_input_hash":-984335066,"_task_hash":-1631943584,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380276,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9947901964,"priority":0.9947901964,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9947901964}}
+{"text":"share electrons to reach a total of eight valence","count":10,"_input_hash":-2970202,"_task_hash":2101588331,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380276,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9980687499,"priority":0.9980687499,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9980687499}}
+{"text":"nickel, and iron, often of complex composition, that is","count":10,"_input_hash":-2021774088,"_task_hash":-1712787866,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380277,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9830117226,"priority":0.9830117226,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9830117226}}
+{"text":"orbital energies | A particular energy associated","count":10,"_input_hash":898361209,"_task_hash":1559291741,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380277,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.997494936,"priority":0.997494936,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.997494936}}
+{"text":"with a given set of quantum numbers.","count":10,"_input_hash":487969995,"_task_hash":-233675837,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380277,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9981318116,"priority":0.9981318116,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9981318116}}
+{"text":"molecular geometry | The arrangement of the","count":10,"_input_hash":-1611791713,"_task_hash":12108100,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380278,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9981793165,"priority":0.9981793165,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9981793165}}
+{"text":"atoms of that element in the molecule. The subscript is","count":10,"_input_hash":680315675,"_task_hash":-108640075,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380278,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9954682589,"priority":0.9954682589,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9954682589}}
+{"text":"the troposphere extends from earth\u2019s surface to an","count":10,"_input_hash":-144513242,"_task_hash":1428736602,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380278,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9988180995,"priority":0.9988180995,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9988180995}}
+{"text":"internuclear distance between two nonbonded atoms in","count":10,"_input_hash":92550736,"_task_hash":251054375,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380279,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9983000159,"priority":0.9983000159,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9983000159}}
+{"text":"protons per molecule in separate steps.","count":10,"_input_hash":-1862957798,"_task_hash":685677396,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380279,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9992980957,"priority":0.9992980957,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992980957}}
+{"text":"ideal gas law designed to describe the behavior of real","count":10,"_input_hash":-2031811441,"_task_hash":2000769345,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380279,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9922572374,"priority":0.9922572374,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9922572374}}
+{"text":"triprotic acid | A compound that can donate three","count":10,"_input_hash":-1399723249,"_task_hash":859292396,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380280,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9991515875,"priority":0.9991515875,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991515875}}
+{"text":"pressures of samples of gases contained ","count":10,"_input_hash":372116677,"_task_hash":628980000,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380280,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9958646297,"priority":0.9958646297,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9958646297}}
+{"text":"liquid\/gas, and solid\/gas ","count":10,"_input_hash":1024602754,"_task_hash":-476584110,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380280,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9972153902,"priority":0.9972153902,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9972153902}}
+{"text":"in equilibrium and can therefore exist simultaneously.","count":10,"_input_hash":-1964755698,"_task_hash":-709003440,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380281,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9920204282,"priority":0.9920204282,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9920204282}}
+{"text":"temperature and pressure at which all three phases are","count":10,"_input_hash":1016819026,"_task_hash":-1107054255,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380281,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9962206483,"priority":0.9962206483,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9962206483}}
+{"text":"gases by explicitly including the effects of molecular","count":10,"_input_hash":-1909687946,"_task_hash":-724655945,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380285,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9970520735,"priority":0.9970520735,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9970520735}}
+{"text":"first law of thermodynamics","count":10,"_input_hash":232022493,"_task_hash":789854513,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380285,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9989462495,"priority":0.9989462495,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989462495}}
+{"text":"triple point | The point in a phase diagram where","count":10,"_input_hash":676679196,"_task_hash":145865489,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380286,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9977019429,"priority":0.9977019429,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9977019429}}
+{"text":"atoms share three pairs of electrons.","count":10,"_input_hash":-390063903,"_task_hash":1120606129,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380286,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9978099465,"priority":0.9978099465,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9978099465}}
+{"text":"neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of an element.","count":10,"_input_hash":-453884119,"_task_hash":-1098105772,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380287,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9998120666,"priority":0.9998120666,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998120666}}
+{"text":"matter | Anything that occupies space and has mass.","count":10,"_input_hash":-621737729,"_task_hash":1651370397,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380287,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9996962547,"priority":0.9996962547,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996962547}}
+{"text":"mean free path | The average distance traveled by","count":10,"_input_hash":-82615846,"_task_hash":999799357,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380287,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9971273541,"priority":0.9971273541,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9971273541}}
+{"text":"mechanical work | The energy required to move","count":10,"_input_hash":-896688214,"_task_hash":1103588891,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380288,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.998097837,"priority":0.998097837,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.998097837}}
+{"text":"an object a distance when opposed by a force :","count":10,"_input_hash":-882410441,"_task_hash":1722523817,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380288,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9958123565,"priority":0.9958123565,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9958123565}}
+{"text":"superconductor completely expels a magnetic field","count":10,"_input_hash":-1284526800,"_task_hash":-558177415,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380288,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9994356036,"priority":0.9994356036,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994356036}}
+{"text":"melting point | The temperature at which the","count":10,"_input_hash":-89388808,"_task_hash":-2121196319,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380289,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9994987249,"priority":0.9994987249,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994987249}}
+{"text":"individual ions in a lattice or the individual molecules","count":10,"_input_hash":-1579268949,"_task_hash":1141658396,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380289,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.99718225,"priority":0.99718225,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.99718225}}
+{"text":"altitude of about 11\u201313 km (7\u20138 miles). The","count":10,"_input_hash":-670921627,"_task_hash":1187847329,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380290,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9982099533,"priority":0.9982099533,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9982099533}}
+{"text":"Tyndall effect | The phenomenon of scattering a","count":10,"_input_hash":-1454994382,"_task_hash":-160355333,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380290,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9991031885,"priority":0.9991031885,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991031885}}
+{"text":"temporary fluctuations in the electron distribution","count":10,"_input_hash":-863834703,"_task_hash":-924422321,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380291,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9985421896,"priority":0.9985421896,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9985421896}}
+{"text":"manometers | A device used to measure the","count":10,"_input_hash":-338004319,"_task_hash":1940731662,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380291,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9991313815,"priority":0.9991313815,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991313815}}
+{"text":"lustrous | Having a shiny appearance. Metals are","count":10,"_input_hash":-11560127,"_task_hash":-360782965,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380292,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9984360337,"priority":0.9984360337,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9984360337}}
+{"text":"on the idea that the lowest-energy arrangement for a","count":10,"_input_hash":-2015104238,"_task_hash":-1476091354,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380292,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9993390441,"priority":0.9993390441,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993390441}}
+{"text":"lustrous, whereas nonmetals are not.","count":10,"_input_hash":1313769785,"_task_hash":-2070446285,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380293,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9992015958,"priority":0.9992015958,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992015958}}
+{"text":"shapes of many molecules and polyatomic ions, based","count":10,"_input_hash":-852734840,"_task_hash":1488484446,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380293,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9889412522,"priority":0.9889412522,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9889412522}}
+{"text":"macrominerals | Any of the six essential elements","count":10,"_input_hash":-1640959308,"_task_hash":2004535454,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380293,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9984942675,"priority":0.9984942675,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9984942675}}
+{"text":"(VSEPR) model | A model used to predict the","count":10,"_input_hash":-1108833830,"_task_hash":247416213,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380294,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9985001087,"priority":0.9985001087,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9985001087}}
+{"text":"(Na, Mg, K, Ca, Cl, and P) that provide essential ions","count":10,"_input_hash":-590623949,"_task_hash":-1380520670,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380295,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9891562462,"priority":0.9891562462,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9891562462}}
+{"text":"van der Waals atomic radius(r","count":10,"_input_hash":1648912478,"_task_hash":-72847945,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380295,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9941619039,"priority":0.9941619039,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9941619039}}
+{"text":"combinations of atomic orbitals (hybrids) to maximize","count":10,"_input_hash":1672495315,"_task_hash":-1224154296,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380296,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9972668886,"priority":0.9972668886,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9972668886}}
+{"text":"that an atom can use different","count":10,"_input_hash":1400710650,"_task_hash":619328214,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380297,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9996716976,"priority":0.9996716976,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996716976}}
+{"text":"the major structural","count":10,"_input_hash":-1045863870,"_task_hash":-1415099642,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380297,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9966287017,"priority":0.9966287017,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9966287017}}
+{"text":"proportional to the amount of overlap between atomic","count":10,"_input_hash":-953432209,"_task_hash":-778316666,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380301,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.999081254,"priority":0.999081254,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999081254}}
+{"text":"in body fluids and form ","count":10,"_input_hash":2078929140,"_task_hash":1992951622,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380302,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9990611672,"priority":0.9990611672,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9990611672}}
+{"text":"that assumes that the strength of a covalent bond is","count":10,"_input_hash":-1425698382,"_task_hash":-1171080252,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380302,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9988880754,"priority":0.9988880754,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9988880754}}
+{"text":"valence bond theory | A localized bonding model","count":10,"_input_hash":-1697005391,"_task_hash":-586007306,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380303,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9984197617,"priority":0.9984197617,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9984197617}}
+{"text":"components of the body.","count":10,"_input_hash":-788590011,"_task_hash":-1778868835,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380303,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9981081486,"priority":0.9981081486,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9981081486}}
+{"text":"magnetic quantum number (m ) | One of three","count":10,"_input_hash":288357834,"_task_hash":1928350926,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380304,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9773811102,"priority":0.9773811102,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9773811102}}
+{"text":"vacancy | A point defect that consists of a single","count":10,"_input_hash":-1918217856,"_task_hash":-802785632,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380304,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9997887015,"priority":0.9997887015,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997887015}}
+{"text":"region of space occupied by an electron with respect to","count":10,"_input_hash":-1601157090,"_task_hash":-982548497,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380304,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9996960163,"priority":0.9996960163,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996960163}}
+{"text":"an applied magnetic field.","count":10,"_input_hash":147059810,"_task_hash":879472636,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380305,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9991719723,"priority":0.9991719723,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991719723}}
+{"text":"in a covalent compound have enough kinetic energy to","count":10,"_input_hash":-266451907,"_task_hash":-1455911924,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380305,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9985300303,"priority":0.9985300303,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9985300303}}
+{"text":"overcome the attractive forces that hold them together","count":10,"_input_hash":-1568686705,"_task_hash":-813001375,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380306,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9995530248,"priority":0.9995530248,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995530248}}
+{"text":"Answer the following questions:","count":10,"_input_hash":-1244988725,"_task_hash":1956043725,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380306,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9938263297,"priority":0.9938263297,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9938263297}}
+{"text":"transition elements | Any element in groups 3\u201312","count":10,"_input_hash":-1198136116,"_task_hash":-1206281556,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380310,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9976236224,"priority":0.9976236224,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9976236224}}
+{"text":"thermochemistry | A branch of chemistry that","count":10,"_input_hash":-1928585711,"_task_hash":478588775,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380310,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9989407659,"priority":0.9989407659,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989407659}}
+{"text":"nature behaves the way it does.","count":10,"_input_hash":-2094363439,"_task_hash":-623268136,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380310,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9982333183,"priority":0.9982333183,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9982333183}}
+{"text":"theory | A statement that attempts to explain why","count":10,"_input_hash":-876151649,"_task_hash":-1544724441,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380311,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9992663264,"priority":0.9992663264,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992663264}}
+{"text":"mole fraction (X) | The ratio of the number of","count":10,"_input_hash":969598759,"_task_hash":579396422,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380311,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9994776845,"priority":0.9994776845,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994776845}}
+{"text":"perfectly and the method of purifying the product were","count":10,"_input_hash":828547428,"_task_hash":-1651624505,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380312,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9961630106,"priority":0.9961630106,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9961630106}}
+{"text":"chemical reaction, which theoretically is the amount of","count":10,"_input_hash":-1136978203,"_task_hash":-203407454,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380312,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9994052649,"priority":0.9994052649,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994052649}}
+{"text":"product that can be formed from the reactants in a","count":10,"_input_hash":-1026344530,"_task_hash":-1401565049,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380312,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9997079968,"priority":0.9997079968,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997079968}}
+{"text":"theoretical yield | The maximum amount of","count":10,"_input_hash":1338207720,"_task_hash":-1403352047,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380312,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9992882609,"priority":0.9992882609,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992882609}}
+{"text":"coordination number of 4.","count":10,"_input_hash":10222895,"_task_hash":2103245792,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380314,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9995218515,"priority":0.9995218515,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995218515}}
+{"text":"unit cell. An atom or ion in a tetrahedral hole has a","count":10,"_input_hash":-43621589,"_task_hash":-894460446,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380314,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.99966681,"priority":0.99966681,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.99966681}}
+{"text":"moles of any component of a mixture to the total","count":10,"_input_hash":988493216,"_task_hash":2053992808,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380317,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9994897842,"priority":0.9994897842,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994897842}}
+{"text":"centers of the adjacent faces of the face-centered cubic","count":10,"_input_hash":1602300788,"_task_hash":-54794021,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380318,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.999394536,"priority":0.999394536,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999394536}}
+{"text":"between an atom at a corner and the three atoms at the","count":10,"_input_hash":2138521859,"_task_hash":-714945325,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380318,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9991406202,"priority":0.9991406202,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991406202}}
+{"text":"mole ratio | The ratio of the number of moles of one","count":10,"_input_hash":-1174989026,"_task_hash":92461044,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380318,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9989658594,"priority":0.9989658594,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989658594}}
+{"text":"an octahedral hole). Tetrahedral holes are located","count":10,"_input_hash":2099402010,"_task_hash":96516924,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380319,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9987905622,"priority":0.9987905622,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9987905622}}
+{"text":"substance to the number of moles of another, as","count":10,"_input_hash":-1296990047,"_task_hash":1924663019,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380319,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9995337725,"priority":0.9995337725,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995337725}}
+{"text":"depicted by a balanced chemical equation.","count":10,"_input_hash":935634840,"_task_hash":-1541683789,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380320,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9945607781,"priority":0.9945607781,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9945607781}}
+{"text":"strong electrolytes | An electrolyte that dissociates","count":10,"_input_hash":-1247346288,"_task_hash":1618906048,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380320,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9979485869,"priority":0.9979485869,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9979485869}}
+{"text":"molecular formula | A representation of a","count":10,"_input_hash":-912848503,"_task_hash":-352889968,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380321,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9994004965,"priority":0.9994004965,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994004965}}
+{"text":"covalent compound that consists of the atomic symbol","count":10,"_input_hash":254142102,"_task_hash":-1217206711,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380321,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9992346764,"priority":0.9992346764,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992346764}}
+{"text":"for each component element (in a prescribed order)","count":10,"_input_hash":1242078032,"_task_hash":-755336434,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380321,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.999625206,"priority":0.999625206,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999625206}}
+{"text":"London dispersion forces ","count":10,"_input_hash":-1356905863,"_task_hash":-1217399995,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380322,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9995415211,"priority":0.9995415211,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995415211}}
+{"text":"accompanied by a subscript indicating the number of","count":10,"_input_hash":493602778,"_task_hash":1816607376,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380324,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.999748528,"priority":0.999748528,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999748528}}
+{"text":"the energy changes ","count":10,"_input_hash":-1538005440,"_task_hash":1171029860,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380325,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9982606769,"priority":0.9982606769,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9982606769}}
+{"text":"molecules) as the number of carbon atoms in exactly","count":10,"_input_hash":-765704776,"_task_hash":-1176650908,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380325,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9996652603,"priority":0.9996652603,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996652603}}
+{"text":"in the periodic table. All of the transition elements are","count":10,"_input_hash":-1023595428,"_task_hash":1054349541,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380326,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9995020628,"priority":0.9995020628,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995020628}}
+{"text":"intermolecular interaction (force) that results from","count":10,"_input_hash":643066478,"_task_hash":-947541847,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380327,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9989727736,"priority":0.9989727736,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989727736}}
+{"text":"Metal-matrix composites | A composite that","count":10,"_input_hash":-1100257886,"_task_hash":1287213297,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380327,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9992911816,"priority":0.9992911816,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992911816}}
+{"text":"consists of reinforcing fibers embedded in a metal or a","count":10,"_input_hash":188651532,"_task_hash":-1357021752,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380328,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9978766441,"priority":0.9978766441,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9978766441}}
+{"text":"triads | A set of three elements that have similar","count":10,"_input_hash":617956132,"_task_hash":-1856801977,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380328,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.99931705,"priority":0.99931705,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.99931705}}
+{"text":"transmutation | The process of converting one","count":10,"_input_hash":-84057068,"_task_hash":-1226257062,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380329,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9986752868,"priority":0.9986752868,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9986752868}}
+{"text":"metallic solids | A solid that consists of metal","count":10,"_input_hash":-1078485043,"_task_hash":775725870,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380329,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9995927215,"priority":0.9995927215,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995927215}}
+{"text":"when molecules are able to overcome the activation","count":10,"_input_hash":548145035,"_task_hash":1584037364,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380329,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9997702241,"priority":0.9997702241,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997702241}}
+{"text":"atoms held together by metallic bonds.","count":10,"_input_hash":-825671194,"_task_hash":1189258345,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380330,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9971706271,"priority":0.9971706271,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9971706271}}
+{"text":"micelles | A spherical or cylindrical aggregate of","count":10,"_input_hash":1327536772,"_task_hash":-1082434876,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380330,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.999566257,"priority":0.999566257,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999566257}}
+{"text":"detergents or soaps in water that minimizes contact","count":10,"_input_hash":-980534473,"_task_hash":-1191369504,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380331,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9996870756,"priority":0.9996870756,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996870756}}
+{"text":"complex, the arrangement of atoms that first forms","count":10,"_input_hash":-195171362,"_task_hash":953807913,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380333,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9995968938,"priority":0.9995968938,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995968938}}
+{"text":"between the hydrophobic tails of the detergents or","count":10,"_input_hash":-1012212815,"_task_hash":1129438222,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380334,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9995974898,"priority":0.9995974898,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995974898}}
+{"text":"miscible | Capable of forming a single homogeneous","count":10,"_input_hash":1413476626,"_task_hash":-1127223025,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380335,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.998036921,"priority":0.998036921,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.998036921}}
+{"text":"phase, regardless of the proportions with which the","count":10,"_input_hash":-447554787,"_task_hash":-1772778766,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380335,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9993392825,"priority":0.9993392825,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993392825}}
+{"text":"substances are mixed.","count":10,"_input_hash":1508369041,"_task_hash":32294693,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380336,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9977483153,"priority":0.9977483153,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9977483153}}
+{"text":"molality (m) | The number of moles of solute","count":10,"_input_hash":-2109236373,"_task_hash":-1287615156,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380336,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9992969036,"priority":0.9992969036,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992969036}}
+{"text":"present in exactly 1 kg of solvent.","count":10,"_input_hash":-1048540928,"_task_hash":2096108211,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380337,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9983668923,"priority":0.9983668923,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9983668923}}
+{"text":"molar volume | The molar mass of an element","count":10,"_input_hash":268300658,"_task_hash":-547853614,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380337,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9997606874,"priority":0.9997606874,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997606874}}
+{"text":"divided by its density.","count":10,"_input_hash":-737614902,"_task_hash":1476049250,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380337,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9961259961,"priority":0.9961259961,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9961259961}}
+{"text":"molarity (M) | A common unit of concentration that","count":10,"_input_hash":-858734273,"_task_hash":1977294775,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380338,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9986102581,"priority":0.9986102581,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9986102581}}
+{"text":"the periodic table. All of the transition elements are","count":10,"_input_hash":-963928003,"_task_hash":1818091118,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380338,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9995408058,"priority":0.9995408058,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995408058}}
+{"text":"is the number of moles of solute present in exactly 1 L","count":10,"_input_hash":-1525448737,"_task_hash":-208701540,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380339,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.999147892,"priority":0.999147892,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999147892}}
+{"text":"mole (mol) | The quantity of a substance that","count":10,"_input_hash":-2117205406,"_task_hash":1867179959,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380339,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9994983673,"priority":0.9994983673,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994983673}}
+{"text":"transition metals | Any element in groups 3\u201312 in","count":10,"_input_hash":1796776540,"_task_hash":-928770516,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380339,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9992486835,"priority":0.9992486835,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992486835}}
+{"text":"solvent through the semipermeable membrane.","count":10,"_input_hash":-431121727,"_task_hash":1220029243,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380340,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9984450936,"priority":0.9984450936,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9984450936}}
+{"text":"or reactant specified by the coefficients in a balanced","count":10,"_input_hash":1886243119,"_task_hash":-180310678,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380340,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9991826415,"priority":0.9991826415,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991826415}}
+{"text":"polymer-matrix composite | A compositie that","count":10,"_input_hash":2104879505,"_task_hash":841659985,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380341,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9985313416,"priority":0.9985313416,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9985313416}}
+{"text":"principal quantum number (n) | One of three","count":10,"_input_hash":1592008807,"_task_hash":901252071,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380341,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.998487711,"priority":0.998487711,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.998487711}}
+{"text":"quantum numbers that tells the average relative","count":10,"_input_hash":-2114506152,"_task_hash":1122134160,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380342,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9993929863,"priority":0.9993929863,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993929863}}
+{"text":"semimetals | Any element that lies adjacent to the","count":10,"_input_hash":-1681756262,"_task_hash":-351015495,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380342,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9993040562,"priority":0.9993040562,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993040562}}
+{"text":"distance of an electron from the nucleus.","count":10,"_input_hash":-973660288,"_task_hash":312156069,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380343,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9998514652,"priority":0.9998514652,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998514652}}
+{"text":"principal shell | All the wave functions that have","count":10,"_input_hash":-1212924338,"_task_hash":2102035564,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380343,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9996433258,"priority":0.9996433258,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996433258}}
+{"text":"the same value of because those electrons have similar","count":10,"_input_hash":643212071,"_task_hash":-277449707,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380343,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9723281264,"priority":0.9723281264,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9723281264}}
+{"text":"average distances from the nucleus.","count":10,"_input_hash":-395405509,"_task_hash":1848048872,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380344,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9991125464,"priority":0.9991125464,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991125464}}
+{"text":"promotion | The excitation of an electron from a","count":10,"_input_hash":-381212950,"_task_hash":423359292,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380344,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9997879863,"priority":0.9997879863,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997879863}}
+{"text":"filled atomic orbital to an empty or valence orbital.","count":10,"_input_hash":793275777,"_task_hash":-655743158,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380345,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9993595481,"priority":0.9993595481,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993595481}}
+{"text":"pseudo noble gas configurations | The and","count":10,"_input_hash":1172388134,"_task_hash":1658300411,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380345,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.998385191,"priority":0.998385191,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.998385191}}
+{"text":"general form A + B \u2192 products).","count":10,"_input_hash":1614610376,"_task_hash":1185353093,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380346,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9990929365,"priority":0.9990929365,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9990929365}}
+{"text":"similar electron configurations that are particularly","count":10,"_input_hash":1033987015,"_task_hash":-1888511231,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380350,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9989596605,"priority":0.9989596605,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989596605}}
+{"text":"stable and are often encountered in the heavier -block","count":10,"_input_hash":1730931300,"_task_hash":-1261334445,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380353,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9710025191,"priority":0.9710025191,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9710025191}}
+{"text":"reaction that can be used to form fibers of synthetic","count":10,"_input_hash":878118346,"_task_hash":1490009866,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380353,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9997233748,"priority":0.9997233748,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997233748}}
+{"text":"F c = V e \u2212 (B + N b)","count":10,"_input_hash":1433063329,"_task_hash":696413528,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380354,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9974363446,"priority":0.9974363446,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9974363446}}
+{"text":"Energy can be gained or lost only in integral multiples","count":10,"_input_hash":-34794114,"_task_hash":455173260,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380354,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9943500161,"priority":0.9943500161,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9943500161}}
+{"text":"quantum mechanics | A theory developed by","count":10,"_input_hash":418786357,"_task_hash":-669948007,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380355,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9966930151,"priority":0.9966930151,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9966930151}}
+{"text":"products) or is proportional to the product of the","count":10,"_input_hash":-687540842,"_task_hash":779995617,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380355,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9987579584,"priority":0.9987579584,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9987579584}}
+{"text":"reactant (for a reaction with the general form 2A \u2192","count":10,"_input_hash":-1262814838,"_task_hash":1912926605,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380356,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9995836616,"priority":0.9995836616,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995836616}}
+{"text":"proportional to the square of the concentration of the","count":10,"_input_hash":-1927978161,"_task_hash":-1766717242,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380356,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9989110231,"priority":0.9989110231,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989110231}}
+{"text":"that has a net electrical charge.","count":10,"_input_hash":-1303337520,"_task_hash":1351648123,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380356,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9994944334,"priority":0.9994944334,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994944334}}
+{"text":"Polyatomic ions | A group of two or more atoms","count":10,"_input_hash":1958474329,"_task_hash":77855169,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380357,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9991844296,"priority":0.9991844296,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991844296}}
+{"text":"zigzag line in the periodic table that runs from boron to","count":10,"_input_hash":-1830134970,"_task_hash":751144751,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380357,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9986103773,"priority":0.9986103773,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9986103773}}
+{"text":"molecular orbital in which there is a region of zero","count":10,"_input_hash":1477761459,"_task_hash":-1060137154,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380357,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9997060895,"priority":0.9997060895,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997060895}}
+{"text":"interactions of two or more parallel atomic orbitals,","count":10,"_input_hash":2090960675,"_task_hash":353610332,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380358,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9996262789,"priority":0.9996262789,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996262789}}
+{"text":"creating a nodal plane perpendicular to the internuclear","count":10,"_input_hash":-417555321,"_task_hash":-1170563047,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380358,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9992697835,"priority":0.9992697835,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992697835}}
+{"text":"single-displacement reactions | A chemical","count":10,"_input_hash":-1211527263,"_task_hash":837408505,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380359,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9990540147,"priority":0.9990540147,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9990540147}}
+{"text":"pinning | A process that increases the mechanical","count":10,"_input_hash":2056276252,"_task_hash":1622621662,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380359,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9997389913,"priority":0.9997389913,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997389913}}
+{"text":"known to be accurate.","count":10,"_input_hash":-2089816752,"_task_hash":1829819965,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380360,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9481126666,"priority":0.9481126666,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9481126666}}
+{"text":"strength of a material by introducing multiple defects","count":10,"_input_hash":1916230150,"_task_hash":604257088,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380360,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9995648265,"priority":0.9995648265,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995648265}}
+{"text":"into a material so that the presence of one defect","count":10,"_input_hash":-1214229149,"_task_hash":445246988,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380360,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9995527864,"priority":0.9995527864,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995527864}}
+{"text":"value without exaggerating the degree to which it is","count":10,"_input_hash":1382920851,"_task_hash":1056483294,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380361,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9988923669,"priority":0.9988923669,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9988923669}}
+{"text":"the internuclear axis.","count":10,"_input_hash":-1973944478,"_task_hash":1982655855,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380361,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9994934797,"priority":0.9994934797,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994934797}}
+{"text":"electron probability (a nodal plane) perpendicular to","count":10,"_input_hash":-1770906915,"_task_hash":-517411888,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380361,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9989639521,"priority":0.9989639521,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989639521}}
+{"text":"prevents the motion of another.","count":10,"_input_hash":-1229871688,"_task_hash":-1277273664,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380362,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9971331358,"priority":0.9971331358,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9971331358}}
+{"text":"Plastic | The property of a material that allows it to","count":10,"_input_hash":-1503373418,"_task_hash":435274051,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380362,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9996366501,"priority":0.9996366501,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996366501}}
+{"text":"sigma star (\u03c3*) orbital ","count":10,"_input_hash":1994968184,"_task_hash":81003751,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380363,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9987728,"priority":0.9987728,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9987728}}
+{"text":"polyatomic | Molecules that contain more than two","count":10,"_input_hash":-1768313515,"_task_hash":-305684017,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380363,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9991171956,"priority":0.9991171956,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991171956}}
+{"text":"and between the nuclei has cylindrical symmetry.","count":10,"_input_hash":688288438,"_task_hash":2098437861,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380364,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9990384579,"priority":0.9990384579,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9990384579}}
+{"text":"be molded into almost any shape.","count":10,"_input_hash":815690349,"_task_hash":-150636959,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380364,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9978300929,"priority":0.9978300929,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9978300929}}
+{"text":"which the electron density along the internuclear axis","count":10,"_input_hash":-968487046,"_task_hash":676778313,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380364,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9996205568,"priority":0.9996205568,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996205568}}
+{"text":"sigma (\u03c3) orbital | A bonding molecular orbital in","count":10,"_input_hash":674848805,"_task_hash":-1370317132,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380365,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9992887974,"priority":0.9992887974,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992887974}}
+{"text":"pnicogens | The elements in group 15 of the periodic","count":10,"_input_hash":604768817,"_task_hash":-2084866997,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380365,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9972314239,"priority":0.9972314239,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9972314239}}
+{"text":"polar bond | A chemical bond in which there is an","count":10,"_input_hash":1269485458,"_task_hash":-146774961,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380366,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9994357228,"priority":0.9994357228,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994357228}}
+{"text":"properties intermediate between those of metals and","count":10,"_input_hash":963195322,"_task_hash":1767815758,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380366,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9996623993,"priority":0.9996623993,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996623993}}
+{"text":"polar covalent bonds | A covalent bond in which","count":10,"_input_hash":-1568554773,"_task_hash":-1680903069,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380366,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9990774393,"priority":0.9990774393,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9990774393}}
+{"text":"polarizability | The ease of deformation of the","count":10,"_input_hash":1165618293,"_task_hash":-1525575541,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380367,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.999715507,"priority":0.999715507,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999715507}}
+{"text":"electron distribution in an atom or molecule.","count":10,"_input_hash":1965210355,"_task_hash":-1434010163,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380367,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9993601441,"priority":0.9993601441,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993601441}}
+{"text":"astatine. Semimetals (also called metalloids) exhibit","count":10,"_input_hash":1172047019,"_task_hash":1050689569,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380368,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9995772243,"priority":0.9995772243,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995772243}}
+{"text":"second-order reaction | A reaction whose rate is","count":10,"_input_hash":730692797,"_task_hash":-1698810688,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380368,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9985181689,"priority":0.9985181689,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9985181689}}
+{"text":"spatial distributions of electrons ","count":10,"_input_hash":-1893189267,"_task_hash":1806284987,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380368,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9989896417,"priority":0.9989896417,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989896417}}
+{"text":"manipulation of numbers with ","count":10,"_input_hash":-1447950535,"_task_hash":1617962190,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380369,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.998918891,"priority":0.998918891,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.998918891}}
+{"text":"reactants and products with time.","count":10,"_input_hash":1277444791,"_task_hash":-489343104,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380369,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9986153841,"priority":0.9986153841,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9986153841}}
+{"text":"of any mixture of reactants and products, regardless of","count":10,"_input_hash":1075108300,"_task_hash":-1404362739,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380369,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9986845851,"priority":0.9986845851,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9986845851}}
+{"text":"amount of a solute under a given set of conditions.","count":10,"_input_hash":-965366898,"_task_hash":2091219826,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380370,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9992002845,"priority":0.9992002845,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992002845}}
+{"text":"whether the system is at equilibrium: for the general","count":10,"_input_hash":34571422,"_task_hash":-2116806052,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380370,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9993428588,"priority":0.9993428588,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993428588}}
+{"text":"saturated | A solution with the maximum possible","count":10,"_input_hash":804408404,"_task_hash":1818955702,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380370,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9997748733,"priority":0.9997748733,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997748733}}
+{"text":"reaction quotient (Q ) | A quantity derived from","count":10,"_input_hash":-686378489,"_task_hash":-765514457,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380371,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.998452425,"priority":0.998452425,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.998452425}}
+{"text":"a set of values measured at any time during the","count":10,"_input_hash":194635760,"_task_hash":501672270,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380371,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9998890162,"priority":0.9998890162,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998890162}}
+{"text":"salt | The general term for any ionic substance that","count":10,"_input_hash":-1036842057,"_task_hash":-1649597662,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380371,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9997790456,"priority":0.9997790456,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997790456}}
+{"text":"reaction of any mixture of reactants and products in the","count":10,"_input_hash":1616057709,"_task_hash":-1661360753,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380372,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9991850257,"priority":0.9991850257,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991850257}}
+{"text":"gas phase, regardless of whether the system is at","count":10,"_input_hash":-1411146341,"_task_hash":1187263720,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380372,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9997898936,"priority":0.9997898936,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997898936}}
+{"text":"the general balanced chemical","count":10,"_input_hash":-483701067,"_task_hash":64287565,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380373,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9989613295,"priority":0.9989613295,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989613295}}
+{"text":"speed of a gas particle that has average kinetic energy.","count":10,"_input_hash":-678807181,"_task_hash":158206698,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380373,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9990830421,"priority":0.9990830421,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9990830421}}
+{"text":"reaction rates | The changes in concentrations of","count":10,"_input_hash":1364522049,"_task_hash":-511345954,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380373,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.999848485,"priority":0.999848485,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999848485}}
+{"text":"root mean square (rms) speed(v","count":10,"_input_hash":-1535754384,"_task_hash":-415797721,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380374,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9992949963,"priority":0.9992949963,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992949963}}
+{"text":"one cation and one anion\u2014that maintains the electrical","count":10,"_input_hash":1005076525,"_task_hash":1167113072,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380374,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9989455342,"priority":0.9989455342,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989455342}}
+{"text":"reductants (or reducing agents) | A compound","count":10,"_input_hash":1682278662,"_task_hash":-9339950,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380374,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9976714253,"priority":0.9976714253,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9976714253}}
+{"text":"that is capable of donating electrons; thus it is","count":10,"_input_hash":646854245,"_task_hash":-1652528925,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380375,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9990887642,"priority":0.9990887642,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9990887642}}
+{"text":"reduction | The gain of one or more electrons in a","count":10,"_input_hash":446829424,"_task_hash":-988948111,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380375,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9996126294,"priority":0.9996126294,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996126294}}
+{"text":"chemical reaction. The substance that gains electrons","count":10,"_input_hash":-1284476632,"_task_hash":1304972437,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380375,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9995056391,"priority":0.9995056391,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995056391}}
+{"text":"is said to be reduced.","count":10,"_input_hash":520673154,"_task_hash":514179181,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380376,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9974268079,"priority":0.9974268079,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9974268079}}
+{"text":"reforming | The second process used in petroleum","count":10,"_input_hash":1561093171,"_task_hash":1196154714,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380377,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9994900227,"priority":0.9994900227,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994900227}}
+{"text":"refining, which is the chemical conversion of straight-","count":10,"_input_hash":1556400919,"_task_hash":-2064720029,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380377,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9985412359,"priority":0.9985412359,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9985412359}}
+{"text":"chain alkanes to either branched-chain alkanes or","count":10,"_input_hash":-761246846,"_task_hash":-1590808525,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380378,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9984005094,"priority":0.9984005094,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9984005094}}
+{"text":"mixtures of aromatic hydrocarbons.","count":10,"_input_hash":-1783657855,"_task_hash":-73992316,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380378,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9937828183,"priority":0.9937828183,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9937828183}}
+{"text":"resonance structures | A Lewis electron structure","count":10,"_input_hash":-1975168131,"_task_hash":1956728255,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380379,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9987336993,"priority":0.9987336993,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9987336993}}
+{"text":"that has different arrangements of electrons around","count":10,"_input_hash":1381378412,"_task_hash":626262456,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380379,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9993391633,"priority":0.9993391633,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993391633}}
+{"text":"atoms whose positions do not change.","count":10,"_input_hash":-742427723,"_task_hash":1455889459,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380380,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9985411167,"priority":0.9985411167,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9985411167}}
+{"text":"Schottky defects | A coupled pair of vacancies\u2014","count":10,"_input_hash":1713143871,"_task_hash":22546314,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380381,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9985285997,"priority":0.9985285997,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9985285997}}
+{"text":"set of values measured at any time during the reaction","count":10,"_input_hash":1365058995,"_task_hash":-728573890,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380381,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9996937513,"priority":0.9996937513,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996937513}}
+{"text":"rate constant | A proportionality constant whose","count":10,"_input_hash":260535774,"_task_hash":1428374456,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380382,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9997854829,"priority":0.9997854829,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997854829}}
+{"text":"The purpose of scientific notation is to simplify the","count":10,"_input_hash":1560299222,"_task_hash":677666751,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380382,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9997527003,"priority":0.9997527003,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997527003}}
+{"text":"groups in general formulas and structures.","count":10,"_input_hash":-1974598494,"_task_hash":-970958358,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380382,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.999052465,"priority":0.999052465,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999052465}}
+{"text":"radicals | Species that have one or more unpaired","count":10,"_input_hash":-2114025067,"_task_hash":424645023,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380383,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9994840622,"priority":0.9994840622,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994840622}}
+{"text":"precipitate | The insoluble product that forms in a","count":10,"_input_hash":-1857774083,"_task_hash":-1129340919,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380383,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9995517135,"priority":0.9995517135,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995517135}}
+{"text":"radioactivity | The spontaneous emission of energy","count":10,"_input_hash":-1088752805,"_task_hash":362527740,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380383,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9993683696,"priority":0.9993683696,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993683696}}
+{"text":"integer that can be either positive or negative (10 = 1).","count":10,"_input_hash":2128277952,"_task_hash":1972212506,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380384,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.997074008,"priority":0.997074008,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.997074008}}
+{"text":"rays (radiation) by matter.","count":10,"_input_hash":663358534,"_task_hash":1475520898,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380384,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9971881509,"priority":0.9971881509,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9971881509}}
+{"text":"or equal to 1 and less than 10 (1 \u2264 N < 10) and n is an","count":10,"_input_hash":-1331494594,"_task_hash":575032797,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380385,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9973319769,"priority":0.9973319769,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9973319769}}
+{"text":"Raoult\u2019s law | An equation that quantifies the","count":10,"_input_hash":-876699891,"_task_hash":1414452556,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380385,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9985262156,"priority":0.9985262156,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9985262156}}
+{"text":"scientific notation | A system that expresses","count":10,"_input_hash":-884395592,"_task_hash":1966922551,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380385,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9986750484,"priority":0.9986750484,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9986750484}}
+{"text":"use to search for answers to questions and solutions to","count":10,"_input_hash":1125894656,"_task_hash":185118072,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380386,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9805466533,"priority":0.9805466533,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9805466533}}
+{"text":"relationship between solution composition and vapor","count":10,"_input_hash":-588281225,"_task_hash":1922231610,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380386,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9997504354,"priority":0.9997504354,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997504354}}
+{"text":"neutrality of an ionic solid.","count":10,"_input_hash":1706384579,"_task_hash":2077495428,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380387,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9996020198,"priority":0.9996020198,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996020198}}
+{"text":"illustrated in Figure ","count":10,"_input_hash":-1400489205,"_task_hash":478728735,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380390,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9998846054,"priority":0.9998846054,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998846054}}
+{"text":"conditions and whose numerical value does not change","count":10,"_input_hash":-1961020368,"_task_hash":-410567862,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380390,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9981003404,"priority":0.9981003404,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9981003404}}
+{"text":"rate laws | Mathematical expressions that describe","count":10,"_input_hash":613753222,"_task_hash":-491743061,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380391,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9994505048,"priority":0.9994505048,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994505048}}
+{"text":"the relationships between reactant rates and reactant","count":10,"_input_hash":-223174313,"_task_hash":1884153266,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380391,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9995763898,"priority":0.9995763898,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995763898}}
+{"text":"rate-determining step | The slowest step in a","count":10,"_input_hash":-741857926,"_task_hash":-756301741,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380391,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9997591376,"priority":0.9997591376,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997591376}}
+{"text":"reaction mechanisms | The sequence of events","count":10,"_input_hash":-201051159,"_task_hash":-37225409,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380392,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9997448325,"priority":0.9997448325,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997448325}}
+{"text":"scientific method | The procedure that scientists","count":10,"_input_hash":-346094900,"_task_hash":881163562,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380392,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9996432066,"priority":0.9996432066,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996432066}}
+{"text":"that occur at the molecular level during a reaction.","count":10,"_input_hash":-350417945,"_task_hash":594408811,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380393,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9994308352,"priority":0.9994308352,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994308352}}
+{"text":"reaction order | Numbers that indicate the degree","count":10,"_input_hash":-1251815742,"_task_hash":1261835791,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380393,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9997267127,"priority":0.9997267127,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997267127}}
+{"text":"to which the reaction rate depends on the concentration","count":10,"_input_hash":-90473333,"_task_hash":589774450,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380393,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9996267557,"priority":0.9996267557,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996267557}}
+{"text":"reaction quotient (Q) | A quantity derived from a","count":10,"_input_hash":1773265684,"_task_hash":689021789,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380394,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9993036985,"priority":0.9993036985,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993036985}}
+{"text":"orbital formed from the difference of the side-to-side","count":10,"_input_hash":-298712479,"_task_hash":1469828479,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380394,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9908477068,"priority":0.9908477068,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9908477068}}
+{"text":"given area of surface:","count":10,"_input_hash":1900532566,"_task_hash":992513290,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380396,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9992150068,"priority":0.9992150068,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992150068}}
+{"text":"pressure(P) | The amount of force exerted on a","count":10,"_input_hash":-1141413041,"_task_hash":748728994,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380397,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9997127652,"priority":0.9997127652,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997127652}}
+{"text":"equivalent in energy, and their energy is between the","count":10,"_input_hash":1639084462,"_task_hash":1287148327,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380397,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.999425292,"priority":0.999425292,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999425292}}
+{"text":"are oriented at 109.5\u00b0 from each other. They are","count":10,"_input_hash":2131478688,"_task_hash":989883752,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380398,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9992839694,"priority":0.9992839694,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992839694}}
+{"text":"orbitals point at the vertices of a tetrahedron, so they","count":10,"_input_hash":807162600,"_task_hash":-1872517308,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380398,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9997438788,"priority":0.9997438788,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997438788}}
+{"text":"stratosphere (about 10 ozone molecules per liter) that","count":10,"_input_hash":31896557,"_task_hash":207662137,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380398,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9986749291,"priority":0.9986749291,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9986749291}}
+{"text":"orbitals are combined (hybridized). The four hybrid","count":10,"_input_hash":-874375050,"_task_hash":-10611100,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380399,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.99770087,"priority":0.99770087,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.99770087}}
+{"text":"hybrid orbitals that result when one orbital and three","count":10,"_input_hash":754533861,"_task_hash":531273038,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380399,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9988853335,"priority":0.9988853335,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9988853335}}
+{"text":"sp hybrid atomic orbitals | The four equivalent","count":10,"_input_hash":1498280144,"_task_hash":1802816455,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380399,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9984921217,"priority":0.9984921217,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9984921217}}
+{"text":"They are equivalent in energy, and their energy is","count":10,"_input_hash":1943768216,"_task_hash":772800832,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380400,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9986079335,"priority":0.9986079335,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9986079335}}
+{"text":"orbitals are oriented in a plane at 120\u00b0 from each other.","count":10,"_input_hash":-474845468,"_task_hash":-307257419,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380400,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.997782886,"priority":0.997782886,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.997782886}}
+{"text":"acts as a protective screen, absorbing ultraviolet light","count":10,"_input_hash":-1013886615,"_task_hash":-1342126595,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380401,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.999800384,"priority":0.999800384,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999800384}}
+{"text":"that would otherwise reach the surface of the earth,","count":10,"_input_hash":1651310589,"_task_hash":1502689291,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380401,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9997375607,"priority":0.9997375607,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997375607}}
+{"text":"where it would harm plants and animals.","count":10,"_input_hash":-469729114,"_task_hash":-426515396,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380402,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9994365573,"priority":0.9994365573,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994365573}}
+{"text":"p-type semiconductor | A semiconductor that has","count":10,"_input_hash":1167082470,"_task_hash":120782764,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380405,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9850694537,"priority":0.9850694537,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9850694537}}
+{"text":"orbitals are combined (hybridized). The three hybrid","count":10,"_input_hash":-1958528797,"_task_hash":-130804801,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380406,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9981266856,"priority":0.9981266856,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9981266856}}
+{"text":"hybrid orbitals that result when one orbital and two","count":10,"_input_hash":-2030708174,"_task_hash":-586624143,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380409,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9992057681,"priority":0.9992057681,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992057681}}
+{"text":"sp hybrid atomic orbitals | The three equivalent","count":10,"_input_hash":-1306736384,"_task_hash":1645120926,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380410,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9990251064,"priority":0.9990251064,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9990251064}}
+{"text":"been doped with an impurity that has fewer valence","count":10,"_input_hash":-1988971611,"_task_hash":-180328352,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380410,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9998362064,"priority":0.9998362064,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998362064}}
+{"text":"values associated with pure and pure orbitals.","count":10,"_input_hash":615125568,"_task_hash":-190274254,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380411,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9974884987,"priority":0.9974884987,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9974884987}}
+{"text":"partial pressure | The pressure a gas in a mixture","count":10,"_input_hash":802662520,"_task_hash":-1935147924,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380411,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.999845624,"priority":0.999845624,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999845624}}
+{"text":"would exert if it were the only one present (at the same","count":10,"_input_hash":1220533744,"_task_hash":1515727181,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380411,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9994146824,"priority":0.9994146824,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994146824}}
+{"text":"in energy, and their energy is between the energy","count":10,"_input_hash":-494729233,"_task_hash":774192718,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380412,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9996823072,"priority":0.9996823072,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996823072}}
+{"text":"oriented at 180\u00b0 from each other. They are equivalent","count":10,"_input_hash":1753380739,"_task_hash":1497400610,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380412,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9968959093,"priority":0.9968959093,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9968959093}}
+{"text":"combined (hybridized). The two hybrid orbitals are","count":10,"_input_hash":1686803163,"_task_hash":910937268,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380413,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9959067106,"priority":0.9959067106,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9959067106}}
+{"text":"orbitals that result when one orbital and one orbital are","count":10,"_input_hash":760054740,"_task_hash":302525125,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380413,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9969064593,"priority":0.9969064593,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9969064593}}
+{"text":"temperature and volume).","count":10,"_input_hash":1284222708,"_task_hash":332904699,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380413,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9965808988,"priority":0.9965808988,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9965808988}}
+{"text":"parts per billion (ppb) | Micrograms of solute per","count":10,"_input_hash":-433515504,"_task_hash":-1654606628,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380414,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9959387779,"priority":0.9959387779,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9959387779}}
+{"text":"sp hybrid orbital | The two equivalent hybrid","count":10,"_input_hash":-2042698411,"_task_hash":938990289,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380414,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9994187355,"priority":0.9994187355,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994187355}}
+{"text":"parts per thousand (ppt) | Grams of solute per","count":10,"_input_hash":1960035813,"_task_hash":-957629394,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380415,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9992448092,"priority":0.9992448092,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992448092}}
+{"text":"energy values associated with pure and pure orbitals.","count":10,"_input_hash":-1393928953,"_task_hash":2114093927,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380415,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.997844696,"priority":0.997844696,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.997844696}}
+{"text":"specific heat (C ) | The number of joules required","count":10,"_input_hash":629482561,"_task_hash":853637140,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380418,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9997132421,"priority":0.9997132421,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997132421}}
+{"text":"to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1\u00b0C.","count":10,"_input_hash":-1366621932,"_task_hash":-788873585,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380418,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9958266616,"priority":0.9958266616,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9958266616}}
+{"text":"of known concentration.","count":10,"_input_hash":-863718533,"_task_hash":1130642956,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380418,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9936630726,"priority":0.9936630726,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9936630726}}
+{"text":"osmotic pressure of a solution to reverse the flow of","count":10,"_input_hash":-634855053,"_task_hash":441197176,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380419,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9998221993,"priority":0.9998221993,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998221993}}
+{"text":"stock solution | A commercially prepared solution","count":10,"_input_hash":2131957631,"_task_hash":-1428889480,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380419,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9998230338,"priority":0.9998230338,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998230338}}
+{"text":"particles that result in a chemical reaction.","count":10,"_input_hash":-950199272,"_task_hash":-1934686045,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380419,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9997138381,"priority":0.9997138381,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997138381}}
+{"text":"steric factor (p) | The fraction of orientations of","count":10,"_input_hash":1969445549,"_task_hash":-236294384,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380420,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9998488426,"priority":0.9998488426,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998488426}}
+{"text":"The conditions 0\u00b0C (273.15 K) and 1 atm pressure for","count":10,"_input_hash":-263592970,"_task_hash":1822912962,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380420,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9984992743,"priority":0.9984992743,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9984992743}}
+{"text":"concentration is precisely known.","count":10,"_input_hash":-1317058532,"_task_hash":-1793418321,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380420,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9945884943,"priority":0.9945884943,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9945884943}}
+{"text":"an ideal gas at STP (0\u00b0C and 1 atm pressure), which is","count":10,"_input_hash":-1556275567,"_task_hash":-1398661836,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380421,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9966593981,"priority":0.9966593981,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9966593981}}
+{"text":"attached to an oxygen atom of a polyatomic anion.","count":10,"_input_hash":1130132168,"_task_hash":-1641144687,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380421,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9992918968,"priority":0.9992918968,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992918968}}
+{"text":"Ozone | An unstable form of oxygen that consists of","count":10,"_input_hash":162252538,"_task_hash":402284397,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380421,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9986732006,"priority":0.9986732006,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9986732006}}
+{"text":"standard molar volume | The volume of 1 mol of","count":10,"_input_hash":-167422911,"_task_hash":866771927,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380422,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9989572763,"priority":0.9989572763,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989572763}}
+{"text":"all reactants and products in their standard state.","count":10,"_input_hash":-1042748249,"_task_hash":-2042048324,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380422,"common_values":0.0,"label":"lose","score":0.9993920326,"priority":0.9993920326,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993920326}}
+{"text":"change that occurs when a reaction is carried out with","count":10,"_input_hash":-1402492222,"_task_hash":66231658,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680380423,"common_values":0.0,"label":"keep","score":0.9993219376,"priority":0.9993219376,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993219376}}
+{"text":"6","count":4264,"_input_hash":-1639312927,"_task_hash":-1756005670,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381778,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.5047092438,"priority":0.5047092438,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5047092438}}
+{"text":".","count":3860,"_input_hash":473075621,"_task_hash":1415051334,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381779,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.4631528556,"priority":0.4631528556,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4631528556}}
+{"text":"2","count":50389,"_input_hash":-784123405,"_task_hash":-87530431,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381780,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.5707693696,"priority":0.5707693696,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5707693696}}
+{"text":"3+","count":2228,"_input_hash":-1778690186,"_task_hash":-66407018,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381781,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.4009913206,"priority":0.4009913206,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4009913206}}
+{"text":"-","count":2182,"_input_hash":1466051839,"_task_hash":-53861384,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381782,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.6051037908,"priority":0.6051037908,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6051037908}}
+{"text":"2\u2212","count":2019,"_input_hash":968465671,"_task_hash":54551260,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381783,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.6356894374,"priority":0.6356894374,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6356894374}}
+{"text":"\u2212","count":6677,"_input_hash":-1406204490,"_task_hash":-1195107358,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381783,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.3633382618,"priority":0.3633382618,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3633382618}}
+{"text":"[","count":3798,"_input_hash":-1589577399,"_task_hash":-2137810283,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381784,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.3539729714,"priority":0.3539729714,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3539729714}}
+{"text":"C","count":1761,"_input_hash":-1852224253,"_task_hash":210813205,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381784,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.6818875074,"priority":0.6818875074,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6818875074}}
+{"text":"e\u2212","count":2032,"_input_hash":1582140077,"_task_hash":-1112817449,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381785,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.3169553578,"priority":0.3169553578,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3169553578}}
+{"text":"(aq)","count":4007,"_input_hash":-1212760419,"_task_hash":1978015533,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381786,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.6858553886,"priority":0.6858553886,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6858553886}}
+{"text":"Table ","count":1732,"_input_hash":874202212,"_task_hash":-1019707737,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381786,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.381159097,"priority":0.381159097,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.381159097}}
+{"text":"\u00d7","count":1728,"_input_hash":372279415,"_task_hash":-1257430653,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381787,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.0766188279,"priority":0.0766188279,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.0766188279}}
+{"text":"\uf00c Example ","count":1703,"_input_hash":-351655413,"_task_hash":-1538695658,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381787,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.4752230644,"priority":0.4752230644,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4752230644}}
+{"text":"a","count":1664,"_input_hash":-1808989213,"_task_hash":-1426044472,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381788,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.2362969816,"priority":0.2362969816,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2362969816}}
+{"text":"H3O+","count":1572,"_input_hash":1217174506,"_task_hash":1407723943,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381788,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.2405057549,"priority":0.2405057549,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2405057549}}
+{"text":"(g)","count":1515,"_input_hash":1006543997,"_task_hash":-1011018475,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381789,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.1250441968,"priority":0.1250441968,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1250441968}}
+{"text":"(aq) +","count":1504,"_input_hash":2068907410,"_task_hash":-1168868573,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381789,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.8158749938,"priority":0.8158749938,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8158749938}}
+{"text":"Strategy:","count":1406,"_input_hash":-1913363455,"_task_hash":310992178,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381791,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.4959593713,"priority":0.4959593713,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4959593713}}
+{"text":", ","count":1397,"_input_hash":1339614826,"_task_hash":-2028676659,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381792,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6039607525,"priority":0.6039607525,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6039607525}}
+{"text":"o","count":1375,"_input_hash":715946209,"_task_hash":-623705227,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381792,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.1341957599,"priority":0.1341957599,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1341957599}}
+{"text":"10","count":1373,"_input_hash":1254603855,"_task_hash":-488339463,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381793,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.4804580212,"priority":0.4804580212,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4804580212}}
+{"text":"O","count":1315,"_input_hash":2103523226,"_task_hash":-1388073106,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381793,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.4056728184,"priority":0.4056728184,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4056728184}}
+{"text":"2 3","count":1274,"_input_hash":416406923,"_task_hash":-1187345341,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381793,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8751750588,"priority":0.8751750588,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8751750588}}
+{"text":").","count":1264,"_input_hash":-477411936,"_task_hash":928462390,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381794,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.4577103555,"priority":0.4577103555,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4577103555}}
+{"text":"sp","count":1229,"_input_hash":-1228987101,"_task_hash":-1682121068,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381794,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.5314795971,"priority":0.5314795971,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5314795971}}
+{"text":"Summary ","count":1169,"_input_hash":-1484924040,"_task_hash":1767781365,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381810,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.4720092118,"priority":0.4720092118,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4720092118}}
+{"text":"-1","count":1134,"_input_hash":-946314413,"_task_hash":1558647908,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381811,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.3877746463,"priority":0.3877746463,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3877746463}}
+{"text":"m","count":1120,"_input_hash":1369651553,"_task_hash":245028872,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381811,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.5877385736,"priority":0.5877385736,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5877385736}}
+{"text":"mol","count":1110,"_input_hash":-52364655,"_task_hash":638851793,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381811,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.5003076196,"priority":0.5003076196,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5003076196}}
+{"text":"K","count":1106,"_input_hash":-25255882,"_task_hash":206755640,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381812,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9242033958,"priority":0.9242033958,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9242033958}}
+{"text":"a. ","count":1099,"_input_hash":789078037,"_task_hash":1842462936,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381812,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.899952352,"priority":0.899952352,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.899952352}}
+{"text":"7","count":1094,"_input_hash":372028165,"_task_hash":-121547287,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381813,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.2077607512,"priority":0.2077607512,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2077607512}}
+{"text":"\u0394","count":1080,"_input_hash":-1236466543,"_task_hash":-2143855486,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381813,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.3734493852,"priority":0.3734493852,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3734493852}}
+{"text":"8","count":1077,"_input_hash":2018066853,"_task_hash":-1472841914,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381814,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.8547225595,"priority":0.8547225595,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8547225595}}
+{"text":"3 2","count":1073,"_input_hash":114578306,"_task_hash":1020274067,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381814,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8487731218,"priority":0.8487731218,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8487731218}}
+{"text":":","count":1068,"_input_hash":300008326,"_task_hash":307946349,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381815,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7586075664,"priority":0.7586075664,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7586075664}}
+{"text":"OH\u2212","count":1066,"_input_hash":598730358,"_task_hash":821665555,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381815,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.5189067125,"priority":0.5189067125,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5189067125}}
+{"text":"Solution:","count":1034,"_input_hash":828036868,"_task_hash":-1811282569,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381816,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.3495717049,"priority":0.3495717049,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3495717049}}
+{"text":"\u20131","count":988,"_input_hash":-912580018,"_task_hash":-1346345156,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381816,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.4967960417,"priority":0.4967960417,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4967960417}}
+{"text":"Ka","count":985,"_input_hash":-1844990221,"_task_hash":-1437753430,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381817,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.2587447166,"priority":0.2587447166,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2587447166}}
+{"text":"2 2","count":985,"_input_hash":-554711380,"_task_hash":1058968456,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381817,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7182416916,"priority":0.7182416916,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7182416916}}
+{"text":"\u22121","count":954,"_input_hash":-1923717478,"_task_hash":656161412,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381818,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.2372060567,"priority":0.2372060567,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2372060567}}
+{"text":"A","count":928,"_input_hash":2101784481,"_task_hash":1159207346,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381818,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.4568500221,"priority":0.4568500221,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4568500221}}
+{"text":"H +","count":911,"_input_hash":-1526664461,"_task_hash":1705252001,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381819,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6423863173,"priority":0.6423863173,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6423863173}}
+{"text":"N2","count":907,"_input_hash":-1898202525,"_task_hash":1586131942,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381819,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.3302750587,"priority":0.3302750587,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3302750587}}
+{"text":"g","count":863,"_input_hash":679359029,"_task_hash":-1783629322,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381820,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.2280734777,"priority":0.2280734777,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2280734777}}
+{"text":"P","count":854,"_input_hash":916935363,"_task_hash":1182401891,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381820,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.5859032869,"priority":0.5859032869,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5859032869}}
+{"text":"b","count":816,"_input_hash":748838038,"_task_hash":216255792,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381821,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7187886834,"priority":0.7187886834,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7187886834}}
+{"text":"14","count":805,"_input_hash":-423927864,"_task_hash":-436451661,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381821,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.4292524159,"priority":0.4292524159,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4292524159}}
+{"text":"s","count":804,"_input_hash":454940421,"_task_hash":-1637025116,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381822,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.5157136321,"priority":0.5157136321,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5157136321}}
+{"text":"Answer a","count":780,"_input_hash":1040548914,"_task_hash":1220789589,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381822,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.0876724795,"priority":0.0876724795,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.0876724795}}
+{"text":"\u2192","count":771,"_input_hash":1682357120,"_task_hash":569791729,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381823,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.6964880824,"priority":0.6964880824,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6964880824}}
+{"text":"2 5","count":738,"_input_hash":2014611412,"_task_hash":-527212436,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381823,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.972705245,"priority":0.972705245,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.972705245}}
+{"text":"Summary","count":738,"_input_hash":-127106776,"_task_hash":-414198127,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381824,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6030043364,"priority":0.6030043364,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6030043364}}
+{"text":"NH3","count":734,"_input_hash":-1019605198,"_task_hash":1273646820,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381824,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6862758994,"priority":0.6862758994,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6862758994}}
+{"text":"(s)","count":718,"_input_hash":290244218,"_task_hash":684373473,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381825,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.1151758879,"priority":0.1151758879,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1151758879}}
+{"text":"M","count":709,"_input_hash":-241340981,"_task_hash":-1694056432,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381825,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.0215016548,"priority":0.0215016548,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.0215016548}}
+{"text":"OH2","count":694,"_input_hash":-741013065,"_task_hash":-180430676,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381826,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7990671992,"priority":0.7990671992,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7990671992}}
+{"text":"c","count":683,"_input_hash":-600324218,"_task_hash":-1718943832,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381826,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9377851486,"priority":0.9377851486,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9377851486}}
+{"text":"p","count":677,"_input_hash":-1709477328,"_task_hash":-1857505656,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381827,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8463567495,"priority":0.8463567495,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8463567495}}
+{"text":"NO2","count":671,"_input_hash":-1664118192,"_task_hash":-394594001,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381863,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.0834324583,"priority":0.0834324583,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.0834324583}}
+{"text":"Cl\u2212","count":669,"_input_hash":-2117656666,"_task_hash":-747851682,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381863,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.1863090843,"priority":0.1863090843,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1863090843}}
+{"text":",","count":662,"_input_hash":-1739696885,"_task_hash":-1980426621,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381864,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9578715563,"priority":0.9578715563,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9578715563}}
+{"text":"10\u22123","count":660,"_input_hash":559390150,"_task_hash":378904229,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381864,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.560241282,"priority":0.560241282,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.560241282}}
+{"text":"10\u22124","count":656,"_input_hash":-1116415802,"_task_hash":505243480,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381865,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9667838216,"priority":0.9667838216,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9667838216}}
+{"text":"c. ","count":656,"_input_hash":678528166,"_task_hash":106781596,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381866,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6336521506,"priority":0.6336521506,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6336521506}}
+{"text":"CHAPTER OVERVIEW","count":646,"_input_hash":1514399607,"_task_hash":384917877,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680381868,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6462207437,"priority":0.6462207437,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6462207437}}
+{"text":"HCl","count":606,"_input_hash":776644718,"_task_hash":-1823401734,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381869,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.1830880791,"priority":0.1830880791,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1830880791}}
+{"text":"LibreTexts.","count":593,"_input_hash":175816945,"_task_hash":334941695,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680381871,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.1910812259,"priority":0.1910812259,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1910812259}}
+{"text":"9","count":590,"_input_hash":42709192,"_task_hash":1675904452,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381873,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.0331928581,"priority":0.0331928581,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.0331928581}}
+{"text":"H \u2212","count":573,"_input_hash":-625779854,"_task_hash":-1560590143,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381874,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.7539092302,"priority":0.7539092302,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7539092302}}
+{"text":"pKa","count":558,"_input_hash":-946889697,"_task_hash":-255460608,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381874,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6376095414,"priority":0.6376095414,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6376095414}}
+{"text":"B","count":554,"_input_hash":1555316690,"_task_hash":-1555284544,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381874,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.1363307089,"priority":0.1363307089,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1363307089}}
+{"text":"I2","count":554,"_input_hash":620322004,"_task_hash":-1061773477,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381875,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.785104692,"priority":0.785104692,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.785104692}}
+{"text":"V","count":553,"_input_hash":-725413218,"_task_hash":388768340,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381875,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.0305183977,"priority":0.0305183977,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.0305183977}}
+{"text":"T","count":546,"_input_hash":-901579681,"_task_hash":-272437873,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381876,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7544559836,"priority":0.7544559836,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7544559836}}
+{"text":"Ksp","count":543,"_input_hash":1259686966,"_task_hash":103677924,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381876,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8173040152,"priority":0.8173040152,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8173040152}}
+{"text":"1. ","count":541,"_input_hash":-927873343,"_task_hash":-319317544,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381878,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.5959429741,"priority":0.5959429741,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5959429741}}
+{"text":"2 6","count":539,"_input_hash":-1218896880,"_task_hash":1225178136,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381879,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.6528228521,"priority":0.6528228521,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6528228521}}
+{"text":"Kp","count":536,"_input_hash":732763283,"_task_hash":429127680,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381879,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.4635709822,"priority":0.4635709822,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4635709822}}
+{"text":", and ","count":536,"_input_hash":-2118552118,"_task_hash":1236269410,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381879,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.6871162653,"priority":0.6871162653,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6871162653}}
+{"text":" 10","count":532,"_input_hash":-1407190356,"_task_hash":804585001,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381880,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.110827744,"priority":0.110827744,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.110827744}}
+{"text":"\u221a","count":532,"_input_hash":-937800477,"_task_hash":1807564427,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381880,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.7085343003,"priority":0.7085343003,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7085343003}}
+{"text":"(aq) + 2","count":531,"_input_hash":1025806278,"_task_hash":-30969238,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381881,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.4511125684,"priority":0.4511125684,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4511125684}}
+{"text":"Kb","count":528,"_input_hash":-457725546,"_task_hash":548170777,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381881,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9237946868,"priority":0.9237946868,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9237946868}}
+{"text":"L","count":520,"_input_hash":1831288895,"_task_hash":1962716000,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381882,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.5735003352,"priority":0.5735003352,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5735003352}}
+{"text":"F","count":515,"_input_hash":-1511096410,"_task_hash":1179920058,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381883,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.2220492363,"priority":0.2220492363,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2220492363}}
+{"text":"E \u2218","count":506,"_input_hash":-294782475,"_task_hash":-510768327,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381883,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9573600292,"priority":0.9573600292,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9573600292}}
+{"text":"O3","count":503,"_input_hash":-297434980,"_task_hash":-250810905,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381883,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.2672198117,"priority":0.2672198117,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2672198117}}
+{"text":"10\u22125","count":503,"_input_hash":-1665910241,"_task_hash":1265454502,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381884,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.6781541109,"priority":0.6781541109,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6781541109}}
+{"text":"l","count":499,"_input_hash":-1962634170,"_task_hash":139412996,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381884,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.0639301166,"priority":0.0639301166,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.0639301166}}
+{"text":"NaCl","count":481,"_input_hash":230127015,"_task_hash":2084246968,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381885,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.4556606114,"priority":0.4556606114,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4556606114}}
+{"text":"\u22122","count":467,"_input_hash":-496960949,"_task_hash":-170602690,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381885,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.6754381657,"priority":0.6754381657,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6754381657}}
+{"text":"\u21cc","count":458,"_input_hash":171267971,"_task_hash":1045430708,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381886,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.0318687521,"priority":0.0318687521,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.0318687521}}
+{"text":"10\u22122","count":457,"_input_hash":-1933640881,"_task_hash":32454608,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381886,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8995827436,"priority":0.8995827436,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8995827436}}
+{"text":"J","count":455,"_input_hash":1231145618,"_task_hash":388308287,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381887,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.176686734,"priority":0.176686734,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.176686734}}
+{"text":"2-","count":446,"_input_hash":-1692528967,"_task_hash":-1167557552,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381887,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.462885946,"priority":0.462885946,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.462885946}}
+{"text":"Answer c","count":446,"_input_hash":-1898534883,"_task_hash":1750439242,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381887,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7564959526,"priority":0.7564959526,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7564959526}}
+{"text":"\u22125","count":445,"_input_hash":1891927941,"_task_hash":-323199875,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381888,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.5252874494,"priority":0.5252874494,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5252874494}}
+{"text":"?","count":444,"_input_hash":1595028365,"_task_hash":-1668871243,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381889,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8779265285,"priority":0.8779265285,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8779265285}}
+{"text":"\u0394t","count":440,"_input_hash":720784466,"_task_hash":371250731,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381889,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.0520039387,"priority":0.0520039387,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.0520039387}}
+{"text":"r","count":440,"_input_hash":437191523,"_task_hash":-1535846964,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381889,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.7485385537,"priority":0.7485385537,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7485385537}}
+{"text":"1 mol","count":437,"_input_hash":1351447431,"_task_hash":-1165754004,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381890,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.1065664813,"priority":0.1065664813,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1065664813}}
+{"text":"+ 2","count":429,"_input_hash":-2011979673,"_task_hash":1667223514,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381890,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6216425896,"priority":0.6216425896,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6216425896}}
+{"text":"\u22124","count":424,"_input_hash":-1716651719,"_task_hash":997401177,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381891,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.2830333412,"priority":0.2830333412,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2830333412}}
+{"text":"HCO\u2212","count":418,"_input_hash":-1258500620,"_task_hash":-775045976,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381891,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.2755621374,"priority":0.2755621374,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2755621374}}
+{"text":"R","count":417,"_input_hash":-166089256,"_task_hash":-2012490322,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381892,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.4402496219,"priority":0.4402496219,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4402496219}}
+{"text":"OH","count":414,"_input_hash":-23312176,"_task_hash":1700766426,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381892,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.046831049,"priority":0.046831049,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.046831049}}
+{"text":"O\u2212","count":412,"_input_hash":-1505227156,"_task_hash":220768675,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381893,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.0621602349,"priority":0.0621602349,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.0621602349}}
+{"text":"request.","count":412,"_input_hash":341483022,"_task_hash":1712531517,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381894,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.2633590996,"priority":0.2633590996,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2633590996}}
+{"text":"NO\u2212","count":410,"_input_hash":1780354316,"_task_hash":-1610365917,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381894,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.2972228825,"priority":0.2972228825,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2972228825}}
+{"text":"y","count":406,"_input_hash":2016919357,"_task_hash":1049185392,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381895,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.0257520229,"priority":0.0257520229,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.0257520229}}
+{"text":"\u0394H","count":406,"_input_hash":-1142940606,"_task_hash":-369633115,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381895,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.2348770052,"priority":0.2348770052,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2348770052}}
+{"text":"3 4","count":406,"_input_hash":-1696925485,"_task_hash":-559422268,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381896,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9820514917,"priority":0.9820514917,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9820514917}}
+{"text":"CH3","count":405,"_input_hash":-366103199,"_task_hash":-788420590,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381896,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.2177806646,"priority":0.2177806646,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2177806646}}
+{"text":" or ","count":402,"_input_hash":1458414059,"_task_hash":-1175128189,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381896,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6529372931,"priority":0.6529372931,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6529372931}}
+{"text":"CO","count":402,"_input_hash":1452360064,"_task_hash":-1128864583,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381897,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.3977773786,"priority":0.3977773786,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3977773786}}
+{"text":"K =","count":398,"_input_hash":1356764663,"_task_hash":1491115919,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381897,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9699866176,"priority":0.9699866176,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9699866176}}
+{"text":"none","count":393,"_input_hash":-2060746214,"_task_hash":1478244626,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381897,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.0388541073,"priority":0.0388541073,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.0388541073}}
+{"text":"S","count":388,"_input_hash":-1323876244,"_task_hash":1810854216,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381898,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8447209001,"priority":0.8447209001,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8447209001}}
+{"text":"Kw","count":387,"_input_hash":851713264,"_task_hash":-770996522,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381898,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9909630418,"priority":0.9909630418,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9909630418}}
+{"text":" and ","count":377,"_input_hash":893817768,"_task_hash":966957144,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381899,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7597497106,"priority":0.7597497106,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7597497106}}
+{"text":"4.0","count":377,"_input_hash":303744269,"_task_hash":296445391,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381902,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.1077152863,"priority":0.1077152863,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1077152863}}
+{"text":"CH3CO2","count":376,"_input_hash":733694711,"_task_hash":-2021342752,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381903,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.797162652,"priority":0.797162652,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.797162652}}
+{"text":"N2O4","count":375,"_input_hash":-1311728057,"_task_hash":167762972,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381903,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8384128213,"priority":0.8384128213,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8384128213}}
+{"text":"1 L","count":372,"_input_hash":-89302537,"_task_hash":1493882600,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381904,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.8502651453,"priority":0.8502651453,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8502651453}}
+{"text":"10\u22127","count":369,"_input_hash":2097791611,"_task_hash":-1021035419,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381904,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7675394416,"priority":0.7675394416,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7675394416}}
+{"text":"w","count":367,"_input_hash":1226197536,"_task_hash":967803832,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381904,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9566536546,"priority":0.9566536546,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9566536546}}
+{"text":"H3","count":363,"_input_hash":-1206667049,"_task_hash":327398560,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381905,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.209538728,"priority":0.209538728,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.209538728}}
+{"text":"1s","count":357,"_input_hash":-319447576,"_task_hash":-741847550,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381905,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.2961250544,"priority":0.2961250544,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2961250544}}
+{"text":"I","count":356,"_input_hash":-617204244,"_task_hash":-843913224,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381905,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.5683826208,"priority":0.5683826208,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5683826208}}
+{"text":"H \u2218","count":355,"_input_hash":1520834619,"_task_hash":-1836656368,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381906,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.7147489786,"priority":0.7147489786,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7147489786}}
+{"text":"d. ","count":354,"_input_hash":581965696,"_task_hash":-1742620615,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381906,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.1100915745,"priority":0.1100915745,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1100915745}}
+{"text":"Answers","count":354,"_input_hash":231022847,"_task_hash":273145484,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381906,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.269228816,"priority":0.269228816,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.269228816}}
+{"text":"\u20133","count":348,"_input_hash":-1849561211,"_task_hash":1423124582,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381907,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9118185043,"priority":0.9118185043,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9118185043}}
+{"text":"pH","count":345,"_input_hash":-121712594,"_task_hash":-541212952,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381907,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.5869420767,"priority":0.5869420767,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5869420767}}
+{"text":"RT","count":342,"_input_hash":-1710006034,"_task_hash":-346144876,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381907,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.6303486228,"priority":0.6303486228,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6303486228}}
+{"text":"Example ","count":341,"_input_hash":1357958844,"_task_hash":496652634,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381908,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9311586618,"priority":0.9311586618,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9311586618}}
+{"text":"CH","count":328,"_input_hash":415498219,"_task_hash":2041138561,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381908,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.226565659,"priority":0.226565659,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.226565659}}
+{"text":"Na+","count":326,"_input_hash":-1052236859,"_task_hash":-1707978256,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381908,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6354315877,"priority":0.6354315877,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6354315877}}
+{"text":"\u2218","count":325,"_input_hash":2057675891,"_task_hash":-1834016371,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381909,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.7099197507,"priority":0.7099197507,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7099197507}}
+{"text":"= [","count":322,"_input_hash":674546060,"_task_hash":282538291,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381909,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.1875709444,"priority":0.1875709444,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1875709444}}
+{"text":"4+","count":321,"_input_hash":-186747390,"_task_hash":-476267389,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381910,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9935685396,"priority":0.9935685396,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9935685396}}
+{"text":"3. ","count":321,"_input_hash":-886012189,"_task_hash":1098360928,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381910,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.2405856848,"priority":0.2405856848,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2405856848}}
+{"text":"298","count":319,"_input_hash":-510941256,"_task_hash":-27547129,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381910,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6260140538,"priority":0.6260140538,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6260140538}}
+{"text":"103","count":318,"_input_hash":745999703,"_task_hash":1454245871,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381911,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.6362056732,"priority":0.6362056732,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6362056732}}
+{"text":"\u03b1","count":315,"_input_hash":670763339,"_task_hash":-1031624773,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381911,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.5395827889,"priority":0.5395827889,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5395827889}}
+{"text":"(aq) \u2192","count":314,"_input_hash":-385097504,"_task_hash":1008295907,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381911,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9853715301,"priority":0.9853715301,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9853715301}}
+{"text":"i","count":312,"_input_hash":33216936,"_task_hash":-1783181589,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381911,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6114880443,"priority":0.6114880443,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6114880443}}
+{"text":"k","count":310,"_input_hash":207009889,"_task_hash":2108752259,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381912,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.205431506,"priority":0.205431506,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.205431506}}
+{"text":"Fe","count":306,"_input_hash":-1597582599,"_task_hash":1015831048,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381912,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9732506275,"priority":0.9732506275,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9732506275}}
+{"text":"z","count":305,"_input_hash":-1159904515,"_task_hash":-305908613,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381913,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.5660105348,"priority":0.5660105348,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5660105348}}
+{"text":"e","count":304,"_input_hash":-1233905057,"_task_hash":-1235841381,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381913,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.1925028712,"priority":0.1925028712,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1925028712}}
+{"text":"H o","count":304,"_input_hash":-1539221464,"_task_hash":700772503,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381913,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9727956057,"priority":0.9727956057,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9727956057}}
+{"text":"l\u2212","count":304,"_input_hash":-439148168,"_task_hash":-758350683,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381914,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7861174941,"priority":0.7861174941,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7861174941}}
+{"text":"16","count":300,"_input_hash":-343056218,"_task_hash":-531296524,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381914,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.2567978799,"priority":0.2567978799,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2567978799}}
+{"text":"(g) +","count":298,"_input_hash":541054898,"_task_hash":-1666707671,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381914,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9764677882,"priority":0.9764677882,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9764677882}}
+{"text":"60","count":295,"_input_hash":1074144468,"_task_hash":762272207,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381915,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8645835519,"priority":0.8645835519,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8645835519}}
+{"text":"\u22126","count":295,"_input_hash":-1396795858,"_task_hash":-607821575,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381915,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.5238935351,"priority":0.5238935351,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5238935351}}
+{"text":"eq","count":293,"_input_hash":885982087,"_task_hash":-584734839,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381916,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8349410295,"priority":0.8349410295,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8349410295}}
+{"text":"100","count":291,"_input_hash":-1606855846,"_task_hash":235884983,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381916,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7142567039,"priority":0.7142567039,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7142567039}}
+{"text":"l2","count":290,"_input_hash":1798001026,"_task_hash":1043715276,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381916,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.5031827688,"priority":0.5031827688,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5031827688}}
+{"text":"or","count":289,"_input_hash":-1703537495,"_task_hash":-1722819551,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381917,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.185357824,"priority":0.185357824,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.185357824}}
+{"text":"NaOH","count":288,"_input_hash":5563082,"_task_hash":898635570,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381917,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9731155038,"priority":0.9731155038,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9731155038}}
+{"text":"(OH)2","count":288,"_input_hash":1274338712,"_task_hash":1055823987,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381918,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9917570949,"priority":0.9917570949,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9917570949}}
+{"text":"235","count":288,"_input_hash":-718631335,"_task_hash":-1923635452,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381918,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.991047442,"priority":0.991047442,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.991047442}}
+{"text":"n2","count":287,"_input_hash":2102596156,"_task_hash":-741412692,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381918,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.950519383,"priority":0.950519383,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.950519383}}
+{"text":"= \u2212","count":287,"_input_hash":441189141,"_task_hash":-121228714,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381918,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.4477199912,"priority":0.4477199912,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4477199912}}
+{"text":"Ea","count":286,"_input_hash":-1711636179,"_task_hash":1743617839,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381919,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7965607047,"priority":0.7965607047,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7965607047}}
+{"text":"mL","count":286,"_input_hash":392811980,"_task_hash":395427088,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381920,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.8999124765,"priority":0.8999124765,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8999124765}}
+{"text":"Answer d","count":286,"_input_hash":-101192381,"_task_hash":-1472721926,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381920,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.2191042602,"priority":0.2191042602,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2191042602}}
+{"text":"4 3","count":283,"_input_hash":1161582951,"_task_hash":1791804617,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381920,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7030819058,"priority":0.7030819058,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7030819058}}
+{"text":"15","count":282,"_input_hash":-902457195,"_task_hash":-1518709112,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381921,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6316188574,"priority":0.6316188574,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6316188574}}
+{"text":"Ca","count":282,"_input_hash":-1197808763,"_task_hash":-149189755,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381921,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.2520293295,"priority":0.2520293295,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2520293295}}
+{"text":"18","count":281,"_input_hash":-1213183927,"_task_hash":1368545619,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381924,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.5867473483,"priority":0.5867473483,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5867473483}}
+{"text":"BY-NC-SA 4.0","count":280,"_input_hash":194034259,"_task_hash":-1802278934,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680381929,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.4575074613,"priority":0.4575074613,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4575074613}}
+{"text":"NH+","count":280,"_input_hash":246734287,"_task_hash":87666465,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381929,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.1559999734,"priority":0.1559999734,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1559999734}}
+{"text":"pKb","count":280,"_input_hash":-812190104,"_task_hash":-1008859390,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381930,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.7989174724,"priority":0.7989174724,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7989174724}}
+{"text":"\u03c0","count":278,"_input_hash":214722837,"_task_hash":1854367632,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381930,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9272806048,"priority":0.9272806048,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9272806048}}
+{"text":"Exercise","count":277,"_input_hash":-152264673,"_task_hash":-1914784722,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381930,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9487232566,"priority":0.9487232566,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9487232566}}
+{"text":"Substance","count":276,"_input_hash":820104010,"_task_hash":1641041327,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381931,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.802038312,"priority":0.802038312,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.802038312}}
+{"text":"3 6","count":273,"_input_hash":-294163398,"_task_hash":640831935,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381932,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9754578471,"priority":0.9754578471,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9754578471}}
+{"text":"Al","count":270,"_input_hash":1802577407,"_task_hash":-1551737338,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381933,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9555065632,"priority":0.9555065632,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9555065632}}
+{"text":"G\u2218","count":270,"_input_hash":1564326936,"_task_hash":935554479,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381934,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.956884563,"priority":0.956884563,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.956884563}}
+{"text":"\u0394Go","count":270,"_input_hash":-1187373525,"_task_hash":1846427169,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381934,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.2869101167,"priority":0.2869101167,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2869101167}}
+{"text":"] =","count":270,"_input_hash":666116252,"_task_hash":-887361854,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381934,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6833475232,"priority":0.6833475232,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6833475232}}
+{"text":"with ","count":269,"_input_hash":1849463439,"_task_hash":1768901326,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381935,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.5212760568,"priority":0.5212760568,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5212760568}}
+{"text":"t","count":268,"_input_hash":-609105382,"_task_hash":-133384296,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381935,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9777750373,"priority":0.9777750373,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9777750373}}
+{"text":"where ","count":265,"_input_hash":450220634,"_task_hash":131920575,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381935,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6203352809,"priority":0.6203352809,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6203352809}}
+{"text":"238","count":265,"_input_hash":-1158362710,"_task_hash":2108967876,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381936,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.121297203,"priority":0.121297203,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.121297203}}
+{"text":"25","count":264,"_input_hash":230261373,"_task_hash":-767051879,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381936,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.384619832,"priority":0.384619832,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.384619832}}
+{"text":"\u00a0","count":263,"_input_hash":565219572,"_task_hash":-989132795,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381937,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9402574301,"priority":0.9402574301,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9402574301}}
+{"text":"\u2212\u2192","count":261,"_input_hash":1372053282,"_task_hash":-282586229,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381937,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9785016775,"priority":0.9785016775,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9785016775}}
+{"text":"OH \u2212","count":260,"_input_hash":-1599576861,"_task_hash":1884992106,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381938,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.5872985721,"priority":0.5872985721,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5872985721}}
+{"text":"\uf128 Exercise ","count":256,"_input_hash":-1430128600,"_task_hash":1800518452,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381939,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.5854514837,"priority":0.5854514837,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5854514837}}
+{"text":"Learning Objectives","count":255,"_input_hash":1600092588,"_task_hash":-2028263379,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680381942,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9780298471,"priority":0.9780298471,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9780298471}}
+{"text":"\u239b","count":255,"_input_hash":-1666274821,"_task_hash":-1480705038,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381944,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7645844817,"priority":0.7645844817,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7645844817}}
+{"text":"\u239e","count":255,"_input_hash":494632117,"_task_hash":-1830247762,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381945,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9920833111,"priority":0.9920833111,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9920833111}}
+{"text":"H2SO4","count":255,"_input_hash":-974468919,"_task_hash":1331207316,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381946,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9754040241,"priority":0.9754040241,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9754040241}}
+{"text":"\u23a0","count":255,"_input_hash":1215696985,"_task_hash":1939317434,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381946,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8038473725,"priority":0.8038473725,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8038473725}}
+{"text":"\u239d","count":255,"_input_hash":-476399365,"_task_hash":391402616,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381953,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9610378146,"priority":0.9610378146,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9610378146}}
+{"text":";","count":252,"_input_hash":863593316,"_task_hash":232360433,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381954,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6647877097,"priority":0.6647877097,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6647877097}}
+{"text":"rxn","count":251,"_input_hash":-960796307,"_task_hash":2120470799,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381954,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.2862203121,"priority":0.2862203121,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2862203121}}
+{"text":"d","count":250,"_input_hash":-1656380824,"_task_hash":-1276813522,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381955,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.1917015463,"priority":0.1917015463,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1917015463}}
+{"text":"3.0","count":249,"_input_hash":38391547,"_task_hash":-943099431,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381960,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.2147302479,"priority":0.2147302479,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2147302479}}
+{"text":"(cid:0) Edit page","count":248,"_input_hash":-100933176,"_task_hash":1740008097,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680381961,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9866928458,"priority":0.9866928458,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9866928458}}
+{"text":"Tips:","count":248,"_input_hash":734016129,"_task_hash":-189189417,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381963,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.5360282063,"priority":0.5360282063,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5360282063}}
+{"text":"Save.","count":248,"_input_hash":-24903387,"_task_hash":-79188163,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381969,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9760766625,"priority":0.9760766625,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9760766625}}
+{"text":"SO2","count":246,"_input_hash":1155427456,"_task_hash":-1126300708,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381970,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.7943045497,"priority":0.7943045497,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7943045497}}
+{"text":"4(aq)","count":245,"_input_hash":1935379611,"_task_hash":-738222492,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381970,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9821186066,"priority":0.9821186066,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9821186066}}
+{"text":"Attribution ","count":243,"_input_hash":1488169308,"_task_hash":1064099081,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381974,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.967641592,"priority":0.967641592,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.967641592}}
+{"text":"+x","count":242,"_input_hash":120634379,"_task_hash":-1332078112,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381974,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.6195346713,"priority":0.6195346713,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6195346713}}
+{"text":"(a) ","count":240,"_input_hash":-1213364371,"_task_hash":-672369001,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381975,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9968986511,"priority":0.9968986511,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9968986511}}
+{"text":"4. ","count":239,"_input_hash":1926935704,"_task_hash":746174581,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381975,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.858469367,"priority":0.858469367,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.858469367}}
+{"text":"Equation ","count":239,"_input_hash":-34454545,"_task_hash":-2008945110,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381976,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.4231540859,"priority":0.4231540859,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4231540859}}
+{"text":"40","count":238,"_input_hash":-122964868,"_task_hash":1451996818,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381976,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.7414236069,"priority":0.7414236069,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7414236069}}
+{"text":"Video Topics","count":238,"_input_hash":-866046070,"_task_hash":1199765341,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680381978,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.829341352,"priority":0.829341352,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.829341352}}
+{"text":"kJ","count":238,"_input_hash":-446831650,"_task_hash":644526568,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381980,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9989000559,"priority":0.9989000559,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989000559}}
+{"text":"4 10","count":237,"_input_hash":-669204066,"_task_hash":2104241285,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381983,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9741831422,"priority":0.9741831422,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9741831422}}
+{"text":"NC-SA 4.0","count":237,"_input_hash":885739240,"_task_hash":-217588955,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680381984,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9577690959,"priority":0.9577690959,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9577690959}}
+{"text":"6 5","count":235,"_input_hash":-603226421,"_task_hash":-1821407712,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381985,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9838719368,"priority":0.9838719368,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9838719368}}
+{"text":"E","count":233,"_input_hash":-1371319453,"_task_hash":-1699487050,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381986,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9847301841,"priority":0.9847301841,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9847301841}}
+{"text":"Glossary","count":232,"_input_hash":-558805571,"_task_hash":1516198800,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680381990,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9120954871,"priority":0.9120954871,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9120954871}}
+{"text":"x2","count":231,"_input_hash":745037350,"_task_hash":-969904196,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381991,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.370141238,"priority":0.370141238,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.370141238}}
+{"text":"11","count":230,"_input_hash":-1789291377,"_task_hash":-1460825841,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381991,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.6005405188,"priority":0.6005405188,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6005405188}}
+{"text":"comb","count":230,"_input_hash":-1041735279,"_task_hash":-1351634331,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381992,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9415262341,"priority":0.9415262341,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9415262341}}
+{"text":"C2H5","count":229,"_input_hash":-848619088,"_task_hash":-334051303,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381992,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.5365890861,"priority":0.5365890861,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5365890861}}
+{"text":"CaCl2","count":228,"_input_hash":1155925736,"_task_hash":627066957,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381992,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9592247009,"priority":0.9592247009,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9592247009}}
+{"text":"10\u22126","count":228,"_input_hash":-1477670800,"_task_hash":-1332148510,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381993,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8939315677,"priority":0.8939315677,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8939315677}}
+{"text":"T2","count":227,"_input_hash":-875071640,"_task_hash":1139161384,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381993,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9252684712,"priority":0.9252684712,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9252684712}}
+{"text":"SO2\u2212","count":227,"_input_hash":-495861411,"_task_hash":243918703,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381994,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9717389941,"priority":0.9717389941,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9717389941}}
+{"text":"O2(g)","count":227,"_input_hash":-2029921418,"_task_hash":1820491184,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381994,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6256443262,"priority":0.6256443262,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6256443262}}
+{"text":"20","count":226,"_input_hash":-883828987,"_task_hash":-880547959,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381994,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.8286262155,"priority":0.8286262155,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8286262155}}
+{"text":"6 12 6","count":224,"_input_hash":118763698,"_task_hash":-1511348773,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381995,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9849725962,"priority":0.9849725962,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9849725962}}
+{"text":"and","count":223,"_input_hash":-923275767,"_task_hash":-2109286094,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381995,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9287765622,"priority":0.9287765622,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9287765622}}
+{"text":"\u221210","count":222,"_input_hash":-2056140488,"_task_hash":-452011326,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381996,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9668966532,"priority":0.9668966532,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9668966532}}
+{"text":"Name","count":221,"_input_hash":-859721665,"_task_hash":-945485173,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381996,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9689400196,"priority":0.9689400196,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9689400196}}
+{"text":"(b) ","count":221,"_input_hash":571167294,"_task_hash":-1641475672,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381996,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9961109757,"priority":0.9961109757,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9961109757}}
+{"text":"24","count":221,"_input_hash":1124906533,"_task_hash":-587403238,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381997,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9894713163,"priority":0.9894713163,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9894713163}}
+{"text":"E o","count":220,"_input_hash":1559373793,"_task_hash":-660752918,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381997,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9971321821,"priority":0.9971321821,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9971321821}}
+{"text":"\u0394H o","count":218,"_input_hash":1548144591,"_task_hash":187265063,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381998,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9974410534,"priority":0.9974410534,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9974410534}}
+{"text":" to ","count":217,"_input_hash":-203059097,"_task_hash":-1349594085,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381998,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9904536009,"priority":0.9904536009,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9904536009}}
+{"text":"Pb","count":216,"_input_hash":1941775526,"_task_hash":508915381,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381998,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.3494870067,"priority":0.3494870067,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3494870067}}
+{"text":"\u0394H \u2218","count":213,"_input_hash":-1832869792,"_task_hash":-740045528,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381999,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9913559556,"priority":0.9913559556,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9913559556}}
+{"text":"C6","count":213,"_input_hash":1158952878,"_task_hash":684881786,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381999,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9908598065,"priority":0.9908598065,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9908598065}}
+{"text":"H3 O2","count":212,"_input_hash":-990930958,"_task_hash":-118363616,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680381999,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9922636747,"priority":0.9922636747,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9922636747}}
+{"text":"Conceptual Problems","count":211,"_input_hash":-592004585,"_task_hash":1543885940,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382000,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9828332067,"priority":0.9828332067,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9828332067}}
+{"text":"MnO\u2212","count":211,"_input_hash":-254000032,"_task_hash":-1956703416,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382000,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.7851906419,"priority":0.7851906419,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7851906419}}
+{"text":"H2O(l)","count":209,"_input_hash":1573278465,"_task_hash":-2043137779,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382000,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.4467018247,"priority":0.4467018247,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.4467018247}}
+{"text":"T1","count":209,"_input_hash":197687450,"_task_hash":-233067093,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382001,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.1073869616,"priority":0.1073869616,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1073869616}}
+{"text":"HNO3","count":208,"_input_hash":2060341710,"_task_hash":1285500545,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382001,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.499327898,"priority":0.499327898,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.499327898}}
+{"text":"F2","count":208,"_input_hash":-2044381323,"_task_hash":1893434486,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382002,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.8742434382,"priority":0.8742434382,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8742434382}}
+{"text":"the ","count":208,"_input_hash":226137666,"_task_hash":-1879192226,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382002,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.965252161,"priority":0.965252161,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.965252161}}
+{"text":"35","count":207,"_input_hash":1330202376,"_task_hash":17296840,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382002,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.921721518,"priority":0.921721518,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.921721518}}
+{"text":"Br2","count":206,"_input_hash":-1475108298,"_task_hash":-325993318,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382003,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7203367949,"priority":0.7203367949,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7203367949}}
+{"text":"Go","count":206,"_input_hash":-781019293,"_task_hash":1562872514,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382003,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.2485571504,"priority":0.2485571504,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2485571504}}
+{"text":"\u03b2","count":205,"_input_hash":-839290614,"_task_hash":-796442682,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382004,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9929578304,"priority":0.9929578304,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9929578304}}
+{"text":"90","count":204,"_input_hash":-839162066,"_task_hash":503453096,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382004,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9151297212,"priority":0.9151297212,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9151297212}}
+{"text":"The ","count":204,"_input_hash":-1184105277,"_task_hash":889059445,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382004,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8803046346,"priority":0.8803046346,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8803046346}}
+{"text":")NO3 2","count":204,"_input_hash":1217300264,"_task_hash":1121937935,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382004,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9496629238,"priority":0.9496629238,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9496629238}}
+{"text":"Br","count":203,"_input_hash":-71532352,"_task_hash":120974103,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382005,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8923622966,"priority":0.8923622966,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8923622966}}
+{"text":"CaCO3","count":203,"_input_hash":-1017226059,"_task_hash":-1710579327,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382005,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9643980265,"priority":0.9643980265,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9643980265}}
+{"text":"Answer a:","count":203,"_input_hash":512619688,"_task_hash":-22693471,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382005,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.7116935849,"priority":0.7116935849,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7116935849}}
+{"text":"Review ","count":201,"_input_hash":479783517,"_task_hash":123229258,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382006,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.0940839425,"priority":0.0940839425,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.0940839425}}
+{"text":"17","count":201,"_input_hash":933542244,"_task_hash":908229054,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382006,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.5601840019,"priority":0.5601840019,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5601840019}}
+{"text":"4\u2212","count":201,"_input_hash":522745154,"_task_hash":1883473489,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382007,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9903802872,"priority":0.9903802872,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9903802872}}
+{"text":"\u22c5","count":201,"_input_hash":-943103628,"_task_hash":2105945463,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382007,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9526457787,"priority":0.9526457787,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9526457787}}
+{"text":"Formula","count":200,"_input_hash":-1463469074,"_task_hash":-1473632517,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382008,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.5731585026,"priority":0.5731585026,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5731585026}}
+{"text":"He2","count":200,"_input_hash":-563024420,"_task_hash":517607290,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382008,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.5665022731,"priority":0.5665022731,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5665022731}}
+{"text":"102","count":200,"_input_hash":-682652758,"_task_hash":951522772,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382009,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8455059528,"priority":0.8455059528,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8455059528}}
+{"text":"Answer b:","count":199,"_input_hash":-94361137,"_task_hash":-1949293083,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382009,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9861160517,"priority":0.9861160517,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9861160517}}
+{"text":"\u03b4+","count":199,"_input_hash":2040480549,"_task_hash":1958055206,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382009,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.5388311148,"priority":0.5388311148,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5388311148}}
+{"text":"Tf","count":198,"_input_hash":498538533,"_task_hash":-1333975814,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382010,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.7906423211,"priority":0.7906423211,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7906423211}}
+{"text":"1000 mL","count":198,"_input_hash":1474315970,"_task_hash":731890307,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382010,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7534505725,"priority":0.7534505725,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7534505725}}
+{"text":"vap","count":197,"_input_hash":564940939,"_task_hash":1578731272,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382010,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9512578249,"priority":0.9512578249,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9512578249}}
+{"text":"\u0394S","count":195,"_input_hash":485303697,"_task_hash":-506853046,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382011,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.825273931,"priority":0.825273931,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.825273931}}
+{"text":"\u0394[","count":194,"_input_hash":-2044500768,"_task_hash":-517527480,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382011,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9986196756,"priority":0.9986196756,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9986196756}}
+{"text":"Note the Pattern","count":193,"_input_hash":895168685,"_task_hash":536857404,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382012,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.8341680765,"priority":0.8341680765,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8341680765}}
+{"text":"\u27f6","count":192,"_input_hash":-2131890723,"_task_hash":326535808,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382012,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.3731760383,"priority":0.3731760383,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3731760383}}
+{"text":"MnO2","count":191,"_input_hash":1863890993,"_task_hash":-430091048,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382012,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7361049652,"priority":0.7361049652,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7361049652}}
+{"text":"):","count":191,"_input_hash":-871879220,"_task_hash":-1251388329,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382013,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.7435323,"priority":0.7435323,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7435323}}
+{"text":"I\u2212","count":189,"_input_hash":-310667766,"_task_hash":-158707673,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382013,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.2064658403,"priority":0.2064658403,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2064658403}}
+{"text":"(c) ","count":189,"_input_hash":-1745541324,"_task_hash":890789700,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382014,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.979242444,"priority":0.979242444,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.979242444}}
+{"text":"92","count":189,"_input_hash":1336106935,"_task_hash":1238544094,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382014,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.3489958942,"priority":0.3489958942,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3489958942}}
+{"text":"Symbol","count":189,"_input_hash":612020127,"_task_hash":2086103545,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382014,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.7192261815,"priority":0.7192261815,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7192261815}}
+{"text":"anode","count":188,"_input_hash":1341457270,"_task_hash":-1752345920,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382014,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.964176476,"priority":0.964176476,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.964176476}}
+{"text":"X","count":188,"_input_hash":-1475478675,"_task_hash":-1919070396,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382015,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9981966615,"priority":0.9981966615,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9981966615}}
+{"text":"94","count":187,"_input_hash":-1649547857,"_task_hash":360117755,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382015,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9900333285,"priority":0.9900333285,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9900333285}}
+{"text":"Anonymous","count":185,"_input_hash":-1041182810,"_task_hash":-2030203597,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382015,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.2514071465,"priority":0.2514071465,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2514071465}}
+{"text":"10\u221210","count":184,"_input_hash":949730365,"_task_hash":-1110581361,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382016,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9863042235,"priority":0.9863042235,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9863042235}}
+{"text":"univ","count":184,"_input_hash":19007452,"_task_hash":-1446614567,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382016,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9906387329,"priority":0.9906387329,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9906387329}}
+{"text":"h","count":183,"_input_hash":-126971182,"_task_hash":-1103202677,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382017,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8817808032,"priority":0.8817808032,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8817808032}}
+{"text":"He","count":182,"_input_hash":1868774433,"_task_hash":-855056246,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382017,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.993891716,"priority":0.993891716,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.993891716}}
+{"text":"Zn2 +","count":182,"_input_hash":-1985528159,"_task_hash":-1577426798,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382018,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9851413965,"priority":0.9851413965,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9851413965}}
+{"text":"\ue152","count":181,"_input_hash":-251136322,"_task_hash":-230006019,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382018,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8970327377,"priority":0.8970327377,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8970327377}}
+{"text":"n2+","count":181,"_input_hash":-1499557819,"_task_hash":1102355190,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382019,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9952062964,"priority":0.9952062964,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9952062964}}
+{"text":"H1","count":180,"_input_hash":102756501,"_task_hash":-1692928891,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382019,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9969177246,"priority":0.9969177246,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9969177246}}
+{"text":"cathode","count":179,"_input_hash":-98952985,"_task_hash":-1068861092,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382019,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8530223966,"priority":0.8530223966,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8530223966}}
+{"text":"Co","count":179,"_input_hash":811319911,"_task_hash":1489391069,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382020,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.6868961453,"priority":0.6868961453,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6868961453}}
+{"text":"CH3CO\u2212","count":178,"_input_hash":-1091291044,"_task_hash":1407390549,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382021,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9400654435,"priority":0.9400654435,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9400654435}}
+{"text":"10\u221211","count":177,"_input_hash":1352177052,"_task_hash":542773659,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382021,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9877397418,"priority":0.9877397418,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9877397418}}
+{"text":"1023","count":177,"_input_hash":718913585,"_task_hash":758742653,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382022,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9968390465,"priority":0.9968390465,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9968390465}}
+{"text":"\u0394G\u2218","count":177,"_input_hash":1052331250,"_task_hash":-813082709,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382022,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.0899670273,"priority":0.0899670273,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.0899670273}}
+{"text":"CO2\u2212","count":177,"_input_hash":795867020,"_task_hash":1351919280,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382023,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8881031871,"priority":0.8881031871,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8881031871}}
+{"text":"(s) + 2","count":176,"_input_hash":-363898122,"_task_hash":-464063278,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382023,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9989136457,"priority":0.9989136457,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989136457}}
+{"text":"A\u2212","count":175,"_input_hash":-377411056,"_task_hash":601948822,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382024,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9898331165,"priority":0.9898331165,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9898331165}}
+{"text":"sC\u2032","count":174,"_input_hash":263260334,"_task_hash":263725899,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382024,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8467891812,"priority":0.8467891812,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8467891812}}
+{"text":"\u03c3","count":174,"_input_hash":-1241081402,"_task_hash":-1072251536,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382025,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.977148056,"priority":0.977148056,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.977148056}}
+{"text":"H2CO3","count":173,"_input_hash":-1458700949,"_task_hash":-481833626,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382025,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9932257533,"priority":0.9932257533,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9932257533}}
+{"text":"HI","count":172,"_input_hash":-1565331080,"_task_hash":-1093874293,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382025,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.5957988501,"priority":0.5957988501,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5957988501}}
+{"text":"gas","count":172,"_input_hash":-1552589856,"_task_hash":-712572148,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382026,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9903013706,"priority":0.9903013706,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9903013706}}
+{"text":"[HA]","count":172,"_input_hash":750693143,"_task_hash":-1155609081,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382026,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9561141729,"priority":0.9561141729,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9561141729}}
+{"text":"22","count":172,"_input_hash":1765252975,"_task_hash":-1514968288,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382027,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8929638863,"priority":0.8929638863,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8929638863}}
+{"text":"Note","count":171,"_input_hash":1364097940,"_task_hash":1392476642,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382027,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9979713559,"priority":0.9979713559,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9979713559}}
+{"text":"(g) + (g)","count":171,"_input_hash":1284862923,"_task_hash":1201609069,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382027,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9964027405,"priority":0.9964027405,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9964027405}}
+{"text":"q","count":171,"_input_hash":-637334057,"_task_hash":1171869671,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382028,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9915297031,"priority":0.9915297031,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9915297031}}
+{"text":"u2","count":171,"_input_hash":390147468,"_task_hash":-1120805593,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382028,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.964743197,"priority":0.964743197,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.964743197}}
+{"text":"(g) + 3","count":170,"_input_hash":2080688971,"_task_hash":869387507,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382029,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9968116879,"priority":0.9968116879,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9968116879}}
+{"text":"e. ","count":170,"_input_hash":1594895007,"_task_hash":205713427,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382029,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9776664376,"priority":0.9776664376,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9776664376}}
+{"text":"H2O2","count":169,"_input_hash":-124756082,"_task_hash":-608334277,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382029,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.619772017,"priority":0.619772017,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.619772017}}
+{"text":"(Figure ","count":168,"_input_hash":-113955044,"_task_hash":2004433292,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382030,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9923272729,"priority":0.9923272729,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9923272729}}
+{"text":"+2","count":167,"_input_hash":-1910147040,"_task_hash":-1920127544,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382030,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.957356751,"priority":0.957356751,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.957356751}}
+{"text":"SO3","count":166,"_input_hash":-538338563,"_task_hash":-1451864265,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382030,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9901734591,"priority":0.9901734591,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9901734591}}
+{"text":"[A]0","count":165,"_input_hash":1874351305,"_task_hash":-237314637,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382031,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9453060627,"priority":0.9453060627,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9453060627}}
+{"text":"P2","count":165,"_input_hash":-250217501,"_task_hash":-1379638169,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382031,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.8339492679,"priority":0.8339492679,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8339492679}}
+{"text":"Cu2 +","count":164,"_input_hash":2037997034,"_task_hash":514492072,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382032,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9872750044,"priority":0.9872750044,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9872750044}}
+{"text":") =","count":164,"_input_hash":-1459434387,"_task_hash":1202461454,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382032,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9958036542,"priority":0.9958036542,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9958036542}}
+{"text":" + ","count":164,"_input_hash":-1610509158,"_task_hash":857341463,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382033,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9990940094,"priority":0.9990940094,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9990940094}}
+{"text":"2s","count":164,"_input_hash":-830888412,"_task_hash":-1563249869,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382038,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9708353877,"priority":0.9708353877,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9708353877}}
+{"text":"Video ","count":164,"_input_hash":-371684226,"_task_hash":-1168364283,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680382039,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9890239239,"priority":0.9890239239,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9890239239}}
+{"text":"30","count":164,"_input_hash":1814743553,"_task_hash":-772269560,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382040,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6009440422,"priority":0.6009440422,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6009440422}}
+{"text":"(l)","count":163,"_input_hash":1646608791,"_task_hash":-283477760,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382041,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9974167347,"priority":0.9974167347,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9974167347}}
+{"text":"Compound","count":163,"_input_hash":-569731021,"_task_hash":1530442697,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382041,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.993565619,"priority":0.993565619,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.993565619}}
+{"text":"\ue153","count":162,"_input_hash":969482511,"_task_hash":1510674085,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382042,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7057224512,"priority":0.7057224512,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7057224512}}
+{"text":"-3","count":161,"_input_hash":-1006193808,"_task_hash":-50159667,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382042,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9297940135,"priority":0.9297940135,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9297940135}}
+{"text":"-5","count":161,"_input_hash":-108850535,"_task_hash":-2065693940,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382042,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9604282379,"priority":0.9604282379,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9604282379}}
+{"text":"n0","count":160,"_input_hash":238547570,"_task_hash":2003414752,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382043,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.1086681262,"priority":0.1086681262,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1086681262}}
+{"text":"Topic hierarchy","count":159,"_input_hash":1316641817,"_task_hash":359248284,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382043,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9178487659,"priority":0.9178487659,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9178487659}}
+{"text":"C2H6","count":159,"_input_hash":756132658,"_task_hash":685519639,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382044,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9197154641,"priority":0.9197154641,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9197154641}}
+{"text":"Numerical Problems","count":158,"_input_hash":-538148864,"_task_hash":-425229889,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382044,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.5193066001,"priority":0.5193066001,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5193066001}}
+{"text":"98","count":158,"_input_hash":-286945445,"_task_hash":1101445010,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382045,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.7967883348,"priority":0.7967883348,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7967883348}}
+{"text":"26","count":157,"_input_hash":1310182142,"_task_hash":-756706583,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382045,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9882821441,"priority":0.9882821441,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9882821441}}
+{"text":"1.0","count":157,"_input_hash":-539155970,"_task_hash":-1103571697,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382046,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9529038668,"priority":0.9529038668,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9529038668}}
+{"text":"atm","count":157,"_input_hash":-1199625199,"_task_hash":505728161,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382046,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9448305368,"priority":0.9448305368,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9448305368}}
+{"text":"H3 H2","count":156,"_input_hash":-1868750359,"_task_hash":2116949277,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382047,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.997723639,"priority":0.997723639,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.997723639}}
+{"text":"50","count":156,"_input_hash":-660794717,"_task_hash":-1029476182,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382047,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9996609688,"priority":0.9996609688,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996609688}}
+{"text":"ClO\u2212","count":156,"_input_hash":-913490314,"_task_hash":2098978756,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382048,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9991895556,"priority":0.9991895556,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991895556}}
+{"text":"l\u22121","count":155,"_input_hash":-573220552,"_task_hash":-1311477706,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382048,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.896196425,"priority":0.896196425,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.896196425}}
+{"text":"k1","count":155,"_input_hash":-801622927,"_task_hash":2032996358,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382049,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9551724195,"priority":0.9551724195,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9551724195}}
+{"text":"Ar","count":155,"_input_hash":-187563322,"_task_hash":1839850167,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382049,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.8968462944,"priority":0.8968462944,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8968462944}}
+{"text":"solid","count":154,"_input_hash":1024451454,"_task_hash":138943427,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382050,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8856787682,"priority":0.8856787682,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8856787682}}
+{"text":"\u22128","count":154,"_input_hash":1800970659,"_task_hash":-21305007,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382050,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9884237647,"priority":0.9884237647,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9884237647}}
+{"text":"C6H12O6","count":154,"_input_hash":1964711904,"_task_hash":-1512141326,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382051,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9946318865,"priority":0.9946318865,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9946318865}}
+{"text":"Ne","count":153,"_input_hash":-456449112,"_task_hash":905623719,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382051,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9300801754,"priority":0.9300801754,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9300801754}}
+{"text":"> 0","count":153,"_input_hash":1605229175,"_task_hash":1899690438,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382052,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.5876121521,"priority":0.5876121521,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5876121521}}
+{"text":"27","count":150,"_input_hash":-738557658,"_task_hash":-707644847,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382052,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9653626084,"priority":0.9653626084,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9653626084}}
+{"text":"[A]","count":149,"_input_hash":-1421170355,"_task_hash":-1970882965,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382053,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9311690927,"priority":0.9311690927,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9311690927}}
+{"text":"Answer c:","count":149,"_input_hash":-2103802222,"_task_hash":-1779453329,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382053,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.980122745,"priority":0.980122745,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.980122745}}
+{"text":"106","count":148,"_input_hash":2048515913,"_task_hash":1394611247,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382053,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9988665581,"priority":0.9988665581,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9988665581}}
+{"text":"\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013","count":148,"_input_hash":-1869443746,"_task_hash":-227495507,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680382056,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9921630025,"priority":0.9921630025,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9921630025}}
+{"text":"]2","count":148,"_input_hash":-2059435458,"_task_hash":649010408,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382057,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9936337471,"priority":0.9936337471,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9936337471}}
+{"text":"g+","count":147,"_input_hash":737240653,"_task_hash":752994981,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382057,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6898225546,"priority":0.6898225546,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6898225546}}
+{"text":"2p","count":147,"_input_hash":523973444,"_task_hash":70823057,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382058,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.97752738,"priority":0.97752738,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.97752738}}
+{"text":"Kf","count":146,"_input_hash":1487987352,"_task_hash":-719623932,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382058,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9995129108,"priority":0.9995129108,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995129108}}
+{"text":"Ti","count":146,"_input_hash":324411693,"_task_hash":-1046021094,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382058,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9981107712,"priority":0.9981107712,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9981107712}}
+{"text":"10\u221219","count":145,"_input_hash":1908437270,"_task_hash":-649653221,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382059,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9991679192,"priority":0.9991679192,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991679192}}
+{"text":"and ","count":145,"_input_hash":-1826484994,"_task_hash":592147547,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382059,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9989945292,"priority":0.9989945292,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989945292}}
+{"text":"105","count":143,"_input_hash":1640099793,"_task_hash":-542188511,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382059,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9912014008,"priority":0.9912014008,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9912014008}}
+{"text":"Fe2 +","count":143,"_input_hash":1503193195,"_task_hash":-79265482,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382060,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9778662324,"priority":0.9778662324,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9778662324}}
+{"text":"mass","count":143,"_input_hash":-1445055434,"_task_hash":1344618459,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382060,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9916968346,"priority":0.9916968346,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9916968346}}
+{"text":"]H+","count":143,"_input_hash":-1711861030,"_task_hash":-1641630024,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382061,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9553012252,"priority":0.9553012252,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9553012252}}
+{"text":"Answer e","count":142,"_input_hash":1998643507,"_task_hash":1687059226,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382061,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9491240382,"priority":0.9491240382,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9491240382}}
+{"text":"eff","count":142,"_input_hash":1539599355,"_task_hash":-924680458,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382061,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9350473285,"priority":0.9350473285,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9350473285}}
+{"text":"\u2212x","count":142,"_input_hash":-494949800,"_task_hash":2012077553,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382062,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9993529916,"priority":0.9993529916,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993529916}}
+{"text":"of ","count":141,"_input_hash":482242158,"_task_hash":-1626200213,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382062,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9942282438,"priority":0.9942282438,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9942282438}}
+{"text":"\ue151\ue150","count":141,"_input_hash":-1545409876,"_task_hash":-1590098273,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382062,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.3816775084,"priority":0.3816775084,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.3816775084}}
+{"text":"]0","count":140,"_input_hash":2138011195,"_task_hash":-1198196064,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382064,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9844008088,"priority":0.9844008088,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9844008088}}
+{"text":"O(l)","count":139,"_input_hash":-452998686,"_task_hash":-1223674707,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382064,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9973191619,"priority":0.9973191619,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9973191619}}
+{"text":"k2","count":139,"_input_hash":1286405102,"_task_hash":1141484202,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382064,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9936702251,"priority":0.9936702251,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9936702251}}
+{"text":"Si","count":139,"_input_hash":450480459,"_task_hash":-1167570127,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382065,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9914808273,"priority":0.9914808273,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9914808273}}
+{"text":": ","count":139,"_input_hash":594284368,"_task_hash":-1074715220,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382065,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.995462358,"priority":0.995462358,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.995462358}}
+{"text":" is","count":137,"_input_hash":1438676502,"_task_hash":1613090800,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382065,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9994328618,"priority":0.9994328618,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994328618}}
+{"text":"rate = \u2212","count":137,"_input_hash":-836777285,"_task_hash":1569730587,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382066,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9926562309,"priority":0.9926562309,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9926562309}}
+{"text":"= 0","count":137,"_input_hash":-1355206184,"_task_hash":225688740,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382066,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9896989465,"priority":0.9896989465,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9896989465}}
+{"text":"1 m","count":137,"_input_hash":1827537241,"_task_hash":-516881296,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382067,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9976142645,"priority":0.9976142645,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9976142645}}
+{"text":"CH3CH2","count":136,"_input_hash":-484800868,"_task_hash":468479169,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382067,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9982419014,"priority":0.9982419014,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9982419014}}
+{"text":"-2","count":135,"_input_hash":572160131,"_task_hash":1943074239,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382068,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.993858397,"priority":0.993858397,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.993858397}}
+{"text":"\u03bf","count":134,"_input_hash":1915531530,"_task_hash":-2147395865,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382068,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9885883331,"priority":0.9885883331,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9885883331}}
+{"text":"\u03b3","count":134,"_input_hash":-574599359,"_task_hash":114940762,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382068,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.99668926,"priority":0.99668926,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.99668926}}
+{"text":")(","count":134,"_input_hash":-416309210,"_task_hash":-1543726463,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382068,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9985502362,"priority":0.9985502362,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9985502362}}
+{"text":"Key Takeaway","count":133,"_input_hash":1677633943,"_task_hash":1835535909,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382069,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9603308439,"priority":0.9603308439,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9603308439}}
+{"text":"initial","count":133,"_input_hash":-174904468,"_task_hash":1963636365,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382069,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.94297719,"priority":0.94297719,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.94297719}}
+{"text":"U","count":132,"_input_hash":924685153,"_task_hash":-1505563232,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382070,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9994761348,"priority":0.9994761348,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994761348}}
+{"text":"Keq","count":131,"_input_hash":-1055751745,"_task_hash":-851875212,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382070,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9856097102,"priority":0.9856097102,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9856097102}}
+{"text":"kg","count":131,"_input_hash":-425623967,"_task_hash":-576667177,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382070,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7916601896,"priority":0.7916601896,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7916601896}}
+{"text":"SO","count":130,"_input_hash":-1717046426,"_task_hash":306949610,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382071,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9874709249,"priority":0.9874709249,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9874709249}}
+{"text":"||","count":130,"_input_hash":189150063,"_task_hash":571501781,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382071,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9105138779,"priority":0.9105138779,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9105138779}}
+{"text":"Cr","count":129,"_input_hash":-588352136,"_task_hash":435914834,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382072,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.2079682052,"priority":0.2079682052,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.2079682052}}
+{"text":"Zn","count":129,"_input_hash":1178026447,"_task_hash":1609977984,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382072,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9511191249,"priority":0.9511191249,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9511191249}}
+{"text":"(g) \u2192","count":128,"_input_hash":2016267689,"_task_hash":647643605,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382072,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9982634187,"priority":0.9982634187,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9982634187}}
+{"text":"82","count":128,"_input_hash":1700237854,"_task_hash":-1079314420,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382073,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9989602566,"priority":0.9989602566,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989602566}}
+{"text":"80","count":128,"_input_hash":1664741219,"_task_hash":540946875,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382073,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9979255199,"priority":0.9979255199,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9979255199}}
+{"text":"Ca2+","count":127,"_input_hash":-68502600,"_task_hash":-1767977981,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382074,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9987213016,"priority":0.9987213016,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9987213016}}
+{"text":"F\u2212","count":127,"_input_hash":-1587421007,"_task_hash":-276159477,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382074,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8555405736,"priority":0.8555405736,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8555405736}}
+{"text":"acid","count":127,"_input_hash":390928391,"_task_hash":-612881350,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382074,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9977612495,"priority":0.9977612495,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9977612495}}
+{"text":"10\u221214","count":127,"_input_hash":863216456,"_task_hash":-2604033,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382075,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.988768816,"priority":0.988768816,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.988768816}}
+{"text":"37","count":126,"_input_hash":1905943121,"_task_hash":656390918,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382075,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9974582791,"priority":0.9974582791,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9974582791}}
+{"text":"nRT","count":126,"_input_hash":1412328512,"_task_hash":-1745571751,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382076,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9974930286,"priority":0.9974930286,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9974930286}}
+{"text":"Fe2+","count":126,"_input_hash":1472042326,"_task_hash":-177951771,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382076,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9895501733,"priority":0.9895501733,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9895501733}}
+{"text":"Br\u2212","count":126,"_input_hash":884252638,"_task_hash":879165505,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382077,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9620386958,"priority":0.9620386958,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9620386958}}
+{"text":"HF","count":126,"_input_hash":761884594,"_task_hash":-98333379,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382077,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9925612807,"priority":0.9925612807,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9925612807}}
+{"text":"qrev","count":125,"_input_hash":298901152,"_task_hash":794995230,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382077,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9541708231,"priority":0.9541708231,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9541708231}}
+{"text":"G","count":125,"_input_hash":-596127850,"_task_hash":-159102147,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382078,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.995139122,"priority":0.995139122,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.995139122}}
+{"text":"56","count":124,"_input_hash":-1604588098,"_task_hash":839445732,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382078,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9990702271,"priority":0.9990702271,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9990702271}}
+{"text":")]","count":124,"_input_hash":584599812,"_task_hash":-496085429,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382079,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9968379736,"priority":0.9968379736,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9968379736}}
+{"text":"f. ","count":124,"_input_hash":1065550793,"_task_hash":295318086,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382079,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9905691147,"priority":0.9905691147,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9905691147}}
+{"text":"; ","count":123,"_input_hash":1972681296,"_task_hash":-348598727,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382079,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9744233489,"priority":0.9744233489,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9744233489}}
+{"text":"8 18","count":123,"_input_hash":2004148998,"_task_hash":-1578655996,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382080,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8942411542,"priority":0.8942411542,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8942411542}}
+{"text":"s2","count":122,"_input_hash":-923724914,"_task_hash":-888470887,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382080,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9841835499,"priority":0.9841835499,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9841835499}}
+{"text":"Mn","count":121,"_input_hash":1166243845,"_task_hash":-1274066299,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382081,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9677000046,"priority":0.9677000046,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9677000046}}
+{"text":" of ","count":121,"_input_hash":1007953929,"_task_hash":1409820220,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382081,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9620751143,"priority":0.9620751143,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9620751143}}
+{"text":"\u2212OH","count":121,"_input_hash":1467237430,"_task_hash":1005284113,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382081,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9732035995,"priority":0.9732035995,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9732035995}}
+{"text":"Because ","count":121,"_input_hash":1537338383,"_task_hash":-366588948,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382082,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9930435419,"priority":0.9930435419,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9930435419}}
+{"text":"28","count":120,"_input_hash":-165836021,"_task_hash":-2139454981,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382082,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9927222133,"priority":0.9927222133,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9927222133}}
+{"text":"final","count":120,"_input_hash":-1952916528,"_task_hash":1922337735,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382082,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9310736656,"priority":0.9310736656,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9310736656}}
+{"text":"C8H18","count":120,"_input_hash":-1238652075,"_task_hash":1274982253,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382083,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.990732789,"priority":0.990732789,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.990732789}}
+{"text":"t1\/2","count":119,"_input_hash":-1189112338,"_task_hash":1368303652,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382083,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9800496101,"priority":0.9800496101,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9800496101}}
+{"text":"PO2","count":119,"_input_hash":826567548,"_task_hash":1719667436,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382083,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9943934679,"priority":0.9943934679,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9943934679}}
+{"text":"C2H4","count":119,"_input_hash":-222280393,"_task_hash":97911189,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382084,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9596669078,"priority":0.9596669078,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9596669078}}
+{"text":"Wikipedia","count":118,"_input_hash":-1641429250,"_task_hash":-999857674,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680382091,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.995131135,"priority":0.995131135,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.995131135}}
+{"text":"Index","count":118,"_input_hash":942783929,"_task_hash":-2118509784,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680382092,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9999392033,"priority":0.9999392033,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9999392033}}
+{"text":"follows:","count":118,"_input_hash":724049572,"_task_hash":1242846733,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382096,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9988717437,"priority":0.9988717437,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9988717437}}
+{"text":"12 22 11","count":118,"_input_hash":-251224452,"_task_hash":-15109233,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382097,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9871684313,"priority":0.9871684313,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9871684313}}
+{"text":"H4","count":117,"_input_hash":1025992699,"_task_hash":-109485436,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382097,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9997619987,"priority":0.9997619987,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997619987}}
+{"text":"N aOH","count":117,"_input_hash":2096691104,"_task_hash":-1503812502,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382097,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9918907881,"priority":0.9918907881,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9918907881}}
+{"text":"a+","count":117,"_input_hash":-1545405882,"_task_hash":139779622,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382098,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.5854968429,"priority":0.5854968429,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5854968429}}
+{"text":"(g) \u21cc 2","count":116,"_input_hash":-730525372,"_task_hash":1822354115,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382098,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9994134903,"priority":0.9994134903,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994134903}}
+{"text":"Ssys","count":115,"_input_hash":376828339,"_task_hash":-671287440,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382099,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9959541559,"priority":0.9959541559,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9959541559}}
+{"text":"sys","count":115,"_input_hash":-1077849687,"_task_hash":-1655418755,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382099,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9510926008,"priority":0.9510926008,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9510926008}}
+{"text":"]A\u2212","count":114,"_input_hash":-517201756,"_task_hash":1187231834,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382100,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9994871616,"priority":0.9994871616,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994871616}}
+{"text":"+3","count":113,"_input_hash":365364467,"_task_hash":2147226413,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382100,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9879958034,"priority":0.9879958034,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9879958034}}
+{"text":"water","count":112,"_input_hash":-351914145,"_task_hash":438157158,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382101,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9597997069,"priority":0.9597997069,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9597997069}}
+{"text":"32","count":112,"_input_hash":1954053091,"_task_hash":-1723652224,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382101,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.8304393291,"priority":0.8304393291,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8304393291}}
+{"text":"Change","count":112,"_input_hash":-425353688,"_task_hash":-1688147575,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382102,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9995290041,"priority":0.9995290041,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995290041}}
+{"text":"99","count":112,"_input_hash":2094755126,"_task_hash":1778323511,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382102,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9348371625,"priority":0.9348371625,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9348371625}}
+{"text":"K1","count":112,"_input_hash":1172185018,"_task_hash":-2024500678,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382103,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9974451065,"priority":0.9974451065,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9974451065}}
+{"text":"]OH\u2212","count":112,"_input_hash":248224876,"_task_hash":-388269982,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382103,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9847254157,"priority":0.9847254157,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9847254157}}
+{"text":"U92","count":112,"_input_hash":-1106262697,"_task_hash":-463652235,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382103,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9903141856,"priority":0.9903141856,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9903141856}}
+{"text":"\u2020","count":112,"_input_hash":1825305102,"_task_hash":-1432167647,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382104,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9986929297,"priority":0.9986929297,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9986929297}}
+{"text":"\u00d7 100","count":111,"_input_hash":89394304,"_task_hash":-1726078052,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382104,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9985016584,"priority":0.9985016584,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9985016584}}
+{"text":"PCO2","count":111,"_input_hash":882375497,"_task_hash":-1955485675,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382105,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.8705787659,"priority":0.8705787659,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8705787659}}
+{"text":"u","count":111,"_input_hash":1482155033,"_task_hash":1161599961,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382105,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.958070755,"priority":0.958070755,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.958070755}}
+{"text":"a2","count":111,"_input_hash":-805365312,"_task_hash":759552758,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382106,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9986439347,"priority":0.9986439347,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9986439347}}
+{"text":"e\u22121","count":110,"_input_hash":-1385951029,"_task_hash":-729065085,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382106,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9987950325,"priority":0.9987950325,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9987950325}}
+{"text":"Ni","count":110,"_input_hash":-1761241086,"_task_hash":126953026,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382106,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.998456955,"priority":0.998456955,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.998456955}}
+{"text":"2H2","count":110,"_input_hash":1468031610,"_task_hash":932984906,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382107,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9954770207,"priority":0.9954770207,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9954770207}}
+{"text":"H2PO\u2212","count":109,"_input_hash":399214942,"_task_hash":-278159541,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382107,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.998349309,"priority":0.998349309,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.998349309}}
+{"text":"+ \u27f6","count":109,"_input_hash":1314275014,"_task_hash":-1134809035,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382108,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.999902606,"priority":0.999902606,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999902606}}
+{"text":"Ecell","count":109,"_input_hash":-1796969368,"_task_hash":-94132408,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382108,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9983048439,"priority":0.9983048439,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9983048439}}
+{"text":"43","count":109,"_input_hash":272586206,"_task_hash":1828796900,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382109,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9515504241,"priority":0.9515504241,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9515504241}}
+{"text":"(OH)3","count":108,"_input_hash":-1073677467,"_task_hash":-1602276296,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382109,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9997785687,"priority":0.9997785687,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997785687}}
+{"text":"SO2 \u2212","count":108,"_input_hash":-230307027,"_task_hash":-163107707,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382109,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.975229919,"priority":0.975229919,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.975229919}}
+{"text":"1 mol C","count":107,"_input_hash":979913195,"_task_hash":-2139251925,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382110,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9972605705,"priority":0.9972605705,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9972605705}}
+{"text":"= 1.8 \u00d7","count":107,"_input_hash":-1447037524,"_task_hash":1284442227,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382110,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9988859296,"priority":0.9988859296,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9988859296}}
+{"text":"volume","count":107,"_input_hash":740052024,"_task_hash":1480098370,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382111,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9944775701,"priority":0.9944775701,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9944775701}}
+{"text":"HNO2","count":107,"_input_hash":975407358,"_task_hash":-1667267964,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382111,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9881076217,"priority":0.9881076217,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9881076217}}
+{"text":"CrO2\u2212","count":107,"_input_hash":1585844831,"_task_hash":1621746992,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382111,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9923656583,"priority":0.9923656583,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9923656583}}
+{"text":"Glossary ","count":106,"_input_hash":706133487,"_task_hash":1007028007,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680382115,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.6232571006,"priority":0.6232571006,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.6232571006}}
+{"text":"N O","count":106,"_input_hash":-829198791,"_task_hash":-876597328,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382116,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9973419309,"priority":0.9973419309,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9973419309}}
+{"text":"234","count":106,"_input_hash":183627662,"_task_hash":-621762888,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382116,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.964271903,"priority":0.964271903,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.964271903}}
+{"text":"1.0 \u00d7 10\u221214","count":106,"_input_hash":-1414490394,"_task_hash":1942329055,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382117,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9966848493,"priority":0.9966848493,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9966848493}}
+{"text":"\u22121 \u22121","count":106,"_input_hash":2126070053,"_task_hash":141515109,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382118,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.999826014,"priority":0.999826014,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999826014}}
+{"text":"79","count":106,"_input_hash":540999699,"_task_hash":2135772555,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382118,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7652375698,"priority":0.7652375698,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7652375698}}
+{"text":"V1","count":106,"_input_hash":-1634038111,"_task_hash":142224307,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382118,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9880048633,"priority":0.9880048633,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9880048633}}
+{"text":"\u00af","count":105,"_input_hash":1499676526,"_task_hash":1834247256,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382119,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9897603393,"priority":0.9897603393,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9897603393}}
+{"text":"(a)","count":105,"_input_hash":2106970133,"_task_hash":1023143515,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382119,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9998975992,"priority":0.9998975992,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998975992}}
+{"text":"ln","count":105,"_input_hash":-887359986,"_task_hash":2046092379,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382120,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9979879856,"priority":0.9979879856,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9979879856}}
+{"text":" for ","count":105,"_input_hash":-191223582,"_task_hash":-1321549964,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382120,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9977151155,"priority":0.9977151155,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9977151155}}
+{"text":"molecules","count":105,"_input_hash":-2047874458,"_task_hash":-960509367,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382120,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9960430861,"priority":0.9960430861,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9960430861}}
+{"text":"N H3","count":105,"_input_hash":-167479327,"_task_hash":1993733526,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382121,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9980383515,"priority":0.9980383515,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9980383515}}
+{"text":"3(aq)","count":104,"_input_hash":-1823768245,"_task_hash":1782029636,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382121,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9994268417,"priority":0.9994268417,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994268417}}
+{"text":"Pu","count":103,"_input_hash":-1687284668,"_task_hash":999253393,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382122,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9991759658,"priority":0.9991759658,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991759658}}
+{"text":"r2","count":103,"_input_hash":-1247021811,"_task_hash":-816688141,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382122,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9960557222,"priority":0.9960557222,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9960557222}}
+{"text":"no","count":103,"_input_hash":-1808349283,"_task_hash":-1522821279,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382122,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9928290248,"priority":0.9928290248,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9928290248}}
+{"text":"(s) \u21cc","count":103,"_input_hash":435064411,"_task_hash":1505078652,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382123,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9996883869,"priority":0.9996883869,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996883869}}
+{"text":"\u00d7 \u22123","count":103,"_input_hash":-287213197,"_task_hash":-1394798087,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382123,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9989245534,"priority":0.9989245534,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989245534}}
+{"text":"-7","count":103,"_input_hash":1669421234,"_task_hash":-240501920,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382123,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9813598394,"priority":0.9813598394,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9813598394}}
+{"text":"\u22129","count":103,"_input_hash":-773592913,"_task_hash":915046138,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382124,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9997611642,"priority":0.9997611642,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997611642}}
+{"text":"SH2 O4","count":102,"_input_hash":-1918030349,"_task_hash":-1233259222,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382124,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9930074215,"priority":0.9930074215,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9930074215}}
+{"text":"Fe3+","count":101,"_input_hash":-1931995354,"_task_hash":-1125232841,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382125,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9993218184,"priority":0.9993218184,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993218184}}
+{"text":"H2 O2","count":101,"_input_hash":-228905476,"_task_hash":753954621,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382125,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.989464879,"priority":0.989464879,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.989464879}}
+{"text":"1000 g","count":101,"_input_hash":-9156525,"_task_hash":887007840,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382126,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9991068244,"priority":0.9991068244,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991068244}}
+{"text":"19","count":101,"_input_hash":2035079888,"_task_hash":-1446869495,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382126,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9843778014,"priority":0.9843778014,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9843778014}}
+{"text":"b2+","count":100,"_input_hash":1138850472,"_task_hash":-1220297454,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382126,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9992382526,"priority":0.9992382526,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992382526}}
+{"text":"300","count":100,"_input_hash":1456650683,"_task_hash":2014328420,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382127,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9204421639,"priority":0.9204421639,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9204421639}}
+{"text":"Known","count":100,"_input_hash":-799640548,"_task_hash":258543253,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382127,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9696047306,"priority":0.9696047306,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9696047306}}
+{"text":"109","count":100,"_input_hash":-628440043,"_task_hash":-1922225919,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382128,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.8774006367,"priority":0.8774006367,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8774006367}}
+{"text":"Vf","count":99,"_input_hash":-2026830257,"_task_hash":-451718351,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382128,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9928789735,"priority":0.9928789735,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9928789735}}
+{"text":"\u00a0 \u00d7 \u00a0","count":99,"_input_hash":-1673380841,"_task_hash":-1939695341,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382128,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.99770087,"priority":0.99770087,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.99770087}}
+{"text":"7. ","count":99,"_input_hash":2141579798,"_task_hash":253605169,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382129,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9986752868,"priority":0.9986752868,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9986752868}}
+{"text":"10\u221212","count":99,"_input_hash":-572523690,"_task_hash":1365052957,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382129,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9995019436,"priority":0.9995019436,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995019436}}
+{"text":"\u20134","count":99,"_input_hash":-1724409461,"_task_hash":1788335772,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382130,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.998400867,"priority":0.998400867,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.998400867}}
+{"text":"< 0","count":98,"_input_hash":1018826406,"_task_hash":1594580429,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382130,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.850012362,"priority":0.850012362,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.850012362}}
+{"text":"by LibreTexts.","count":98,"_input_hash":96007821,"_task_hash":1244620557,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680382133,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9523409009,"priority":0.9523409009,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9523409009}}
+{"text":"0.693","count":98,"_input_hash":-1683016959,"_task_hash":1047639815,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382134,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9955708385,"priority":0.9955708385,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9955708385}}
+{"text":"b.","count":98,"_input_hash":381587295,"_task_hash":1105544075,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382135,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9529653192,"priority":0.9529653192,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9529653192}}
+{"text":"1 mol O2","count":98,"_input_hash":718776662,"_task_hash":-344182601,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382135,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9989481568,"priority":0.9989481568,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989481568}}
+{"text":"CCl4","count":98,"_input_hash":1981142672,"_task_hash":1053625869,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382136,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9937942028,"priority":0.9937942028,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9937942028}}
+{"text":"Be","count":98,"_input_hash":-1431901142,"_task_hash":-1804695090,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382136,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9974882603,"priority":0.9974882603,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9974882603}}
+{"text":"Ba","count":98,"_input_hash":106173209,"_task_hash":605843158,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382137,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9982847571,"priority":0.9982847571,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9982847571}}
+{"text":"\u0394Hvap","count":98,"_input_hash":1120335531,"_task_hash":785583514,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382137,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9890158772,"priority":0.9890158772,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9890158772}}
+{"text":"Xe","count":97,"_input_hash":219628160,"_task_hash":2026974215,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382138,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9868382812,"priority":0.9868382812,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9868382812}}
+{"text":"Unknown","count":97,"_input_hash":1821679808,"_task_hash":-1667936028,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382138,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9693853259,"priority":0.9693853259,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9693853259}}
+{"text":"e\u2013","count":97,"_input_hash":-1329858608,"_task_hash":-1773682740,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382139,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.984939754,"priority":0.984939754,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.984939754}}
+{"text":"License","count":97,"_input_hash":-317136089,"_task_hash":1817757783,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680382142,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9758685231,"priority":0.9758685231,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9758685231}}
+{"text":"(g)O2","count":97,"_input_hash":1378241511,"_task_hash":1018291496,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382143,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9974487424,"priority":0.9974487424,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9974487424}}
+{"text":"change","count":97,"_input_hash":1084826760,"_task_hash":-498198449,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382143,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9982830286,"priority":0.9982830286,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9982830286}}
+{"text":"(g) + 2","count":97,"_input_hash":596287248,"_task_hash":-1134294248,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382144,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9996133447,"priority":0.9996133447,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996133447}}
+{"text":"l2(g)","count":97,"_input_hash":1480890830,"_task_hash":-959649686,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382144,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.997518301,"priority":0.997518301,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.997518301}}
+{"text":"Ba2+","count":96,"_input_hash":-223711023,"_task_hash":-1251344708,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382145,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9977567792,"priority":0.9977567792,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9977567792}}
+{"text":"solution.","count":96,"_input_hash":427995908,"_task_hash":-13487787,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382145,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9992311001,"priority":0.9992311001,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992311001}}
+{"text":"in ","count":96,"_input_hash":-1807466398,"_task_hash":-747715795,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382146,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9551481605,"priority":0.9551481605,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9551481605}}
+{"text":"]H +","count":96,"_input_hash":-409289877,"_task_hash":-773571038,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382146,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9970651269,"priority":0.9970651269,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9970651269}}
+{"text":"=Kb","count":96,"_input_hash":1992671759,"_task_hash":-976381399,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382147,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9997630715,"priority":0.9997630715,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997630715}}
+{"text":"3-","count":96,"_input_hash":1748725161,"_task_hash":-1906758879,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382147,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9950922728,"priority":0.9950922728,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9950922728}}
+{"text":" ","count":96,"_input_hash":1378380564,"_task_hash":-1189835359,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382148,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9980225563,"priority":0.9980225563,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9980225563}}
+{"text":"O2 H2","count":96,"_input_hash":1417358316,"_task_hash":-1288887876,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382148,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.994592607,"priority":0.994592607,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.994592607}}
+{"text":"P1","count":96,"_input_hash":452146883,"_task_hash":1070137153,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382148,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9998137355,"priority":0.9998137355,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998137355}}
+{"text":"where","count":96,"_input_hash":-843605128,"_task_hash":-475032768,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382149,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9997460246,"priority":0.9997460246,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997460246}}
+{"text":"P V","count":95,"_input_hash":442470304,"_task_hash":818542451,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382149,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9999392033,"priority":0.9999392033,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9999392033}}
+{"text":"Ag","count":95,"_input_hash":1409143351,"_task_hash":449944129,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382150,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.99981457,"priority":0.99981457,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.99981457}}
+{"text":"- ","count":95,"_input_hash":1871926389,"_task_hash":-627107738,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382150,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9959961176,"priority":0.9959961176,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9959961176}}
+{"text":"2.0","count":95,"_input_hash":203870123,"_task_hash":1265313915,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382151,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9994850159,"priority":0.9994850159,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994850159}}
+{"text":"(kJ\/mol)","count":95,"_input_hash":1264370858,"_task_hash":945461909,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382151,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9994594455,"priority":0.9994594455,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994594455}}
+{"text":"Answer:","count":94,"_input_hash":1463245930,"_task_hash":-1383255170,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382151,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9998624325,"priority":0.9998624325,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998624325}}
+{"text":"COOH","count":94,"_input_hash":1757605000,"_task_hash":96925932,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382152,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.999866128,"priority":0.999866128,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999866128}}
+{"text":"(g) \u27f6 2","count":94,"_input_hash":103088830,"_task_hash":-794849161,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382152,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9994881153,"priority":0.9994881153,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994881153}}
+{"text":"\uf08d Note","count":94,"_input_hash":226317733,"_task_hash":-134431825,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382152,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.999330759,"priority":0.999330759,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999330759}}
+{"text":"(b)","count":94,"_input_hash":-857740422,"_task_hash":1840349255,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382153,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.999855876,"priority":0.999855876,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999855876}}
+{"text":"<","count":94,"_input_hash":-661544803,"_task_hash":-399767747,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382153,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9668321609,"priority":0.9668321609,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9668321609}}
+{"text":"Cr2O2 \u2212","count":94,"_input_hash":-1555015863,"_task_hash":-283331348,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382154,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9987959862,"priority":0.9987959862,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9987959862}}
+{"text":"N aCl","count":94,"_input_hash":-757419479,"_task_hash":946746814,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382154,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9990406632,"priority":0.9990406632,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9990406632}}
+{"text":"NA","count":94,"_input_hash":1497318786,"_task_hash":-198033061,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382155,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9996511936,"priority":0.9996511936,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996511936}}
+{"text":"3\u2013","count":94,"_input_hash":-1044722342,"_task_hash":-851688539,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382155,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9993445277,"priority":0.9993445277,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993445277}}
+{"text":"88","count":94,"_input_hash":874006865,"_task_hash":967520720,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382156,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9992741942,"priority":0.9992741942,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992741942}}
+{"text":"reaction.","count":93,"_input_hash":-179936180,"_task_hash":58816131,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382156,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9971541166,"priority":0.9971541166,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9971541166}}
+{"text":"\u20136","count":93,"_input_hash":-959314536,"_task_hash":1032686104,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382157,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.999519825,"priority":0.999519825,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999519825}}
+{"text":"CN\u2212","count":93,"_input_hash":383991033,"_task_hash":1476694050,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382157,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9965772033,"priority":0.9965772033,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9965772033}}
+{"text":", and ","count":93,"_input_hash":1206060480,"_task_hash":989643352,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382157,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9995222092,"priority":0.9995222092,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995222092}}
+{"text":"a.","count":93,"_input_hash":971337,"_task_hash":-1907145078,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382158,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9168297648,"priority":0.9168297648,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9168297648}}
+{"text":"Al2O3","count":93,"_input_hash":-919565746,"_task_hash":-606371061,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382158,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9929689765,"priority":0.9929689765,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9929689765}}
+{"text":"[Al","count":92,"_input_hash":-1717415230,"_task_hash":-1408432125,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382159,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9996600151,"priority":0.9996600151,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996600151}}
+{"text":"131","count":92,"_input_hash":1037270455,"_task_hash":-610590581,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382159,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9699165821,"priority":0.9699165821,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9699165821}}
+{"text":"(g) \u21cc","count":92,"_input_hash":60132781,"_task_hash":-1305196486,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382160,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9994051456,"priority":0.9994051456,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994051456}}
+{"text":"NO3","count":92,"_input_hash":-22042246,"_task_hash":1207251563,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382160,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9978808761,"priority":0.9978808761,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9978808761}}
+{"text":"H3PO4","count":92,"_input_hash":-2129677120,"_task_hash":1094268595,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382160,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9998567104,"priority":0.9998567104,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998567104}}
+{"text":"u2+","count":92,"_input_hash":-517103275,"_task_hash":-1771870221,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382161,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9948444366,"priority":0.9948444366,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9948444366}}
+{"text":"dt","count":92,"_input_hash":-624121371,"_task_hash":-1995683303,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382161,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9989449382,"priority":0.9989449382,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989449382}}
+{"text":"P4","count":92,"_input_hash":1563672298,"_task_hash":-206889881,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382162,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9993162155,"priority":0.9993162155,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993162155}}
+{"text":"H\u2212","count":91,"_input_hash":1494947608,"_task_hash":-1219265068,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382162,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.1306146383,"priority":0.1306146383,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.1306146383}}
+{"text":"O4","count":91,"_input_hash":1308479248,"_task_hash":1675250924,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382162,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9974544644,"priority":0.9974544644,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9974544644}}
+{"text":"\u221212","count":91,"_input_hash":-520852638,"_task_hash":-764404809,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382163,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.890841186,"priority":0.890841186,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.890841186}}
+{"text":"Zeff","count":91,"_input_hash":1073138470,"_task_hash":1361717040,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382163,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8740442991,"priority":0.8740442991,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8740442991}}
+{"text":"molecules.","count":91,"_input_hash":1712459098,"_task_hash":-1390185056,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382164,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9903854132,"priority":0.9903854132,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9903854132}}
+{"text":"36","count":91,"_input_hash":302594451,"_task_hash":-1143195553,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382164,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9389773607,"priority":0.9389773607,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9389773607}}
+{"text":"References ","count":91,"_input_hash":1564820315,"_task_hash":1851085582,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382165,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.990041852,"priority":0.990041852,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.990041852}}
+{"text":"m2","count":91,"_input_hash":724222320,"_task_hash":-1356296196,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382165,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9988186955,"priority":0.9988186955,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9988186955}}
+{"text":"\u2248","count":91,"_input_hash":-1665219995,"_task_hash":-907621443,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382165,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9961290359,"priority":0.9961290359,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9961290359}}
+{"text":"References","count":90,"_input_hash":1365250958,"_task_hash":-1316281346,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382166,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.990041852,"priority":0.990041852,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.990041852}}
+{"text":"\/","count":90,"_input_hash":-123456935,"_task_hash":1133971941,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382166,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.7674800754,"priority":0.7674800754,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7674800754}}
+{"text":"Key Takeaways ","count":90,"_input_hash":432296866,"_task_hash":737574735,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382167,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9998837709,"priority":0.9998837709,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998837709}}
+{"text":"=Kp","count":90,"_input_hash":1615455807,"_task_hash":2062865371,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382167,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9996763468,"priority":0.9996763468,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996763468}}
+{"text":"MgCl2","count":90,"_input_hash":1382100616,"_task_hash":-1234110893,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382168,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.999362886,"priority":0.999362886,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999362886}}
+{"text":"\u27f6 +","count":90,"_input_hash":-146692896,"_task_hash":1114232447,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382168,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9991537333,"priority":0.9991537333,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991537333}}
+{"text":"8. ","count":89,"_input_hash":-1178329167,"_task_hash":-344750645,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382168,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9994826317,"priority":0.9994826317,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994826317}}
+{"text":"Anonymous.","count":89,"_input_hash":339077834,"_task_hash":-1772063082,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382169,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9983819723,"priority":0.9983819723,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9983819723}}
+{"text":"O+","count":89,"_input_hash":-1289363294,"_task_hash":-1509899785,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382169,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9998979568,"priority":0.9998979568,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998979568}}
+{"text":"yes","count":88,"_input_hash":2108817714,"_task_hash":1164620222,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382170,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9989308715,"priority":0.9989308715,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989308715}}
+{"text":"If ","count":88,"_input_hash":-1137514997,"_task_hash":-2016950754,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382171,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9968132377,"priority":0.9968132377,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9968132377}}
+{"text":"Pi","count":88,"_input_hash":-1337561797,"_task_hash":1720516741,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382171,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9995156527,"priority":0.9995156527,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995156527}}
+{"text":"HA","count":88,"_input_hash":-915951788,"_task_hash":414346324,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382171,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9976353645,"priority":0.9976353645,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9976353645}}
+{"text":"[O","count":87,"_input_hash":-681903211,"_task_hash":1029214840,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382172,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9997355342,"priority":0.9997355342,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997355342}}
+{"text":"Cr3 +","count":87,"_input_hash":692334408,"_task_hash":1440981731,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382172,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9959645271,"priority":0.9959645271,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9959645271}}
+{"text":"e2+","count":87,"_input_hash":-772621194,"_task_hash":234891432,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382173,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9878970385,"priority":0.9878970385,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9878970385}}
+{"text":"S2\u2212","count":87,"_input_hash":882637719,"_task_hash":-683020245,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382173,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9990998507,"priority":0.9990998507,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9990998507}}
+{"text":"[P","count":87,"_input_hash":-1582765877,"_task_hash":-1698116582,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382174,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9998134971,"priority":0.9998134971,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998134971}}
+{"text":"+ \u27f6 +","count":87,"_input_hash":-464521422,"_task_hash":-774420221,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382174,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9998657703,"priority":0.9998657703,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998657703}}
+{"text":"Undeclared","count":86,"_input_hash":-441103861,"_task_hash":1136379132,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382175,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9984460473,"priority":0.9984460473,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9984460473}}
+{"text":"N2O5","count":86,"_input_hash":1243402141,"_task_hash":-1559429929,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382175,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9999855757,"priority":0.9999855757,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9999855757}}
+{"text":"74","count":86,"_input_hash":-1128874607,"_task_hash":309797805,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382176,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9934406877,"priority":0.9934406877,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9934406877}}
+{"text":"M10\u22123","count":86,"_input_hash":627917665,"_task_hash":-161479208,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382176,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.997766614,"priority":0.997766614,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.997766614}}
+{"text":"70","count":86,"_input_hash":1054700906,"_task_hash":176984403,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382176,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9447162747,"priority":0.9447162747,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9447162747}}
+{"text":"v2","count":86,"_input_hash":1828263873,"_task_hash":1762937341,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382177,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9978635907,"priority":0.9978635907,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9978635907}}
+{"text":"C2H2","count":85,"_input_hash":564461844,"_task_hash":-75245792,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382177,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9997027516,"priority":0.9997027516,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997027516}}
+{"text":"\u2212 \u2212\u2212\u2212","count":85,"_input_hash":-1889095558,"_task_hash":-1917552697,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382178,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9836708307,"priority":0.9836708307,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9836708307}}
+{"text":"K+","count":85,"_input_hash":-168673515,"_task_hash":-146458517,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382178,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9940328002,"priority":0.9940328002,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9940328002}}
+{"text":"[Ag","count":85,"_input_hash":1971982235,"_task_hash":-1539375395,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382179,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9995076656,"priority":0.9995076656,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995076656}}
+{"text":"\u00d7 100%","count":85,"_input_hash":-513178628,"_task_hash":1391113036,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382179,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9983691573,"priority":0.9983691573,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9983691573}}
+{"text":"ICE","count":85,"_input_hash":-402842690,"_task_hash":-1201925955,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382180,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9967036843,"priority":0.9967036843,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9967036843}}
+{"text":"S (","count":85,"_input_hash":-963655798,"_task_hash":1470582130,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382180,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9997649789,"priority":0.9997649789,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997649789}}
+{"text":"(e) ","count":85,"_input_hash":-778649859,"_task_hash":1732106794,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382181,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9998767376,"priority":0.9998767376,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998767376}}
+{"text":"M =","count":85,"_input_hash":564864964,"_task_hash":1697745272,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382181,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9991645813,"priority":0.9991645813,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991645813}}
+{"text":"v","count":84,"_input_hash":-2050612329,"_task_hash":-1195436720,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382182,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9982207417,"priority":0.9982207417,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9982207417}}
+{"text":"75","count":84,"_input_hash":-1383203275,"_task_hash":-1984454893,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382192,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9955203533,"priority":0.9955203533,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9955203533}}
+{"text":"Exercises","count":84,"_input_hash":-521071867,"_task_hash":1316083600,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382194,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9995112419,"priority":0.9995112419,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995112419}}
+{"text":"Mg2+","count":84,"_input_hash":-575922774,"_task_hash":-503712554,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382195,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9983115196,"priority":0.9983115196,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9983115196}}
+{"text":"S o","count":84,"_input_hash":-467448720,"_task_hash":887837531,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382196,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9993601441,"priority":0.9993601441,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993601441}}
+{"text":"(Credit: ","count":84,"_input_hash":382087175,"_task_hash":-2003103525,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680382197,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9999519587,"priority":0.9999519587,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9999519587}}
+{"text":"soln","count":83,"_input_hash":551248779,"_task_hash":1050542394,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382198,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9988031387,"priority":0.9988031387,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9988031387}}
+{"text":"HNO","count":83,"_input_hash":-1074553186,"_task_hash":-1004183580,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382198,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9948992133,"priority":0.9948992133,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9948992133}}
+{"text":"\u239c","count":83,"_input_hash":-339993390,"_task_hash":-714364257,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382198,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9854915738,"priority":0.9854915738,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9854915738}}
+{"text":"b)","count":83,"_input_hash":-1790341640,"_task_hash":-560711859,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382199,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.999830842,"priority":0.999830842,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999830842}}
+{"text":"Bond","count":83,"_input_hash":-1070551822,"_task_hash":901048334,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382199,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9995726943,"priority":0.9995726943,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995726943}}
+{"text":"\u239f","count":83,"_input_hash":1045153150,"_task_hash":744710337,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382200,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.998935163,"priority":0.998935163,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.998935163}}
+{"text":"-6","count":83,"_input_hash":-1387099313,"_task_hash":-1698016279,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382200,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.5657354593,"priority":0.5657354593,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5657354593}}
+{"text":"+ \u2192","count":83,"_input_hash":-645046606,"_task_hash":-1632582690,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382200,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9986513257,"priority":0.9986513257,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9986513257}}
+{"text":"Source:","count":83,"_input_hash":-259958645,"_task_hash":-380141121,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680382202,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9998624325,"priority":0.9998624325,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998624325}}
+{"text":"] [","count":82,"_input_hash":1194336833,"_task_hash":743991716,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382203,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9983081818,"priority":0.9983081818,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9983081818}}
+{"text":"86","count":82,"_input_hash":-1230042653,"_task_hash":1258212287,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382204,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9983431101,"priority":0.9983431101,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9983431101}}
+{"text":"W","count":82,"_input_hash":-1271328566,"_task_hash":-553567643,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382204,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9984723926,"priority":0.9984723926,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9984723926}}
+{"text":"m3","count":82,"_input_hash":1344797178,"_task_hash":-1450337330,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382205,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.999907732,"priority":0.999907732,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999907732}}
+{"text":"KP","count":82,"_input_hash":806844662,"_task_hash":-190670066,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382205,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9995544553,"priority":0.9995544553,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995544553}}
+{"text":"HBr","count":82,"_input_hash":514164911,"_task_hash":-924117702,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382206,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9921888113,"priority":0.9921888113,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9921888113}}
+{"text":"\u221214","count":82,"_input_hash":-1580394023,"_task_hash":-1605273913,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382206,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9961932898,"priority":0.9961932898,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9961932898}}
+{"text":" gives","count":82,"_input_hash":-236678609,"_task_hash":-1023159945,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382206,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9999433756,"priority":0.9999433756,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9999433756}}
+{"text":"55","count":82,"_input_hash":1685992745,"_task_hash":791192630,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382207,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9946457148,"priority":0.9946457148,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9946457148}}
+{"text":"54","count":82,"_input_hash":-98235320,"_task_hash":-1527314682,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382207,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.99913764,"priority":0.99913764,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.99913764}}
+{"text":"-19","count":81,"_input_hash":-1242889967,"_task_hash":1908417876,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382207,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.8658896089,"priority":0.8658896089,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.8658896089}}
+{"text":"\u21cc C","count":81,"_input_hash":863238545,"_task_hash":1939539487,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382208,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9973537922,"priority":0.9973537922,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9973537922}}
+{"text":"is ","count":81,"_input_hash":1434019266,"_task_hash":-2068261464,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382208,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9760273099,"priority":0.9760273099,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9760273099}}
+{"text":"r\u2212","count":81,"_input_hash":1727214375,"_task_hash":-1666633258,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382209,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9965066314,"priority":0.9965066314,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9965066314}}
+{"text":"0.50","count":81,"_input_hash":-228992097,"_task_hash":-1398880916,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382209,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9988006353,"priority":0.9988006353,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9988006353}}
+{"text":"S2O2\u2212","count":80,"_input_hash":-364081420,"_task_hash":-1818558668,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382210,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9817582965,"priority":0.9817582965,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9817582965}}
+{"text":"C4H10","count":80,"_input_hash":-1964255911,"_task_hash":-212459416,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382210,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9939204454,"priority":0.9939204454,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9939204454}}
+{"text":"Boiling Point (\u00b0C)","count":80,"_input_hash":-1128525884,"_task_hash":-858946272,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382211,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9998245835,"priority":0.9998245835,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998245835}}
+{"text":"= 1","count":80,"_input_hash":2129021642,"_task_hash":561597843,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382211,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9994803071,"priority":0.9994803071,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994803071}}
+{"text":"201","count":80,"_input_hash":1129152189,"_task_hash":-874213548,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382212,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9985847473,"priority":0.9985847473,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9985847473}}
+{"text":"\u03bb =","count":80,"_input_hash":1719801305,"_task_hash":1094264740,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382212,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9962483048,"priority":0.9962483048,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9962483048}}
+{"text":"Ka2","count":80,"_input_hash":1333368772,"_task_hash":-1353873617,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382213,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.99945575,"priority":0.99945575,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.99945575}}
+{"text":"\u221213","count":80,"_input_hash":-1944492557,"_task_hash":-595006605,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382213,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9931494594,"priority":0.9931494594,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9931494594}}
+{"text":"KOH","count":80,"_input_hash":799321899,"_task_hash":7136996,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382214,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9971271157,"priority":0.9971271157,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9971271157}}
+{"text":"][O","count":80,"_input_hash":2046926504,"_task_hash":103501155,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382214,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9989253879,"priority":0.9989253879,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989253879}}
+{"text":"5 12","count":79,"_input_hash":-1749775696,"_task_hash":921306213,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382214,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9997226596,"priority":0.9997226596,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997226596}}
+{"text":"Sn","count":79,"_input_hash":-1110638836,"_task_hash":1631029199,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382215,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.999001801,"priority":0.999001801,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999001801}}
+{"text":"\u0394S o","count":79,"_input_hash":-393706357,"_task_hash":1363869560,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382215,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.999158144,"priority":0.999158144,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999158144}}
+{"text":"\u221211","count":79,"_input_hash":1932903877,"_task_hash":-1207325888,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382216,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.940530777,"priority":0.940530777,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.940530777}}
+{"text":"84","count":78,"_input_hash":-1270717699,"_task_hash":-962866654,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382216,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9999166727,"priority":0.9999166727,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9999166727}}
+{"text":"Q =","count":78,"_input_hash":853423537,"_task_hash":390318787,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382217,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9997753501,"priority":0.9997753501,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997753501}}
+{"text":"urms","count":78,"_input_hash":140959132,"_task_hash":1940344749,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382217,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.5663310885,"priority":0.5663310885,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.5663310885}}
+{"text":"As","count":78,"_input_hash":-36688099,"_task_hash":2019219209,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382218,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9998677969,"priority":0.9998677969,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998677969}}
+{"text":"AgCl","count":78,"_input_hash":-1440899830,"_task_hash":-1847920317,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382218,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9994978905,"priority":0.9994978905,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994978905}}
+{"text":"93","count":78,"_input_hash":-105165367,"_task_hash":-1504152586,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382218,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9989570379,"priority":0.9989570379,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989570379}}
+{"text":")3","count":78,"_input_hash":1575885118,"_task_hash":1279500128,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382219,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9998642206,"priority":0.9998642206,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998642206}}
+{"text":"HC","count":78,"_input_hash":-1152025363,"_task_hash":1723469526,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382219,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9994260073,"priority":0.9994260073,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994260073}}
+{"text":" = ","count":78,"_input_hash":767854267,"_task_hash":1788129198,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382220,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9993658662,"priority":0.9993658662,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993658662}}
+{"text":"57","count":78,"_input_hash":1622463645,"_task_hash":-1644716126,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382220,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9997503161,"priority":0.9997503161,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997503161}}
+{"text":"M10\u22124","count":78,"_input_hash":186763526,"_task_hash":647305715,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382221,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9902657866,"priority":0.9902657866,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9902657866}}
+{"text":"81","count":77,"_input_hash":1820467538,"_task_hash":1067574010,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382221,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9996894598,"priority":0.9996894598,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996894598}}
+{"text":"Hg2+","count":77,"_input_hash":635000967,"_task_hash":997063834,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382222,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9998457432,"priority":0.9998457432,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998457432}}
+{"text":"-9","count":77,"_input_hash":61913365,"_task_hash":-216549275,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382222,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9984820485,"priority":0.9984820485,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9984820485}}
+{"text":"95","count":77,"_input_hash":-1282837131,"_task_hash":583371518,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382223,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9986061454,"priority":0.9986061454,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9986061454}}
+{"text":"100 cm","count":77,"_input_hash":18783468,"_task_hash":542615912,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382223,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9987565279,"priority":0.9987565279,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9987565279}}
+{"text":"hc","count":77,"_input_hash":-170767439,"_task_hash":-792369613,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382223,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9917060137,"priority":0.9917060137,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9917060137}}
+{"text":"Experiment","count":77,"_input_hash":1783478836,"_task_hash":-214967811,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382224,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9679295421,"priority":0.9679295421,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9679295421}}
+{"text":"\u21cc 2N","count":77,"_input_hash":50047677,"_task_hash":2052883038,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382224,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9993767142,"priority":0.9993767142,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993767142}}
+{"text":"overall:","count":77,"_input_hash":-1007537544,"_task_hash":1515178293,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382225,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9999530315,"priority":0.9999530315,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9999530315}}
+{"text":"nF","count":76,"_input_hash":473267354,"_task_hash":246736144,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382225,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9719673395,"priority":0.9719673395,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9719673395}}
+{"text":"n1","count":76,"_input_hash":1496307831,"_task_hash":-1388424471,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382226,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9452207088,"priority":0.9452207088,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9452207088}}
+{"text":"pz","count":76,"_input_hash":-326745118,"_task_hash":-912036948,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382226,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9921481013,"priority":0.9921481013,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9921481013}}
+{"text":"H3 O\u2212","count":76,"_input_hash":-669661388,"_task_hash":19416833,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382226,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9984164238,"priority":0.9984164238,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9984164238}}
+{"text":"c.","count":75,"_input_hash":1630997514,"_task_hash":1250634855,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382227,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9994969368,"priority":0.9994969368,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994969368}}
+{"text":")NH3","count":75,"_input_hash":1015245755,"_task_hash":-643505345,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382227,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9998704195,"priority":0.9998704195,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998704195}}
+{"text":"Al3+","count":75,"_input_hash":1421694235,"_task_hash":-1939670158,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382227,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9997779727,"priority":0.9997779727,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997779727}}
+{"text":"44","count":75,"_input_hash":1113595608,"_task_hash":1067991556,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382228,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9925203323,"priority":0.9925203323,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9925203323}}
+{"text":"Li+","count":75,"_input_hash":250756589,"_task_hash":-1582448836,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382228,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9840772152,"priority":0.9840772152,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9840772152}}
+{"text":"SA 3.0","count":75,"_input_hash":483966906,"_task_hash":-925775704,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680382232,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.919898212,"priority":0.919898212,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.919898212}}
+{"text":"I \u2212","count":75,"_input_hash":-2126371588,"_task_hash":608556793,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382233,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.999274075,"priority":0.999274075,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999274075}}
+{"text":"XA","count":75,"_input_hash":784491966,"_task_hash":-325590802,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382234,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9984804988,"priority":0.9984804988,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9984804988}}
+{"text":"He4","count":75,"_input_hash":-382903258,"_task_hash":-1092340670,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382234,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9976473451,"priority":0.9976473451,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9976473451}}
+{"text":"(g) \u2192 2","count":75,"_input_hash":-1142375138,"_task_hash":1576739256,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382234,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9997487664,"priority":0.9997487664,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997487664}}
+{"text":"mol \u22c5 K","count":75,"_input_hash":-2017920597,"_task_hash":-1088222010,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382235,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9935752749,"priority":0.9935752749,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9935752749}}
+{"text":"O3\u2212","count":74,"_input_hash":1429065662,"_task_hash":1778331942,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382235,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9983652234,"priority":0.9983652234,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9983652234}}
+{"text":"Reaction","count":74,"_input_hash":1511713441,"_task_hash":1354940429,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382236,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9960476756,"priority":0.9960476756,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9960476756}}
+{"text":"AgNO3","count":74,"_input_hash":-1130401574,"_task_hash":-1656403572,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382236,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9981994629,"priority":0.9981994629,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9981994629}}
+{"text":"Detailed Licensing","count":74,"_input_hash":-390968937,"_task_hash":-1487255223,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680382238,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9925817251,"priority":0.9925817251,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9925817251}}
+{"text":"\u0394Hsoln","count":74,"_input_hash":1461782921,"_task_hash":453681487,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382258,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.999116838,"priority":0.999116838,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999116838}}
+{"text":"Cs","count":74,"_input_hash":-1937643160,"_task_hash":-1597696609,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382259,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9996877909,"priority":0.9996877909,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996877909}}
+{"text":"\u0394o","count":74,"_input_hash":-332538262,"_task_hash":-1042885233,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382259,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9980706573,"priority":0.9980706573,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9980706573}}
+{"text":"Th","count":74,"_input_hash":-1127734321,"_task_hash":1242763180,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382260,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9796756506,"priority":0.9796756506,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9796756506}}
+{"text":"ClO","count":74,"_input_hash":-1244174820,"_task_hash":642595017,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382260,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.995876193,"priority":0.995876193,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.995876193}}
+{"text":"3 5","count":74,"_input_hash":-1374303216,"_task_hash":-1910641567,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382261,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9998273849,"priority":0.9998273849,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998273849}}
+{"text":"\u00d7 \u22126","count":74,"_input_hash":-411985665,"_task_hash":-1764457883,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382262,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9993770719,"priority":0.9993770719,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993770719}}
+{"text":"Time (s)","count":74,"_input_hash":-430157173,"_task_hash":-721110325,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382262,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9997543693,"priority":0.9997543693,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997543693}}
+{"text":"SiO2","count":74,"_input_hash":893648072,"_task_hash":358107119,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382263,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9876640439,"priority":0.9876640439,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9876640439}}
+{"text":"Property","count":73,"_input_hash":-1199068370,"_task_hash":-1767732975,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382263,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.7866830826,"priority":0.7866830826,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.7866830826}}
+{"text":"58","count":73,"_input_hash":-521140439,"_task_hash":1386672520,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382263,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9979397655,"priority":0.9979397655,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9979397655}}
+{"text":"acidic","count":73,"_input_hash":1212544061,"_task_hash":1230728476,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382264,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9997760653,"priority":0.9997760653,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997760653}}
+{"text":"38","count":73,"_input_hash":1741282263,"_task_hash":-375951764,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382264,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9983605742,"priority":0.9983605742,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9983605742}}
+{"text":"\u0394S \u2218","count":73,"_input_hash":532182518,"_task_hash":-2080965115,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382265,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9997567534,"priority":0.9997567534,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997567534}}
+{"text":"Rn","count":73,"_input_hash":-1460091493,"_task_hash":1566375877,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382265,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9943825006,"priority":0.9943825006,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9943825006}}
+{"text":"\u2212 (","count":73,"_input_hash":1318495781,"_task_hash":770753670,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382266,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9993758798,"priority":0.9993758798,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993758798}}
+{"text":"Reactants","count":73,"_input_hash":-1288756365,"_task_hash":1144631891,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382266,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.99978441,"priority":0.99978441,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.99978441}}
+{"text":"Qc","count":73,"_input_hash":206872588,"_task_hash":-1381068429,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382267,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9999096394,"priority":0.9999096394,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9999096394}}
+{"text":"Po","count":73,"_input_hash":-1409558720,"_task_hash":717046666,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382267,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9997515082,"priority":0.9997515082,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997515082}}
+{"text":"H]","count":73,"_input_hash":-777702031,"_task_hash":1505639344,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382268,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9990849495,"priority":0.9990849495,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9990849495}}
+{"text":"= 1.2 \u00d7","count":73,"_input_hash":-1331604538,"_task_hash":-737512201,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382268,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9992696643,"priority":0.9992696643,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9992696643}}
+{"text":"0 mmol","count":72,"_input_hash":-1619823262,"_task_hash":-248461827,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382269,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9961203337,"priority":0.9961203337,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9961203337}}
+{"text":"0.0","count":72,"_input_hash":-965444559,"_task_hash":661466450,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382269,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.990190506,"priority":0.990190506,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.990190506}}
+{"text":"200","count":72,"_input_hash":735365928,"_task_hash":-246292205,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382271,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9998133779,"priority":0.9998133779,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998133779}}
+{"text":"Gas","count":72,"_input_hash":1862544073,"_task_hash":1519580058,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382271,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9994812608,"priority":0.9994812608,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994812608}}
+{"text":"Answer f","count":72,"_input_hash":1433540636,"_task_hash":1481273906,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382273,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9987561703,"priority":0.9987561703,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9987561703}}
+{"text":"NC-SA 3.0","count":72,"_input_hash":-1532912553,"_task_hash":-1966189300,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680382274,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9996831417,"priority":0.9996831417,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9996831417}}
+{"text":" and","count":72,"_input_hash":-1288862855,"_task_hash":-1520489511,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382275,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.999646306,"priority":0.999646306,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999646306}}
+{"text":"46","count":72,"_input_hash":379431406,"_task_hash":294603164,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382276,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9919946194,"priority":0.9919946194,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9919946194}}
+{"text":"222","count":72,"_input_hash":955549902,"_task_hash":-1242056581,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382276,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9997780919,"priority":0.9997780919,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997780919}}
+{"text":"(aq) \u21cc","count":71,"_input_hash":402136320,"_task_hash":-2035813683,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382277,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9998321533,"priority":0.9998321533,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998321533}}
+{"text":"2. ","count":71,"_input_hash":84423071,"_task_hash":352391210,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382277,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9998354912,"priority":0.9998354912,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998354912}}
+{"text":" or ","count":71,"_input_hash":-1968477039,"_task_hash":-2132877499,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382278,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9994058609,"priority":0.9994058609,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994058609}}
+{"text":"sH\u2032","count":71,"_input_hash":2109173895,"_task_hash":1496587927,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382278,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.99828583,"priority":0.99828583,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.99828583}}
+{"text":"SH2","count":70,"_input_hash":-1803336165,"_task_hash":-195954418,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382279,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9986003041,"priority":0.9986003041,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9986003041}}
+{"text":"PO3\u2212","count":70,"_input_hash":1177041749,"_task_hash":-120525324,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382279,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9895886183,"priority":0.9895886183,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9895886183}}
+{"text":"H \u2013","count":70,"_input_hash":742779134,"_task_hash":-1421881672,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382280,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9980740547,"priority":0.9980740547,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9980740547}}
+{"text":"*","count":70,"_input_hash":-1531653369,"_task_hash":337378088,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382280,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9964281917,"priority":0.9964281917,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9964281917}}
+{"text":"\u20137","count":70,"_input_hash":-637306964,"_task_hash":-2075973494,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382281,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9989545345,"priority":0.9989545345,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9989545345}}
+{"text":"N7","count":70,"_input_hash":-1982304136,"_task_hash":1541409293,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382281,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9985647798,"priority":0.9985647798,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9985647798}}
+{"text":"PO3 \u2212","count":70,"_input_hash":797464076,"_task_hash":-45130814,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382282,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9979812503,"priority":0.9979812503,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9979812503}}
+{"text":"F \u2212","count":70,"_input_hash":1600868180,"_task_hash":153080567,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382284,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9988946319,"priority":0.9988946319,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9988946319}}
+{"text":"Licensing","count":70,"_input_hash":-435995748,"_task_hash":202963534,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680382285,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9961890578,"priority":0.9961890578,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9961890578}}
+{"text":"L \u22c5 atm","count":70,"_input_hash":-1009866982,"_task_hash":511457633,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382285,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9921858311,"priority":0.9921858311,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9921858311}}
+{"text":"c)","count":69,"_input_hash":-939111690,"_task_hash":1735403851,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382286,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.999568522,"priority":0.999568522,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999568522}}
+{"text":"\u0394[A]","count":69,"_input_hash":2058699113,"_task_hash":-565586897,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382286,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9695629478,"priority":0.9695629478,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9695629478}}
+{"text":"Ka1","count":69,"_input_hash":-65640028,"_task_hash":-1247381051,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382287,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9997707009,"priority":0.9997707009,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997707009}}
+{"text":"Pf","count":69,"_input_hash":-1859214091,"_task_hash":1228970369,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382287,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9999320507,"priority":0.9999320507,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9999320507}}
+{"text":" M","count":69,"_input_hash":1266646863,"_task_hash":-1070181777,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382288,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9994860888,"priority":0.9994860888,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9994860888}}
+{"text":"120","count":69,"_input_hash":782403965,"_task_hash":-1754300618,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382288,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9980952144,"priority":0.9980952144,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9980952144}}
+{"text":"\u0394Hrxn","count":69,"_input_hash":-414747681,"_task_hash":605023346,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382288,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9991183877,"priority":0.9991183877,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9991183877}}
+{"text":" ion.","count":69,"_input_hash":982223698,"_task_hash":-1487558689,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382289,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9990766048,"priority":0.9990766048,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9990766048}}
+{"text":"\u0394G = 0","count":69,"_input_hash":-1156019528,"_task_hash":1094646749,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382289,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9993072748,"priority":0.9993072748,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9993072748}}
+{"text":"H SO","count":69,"_input_hash":1219030696,"_task_hash":221986445,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382290,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9995074272,"priority":0.9995074272,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995074272}}
+{"text":"FeCl3","count":69,"_input_hash":-178868634,"_task_hash":916645596,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382290,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9966645837,"priority":0.9966645837,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9966645837}}
+{"text":"C C H","count":69,"_input_hash":-2034987867,"_task_hash":608985536,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382291,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9998255372,"priority":0.9998255372,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998255372}}
+{"text":"that ","count":68,"_input_hash":-1320561688,"_task_hash":-431873434,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382291,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9979557991,"priority":0.9979557991,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9979557991}}
+{"text":"240","count":68,"_input_hash":346072665,"_task_hash":52100036,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382292,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9997678399,"priority":0.9997678399,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9997678399}}
+{"text":"ln(","count":68,"_input_hash":-858333774,"_task_hash":-774582157,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382293,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9977089167,"priority":0.9977089167,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9977089167}}
+{"text":"cm3","count":68,"_input_hash":526789224,"_task_hash":797700042,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382296,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.973097682,"priority":0.973097682,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.973097682}}
+{"text":"\u2212\u2212\u2212\u2212\u2212\u2212\u2212","count":68,"_input_hash":-1726849934,"_task_hash":-659258652,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"reject","_timestamp":1680382296,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9965333939,"priority":0.9965333939,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9965333939}}
+{"text":"n =","count":68,"_input_hash":-1076490998,"_task_hash":536752597,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382297,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9995651841,"priority":0.9995651841,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9995651841}}
+{"text":"HCN","count":68,"_input_hash":-102399652,"_task_hash":1448031712,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382299,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9998338223,"priority":0.9998338223,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998338223}}
+{"text":"2(aq)","count":68,"_input_hash":567346562,"_task_hash":1343061112,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382300,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9998981953,"priority":0.9998981953,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9998981953}}
+{"text":"l(s)","count":67,"_input_hash":1928314156,"_task_hash":1030185202,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382300,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9983386993,"priority":0.9983386993,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9983386993}}
+{"text":"kcal","count":67,"_input_hash":-570131849,"_task_hash":1982677235,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382300,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9949474335,"priority":0.9949474335,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9949474335}}
+{"text":"Oxygen","count":67,"_input_hash":-1621285200,"_task_hash":1163569944,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382301,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9981741905,"priority":0.9981741905,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9981741905}}
+{"text":"PN2","count":67,"_input_hash":2128579609,"_task_hash":-1999128492,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382301,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9999775887,"priority":0.9999775887,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9999775887}}
+{"text":"-10","count":67,"_input_hash":-1419626516,"_task_hash":-789427205,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382301,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9977357388,"priority":0.9977357388,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9977357388}}
+{"text":"\u00d7 3","count":67,"_input_hash":433516670,"_task_hash":-1711892024,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382302,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9990171194,"priority":0.9990171194,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9990171194}}
+{"text":"41","count":67,"_input_hash":-369833463,"_task_hash":1950927938,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382302,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.9965690374,"priority":0.9965690374,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9965690374}}
+{"text":"2 (g)","count":66,"_input_hash":-1032598532,"_task_hash":1192881675,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382302,"common_values":null,"label":"keep","score":0.999958396,"priority":0.999958396,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.999958396}}
+{"text":"NaNO3","count":66,"_input_hash":255392934,"_task_hash":1045967730,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382303,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9971402884,"priority":0.9971402884,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9971402884}}
+{"text":"C=O","count":66,"_input_hash":998980965,"_task_hash":-1546800808,"options":null,"_view_id":"classification","config":null,"accept":null,"answer":"accept","_timestamp":1680382303,"common_values":null,"label":"lose","score":0.9999394417,"priority":0.9999394417,"spans":[],"meta":{"score":0.9999394417}}
diff --git a/data/libre_textbooks/meta.yaml b/data/libre_textbooks/meta.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b1fd866dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/libre_textbooks/meta.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+name: libre_textbooks
+description: A dataset of pairs of natural language descriptions and SMILEs.
+targets:
+- id: text
+ description: A line of string from the textbook
+ units: null
+ type: string
+ names:
+ - natural language description
+ pubchem_aids: []
+ uris: []
+identifiers:
+- id: book
+ type: string
+ description: name of the textbook the string line is from
+license: CC BY 4.0
+links:
+- name: Libre Textbooks
+ url: https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves
+ description: ''
+- name: Google Drive host
+ url: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1iZFXnIw_wnXoR04-hiRmW2ax2b0Nx4qm?usp=sharing
+ description: Website hosting textbook pdfs.
+- name: Hugging Face dataset upload
+ url: https://huggingface.co/datasets/Hack90/libre_chem_textbooks
+ description: Hugging Face dataset uploaded to HF account
+benchmarks: []
+num_points: 1229098
+bibtex: []
diff --git a/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py b/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89b294b30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+import re
+from datasets import load_dataset
+import pandas as pd
+import yaml
+
+
+LINES_TO_REMOVE = "/workspaces/chemnlp/data/libre_textbooks/lines_to_remove.jsonl"
+RAW_DATASET = "Hack90/libre_chem_textbooks"
+SPLITS = ["train"]
+
+
+META_YAML_PATH = "./data/libre_textbooks/meta.yaml"
+META_TEMPLATE = {
+ "name": "libre_textbooks", # unique identifier, we will also use this for directory names
+ "description": "A dataset of pairs of natural language descriptions and SMILEs.",
+ "targets": [
+ {
+ "id": "text", # name of the column in a text dataset
+ "description": "A line of string from the textbook",
+ "units": None, # units of the values in this column (leave empty if unitless)
+ "type": "string", # can be "categorical", "ordinal", "continuous", "string"
+ "names": [ # names for the property (to sample from for building the prompts)
+ "natural language description",
+ ],
+ "pubchem_aids": [],
+ "uris": [],
+ },
+ ],
+ "identifiers": [
+ {
+ "id": "book", # column name
+ "type": "string", # can be "SMILES", "SELFIES", "IUPAC", "OTHER"
+ "description": "name of the textbook the string line is from",
+ },
+ ],
+ "license": "CC BY 4.0", # license under which the original dataset was published
+ "links": [ # list of relevant links (original dataset, other uses, etc.)
+ {
+ "name": "Libre Textbooks",
+ "url": "https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves",
+ "description": "",
+ },
+ {
+ "name": "Google Drive host",
+ "url": "https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1iZFXnIw_wnXoR04-hiRmW2ax2b0Nx4qm?usp=sharing",
+ "description": "Website hosting textbook pdfs.", # I'm hoping to move this to github soon
+ },
+ {
+ "name": "Hugging Face dataset upload",
+ "url": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/Hack90/libre_chem_textbooks",
+ "description": "Hugging Face dataset uploaded to HF account", # Hopefully will move this the openbioml space
+ },
+ ],
+ "benchmarks": [],
+ "num_points": None, # number of datapoints in this dataset
+ "bibtex": [
+ # noqa
+ ],
+}
+
+
+def remove_hyperlinks_licences_and_chapter_heads(text: str):
+ """Remove hyperlinks, licences, and chapter heads from text."""
+ if bool(re.search(r'\d+\.\d+:', text)):
+ text = ''
+ if bool(re.search(r'\d+\.\d+\.\d+', text)):
+ text = ''
+ if bool(re.search(r'\d+:', text)):
+ text = ''
+ if 'CC BY' in text:
+ text = ''
+ if 'yout' in text:
+ text = ''
+ if 'Libre' in text:
+ text = ''
+ if 'curated by' in text:
+ text = ''
+ if 'licens' in text.lower():
+ text = ''
+ if 'licens' in text.lower():
+ text = ''
+ text = re.sub(r'http\S+', '', text)
+ return text
+
+
+def get_raw_data(raw_dataset: str = RAW_DATASET) -> pd.DataFrame:
+ """Load the raw dataset into a pandas dataframe"""
+ dataset = load_dataset(raw_dataset)
+ df_raw = pd.DataFrame(dataset['train'].to_pandas())
+ df_raw['text'] = df_raw['text'].apply(remove_hyperlinks_licences_and_chapter_heads)
+ return df_raw
+
+
+def clean_dataset(df_raw: pd.DataFrame, lines_to_remove: str = LINES_TO_REMOVE) -> pd.DataFrame:
+ """Clean the raw dataset and return a clean pandas dataframe"""
+ df_to_remove = pd.read_json(lines_to_remove, lines=True)
+ df_to_remove = df_to_remove[df_to_remove['answer'] == 'reject']
+ df_clean = pd.DataFrame()
+ df_clean = df_raw
+ df_clean['common_values'] = df_clean["text"].isin(df_to_remove["text"])
+ df_clean = df_clean[df_clean['common_values'] == False]
+ df_clean = df_clean[df_clean['text'].str.strip() != '']
+ return df_clean
+
+
+def create_meta_yaml(num_points: int):
+ """Create meta configuration file for the dataset"""
+ # create meta yaml
+ META_TEMPLATE["num_points"] = num_points
+ with open(META_YAML_PATH, "w+") as f:
+ yaml.dump(META_TEMPLATE, f, sort_keys=False)
+ print(f"Finished processing libre_textbooks {META_TEMPLATE['name']} dataset!")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+ num_samples = 0
+ for split in SPLITS:
+ raw_df = get_raw_data()
+ clean_df = clean_dataset(raw_df)
+ num_samples += len(clean_df)
+
+ create_meta_yaml(num_samples)
From 68768204b49bdf504e569555349866910420b39a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hssn-20 <69965978+hssn-20@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Apr 2023 15:51:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 02/19] Add files via upload
---
data/libre_textbooks/top_sentances.ods | Bin 0 -> 37093 bytes
1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 data/libre_textbooks/top_sentances.ods
diff --git a/data/libre_textbooks/top_sentances.ods b/data/libre_textbooks/top_sentances.ods
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67e286bc5e8a7584175b7e9089b9c1e6e99c9097
GIT binary patch
literal 37093
zcmb5U1yp4}voCmXcR#o_4vo9JyEX36xVyVI?$Ef?xVt-zySuyF
s|#RlVQu2%Zf9a(XJ=($
zWZ-0BYs27TV@z*r;Ar7UZ);~_V{B{WY;9uWMDJ+lU}9kGXl`QSr0{>6^J|*_E_h#*
zu&s@$g_*O%f6V5{#9&}#WMXCV)wFeB_@9x4{{m@YZD3~N$RK3lWNl#Q_;0|#e*t!~
zwY9P{uraavH@JVruAPIenS+U=qoKjSWA|UJ=;&nN-XsAQ*1aQ8zkc64Vq6%1(0TcB{mgH)HBE&JFN}
zBWp`~R9K9t$VVm28;)tX+UQ#fSGiV}8fggA@vnad7Uod5y4p~4>Lmx$vBO(U)#XvT
zrQh<%x0CeDbJ$D357x&(!w^IZS={e=0XZjkU`*8&olbxMa(^V^ja=s{{ap)d(5TcA
z+DH`VFAxnQGaBR+h}SA7J;0oNtH{}td%iQI-!U7Q$D@Bm6En565e8qhue;SzeW4w=
z>6K*eabe`)JUei`Nt&pi$#fxq(#GxndH6v;^@+3dr`|=xN?#`r6k|4oz@oEeirFN4H`PQgi0TlR
z_xzIgx7+^j?WC1Wz4L-l2B&C{D1~-r^!&7ZeF7|{(PcH
z$m@e!=jW_u{D{-#IoH^M=VQGP>KxY&hG=#P$xC^(o}z}EbhF%@p$kJ85Uj;-e~S42OLEME=cWEYVbot1WV
zIB7$a1S6PX>2&&hep=yn{gb?@b48g4q8Y@qL`J5Xt>PLb0hOrSG7KI^)IYkk6z0@Z
zQ{WJ{6EqwQi^)T3k=ts1N;_WP!t=|ah{1{M#70a*UX6g2s*Z7+d4rf-eYo4n>(nnI9IP^d
z)2$)7qM8PC=TWht@*dUmAW9xJO{4PGrl_KvHV3Y>sl(x@b*OS0J5`=mnfK@Fr&l?)ohtV_84ZcpA(+GF
z2^+K{cj{;5?`{DI0{C9%h@U+Oi;H+T3b{Q`1Q3Rrl^P{<6dIMDD{pumfr7VFZB1>a
zSR)!@tc{IV5CNw7DHC`)G^W{icNgFwy`=1|+d4yH+U}`x>n7KGQ5-z1qBXII-+I8B6e_V(Oq--Wl^slJD{x{d_Ea#0H9SD=IU|+uF0Y|@S@kk
z320o%=ey|I#TGiuExS%2LlTzj_Y-Qg(KGNCetg_hw4Vy$YoVQq=}
zb{%rK#uY|(qK*o(q{p=}JFbSlRU4H(@nnl#LUSny!0a43x?c^-FeF5z|v=zqN1WH!gIYl4E
zk|?0)o`Y9e>cSie9fk~UtK1JG&tQg4H{N+Uh~oU-c}K-iQ6Hpkw5Vu1}9hg_
zMsN_a5*+nD@BTa`kxh=zOXc}?lXV_w7wUzceKgZT813X$%NF*in@@0Gk@|-7>g%^2
zLc1&UQnTg0Ma33$r$!w6TUnI29=hebA>~b#dQ-jqu3i}yc7DR0?CY@7YI-=nCi>3H
zSA^mH`FtC5fA_1>O_ojSOlnV~U@6!Zp6d2_TGHJ=R+l_ICN2nE@KE{jSI}FeXzQh1
zt>h>>#*(d&o&6g|Pe13k#kdv%(UHD~g)T@Ckr$Rf@K8vWThYW&XV1O*lB>m-v}odG
z!J&;qF^$>k2-2%Qw!qlm=OC}E6ouAo602uR^}z=~!eLL6P*aTscs60Uim-0y2j$eS3!OfE*u;Ax{-LoAPL68$XB|oSBI!S
z9W2KuiC&#R_@0FS4OO+oC2SWzsS_d{Bnd$gBcb~P7c9D1NK=)_NBTGhCO&r==e+-<
zOP%f9tl8|F>7XfOK(seec;TNF~u;`ok0
ze_p#0He8-#2|%W1HKtBnf`?O0Nx$YAAA;7u5r5|7MX2UJzsJ%E{bXJcDM|wB25Df_
zq}vLpu%j+kx6lf1AeiF59|!Pfxqqawr?p6LiXSXKR$>90-$tnLLMXj_4Sb}F+eS++
zHfQJ6dN|6cQ)4TWZ{1aiQ}9bL6?7m_r=l6=Oz}IF^Fyz`GedvAI
zWSJ>fie%&Gg9ob43L|w)d?O-%ICCE-Uz&{!cR>=T(wZ4Wq_f|K4YDcYs2A&^Y_yz3
zp8xhdm_~!qa_kKXwrybc4!TY`*c3NkM%aB&ZI+
zG1{{tC{ryURI199+im^e9nSEB`mXBoi+@&NBJ#J^U6NYITM(9S3kkwTS~PerQM)(k)5{p(hlI+t_H37$0F_GZrS;0+HAKmOCf$upw&
zh_Lh$?ILA-jbJk}ScFkTGHC-^4_4i|3u9gEqfLnVLGiC`$!458O8yB0JW&^{BRZ4<
zeo$T~-CgEm20*n%Rqxdnr0bNX)eqfUv@4fXfA!(P
zRwv>&a3hT}C>=c+oNr*MD88zumQty-jB0kb&LPyEnMLtBkM`-tQngEJY@8YwUj9+C
zVU(4G>6i4blNX=2tx=1E-IZ1O*`c5^IJHohE{wMr;6)!}C+u-OpFyLT^;ucA3ZBCX
z=re`$e3lLLD;Tup!N2dq=dy>02@PhTP>&jiBT#G+f7fqm2y~?&)y!0qxs}@m$awsc
zzfHoH#MxXF1!oQp!W@ZRJ2IonLR>O_oY^GaRCf@5V&_)UTbVz!@
z`XTwK(#GRukYG>QjwKJ;`nz`SJ)%1@Ycqul$IDf+uxSP(TtKcXsqSu(-gSZ3=NbU>
z^U*Q$OpG?nU{(v!i7y20?+&3Dd~)k#Zd~guYb->XG=eiZ`C4b1KVl!sIFDVUMqyw%v}s{K&A6y(4}k(9t@ut1Xd^$Kog!l5u^{T9P6q(Cl_2
z2t|{ld`)_pX&CjI!5SFi;T|3X8cC2KyMp!!jg%1$cW|QgFDA>-kqe|}sXVt#`rRB3
zQT|1zN`
z1W5@IB>>>d=LP^upugO107qiC5dZ)NP>@j({c3(EfLD-Z{|8
zGr-w5!oxez(^4$uiK(Ex^Y=$loh6z#}ruCoae{Da<=P!Y42w
zFd!r%BrGZ-C?G5(A}TyEG9ofGDk17ucvO5^LS$fkbX00oV0uhsT6|aMR7^_i5dCvnPq8Nd8t{I$vHKdzcZ6_|789y$jmQK
z%&$)bZ!1WS%u7nh%Sg=2N-xVyD9cLC&B-gt&8YbuTbq|yTaZ~_
zn%PpE+*Xp@QIT0tke^pnnqO92SXy3MlwV$2P*zr6P*Im#)mmOvQ&7`USyNkC-&)$-
zRa^YKwk*G{sI!;+xSZ7^hW3OPIpz-Ky}toQ*lpgT~9~rSXcc>
zSIggy^4^~MzMhV;-n!A=*4dsvGktZ7LoM?ojdR28D}(iGBaN$L%{!B=JJX$gef_-y
zqkW^j{ljCU1HEIz17l-j!xJ+DvnvzR^JB9sGh={s7pDj3rze*G4y?|N
zuPsf?&Cbp&tjsU3t}XmsU7BBAUFnFw@p@A~}s{`&0s=HU7E?Dgs5_U`89
z;ragQ;r`|A<>C76`R?Q6BZije5deU5l@t+Faa%cGw^qP4ApqE2$`(^J2>iLGhFX!h
zga2#Q`r93wLrKPd65Mm2+|9yZWgj%RUPVZWD8iyoqX*F+k%Y_8I#7U;;hsdCS+m{c
zm!iNVq5^}u*EW4>qJ*^=(SV)w2iDKavcr_yKz8egWu&&LZ*AP%UGCYRzBy*DX0~9-
z@=e~3CX$&<9+iKml>Cmv0ynTpZ1_=>qzdhyU@dS3k>@Bq0hnTX6u!CwUR3c{50)lv
z7uO9z3I~b62S7!MO7=@&N0g?ex@H?~{fuVmrDDr6SoaIju#I2#o4X6xZ+YJ#2R~mc
zGj@TFHSY#oC_(scU4SRd7zke2xhzrKK49XlhddMFI{>o#>v93p2e^PfnQ0&@q-#yw
z0DpOBuLHX1?Q7fFC0^|?zee~C0Hm+M;C4#Pjm|dgQsp9dlC7hI)Q2bg(ca(#lrfcs
zY=%n@28WJF^`~@w@_HSKSv%vycD~OZ6KPDfb)~CRV5vGfz$^CCm;NG+z=agWMS_a#72L%kMfUw|BZM4pH5t0W5#2tb4dX6W
z@5ogU}ld;W^t7o#y6W}k+(6Ba=iVz
zB%dJS95n+(Ai-AXc#uda!ngXIh6d(B4e{bo>q-pEDO=7UK(lz@1LE47e}WV%`Cx*a
zIUJtP9u@$ho}yh5VI_<-_Lc$N!yKqQ(#Y`8tp^VDaIT*Yk-70KhnYDL{Na3w)^qfF
zOA8d+-1T-lX#_&e4+F?;7Ol)WNfJ_<+#CrGz*az65I#mTUkF$*qr*QkwV)3TOpZVWCwM~R)Z
zIL-vlf!60}0vqZc?xiB5-O>6jur}
zpgis+8r95$I~S<3+B!_me8WLfc*?nbEN?PCJ@X|GJe&9yAKS4k1_iI6AT>NqGHJ*l
zy;Cx`!zVWy%X8%hkZmyzRYgfeV6Dy8gDW0gh*7vWfyW&=kYoDrCMu>p^}
zRnOj3eSn1SBj{Y#*vpN739P9oM~0P`nqL(6ozIO?ZX;iB_DY6w2kaG|{|%yz$Vh~P
zj&lE-I%E3;Ls2r6I9jS<_kJ4q$^wi+>3QqjAQ6HrsXt(8Rn}8{+@+66W+o;E#iQn4
zmgby&;trhc%zd{1F0)5H0GkLJfc|`8@4xp5ukm?{#_P=6x#{L`H;B<=+=m6gxEd+d
z2iYp+Dc9UWlB|95f@C4FRvP&ctrU-*<&CMdlL&9eoTTIsjU9Sl0bV
z?XZbEky%8iu81asj`&j*5o}3CINcBp@k^-YASb1N
z2;(zali}a8=Ubj%P&;+~llD(dGL{dXABon3UZH?hufB_ZYg0oel|br8fNBBCA#ZN3
z%uKXGO0Js9@ULdgA`zgysVecl?)TrbT8bC$0q9`Km`
z`?b_|2fr}T(ErWb=naS1B9
zp-L{~Oi(;DRGnzRytKj4p2^b#AOq{$Ro0r+Wt}DBw|YC3%5HeA9c{{#$Wv$#6O{;t
zYvO-62jV`^p#Q*-l6(Tx({ZHQ(EI={Arb@@l@PBP1H`Qze6>Zv0<2jNir#Qc`#+yfLF234SP9XmJ#mKrx~mJ&!w%dl^_m0P#}^Y<4D=wKnfe
z)gDa~iJ#atq95iPdZEeho!ZX4P^Kf+MBI7|K5O^V-k*QjxRFLN=KODzq)r!lgWjH%
zYAThrerV8^BCi_TwQ5L7_Izd-mtlUHO1o2#<{x0pL-*f(NDF2+sldcC%SudDZDD8?vU*?@$|ORQ>M07xh>E`gKfR%0=?bDp
z*dT*-l-q8@CHk^1Yk)hd`~ZyKGA!^kO3uCRl(GthvM9#(khP@|1ri)|;TSn&CAHZqoLd0x}^r5w|v3ijWbs$@iEr&HSODqQw36HDIf6
zOB%^{g-%3hr7gRA&r2!#t9a@oETN_JGeHXVVjSjRSzk
zA)ajjPLCOlO^UTs4O+L^!$b=@Z|tmpFODsRh60gYtC*FXdhvRxquZf1bL1Z$G>+tf
zb0%R1_qWUe>l~2RC^*xz`epLl44e#eA7cAq5N38oOiF1Dh+z+lG2+?Qr`K}m3!mK%
zgYV=qJ3!LxSij=Ac;joGYif2pv^etRAZts|X{@YKS(u3}@P|lGi(O#nwMEdVq1J__
zFbf}oohsfWKYmq#&ru#Z{-98f0kOhz0q?3}=v0c(cuov_3z+>!W;C_&wR&C#Cho6K7aHZ+S
z#1IOWupG=g;eYN&;h2v@lk>y!BGY?6|1|}NGZtRxS3}=K7mgTDw{E9_6H=U&Ps@PN
zmt2Icnh)snY;m>8wYJ}2T!!G4(_owx)-6th{C%DsBdLW8Mql2rc!F)u)o!g@e2GxB
zSf&LDr6Gp5!5P|D!(oQwta%pNZCiAVQM}9r*C7Yh-T$lUlzFI-`TgC$$cVGA;x4C!
z$jBYJo{<)+8K=k>1iIxAR)_l80q|8MMdd`Qg!BXc=WHIv*C<(06+t>lIWdO+&We6z
zh$<6gZTg6i#U43>2O62`HB~9)FylM|?f`S}h^Pd}@QMzvhBR{8s&R%?+&&?XypT1^
zS)S@yMBh$p3<%${RQ)O!G224C2|G{Z8&|8?I)p5V;xZvsIYW=xtTkdNJEYhoRd~rH
zEAK!QUfCY~$UYaw7?0U9U@Dd|&UrE^Y|i$;nfUV6RLcGc+94vJR~Kg94K88sMScHf
ztv>$_JIGZc?cTlyA>&eo7!iYjhSYH(3$Rv|O#vV%6LYM_2<-%=$MSC7mfxb2P-evd
z`ukCnI>e3I@WefSL{eZViRp56*X^HYR?~X@*j3D+2#}uFg3(C@DS(`Z@}j<^z!XN)
z!7E5HlBTh6n@BkYReZMogT;sE_!&6bN@fnc@mmi>UM)xLuhvsy+u4lW`~dwY%8KOZZ6N&2iqD;8Hhnf{5d%aBk#DNfUr2}eENVT`pj
zQPp9&wVpg>%A(N9O3W(04L$1jPJGI!WOp|pnqYiZ1>-x1tt|1w
z@xls9`=02-Xr3jMrRF?Bq@;})_~J^+z4z&Zd>3aH`HseZ@Z?MzA;6T-|5Dlv)5BcZwZO2XMogN;7cl>~;S21sa0rl`E$O8ipZdCWv
zgHMkN(4|P@d%YU?u02uLt{o-jtza8s#PGgyL#w#A85y|P#j9Lc;Da+%<@?AoeO&G;
z5BBE7=#;5w>+pljbN38iYGiP3%-HBDyG_Nk-fP@FiQ<5G*IbVrwoB=ZTgR*gua@=|
zWa9btezV+SXW;Iuo_3jL?$^y8jE&*4sw)&bCRx7K%524L!Fg)(gaj*<@nmdj>TJ!l
zrbyPOOFkR7EJoE)N1s~ngpBPjUTC-W&IexwGTD2)a+p4s*Gn0${26^P9hlDv+U%@w
zc;nMKKd`afWY`bu{Ap?@mWKX
zU)t`(seclSe@8$oh&x%qptmNj&FnP7!am~WidYbi7g1jO}De
zt6S!dCDk@M!F~+fhYW3E*tmvp?fP(Yo*Cfxneiq9YF4GeT|ni~S_QuNN51dl8dak_
z3^FNs)0vUFWy)yenty5zxH4O56Tqt+`cKhedk!m6gK1HYsyC~u%Y;7YO7W3S
zaKb7lAKZ(U1c_QbJk=;W0P(&4fPha1~e$9moKSLb|nw}g&++Z6Xgo7=U^)F|IsM<@&guOzq4=06R@PuVG6yE9(bs{~$lya!$L;}&W6+g9y%PB3NFeNRVDMbCToi}IR^
z_?yw#AFqN9?s%t$*~4`Q?&;;ZC~(Mbw#fr_g=CvF;){e0jYS9n>un$1v01v8fn$Nd
z2yh0c^EUo!tuj}9e`-n0oN<#FvZ&|X(Mww~>j?TRrQj
z`kTsqwgfG!KW=>2kk$R>(oxll*vU3{fhENq>pd;Ajx+VXxL(0=?pB>8O&
ziQXI3>}{f}n4s;AlefJ0bmPKi!h@aLf;kXwN%BA{8MeFpRggRW%Z+zFlTx#aG+&n$
zIgJ-NT|qzpSc&xAl01zgJJrmpXNrbMWz8!&IMPw5!OjYIDC_rzIFJh;$6gci0;(&@
ze)6Q1tMG&}#MYiAxs@eUpv&K$AyHFvA4KZmN4(x>VC{svGrh5OA{fQg?VO}C+)<`H
zYrbFP%CMw1mL~6L!jz%v6|Vf!-B07d?xUz-6zo($9V|e*hG&VKQrQ}yXvuU2|Hu@l
z4h=nt_>%-A9kAY$kPJoh^O>X|a
znKVopx)wJ=#cNaPMfJb=#fY%S?V|W0j9Ke!@wD22i!{9q{PS+wTbOILXd}_@;Mfh8
z9GV%vjiM%aN8#!=oE(y+)3)?Xj=Kc+3?s0}MXP7-H3#o>
zl`FH+nQ9hLVTsjEz$6G@0Y6<4t>)%2mKLt6(%E~73O($}&%({tIcgmvP2S8GRG*@E
z;x%S+v~ZiRi&SR>O$l`iXMBGMd~pv;3Hia>R&r03Q0f1l6nLOS+PE&z^!7)u70;P&
zEaVbTn_s0I+zzom(ERo+ps_C~)Xt)0!jh`&i9VLtKA
z_pLg!M}o+Wjo(;qo?uh>7YMDr;577QkQphrb$HTXbZDY~*O@2d$@(1XIan6H6}OV|
zdFhz!4}H>=%LFt_28P&9sPfGgdBA(oVF3pTPn+W<#Y;rvIX?WILre%{qlptusgljI
zN_l3O{HG4wAp`BL#QTB1&m})Tf(rx27q@i3aZ>3N#Pu<7jNGW(sXx8R%%w@MzX&!h
z3C_<{d^^zHMCH-*l~d-iP)6Ord3bG;X+#57Kb(V}(jF3P14|yx15P%N(>P@GX)t*d
z8svrNKMqP(bP>|6F<24wUR|#5`M&gFtHBmaH)oAc-bZ>L_phI`K9)w{@vv|!i!r{2
zOVrITy7MrYGm=xpe}+0$b7nTGn_6p$%J#YW>p&ed6V#GpcD9m7<-e_TJ*VOCgrB_)
z$E}4lTXfS`!<}W{q>i$1U@bYv)5A<^B_nO95zqQ*>vOgyN!CjV1UmTZP&SQ`-cpkt
zh%OD-Q?zE@ATuBg2h)+8UGPlQ)lf&!V&zP#RE?D#h4q!D=NcWzyiM6|R$%N*4DML|
zGR-z#rh8xH2TPHb5KhX~QF%@ke~^#>bIH|VsO0`f1i#?5N-I?kW0}(iSX6LUoDumB
zh_wuJjoOfJW|iSRDc!z*5F<#2xWw&&#CH4t3L)xCrhfD47a3(C!&woH_kD+h+kUW+
zsI_eyo*GdRSB~;aFjONiWP9HQIcCuj5bz7fGg;bs(11BR(%OfGBkw=aAYWb!8Y#46
zG-$0~*sleFHGtaY#S!((mN94n?aDX1DSsDUPoB7>n
zXx@QW2-_ZTktRV0`ea0(Z&=I8wgr
z+mgXmBtkX$=n-GOfacnRc(-YHFH(osru|5S)b#%>5|l@idxLsJMvMj?HKBJ`x^r;6u*CefO(A`v-8V>nu;>@)
zDkM>=ixMBy$r(hsV?TtpiIFIPAiF_kt?`Z1sp>YV#hGmm_&Ct+iEjFAt8ZLaQ=Ekk
z?9}P)-bLBt`aMzLuhY8~zw0kq_3RhI1LYET2u4s_=-=kAWA{k)rH$R|-44?D1mU`1
z>4IFBEWbF+OC8XFI-Wv
zep6D!SwP&7t5e`o@5rKrmX$pwB0mF15MPwrXdqqa8n?TxxHWo=Vu^ZpX4ssMb(-+9
z$Ya_tn=i#}kNr+P$PKlMD`WCPHHfdiOQW(f;%8+0Cll^5MLVHf(_%H}
z5)1ZE#pt}XoAS`gM*1GT|ANlPZ~Ol8tb#GhqMl*OYy!+EEmBJ@tqFMDwTg+Jto}CS
z_%tIkDVm6DpMGI^sXoW5iiXl*gfaa`=9V;Ru%S;e8B1KooH`}!M5nE!lZFqBl(Y&L
z$W~~r-!oCJn3umNGi+3f)}G;}Q<`_|(M)-eXrPl}giQOE(UYo4EXL$*lB@%vK21fd
z26IW`-l^TCfo$fk+AO9lCTVOD@F`esHqVGcuW__v#3-K_L}QpChLc2#bsusYDPh)3
zhoJyj$*egnV%XPkI>k5czQ@EtA2(@tK7*roN;d8Aty4u6MRxNRN5lm68GeyI=Q<#q
zbdfwByGjRj*Upk7Zvx&VWthBKttBV}-h|JT3FW-aW!gt)H({(wFzCf517r^HKFRy-
zx`-aduFXZ~Xo>~t+C#+rd^vbQ@0xOT*GENMx6RK%{X13Dg`0@T
zaRWLj{zU3<8uSCts^E;wPdIJ@lnZydK?z&gl+20WIpRS+y3&7RVbV@ewzJK!F7Wvb
zgo->wN)DHUJ*;Zgct~n*trl4gg`l2A%nw(CU7%!6j=A|zR-avJbc&A``b36B{0>(k
z+@$L&$NRwuvL5krpzpof6l@Pigz0gaPzDD6L)a%r(-(eP}%Adkf-WS-_IRCPp7EnO}1^fw{y78
z9}l=AeK^(tJ%}5JB%5(K9>Ytfn<9YfTW{wXl?`J!2SF5+1t}%Aw&u2S3LT^&z
zwIT
zz~28IL_Kd}&lmqZFtEyAZM>DV#M%34h-VQ`gOd}k5$#;IqeI^c8&=I;4eRMEp+0@I
zG4R}Us94vv-X`E&`GJIvHJ{s#Zyy_-9Ja+-4V&$2tVdHeJpgxTQrG6~se5{gg-96{
ztsCaXZBBLn6fzH%654_2q@0#5d%)N>Pqg*3uGRPocspQu%HMmwEHC~047m?Uk;HVAFVr`K=2Z?hculb-9kzfG|WW27RMu|0|7
z^uLh$VXQZB`^V3S?JFkrt|;!oc9w3z8dw9M-RX;_7W$mUE&VsJRxH9~n7x(6m^&4j
zhni8NX(MEuKvl`S#!|pY2rMxw?DhgO?6oD2?8S(7`=F>HB{+xnAT<=6rZn50xx^k~
zZ{;@Pj<2ryL5?Cb7yhYAO4;9PI}w(o=OBb}_;4A)W>y(N?G3A-q=N#gWy+AS&%Vl@
z&+8Gx`OM$cGK>Z1Yg24+1+d`~{Pno#nwUfA3bfG*`K}4ly??hKK`E+5B;;IDit#R{N5E@hAPJeYvoJT9Nr|Ze>Z^_0&J@#
zGWvbm=lQ?6ZYSAn^D{Kjy-CvkHf3n~sPgYyoYQNBsOWGVU#&||alc9wd=j
z51*58)LqT19iGEnCHXXMcSC=RujGgklt3~Fo@RvzN#RkfQw~vUi
zie%?@v7$h9>3w5)>kR+on2e7{Fa{!rhxaTXqv`2pBDH4kLPh`Zc^u21WZ?hYN3k-x
zGE62v*k@o^UP05Gn~r3n3vOY+eMec2=vk=7(8GMGSIph~WW?Vn;RdwjQr?L~-3Ltx
zkvU)mR&LX)1m%)aaH$o_89Mv0lt=Zd9=!6;r!x6gg(NB^uyz_ZZVlTCq2*eIKHAG|L>xur!myfkZQxLv*K5PC
zQk|M}fhq?qOhOjEF(mzou4GT+peyOBiTFKFiO@($Bay1Tl&uuWh*-2rMnj|^oh9rm
zOdF9miqRNJU6(0a_UR{K_=W7p9w_HYp1$WvjvFz;F;NAMy~(65>T4IEeW!LB4Z*@g
zZHd`lu*1)Hw^s0@tEnaK|5(wh(l_OW4-Xo&vxJV8XPE3_EcG6EdYfHg<7b_C&{ao;
zcUYo!U662LYuoxIp#k3%QjJZ=LyFy9e}SzT`E%zS2L}}<^6M00<~w)omOOA*4dmE6
zb0da}4A^;wMex(QNARc0exLqBgCEJSVqpwSs@W_=U!@^DOjE)7TFG0Dd!
z0b#UC@&lCA7Xh=<;p^P(5g{K%vvL*7cueZG!>s!4ESI1gXs-(5S*IYmSeGb+hsD2`
zi5-@o{YHnW%P19zk183wz3>aRPRhVNp-hwHw6jZvw!?QV#=A+}2t|Kwf%2#5$9Po&
zKeO=19C;3ASWFW?rB-V7F0}RkN&!sV82Jqknh@8sF=1
za-hZ2-f2_hoLCNHveOb%wIb4;Wa_Van@KPzTLgitCkqf{(7K`xm(b7URcph`5(_pO
z*3W*mRslHUak!p&Pwfu_$-ta?z;67#Cl4)LuBHF9g%@b?wU$^0wfKzFlm%^Qnp}DB
zkx7g<{1Rn|7_hs!QgIx;5A&qI_P%#rOq!MVC!cXXG0^`DBQBgD`7Q9JHef*|D5rKB
zIa>B>t^8aVb92K0+>KnKTVh;d>6F0%k9qD`~=ZYJlzKP|MU55(-*a80c69uVVhzc{}YII_a)PVsoxxmnp=)kfb#
z#X)qn#72alV}^Y>NDoNP9d1_SUV@?
zm`t8PzbaH5*HkP^OFhJ?AmE!8r;od_Yx=gDSE5W8aU3}3H)L~0le55?QYhUU66l&0esy#JjlO|)gPT%cyBI=
z_{teAJn{PLm0d))$2wfS`G8=V{xYojEPg4Ovj(T;5H%cb(MB0jJ3D0-_HyKHP^{@%
zDmpuzZf;3S`4zyr+
za|CAVb>ptI*o8~%u)UiaXN-J=l~#Y-whBc&+Qz~!wB0~epZljg;&{X=E~}v|u$n;e
zSB}dF_hl2boC}mRI9p2+5;^hE)6C6nBs-r_t9p?=)b>i40PI7qAK1DF4K>l*11=^?
zwndmZ5|B??!jMtrBLgjrf3}jMusJ`xNY);kz6~0*`&?<$oH1hF+vm>_wj?o=XsBzOe~p;nze5VTC_PdN4;QA8CayIYm?K>|&+#oncX|ymew=
zclj~>7f)5R|J_Hr`4fnrKUjK9ublW5+b!Sok`y)S-F{w=Y+W7?{Zn4?hTRu|x|h8z
zoRuDy_X1`LGRzmpc-8cc+As+{7863ER)rn&<5Iu!$phg;MMkB}fiHN&iv(@k76HwF
zL_adj*v-2zttJM8bRSt0%GXi@D(euABa$IHhx;%E>k=&-($_L9L>=i;C$sAZpfvO=
zt&24&oOEE;P^b|ml1;mc;(`qs3Lzp!vIG>{nHTP;>WYl{z`YwP?5n~>){N4()QD1_
zGSKrPKXiOPcdVnq)Z|oshPM*NHcE#+j+4V?lm&_FfNl)wkk~V~ciWa$-qeff=YVpr
zo`#JZ`|2Mn(V}IkpK&Qdh)O@U>IVBJ_L1_uow`>m6%*ti-bPXAd%0ZDUAPA_;B`{r@ThA1}ikOuY*~1B_
z+{Q6|nK>w8sKRR0-rQyBnUygE+i!$+vZ{)lD#|zdshi^<^x$FJGF>d1`
zogz_$KL(z1&Un@^uWg#+(Cj^*X15;>@?WMp4g~q$1}x-#yvB5Vv{b6M;VJU2|55`#
zjm>)Z$;d#D{@Of!zMqi=Q-q~3`U)lYo}guJoY+`f#6njHmv_G;c)D|&&hiJ1hC%bx
zM|Ag)dGs0!ljiOJwMp_Xu9fNsQ&!7E=Ke}0fJ-Hs+38$!jE$9YB)TUbsYLKzt4xTw
zKS-Usd_53PoGNj)yeivN{L_j0Ww}W9u=Y7@x4rGAS7|=gLdTm>QG!TTc$QgVy1Xhi
zfzyDXY9bfLl#Jx~ysArzX!TaOxN3OKd@XgcrmmB%7VPU`_5MTnR;Mk-ny
z{U#qu+T%INt+-~zP%Ay%m5;2pG7#n9@x0e-*`)Sc7-g3&);_~T6%xh%kai;>$3HiOj`n@QAb~
zp=q6ao+&k*iO)A5t>TD(;*S>Ep+s1?
zsw2fNOC=0JJiZBiGo10)ky$|r9chGiW8S>=3lo8&8;Bw-W#LN+&o1cdL>9MDlUBg%
z_}YG3j;?TluV8J-1&(xFcv!gk7hMTdkC3>dA@3H$Qm$Td#K_nnYM74M?Kb33=IY4+
ze!?`KWS%%nyXLK^RA0$X~7mr;g}R5ze~+j
z`Kv#r48STbb;k32H>Pt9VMTt@vV4?%uuP~w->LqA@bzUP3Rs(0zwlCj3b=|t4K`SZ
z>JQ8=6r?SNtep{+Q=J$l4h7@PiIhMS+6?~hlmJ|;_Qf~V38ZlCk-zlnH%j^{;;P?k
zkV8dAjm=Y-jw8g)S1TAu-+Vd9GxCIf=oom}&w3M)1}D$GM&Ch-qETh!>Wm%`@uDqj
z7dPX$^lL13uvxxhKMYcqMhq0Cm3zcSXG{j1%&B-N6p07d24(kY@i^`kdiKGBqrSH5MMk+09XaP)d4qnQ!A-%}+{T#)
zDf28Xgtb%k!^ZAvQM_GWem)Ky;?))Y#-3NkU5EacUvV#L-%qtepKrtWV1%BRrSWYO
z7DpUa1$@y?=~n)fRPfTP=~*WG6A@g74`?b|700(64C1jlM)$R(nx9T9cq<3&emzn7
z_~Ee#CF0lQaYsu)f4Tx)7N#N%7~)_Y{*GrN#aPP{JkKT@#A(aplW{vUVoHXh*j?m1seT#n
zlU?ZVKO^sd!kf?2|Js#|wMg5@9oVlLP6pc&t(143`sE(PpqJ3?FS!JGUnTCTJhAH9
z#=VJe&iwQ*14v}tb8=>PSFiknoUU@bMyXtRqrpGs4fz?t6ge&Q#VkX*I$gCyqCY*t9(?Rmqu(u4-Ks|w5r#PZv`(o0i&0?K
z?-l5?T)lcpexL{W>U%^;RrWyB#Ij}T%-->}6+~{DD7~AEWV%#iLD|EcrCTP*D%;tT
ztUKMhJHedcOyzsb>=DZlwA(cUhXs>C$VTpN8uuN1)oT^+AJuF1L6L$s8YNLayU32c
zkgE&E68j!&pHlR{uNr3BT$k^)Uq|!#`ais#bn`N6h_9=3H*u-e(dQlizo
z04&g(&+PcnPV#TOyl#0!@;A+}ZN(?YZ<4|>7Xg=de)sUq674z$3;Uc<=JBSSRF>La
zgI}2^-&ZMPYZ4u3riz}IDJ=426d5OK)SF~GJIM2spI$n?l+bX6{ztVK%hB<
z@4LUF?-^NhXAdsS7%a-7Ybi0a`9BT?M}4QXd!ZeoeawBv)W?B0OGmX?L)`1_yS4C%pm^F~5lLswCasNksU_Jep1*(z1#Q^CrttlyRHu8x_mUkV&4fqlj)
z^;RG_Ll?s1VB~jv4-ot{QyDL%5#Gr7@}}3Cg&HjrjeN?CNk27CWnxFgjOv5K!C1Ax
zw_$p5CSuX#Ay7NVn)X6=Rrnn$cgzuRE}J2kAO<*<^38Wit&P$^#|9|&1jWI>HTn&x
zv_U(z>T#~#N1SVVU*g_Jn9gu5y$%C8N72Vmb9exsNrFT&8lF
zCykh@@d@@IlD$xr;|(Ma<6k556Ee2XgTbr$lO*5?@S4Ibg#0Jgv~)tHor{qo4nE@d
zK&6kn5CPxbyS<|#k0;h=5y~CFxQPBJf@aw%AzGju+Y2h;6gi#=0sx{G-vkR)8H=?f
zPt?FzL+szS`@?0lJ3Rz&+w5DjoRoza1Z)91bL?sV%65TZ_~7m=TWWChma!NbZ13}u
za5G|h_4#j7>+K&-k2KWAifW;*oM_B?)MJ|vASoshWIG`#DEjF0sd
z=jkEA{MD#{+}-JL$H841#ap#M-&HSiV*lk!$bTL><1?3CEe?3g)x_`E)?mV>^uo=H
zJKzj=+;t2(2Q}JhnA+=1R<;Gb0d<`3G`@9H5h
z*eSx{>y_{4LqmLFI~Wv(z`Rxe_e$=^xg6l?hF@hsn278Ybv4_#_xLUx<&Bb@X*{5^
zohTkZL(NUQ0WiX!iGo4C7p6nV9$^od_(mv_3m4<>xkd6(T|4GpC79<7+Ko-*L0>d`
zG|My}9OJdZYmzum)(RIRK0o}|zq9&oDfex@pStV6tcu0k!Rzw^GWRtY6^Fs+0aTh-jHeWU2
zf{4jX$_68z?0A9mz-vEpIb{OV$WAGc?xGGvady{gX~L^GFO)$XWTu`Tsq~+^Ub6v+
zqxcmSHDwRKeI$IOjIsEruK4>SA+9n;@VKyv_qF@eTpFqx3kO;f-zG#R0xC%NmEcjc
zO;aS4n{FX8JQ@}Ey47vb6Ap)3&@bSpN+g%RGcW%K=i$Ja8HZS0pz;1jL6aFw$geio
zmgE4*e@t--Eo_8qgl?g*1vjFk3_^QwdZ`wo;O;xy&Ibww=SQR1%O1LL|4biv6F~F{
zsdw85ElXa$ZFEAGkC*VDgwJ|WTlX)z@U*Ki(+;;LMS;#%COZA-~6Fy*zPO^(%;>JmO^e-M?XZNClnXs
zI=JE3*bN?YR=~r)Vj02}(k>mc1^vg1UR~`UFix&95*9_u<
zcA4f>vgq2opdHY9DTk*P2DBi9$m{}cE;bU6V{UL2Y0?m+ukTsL4o9)!caDN1u?P%`t^bo`;h
zt(%X?H_@s2Z_wu-nW$>^syX+E@&nQT`Dw5beq=5)JX&o1(g8``*C3K`*))KDWNMkI
zFU6{9n_Z$LgYJ%P3cj@?*dr{@dyurHE9mBJOwD}aDE!GFKs%
zlOWN0(%<5#OW0c_LaY%_%oLO9;7*U#o=aHUDr--z@rW)@d34rtdCB7}sXJ4CGzG_K
zM6vT*D)xp7gUd*Gi7_%`dL~1EVSm4#G_gWt4%d7NV|46G=?2gBA5uK5swSgrnXj30
zHPC#B5UsrG`dLWNo=+Hr=sil?y_i=v?P`N%cZ@%+!!LQxLPf1uU~E$@fFf
zgHnY60)R^?{#7~M!mwez|FRlne=#6qKyTAbQx3G^B~B15A^+gu4-BD!7ZL{_zl3>M
z#+ZSoFfO!PId6ipg#aRe<7R#-eV-v)IbhgweDd>aOa>#Y>n1o2`4GO?Dof4Iv&@-&
zS$XlYB@q>hy29p{dvYr98t0n)EaYGJ92`Ov+os+VQhAV?4g1Rm0h~7TUtihXr0OFY
z4aT8OTdw4nuEC+LuN!CCSqQ%yv4meD1;^`1aN~WUN%Lae3Z=R%rSLXYXhb$#bZ#|q
zZzTx&cza$Y4D6>SV+XPZ-JI>`wGa2m0SgWQin+5okZsKx6+{UJU4n8SuOlY7G*r!d
z`P&P2Rb8Pr{sPpCX{m#N4zZBZ6F4jo);3d@zI?)J63a#lK;BbTU-F}J7U
z$?CaLT6m#t@cWg^Yr|MgXX+kNCHIkgCbJRbAX3{#x
zow;VG)!#0QU%ET>YT&&MgReBQ`=J#QLy@;Q!=<4yL_w^SY~~iUr_^Zf;#wQ*FLg*_
z(iLKB*Jnud94qik0q*g?b}ONKrtqQrv~#_01=0mo9s*ABec6`T!4sS~Z5^%(+vfLO
zh-yM4p+I%)v7K=RUef#ekA!DRn8R;lP022Vs3u5#>|VIke}xI$fp+@4Fxc@K8(=z;
zU&Zh6r=b@*%?J#vY&Kv4cFP^@IM07Rwf5i!%8s7ush?CpLr?X~;`Lu|pH{HTrKmhT
z9IP`9KOuY9ClA#a`A8_;ovN@UmzETc6jjEkoe=>|g*kA(SNGzGnkC9AgLX+x%bwk&
zzZmsY>&f{H|7*O}D0mVP2_f_Z7r<~#A
zZE#8kq0c2Z*v)Q45mt@(e4iRz&c!AZEf(m%TsdfSNidK8M0uixodjU{aJJtWc@R7=4AE1`zx^mq$*XK`Ybz2)E31^EEayx*!^|jXnxdh=dD^#yE5jA
zHYK*T60NYz2Dl+VP+H!ajEN0J&3VsJiBCIfcRi0%tT5{$kAfnlooj^m?=Rbhv88eu
zcI7kyOl^e?kW0?rzbWhyMS<$@cA!mXIbh=4iH%5GPW8Kdox&>i&cm9_%efMCoEk)=6(YnLs5u@BVR%oO?iVr&e+{w<}z=X9o4hM
z#8wE9#_a|wPvz9Dzqm589*Z1H;mb0}M0&VflL|aNPterWw<&yVZsp1__g9LqaVzlA
z8_nN*tnp41LyCO%Yo9ZVmM(ePi#!<&qC8UJ=J8^&AtKv9s)ezg2`fkKw<7ToPq%-3
z6ngJ8xZK-aMR)E{LWe~dUa4mtE{gGwVlB;{ok?2jsDQSAJis0kyv}@jJpV|Rfd(7h
zN7mC-AzI`4otD^SH%bw3oU9lh<&QmLlJ0kS0Nx6I&rN-&3(1r#!^X*b)WIgDcD6O+
z#>wC}awgEY*FH{b6|rr4l~JnB_TnRZ=P%X&!I2-#H}6p;sHU-brpqO)$Ybj>tkTfX
z1rApz=A?Ak6iZW1K;mY7jiIA96L$i!c<--u+E#I@Q
zpVy<%8R+rW0{*+AR4LNOy=E#IFMh;#aONpA7Rrpq_prs6jfAP=Azal*JF|%5J8nAI
zyA-Ml)2Fo1NHh|+HP!tI3(9POBOZw-i%}D_@FWa`QerVhn5qDc89a}xGzLBH%>tkb
zOjTbLUfq%bfzD053Ey@?r=WV<#&IOJ6QbZ_q}q60EZ(#5522{-vAWoQzUzDNlLU7(
zA~F#BFsZI@#DCgqi#D)ApO5#3%?iMY)X!DeEz8{Z!m{m^s~fDi!xW@dP+
zqDHmdPKo6js=oNVg;&Xq9SsnpnyXuy8rV2hRb6>
zWd=GzTfhC#W&&4^5V;~y4QJSdqDp1#))a}5CD?^>Fmby&E#UtWhEQockn$lmbsQgv
zD1z7kCy~B@We9B>hy&C*?)!-}rQ9Qx7wmJV1X?3G0Lg(r2!($nyi{6jWu!oJ93!9=
zwEwbp+s|7>AK?8?C(I?
z3)=M*-4tPfAYhHmS;Aj3cm$hMyd|n*4}Z1IUsJWU&+JU?9=Oe}CGxpg`9-rj9*z%*
zvMEi5`MBBi*)UUe?sPyTH`eOtDLr;9yvzdsKWufEuFiUMb$mS7xb>@7Vk^k`rwuMh
zfq4$UM4%~M6^f9aWBU9H`&6fR5Bt<(pX$8nFnIj}H35u?R2gK3jeF(n;GmO_ga*<4
z)M?GUnXcUb&h8(Zz2PQ9tzcv5x5J88yk;+h6E>QsN?SJg8i_3zb)EnW$Pc=(j>lA9
zZzozpfIj&_-q5H$tVbQ;qm22b**x6)nhj^rQvHrk4mK3u%LX(ChOJi@uB#Z^iGYbL
zltCp-CWnq!$A_!RkogT|P%6_xZzA(#%KpQ6#8$Oxcaq>J~qigaY!BbcR`x(vyRE(?)7TTQ;2zp39`(d~&fSVdkr8mYyMAs_2EbN{H^
z^9f7*piJ>-iGT^4@rd<*Q&i87JoJx`*AV0Y7wOcjk87c-rD5Z2O0a%NPjDCF!V6hF
zT0^o|J<{`g&k&rt0tFCl}
z+WEf1dIuC|w3#^l1mTF>CR`~YofU%*DCk=2kjKYCvW0?=vkW!q3>i*fW#B>rBY
zZM{wPxzLH$0`PUsQ=DFWEwLzw*;eBCK`U${1%Geza8hqQJ)pBhK3`4h$|w}
zT-C)wYRzOUK#rgZ?*q{H_J6kELr?SwG#z^|TC3;3;OJK-sfZEGf-Afd8^JYbM)gt>8zf`}z
zo_z*L59H^xN=2_E=r9FBgLhrxwA>)t5*#$Py;4E>Ur08ke#T79!Nvp{7sEH>cCQ(
z4xpK{1FP2O<6VD&OLraR8{LX4(4Sk2y&>k-BEBpxl-;4oI~>g1k)7Nh*~UPP5G;o>
z=jw4PAQL!%cnC0j#IJv#n3Sm=9ISvyS5&9erInP^&Ri401D4nPO?wGz0
zE5$79qf*z*>y?1pDKyU-F0Wew-Wmtc2Tb*Nq4vh0HTopZ=RF-^8#wY$XvFn`6cDXp
z@VOvL6=RleQ={Dv(FMw&8?uAE<$nF-5@#&so~F?E5vkk#-DCGVg#tzvXbBW@a-gky
z)Cg-|HaVfPeB&U+o%VvoR1I4284kUf@Rv82vBZI4i3_p=oJlyCo{H_HgXqhx47%qQ
zfz4|Ry}@ITX|Z?ZYX{n`5PiD8Li$S23+4L2j*&wRJknO#Sn>TVtMD?lRA-KQAgDDy~K9>JwiA%{7WP?VSBvlu6|H)PRD)LqF8FaUv5}#%)wDH6#Fv8E{
z+TcO-gWrN>cUq|IP=L;}`agXSSYZMGcu<|Ee7%IS=Gq2@wz#}d`~lprL1^Mvh#^}Y
zq=#2Nng=T>*~!4UbU(yZ-{`p0d-WS})N(g&3jV5~Sq~)~CNQwP)@XS0F2tj!pky(W
zaFSrgwEMxFN#$3ohfNv1wlt$RyW27Sc1C!^gfo3~G)8=axhkNvY{~UKL
z1^Y-+|1;z`MZ94B_BQ^JI+m^bao<=mL@Q}uG!YoPD!k~ZK#kRXt_>dr3j>76bg_*a
zAUmuY6O4WL-!^)sr)W)DvtiJIaJ+t-vybziBX0Est9cgt^QfELRSi1(%d34sfB>0u
zmt^_c2W%HzG@+o|Ug2HolQGrs7f$JI%6Ms->MK;24q&?mWkiCe`qM9dk=@*Jl{sW4RNR1Jw*j+R)*+bp`ER#74i;W(cIQvAXvI}XV)
zC*|{mhe1)edVGE9Nue3B7tquNbwWrz>H^B3VN)sMJeVc_HfyR>h^l(x2hW
z5`H;DO7F*YpAB2d&cyER)rMAerX4#z&`d7VVFd#+gJ9XVuk{r
zLj>?<-!1oD++Zg{`}ISD-+6p&e=HZjl7syfPU7H{@31u)8?DzT!r?4~iI_|I`Bked
z%9G~FM3FhtG9qU%^T7=SP>1mqdX}Uq7?MUf1;;4d(F22KIm5kXeJxJR?^(e(;4Y6@
z2$Ou^$@!(
zCF^u$QH={H8F8|oqZZC4n_>v_kO5nH(3%^T2yCnBlNNLTgi1%1Of
zsg-bt>*d-v{9N<`B#Y!g6!3G=BGuG7uxyj66I*0BAHHwW`?ePZb>5lpO?_6#(~DH)
z30Y>xfsF}wjO?0mW9=qgurbJp%ui6bPdX}Q`axS{}F>E1Qdx>@3#h%W0O%1SRnX_0vsQpH-ugJKX#Fep%M_`KVf9E
zV`B2Bh6=yszOF`6WS+pdY?!ZqJXFdoZ=~$hny;%YPXAYFbowoyy2VDB!+x4ry74wz
zT+C#TPYg}NMfX8wC=NY!yAuT6$9{oqY=;E4^g>S7y_bw_=4BBPatsD-o}0!f_I(|#
z7I68n)b_a^wLRGwD;J>0x_yiN(2J2-?Uq&&H_-8&Mm^D;O7|AI;yKqGLWvNJ`&qzO
z=k?-P+pqKgn;}5!lQEz7MU#N^`#R}&lwSDQa%6G4?|m@HWg$jBj(@2U>`$~LAaQvODt+^+&b)CO>!HP6^9&z
z5{lwt6wdsnogqW}#B~PMCot$Hi>B+jnt3
z5`EIu)dAuAJN9mi?bk;np)v+}OroDU;2{DK1`tO1hOJbN!+7WrP!2k*nrdzz@J&}x
z=)E#%oy0UeI5OtHbNx{o=GSIr5hhY4MNtYk52jrKKE*v`18hd}Zy4h+S?bsda^SSN
zdv*Bz#@z=v`5k(oRESU=0?tpzbZFMX76MK`#$G5Q!YtKOLVVYqz=?-IfaS91#0K7{
zXyF=#8>qruBMD*7tR>419tk`K+xBukSOgB_x5S~og_dCVQJZ(zg$!^;WzVTpy;}qa
z%FoZI_x<;5#e@t$teGsc=sLPY8P&Ma@_LpkW4keW+TfvcfH6<(lfKsVR(-XQn3rwK
zc&IScFo%%jmcLW!y~fts`XNxrvYiulm5921qX0!jr0Rg=lk2Yg&1^KFQ4y&Obw8ty`Oa=Koi7jcF>JehY@73quKLps4@8^xQ|Jztyy#ItkpyoWsslI;W4P*v?
zv{yrI<&EJjwQ6iPB7PzFgeeSI7hb9>T>Kvkdy+~!zLf9t6GsUhAfW5$mH
zQbkVEDX^OzXs<)=m+nWE+9FuU4m+Fv{Mp!oK{arLu%NQ!9eZ1L_FWVT>FAGbfTR`z
zvb&DwD`LAIFYCLNa$p>=h(N(g{=6jZr2;G`cw=D}6uqp=l6sn}iW`bOzQT_@=lJ-N
zEKqcc;5VNxomK$CnKV$eg5dW)1Fe}jA;Uz3N9xuQI}0bApeJ*s)5V(TUD+ggxv+48
zC}2m5Kk|dH)Cm)4!D~OSm8-A0QFcR0e0M|A9hpAnSell<^IJ0M_+%$iGO(FnY1!Ql
zXqh`nMVguY!IODUzARleZ@hyIq*$!NaYax241vUB#;Ccca`Kc_bFM&bMf5kZlHMi0-iEp*iDnP2~Vj*Inh**8=V7|
z03$r|`nNyW+xSmn>+o0ak4h;e&O>fVPE8Io-;?5s;-Og83){Qg*~OqgJ$?yC(xTmN
zH|uh8Q{NamftssCtEVtK(gZDcm)nmiS1FS7@~d_EKqc2l>xb
zB<|d%r%%Q7p!7)Dr(fOK1^@B<;V-;8!qjbO%rGN3gwm7(hl6>qZ07;(dvEy;%SH9=
znNMsDnYwb?b${0ktsX7=_I5)u2^?io>L8>WwR^x9gtHJL55g5gT$;o5?zWxCiRSC6
zce#ktwIL`QG^VRTU7HE)*Rv`*c#1Wme?wpPaMn^(!i)ci_>j^OK$5W9IJ;1#&Lk(}
zuZ(qLF@fsun~x12$k>USeocb&5eur7<7l7#wNqw<7&HD*F_h^qrirLrgo}t~yj#5u
zZL_u=IeH_WWRcgc!<*5Mi@#a+K!zYq-XQjZXf`+#{qNU6zo78$;slJ@4RmCQDS`D6#GO3|{c8=VgMDhpYDLct(YGbZVP*F6fp|2b3%c{U`gU
zl1<9{ONod%69Di9t((`x2J=r2viF^mU>vRq>TGyR*LqnOxx-h9Zf&(J8mrU|yEOI4
z-@Xy%sQyG04f1iQeHuon3v*9tT>R44yha?;RW_7zaZ4K@3d+Crl
zy!|)lG8>*LkD*jWF_q%c#sqb868E!D5M{%qSIe%;CkbI=UEV|;E_MY#cy?H`T&MCn
zp6MgHOH?*YvCTNH&0J(OQ_O!obLKS)zbZsf3I=KOX`g?#Ahvn1aoLLhoBwP<09QOP
zlm3iRd|YbfVQ)e3aR+-XO*VYSYU!zgo>xl5wyg=MWf0Iqm#dQ_)!*ln>v<)p9vdgA
zZDl}hd+#taN+M6yAGoX`f{}*euFdMS$`4hVA!3Ba+b3415N2QXZW2BS{SKWg9tB6Q8qM*9
zJh9T?QOnZ@nz*S*?$E-XPJK+}=4FZS1)Vv-&!_s&eQJ_$F
zF0#XEA{oIL%5}Vs;D?@uw5=zJ+oQAf+{3Xukbc-I$g
zBio+SxW89do(U?v`G>h5<$OBFH34l~n#-&-l7P}AzcK57yw-M(Rce7R*q0%WQ%$9#
zE2`l>i8BE84@-5m{a91jSejJeMN2rv^XAm7;rh!Kp&CJ!y$8i+mfS$2cpjB-n-6mX
zdE8+klmf8^L`I1Yn_={2Q#&%eyY9{9cDr4v%`)#!Rh*}!jdhmqPAL@Tv^nNc*LTgR
zqnGasg;jAYUIK1&B`9*}{kHY8DzcMEgilb9Gu)(Nz*tM(973n_r!+>GQM(-p(sqnm
z61@WMdz^owE1HDi>od;w>Wx`$!oWj#j-BYBloT(488)(v&lf*!bOxPPfJEZUkj_7m
zJl{`Rj4)}m+e-b964Yu&gIQqdkN+`TK|Mzs)kl4Lt(jYOUKG#IeeYZ1wnVH}J(3fx
z&?0brfa}k=Ij}zjJ6B#m495Iqo&cJSfIw24i=6$w&oO2rZ$W_7#$=WHDA(q3a=8TG
zW79n5_xgn&2euOZ87Z$39gv)H>YU>F7g@9gPQU(g%-XsfzOUmbmFF8G)ill$6VlR7
zWr;Y6?He_EZksBygOMggl0wII6k{tMkz>6V>x?*<;BKG&h7LP2ws8*a&;8a>(OnGt
z%8h{BAO&~zF;&nR%7moQTIWSDC1pZ@1ufcdm%C5w?wXdY)${sb#cJbK8~rywMZ=ey
zFUStlf_22Y?*w!llb$(#3!)n;w^p90V6q8x{-X(Si}X
zT-SUqGTP})?Q1ye9!0+y!SibYO-$L)z$ew}6q4IqvOtd_8rLB{9ifS&sL%9_#czQ7
zUk`urLo>eMw?@heeaf9-5wi5c0ohZ|ZID(^FaM`Hbr!^4KY5~b-{DK^RVVf#`J;Bh
zCRx6tk#|JiNR4DzYZW_-=3HhJG!gqIR2?-B6Z@DVM#bvz#XQAE3gv1(9-0+^(Woq{Od8nB}_5B;ZdLT~DBJ4060{t}jH>ak956FruaaYN4y;@H2xr3pYf7r3iZ
zCL8`tpKPK?v!1L$vsbmHO9exWHQfdHRUT=zM9-T2wE5mWNlh^W%ob(8jUC9q^EC!q
zm+@uhW0jXTW3zm?D*PAW9Btv2
zkname>A^Q?QD?lQB62pzB8i1Cu)rg}8X+@5{$@Hgs2o@I@RoP)U0-M5_p>rxKD-xfUFd@JnLNjnVemN4IsOGDcxdeWuc7z-FdHo*CgIHW;?
zX@%!6$;eKCi>s=xqt(Bbwa+cmr7v~W*qdB*kuF(awgd$6LEbhhc
z!rJgUZf|FsKB*-1quKz1f7<0s(u3#rBr$H5LT1)WGhUB`t;u02W_c<4c(aOO9fbP}
zg)Ss>+ch$HWY1gwEQjT1cf}uU35`T9
z62Q*8dcGe4_ry)17Q4#6{LtZfrN#mt=-U;E((nTB55THk5=f
z_4l~i?!$-aq)J9PMdhDZE%wC@Fd*TrdSUQtM{9op_<4@n%kzUoDno8=(8*M_M%25T
z;EOx#h=$%~^CazOqpBBMX#y9Nt}9=Vm0a$t8$JRvRh+9P7q^(@C!N!j2FsbxtjzuQ
zdQ!Thns$NcmopxIpW4%oE^+%Z2R@@pCwV}u
z)fAD$RdvFMs?UoUFj8*QX8ID9Y1GcC>AW?(1b=B1rCCvaL~$_-zq
zkpoj}wF*XWd`s(w=VuIW^&YR8Xg!(hv%p=?dkg~3G%{0r6XsW^zWS1C?(s%poJ;sw
z2xesTEXg^m?&(W0^EwOKgdyFOkrRc!-muhx7RT@?k<7*4X6WuVq5<6U-*HGWF!Wo#
z_d}pTfPzirBVXgset&{H!HRSok*h9_VXNNHC44fMWctsei=NCG8=y*i9%_`>@dqbG
zy-Ld#_kDUp_^(8cW^x}dUvW0?x|+e*`kz>%Or;a;_Bp(;_LF1)M+>8aotla+x@EL>
zwhkTBP+A$SFB<1#sYK`$ZdQ4RgL-6dGCL%0d#_phmwF)syeptCRPpNl^x#^*cTIM9
z_E<*@O{tEDWgfX@2iBQpTd>ZXLYt*OmyVnk+9qJ`>gN$_Sa`0VouSA*o&e*Ro5Bw^
zF5dNiJ>0^6T7k3ovqzLgJu9~jivdmn|Asm;M#pWcs%oFy{(wEd2_4R0o4|58=f9>i
zEB{5l@-ggNdjo^%ZS?mUl*B%JEO@Oe2S+`EzHza@2%Z<3#5?(r?%g1=cvXSLGgi2u
z8u4oN3OFz60i4kI@idHDBQ6v*Sy|s)NY`0(Rp!c(_6f)MId(X2QS=MM%e^9-W)^*Q
z3KdCTv6mq9B+&^Mvz~#P>lZyFr=f!%`ca(Y9VqYH*L*b;&=$D;
zJM%DMo_@~Ow~~LDRYS`zj~sL-Qf5e?07a*%)O{DnE9i5JH7LGu1v04Cks40%R-!78}+
zsWpvujs4`hadZLM%XqjDl-73oW6k;q&fex>s3;yHE+noD(iU+RA|K}d_l9z&(?-@{
zH=j1`(UICo;N^y@VSCtt%qaZT=9;Ml`7vZSj`bovWkOl*C0DJyGG>457n3P#(aU{*
z%h`Zid2+wTM<;IFZlDGc=cim`BQM%EMxvoDwhn2o%^89-dx6=%Nr1dp*Opxz5IZ#+
zttkH9-cXN_dR&5MfmOt-=WSBUj22Z~S+zoYNW@@uAxAB~yLe|tx_Y(P!^2NC-;_bN
z!u9Itbf#IKQ-wY{x#rxZ4^>X{dnI+wJfSrx@CoT%2Az0nmyl<_o^leBt>5K^ACj5a?+n$CPQtx&1HL&Z=&FjP|AR%A
zQd__Iwqlsq()QLq)^0YcJYyi9^x%};y+kNMAiPsHY4@NBG`*=DeF%NXJXXY7U1+a({EHRYKb>p8P
zY`OLfo!Q*YLe|?YIsEpP>nY7l`B`#$0h%mGbc*~pAIYtHN{RLPA^a&Gd}@QVP)OHl
zc7;hcnoemTqL1N^g9S^U@${hKaIM@nsC$Ag@0AaN^Xr=#Lf&y^c`;(4+jfuThuNhD
zqZZAcTl89d;)+JT3Ti1&$qVueO~0IUe~IFg^-SyMFVBEfj@m-T9q{SwXB9C+I!+m~
zj0C%bQ{J)gn;BJ!)LKDpr?g#Xi)qzNeNCmfc^!Cm#Hv3
zE#*DzW~)+M9dFb_aP>P|73P!nm&oj#jrrgV>a$YEo8i8e+|D5E%rH42_`WpG@9$;rHR3IC3vY21j0SKV(S$=K)e%Uz|u8tU4$<0zXHX>AM-FqT|KBjz8l6-r=8Q
zRg7(L3d~O5@1Bnri(BDsb>(L9DD@WgMoxuI>Li%(0R_7_3#<@kMhg`NCQHP*gY-=%
z#mY2mhT*`C70Ras{g91ncJrgR>!)gq%+k=J&KhP`_ac3GaKWrkCZ%uwf(wnUm+qv1
znAph{6(fp7B9z&Q!ndqQx!)?XqWD!xbJ?w?ecG!r%ZvTvlR`}Mua2JwQDz74UZf?A
zZXR{Ntca5`3WtqzRV$FXhyakdkmdC3h*2L_F|0@Gsi26@F@
zmd`3OU_xT_v2I=ADq}Zjy6(ZKVXttZ&2lRAvu&!eGS37@pVE=hZ!b47VpU_O1z3|AzRET+oL$6exK4^m=rA^u(reI~32%TT4^W_`9v8_-6${U-#53$vf!#vBnsp1-h-OXUkU?9G$xl5IXqA5=V|+QCjW%Q}%U
zmCQ7-9C&7yE|;d}*5teM!9J~gi^Tv|pus_IhUrl>lri#A9@(QQ6?2|S(i6C4`l3uR
zhl%qcE!*)S2xFW=J@xuIoIbV3*a8*rba^UbrERN`#%r5y*Gd;+p4?^D)02j^Ljitb
zd^_(x4{w}vb~!h4rnjaa#Rg84vs7`F-w>Et?U;ckd=Eee_R~!H3cELAbMcKkovpjc
zKk+!yB^X8YLs7AT!rDHDLlwbGQ?MWYBk2fsUCZ+!$4TR#dx?f_ca?n^&!b)D^%jkO
zh0GTYOg$OXSh`fF@Yq>vNO4)2+FkQWIn5(#?+B8TzY?8u&UI7`-grIyl3&HEaayC}
z@W{ul$(5O*!^R{C`md{Q*!%&@@a&CL7qpD(EUi>9W2nf*U&=P|Lh2le7j2)mvMtJq
zyBAZVo7G>gU~I%H#@dEVhbz>KQ6xnsc@$~UzJD&NVL{Zp?GGCYN6jF;qwLd0joxVd
z`e}t0PO^f!l;&z0M@M+X>r?=UR3gT9Cr+hb&c$qC2%l2!69SuEQJLY{Ht^
z2L<%H=;p^nBk2x=oDaQ}Q2Bc!1
z=X@S^FC>-xBjVAp@8w_fYNEkRZ{PWWX<*INl5o3+w(w1!#{z5wsCd1|!5D;=4iXr0$|RUFCu
z@YxQA^B9k+i<$!UC0KZpyI53X$*Sz~GsKOL^+b$(N_y3q2AEulZ$y_Oebcv-29&OS
zjk$Gad0$w(SPj$li|LXBIXp^D*8;7O8yy4IN08r;}pY-HOY8Jx(DCO|?
zNo{g4&%qTmW3W+Oyi(Eq4iA(en6G!^DA3aA^
z_B(uDbZG|HYAIaAnol9kv2qFf#|Mebmkpxoxl;h36cB~i{-KOzcd9^j3OaVq_x!eL
zyzh%)=g1MVo68x*9|DSBS=<0*+n2Mv+FL6AWFTBu#w~;l?&apPx8nFwB213wjgwCJ
zf%Tljdj=CYBt10W1fW?C^uKWGyMG{ph&@Gp3tOggv)E;U1kqzhW=0RoRrcL`rLZuV
ziAGlMvQ+oAJlKwje>B`u(QPr*BIvf11rR`&Sf@PBV!TtL@Gp^mG64wNV9Ig^fK4RW
zai-bwU-!3|Ic5elOix<@1sNk@Z|w5hpf<@|mQ=}f6*f2Ld5f=9CiU7YA3VwV{z+%z
zSe#Bs-F$uVp5%8HjiSB?=O=LaUT}M}(9Z!q)#mj`I&w_6ZMEK{Z8@)8FKU)UVXqML
zX6CB%_}Ot`3hp_>K2=O5(nQ5QS7)9FvzEB>0`ckjDscH|h5RzXlWOiPeo~
zaBZna%=3=5`aZ{xyW1%*n=;LzU0l@~SLs0KA1!rF-lFKxV{p@|&OXMYn4P|H#?G4l
zZ@59?3jiFdCF-M4&9Y=O1pX-Sq*g^yebA`y75uBs(hd0rBTt0dQ+(g2h4{%9hEyU?
zgjK`fn**=>>pmqaYn;>+IjjZJ$EirHJ2z{<4^U>IY+>-|>T0q_f=qiaQmt(@1f4yT
zR1n1rC>bZ%hX#Cm7V4ue=nk}x+oA9gzexgW=bMd=m>x4=e;-qF%LwbKY?}S}0_NQD
zao`lepHiCAJKdmPCoVrV&SdCPRz`JOSY`NVM1LX~0@URbx82Q&>MXn|247%Mf_+m8
zU=#4^lh1G#8*E=>q=`=q+q6cci9!%~@5TEwXI~$N^nv{if;}?XVZQR=RdF9zp;MK<
zUJ$}>Y1^iydP-#h%51_1@1K>GtRqnlWZ(og`odB$Kf
z^8ZzK=Fw37Zydi_O3^e4ljWNw`yQo)7D6f6iEN{0%+zd|F(QS?He~sRke#xni18hR
z5M}=w(_#{135BT1zJAB=oPNd6>3e?9J)d(v&pr2feV*qzpL_qf=iK{Fl1fciE-<^{
zQ$Q`tK}wP7!bU
zQI15Z6E0gz4Rx+aE4`6937&IVP+2ZvJut9
zA%t>ayb^nTVX3DrhB-Mp?i}7LT6QZDerB?YI{W#xJN+$b89R2UQ+`L2
zz8bC0t}*@&P~5zGeyBAX(vCXYfuOSLr$h0%?#F`hLxi>%-pf3D-N{?BX4>K-xu-Q<
z$C5qf+p5GkqvuJs+!d^YeZ3BqJ{GBZ5bLnvaI4`~FsOaJt~RZvzo{&jRuetNO+3To
zw2^G+&UHAs+9%pLaKdd{Y=R?Lc2%fwNKo!cfKFL)h^n@f&8YG|LHp`@mauVAvLuxk
zbwdnV|IvBDBwisgn=Cvw&Y#vtKC$ay9_MXp|0{B+C>64E(XsY=faFWwaW~yJre*a>
zSkYDZrzB*{lc5?dhl{m=qHeB<9Yh)WEI5CExpbA`AUB0y!ug)0h;73)3%=p>Pvo!r
z8LVr@=0>ikXK#NOK7b_YGcHMTs`uI=LQc{XZp}ZL4ZQtbH_y}?nhl&$Jo3=riMQ?6
zhs1YW!C>{LyjvDi{yH=#Yrn;ybi4_760dFg_=d*Z@t4{4`DE9rQ!jj;|C!|w5OgwO
z?o*M6c7RPYY^ZZe@u(ESzYd#{agsFs^@{=}qww7)IX_lEP3Z;A8Psh5Dy7L^a)fW(
zqkSc^to-kn$&%@pLVKyqDXVnKXZf^-
znzNP=R>Iz6DW6rHjB8dZ2-$(cndLQFJ}($r+ptbTj_e=sn=4O5+x-DCyO0%BzSNPn
zGvp&|(%j$HwUNm|T|(C^^V$uk1_LTj9lOJ>3>LM{d2w+K=BcJy>bcb@$Oug7>Q!io
zfNuJxgjYJJ_cU;anOl#`&1lAL8R8S#$)|A9HKC+ORrLeH1%CQ%7bUZIWLIzGBjTaM
zX`RX$t+U%T&X1eowJAarcxut*G<5^w%l4Y~qg~2FF{)~^fivCNL|z;IK@5MN0Dq0k
zhbF9Ba2F{>AunYCJmKw9aBK>jt!9O1QS)EFag>s=`j
zX?P(mNH_L#v2IS>(zznV&nMhRLX#CVrBSUOUj~?d+MU(G>0u0R)4({*t19r*BKKhl
z;|&9#ZJ8JC;6lN#{TVr1)pK8@Gpz+4{~4a?d_wO_)s7Xet%d^~gF8S#W#tM_mr#$N
zw_UrTZ}p;vQMpvAfH2&o#|ddA#=MdH`8ue(z_&Yy4$SCGnTFGat_1}TSM`+`a4}H
zz3n+4pAUx&;|%?*xkc^-G%5KN4C%|=lo&iDuYHe@At8R|)a2e7!=k6TMROm-Kv6Tk
z?-&wX9&+0lo^c4JsJmVut=l6JamI+#%5|EE{T0OIB~xCj<_Av@QDc5KW5-u2l%S0V
z^}E{*#amdUBi;cx{yy4HxSR|!YuPToGSIs+p!(HPF|#7?_45|q&UlXK4h`HbB?vl-
zp%lui78eB|8wLb27rvfK{U)*9FYCK?(Vn8G-#Wk!LFAV7iD#vB3({F_ZjP+Gb;+dK
zf%drRBuP5Y7mdijm-66V4QYb9RF<+q6w1+60HJqPMI~$5WI3l}iDuK%wdYvg%BX&|
z{Nh9w81{WYgVdXpmWi?nFlGrxEVG!Ct6SETxx}fXYS60ya7B14TbXMMhX5b|{7?YD
zgVGLHWovS+4IcJbZ)hYMM)1bLHb(t=mDsNiV9oXnuoyVf-O~d~Kw>d?4K?VcOE46S
z?P5LDen%2tN4mQS35kZf!|-bQNCFy)!~Yg0vJTd=35PC3yZTXHBU6r+IF|S*z^dvRO|l*n|Q{VW9-r|5H={
zCKMbN=ZQnZFrL5d^7?FqIsUiHYlvTK;^E-|!f}zdrL%}mZuYu?Y$S`QsMFA6~>%f&gG`tnbqmFaTI1
zJkf3#C=!KNBm9`E;xO(T^Zr$yZ%z2{r#Z6kyG>;fHzIz0j;!hU{j?5=b*g^mXSvxO
Q0)XA@1IDiTO2nG?54*ki0RR91
literal 0
HcmV?d00001
From 26b4488a5f44f1c2af650066039db5d97ad36bbc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hssn-20 <69965978+hssn-20@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Apr 2023 18:54:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 03/19] Update transform.py
---
data/libre_textbooks/transform.py | 65 +++++++------------------------
1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)
diff --git a/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py b/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
index 89b294b30..5f5d22a8c 100644
--- a/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
+++ b/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import re
from datasets import load_dataset
import pandas as pd
import yaml
@@ -15,8 +14,8 @@
"description": "A dataset of pairs of natural language descriptions and SMILEs.",
"targets": [
{
- "id": "text", # name of the column in a text dataset
- "description": "A line of string from the textbook",
+ "id": "html" #scraped content
+ "description": "A scraped page from libre textbooks",
"units": None, # units of the values in this column (leave empty if unitless)
"type": "string", # can be "categorical", "ordinal", "continuous", "string"
"names": [ # names for the property (to sample from for building the prompts)
@@ -28,9 +27,14 @@
],
"identifiers": [
{
- "id": "book", # column name
+ "id": "url ", # column name
"type": "string", # can be "SMILES", "SELFIES", "IUPAC", "OTHER"
- "description": "name of the textbook the string line is from",
+ "description": "url of the page the content is scraped from",
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "text_length", # text character count
+ "type": "int", # can be "SMILES", "SELFIES", "IUPAC", "OTHER"
+ "description": "text character count",
},
],
"license": "CC BY 4.0", # license under which the original dataset was published
@@ -40,68 +44,27 @@
"url": "https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves",
"description": "",
},
- {
- "name": "Google Drive host",
- "url": "https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1iZFXnIw_wnXoR04-hiRmW2ax2b0Nx4qm?usp=sharing",
- "description": "Website hosting textbook pdfs.", # I'm hoping to move this to github soon
- },
{
"name": "Hugging Face dataset upload",
"url": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/Hack90/libre_chem_textbooks",
- "description": "Hugging Face dataset uploaded to HF account", # Hopefully will move this the openbioml space
+ "description": "Hugging Face dataset uploaded to HF account", # Hopefully will move this to the openbioml space
},
],
"benchmarks": [],
- "num_points": None, # number of datapoints in this dataset
+ "num_points": 3740, # number of datapoints in this dataset
"bibtex": [
# noqa
],
}
-def remove_hyperlinks_licences_and_chapter_heads(text: str):
- """Remove hyperlinks, licences, and chapter heads from text."""
- if bool(re.search(r'\d+\.\d+:', text)):
- text = ''
- if bool(re.search(r'\d+\.\d+\.\d+', text)):
- text = ''
- if bool(re.search(r'\d+:', text)):
- text = ''
- if 'CC BY' in text:
- text = ''
- if 'yout' in text:
- text = ''
- if 'Libre' in text:
- text = ''
- if 'curated by' in text:
- text = ''
- if 'licens' in text.lower():
- text = ''
- if 'licens' in text.lower():
- text = ''
- text = re.sub(r'http\S+', '', text)
- return text
-
-
def get_raw_data(raw_dataset: str = RAW_DATASET) -> pd.DataFrame:
"""Load the raw dataset into a pandas dataframe"""
dataset = load_dataset(raw_dataset)
df_raw = pd.DataFrame(dataset['train'].to_pandas())
- df_raw['text'] = df_raw['text'].apply(remove_hyperlinks_licences_and_chapter_heads)
return df_raw
-def clean_dataset(df_raw: pd.DataFrame, lines_to_remove: str = LINES_TO_REMOVE) -> pd.DataFrame:
- """Clean the raw dataset and return a clean pandas dataframe"""
- df_to_remove = pd.read_json(lines_to_remove, lines=True)
- df_to_remove = df_to_remove[df_to_remove['answer'] == 'reject']
- df_clean = pd.DataFrame()
- df_clean = df_raw
- df_clean['common_values'] = df_clean["text"].isin(df_to_remove["text"])
- df_clean = df_clean[df_clean['common_values'] == False]
- df_clean = df_clean[df_clean['text'].str.strip() != '']
- return df_clean
-
def create_meta_yaml(num_points: int):
"""Create meta configuration file for the dataset"""
@@ -114,9 +77,7 @@ def create_meta_yaml(num_points: int):
if __name__ == "__main__":
num_samples = 0
- for split in SPLITS:
- raw_df = get_raw_data()
- clean_df = clean_dataset(raw_df)
- num_samples += len(clean_df)
+ raw_df = get_raw_data()
+ num_samples += len(clean_df)
create_meta_yaml(num_samples)
From 5de34a789004c89c38be450a8ab436373cc61e58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hssn-20 <69965978+hssn-20@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Apr 2023 18:55:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 04/19] Update transform.py
---
data/libre_textbooks/transform.py | 1 -
1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py b/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
index 5f5d22a8c..f2348d861 100644
--- a/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
+++ b/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
LINES_TO_REMOVE = "/workspaces/chemnlp/data/libre_textbooks/lines_to_remove.jsonl"
RAW_DATASET = "Hack90/libre_chem_textbooks"
-SPLITS = ["train"]
META_YAML_PATH = "./data/libre_textbooks/meta.yaml"
From c87307a68a8936b5f42ba3ddecacf9054d64adc9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hssn-20 <69965978+hssn-20@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Apr 2023 18:58:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 05/19] Libre-textbook web crawler
---
notebooks/libretext_crawler.ipynb | 7995 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1 file changed, 7995 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 notebooks/libretext_crawler.ipynb
diff --git a/notebooks/libretext_crawler.ipynb b/notebooks/libretext_crawler.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16d06de3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notebooks/libretext_crawler.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,7995 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": [
+ "## Install the requisite libraries/packages"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "xqWM837eZlti"
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "Z5SmfUGKdeaJ",
+ "colab": {
+ "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+ },
+ "outputId": "74b6d819-7a52-4cd3-f8fd-339a1a4a426e"
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Successfully installed Automat-22.10.0 PyDispatcher-2.0.7 Twisted-22.10.0 constantly-15.1.0 cssselect-1.2.0 hyperlink-21.0.0 incremental-22.10.0 itemadapter-0.8.0 itemloaders-1.0.6 jmespath-1.0.1 parsel-1.7.0 protego-0.2.1 pyOpenSSL-23.1.1 queuelib-1.6.2 requests-file-1.5.1 scrapy-2.8.0 service-identity-21.1.0 tldextract-3.4.0 w3lib-2.1.1 zope.interface-6.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "!pip install scrapy"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "htuaJNItGftc"
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "!pip install beautifulsoup4"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "!pip install odfpy"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "HjEbW1yO8MO4"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "!pip install Datasets"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "hfzRrKEnEVZK"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "xOjAE2av8_vb"
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "import pandas as pd\n",
+ "import re\n",
+ "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+ "from datasets import Dataset, load_dataset"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "TUTP6nuzZw8M",
+ "colab": {
+ "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+ },
+ "outputId": "3099ef64-ae02-42dd-a747-cd82dfd35fa3"
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "New Scrapy project 'libretextbooks', using template directory '/usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages/scrapy/templates/project', created in:\n",
+ " /content/libretextbooks\n",
+ "\n",
+ "You can start your first spider with:\n",
+ " cd libretextbooks\n",
+ " scrapy genspider example example.com\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "!scrapy startproject libretextbooks \n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": [
+ "## Scrape hyperlinks to textbooks"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "2oXYuj7hZ12c"
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "DNz2Fxhs8I81"
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "#create link scraper\n",
+ "link_scraping_spider = \"\"\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "import scrapy\n",
+ "import pandas as pd\n",
+ "import logging\n",
+ "from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def clean_and_filter(df: pd.DataFrame):\n",
+ " df = df.drop_duplicates()\n",
+ " df = df.dropna()\n",
+ " df = df[df.a.str.contains(\"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/\")]\n",
+ " return df \n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "class BookSpider(scrapy.Spider):\n",
+ " name = 'book_spider'\n",
+ " start_urls = ['https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves']\n",
+ " custom_settings = {\n",
+ " \"DEPTH_LIMIT\": 9\n",
+ " }\n",
+ " logging.getLogger('scrapy').propagate = False\n",
+ "\n",
+ " empty_list = []\n",
+ "\n",
+ " def parse(self, response):\n",
+ " # Extract all links from a page\n",
+ " links = response.css('a::attr(href)').getall()\n",
+ " df_links = pd.DataFrame(links, columns=['a'])\n",
+ "\n",
+ " # Clean and merge the links\n",
+ " if len(self.empty_list) > 2:\n",
+ " df_links_old = pd.concat(self.empty_list)\n",
+ " df_links_old = clean_and_filter(df_links_old)\n",
+ " df_links = pd.concat([df_links_old, df_links])\n",
+ "\n",
+ " df_links = clean_and_filter(df_links)\n",
+ "\n",
+ " # Update empty_list\n",
+ " self.empty_list.append(df_links)\n",
+ "\n",
+ " if len(self.empty_list) > 2:\n",
+ " df_links = pd.concat(self.empty_list)\n",
+ " df_links = clean_and_filter(df_links)\n",
+ "\n",
+ " # Save links to a CSV file\n",
+ " df_links.to_csv('book_links.csv')\n",
+ "\n",
+ " print(len(df_links))\n",
+ "\n",
+ " # Follow the links\n",
+ " for link in df_links.a:\n",
+ " yield scrapy.Request(response.urljoin(link), callback=self.parse)\n",
+ "\"\"\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "4H1wNv-s8nsK"
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "# Create and write to a spider file\n",
+ "with open('/content/libretextbooks/libretextbooks/spiders/book_spider.py', 'w') as file:\n",
+ " file.write(link_scraping_spider)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Verify the content of the file by reading and printing it\n",
+ "# with open('/content/libretextbooks/libretextbooks/spiders/book_spider.py', 'r') as file:\n",
+ "# content = file.read()\n",
+ "# print(content)\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "5x-yi21FaAxK",
+ "colab": {
+ "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+ },
+ "outputId": "15a1ff5f-7749-4f53-8745-757b933c7ddb"
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2023-04-13 01:28:33 [asyncio] DEBUG: Using selector: EpollSelector\n",
+ "2023-04-13 01:28:34 [protego] DEBUG: Malformed rule at line 4 : cannot set request rate using '1/5'. Ignoring this rule.\n",
+ "8\n",
+ "9\n",
+ "22\n",
+ "32\n",
+ "45\n",
+ "58\n",
+ "85\n",
+ "109\n",
+ "117\n",
+ "119\n",
+ "128\n",
+ "149\n",
+ "158\n",
+ "167\n",
+ "169\n",
+ "585\n",
+ "592\n",
+ "596\n",
+ "599\n",
+ "601\n",
+ "609\n",
+ "611\n",
+ "623\n",
+ "649\n",
+ "650\n",
+ "651\n",
+ "653\n",
+ "663\n",
+ "692\n",
+ "693\n",
+ "694\n",
+ "702\n",
+ "708\n",
+ "709\n",
+ "709\n",
+ "711\n",
+ "713\n",
+ "727\n",
+ "729\n",
+ "731\n",
+ "732\n",
+ "746\n",
+ "748\n",
+ "753\n",
+ "758\n",
+ "770\n",
+ "774\n",
+ "803\n",
+ "804\n",
+ "820\n",
+ "827\n",
+ "831\n",
+ "832\n",
+ "834\n",
+ "836\n",
+ "837\n",
+ "838\n",
+ "844\n",
+ "844\n",
+ "845\n",
+ "848\n",
+ "859\n",
+ "860\n",
+ "861\n",
+ "863\n",
+ "864\n",
+ "866\n",
+ "869\n",
+ "869\n",
+ "870\n",
+ "882\n",
+ "884\n",
+ "888\n",
+ "890\n",
+ "890\n",
+ "892\n",
+ "894\n",
+ "894\n",
+ "895\n",
+ "895\n",
+ "895\n",
+ "896\n",
+ "896\n",
+ "896\n",
+ "896\n",
+ "897\n",
+ "897\n",
+ "897\n",
+ "897\n",
+ "901\n",
+ "905\n",
+ "905\n",
+ "906\n",
+ "907\n",
+ "907\n",
+ "907\n",
+ "907\n",
+ "908\n",
+ "908\n",
+ "909\n",
+ "910\n",
+ "911\n",
+ "911\n",
+ "912\n",
+ "912\n",
+ "914\n",
+ "915\n",
+ "915\n",
+ "915\n",
+ "915\n",
+ "915\n",
+ "915\n",
+ "920\n",
+ "923\n",
+ "923\n",
+ "924\n",
+ "926\n",
+ "927\n",
+ "931\n",
+ "932\n",
+ "932\n",
+ "932\n",
+ "941\n",
+ "941\n",
+ "941\n",
+ "942\n",
+ "943\n",
+ "947\n",
+ "952\n",
+ "953\n",
+ "957\n",
+ "958\n",
+ "958\n",
+ "959\n",
+ "962\n",
+ "963\n",
+ "964\n",
+ "973\n",
+ "974\n",
+ "975\n",
+ "976\n",
+ "977\n",
+ "978\n",
+ "981\n",
+ "981\n",
+ "982\n",
+ "982\n",
+ "983\n",
+ "984\n",
+ "988\n",
+ "988\n",
+ "988\n",
+ "988\n",
+ "988\n",
+ "994\n",
+ "998\n",
+ "998\n",
+ "998\n",
+ "998\n",
+ "998\n",
+ "998\n",
+ "998\n",
+ "998\n",
+ "998\n",
+ "999\n",
+ "1004\n",
+ "1008\n",
+ "1009\n",
+ "1014\n",
+ "1015\n",
+ "1018\n",
+ "1019\n",
+ "1021\n",
+ "1022\n",
+ "1023\n",
+ "1025\n",
+ "1026\n",
+ "1027\n",
+ "1029\n",
+ "1030\n",
+ "1031\n",
+ "1032\n",
+ "1035\n",
+ "1038\n",
+ "1040\n",
+ "1045\n",
+ "1053\n",
+ "1054\n",
+ "1055\n",
+ "1058\n",
+ "1059\n",
+ "1060\n",
+ "1061\n",
+ "1062\n",
+ "1063\n",
+ "1068\n",
+ "1069\n",
+ "1069\n",
+ "1074\n",
+ "1075\n",
+ "1077\n",
+ "1080\n",
+ "1082\n",
+ "1082\n",
+ "1084\n",
+ "1089\n",
+ "1089\n",
+ "1090\n",
+ "1091\n",
+ "1098\n",
+ "1102\n",
+ "1104\n",
+ "1105\n",
+ "1109\n",
+ "1111\n",
+ "1112\n",
+ "1117\n",
+ "1121\n",
+ "1121\n",
+ "1122\n",
+ "1125\n",
+ "1148\n",
+ "1158\n",
+ "1162\n",
+ "1172\n",
+ "1175\n",
+ "1176\n",
+ "1195\n",
+ "1195\n",
+ "1214\n",
+ "1215\n",
+ "1216\n",
+ "1221\n",
+ "1224\n",
+ "1225\n",
+ "1227\n",
+ "1231\n",
+ "1232\n",
+ "1237\n",
+ "1256\n",
+ "1257\n",
+ "1257\n",
+ "1261\n",
+ "1264\n",
+ "1265\n",
+ "1267\n",
+ "1272\n",
+ "1273\n",
+ "1276\n",
+ "1277\n",
+ "1278\n",
+ "1281\n",
+ "1290\n",
+ "1290\n",
+ "1292\n",
+ "1295\n",
+ "1313\n",
+ "1314\n",
+ "1318\n",
+ "1320\n",
+ "1321\n",
+ "1328\n",
+ "1331\n",
+ "1332\n",
+ "1336\n",
+ "1338\n",
+ "1339\n",
+ "1340\n",
+ "1342\n",
+ "1346\n",
+ "1351\n",
+ "1354\n",
+ "1354\n",
+ "1360\n",
+ "1363\n",
+ "1365\n",
+ "1367\n",
+ "1387\n",
+ "1389\n",
+ "1390\n",
+ "1392\n",
+ "1393\n",
+ "1401\n",
+ "1413\n",
+ "1414\n",
+ "1415\n",
+ "1415\n",
+ "1415\n",
+ "1416\n",
+ "1417\n",
+ "1418\n",
+ "1419\n",
+ "1421\n",
+ "1423\n",
+ "1423\n",
+ "1423\n",
+ "1425\n",
+ "1426\n",
+ "1426\n",
+ "1429\n",
+ "1431\n",
+ "1432\n",
+ "1434\n",
+ "1435\n",
+ "1436\n",
+ "1436\n",
+ "1436\n",
+ "1444\n",
+ "1452\n",
+ "1452\n",
+ "1456\n",
+ "1459\n",
+ "1465\n",
+ "1467\n",
+ "1469\n",
+ "1476\n",
+ "1476\n",
+ "1478\n",
+ "1479\n",
+ "1481\n",
+ "1483\n",
+ "1504\n",
+ "1507\n",
+ "1508\n",
+ "1510\n",
+ "1510\n",
+ "1510\n",
+ "1510\n",
+ "1511\n",
+ "1512\n",
+ "1512\n",
+ "1513\n",
+ "1513\n",
+ "1513\n",
+ "1513\n",
+ "1514\n",
+ "1514\n",
+ "1514\n",
+ "1515\n",
+ "1516\n",
+ "1516\n",
+ "1516\n",
+ "1516\n",
+ "1519\n",
+ "1524\n",
+ "1524\n",
+ "1524\n",
+ "1524\n",
+ "1524\n",
+ "1525\n",
+ "1525\n",
+ "1529\n",
+ "1529\n",
+ "1529\n",
+ "1531\n",
+ "1532\n",
+ "1532\n",
+ "1533\n",
+ "1535\n",
+ "1537\n",
+ "1537\n",
+ "1542\n",
+ "1546\n",
+ "1548\n",
+ "1550\n",
+ "1550\n",
+ "1551\n",
+ "1553\n",
+ "1556\n",
+ "1557\n",
+ "1558\n",
+ "1559\n",
+ "1559\n",
+ "1560\n",
+ "1560\n",
+ "1560\n",
+ "1561\n",
+ "1561\n",
+ "1561\n",
+ "1561\n",
+ "1561\n",
+ "1561\n",
+ "1561\n",
+ "1562\n",
+ "1563\n",
+ "1563\n",
+ "1563\n",
+ "1563\n",
+ "1563\n",
+ "1563\n",
+ "1563\n",
+ "1564\n",
+ "1565\n",
+ "1568\n",
+ "1570\n",
+ "1570\n",
+ "1582\n",
+ "1582\n",
+ "1583\n",
+ "1584\n",
+ "1586\n",
+ "1586\n",
+ "1589\n",
+ "1597\n",
+ "1598\n",
+ "1624\n",
+ "1634\n",
+ "1637\n",
+ "1645\n",
+ "1667\n",
+ "1675\n",
+ "1684\n",
+ "1691\n",
+ "1694\n",
+ "1695\n",
+ "1697\n",
+ "1698\n",
+ "1702\n",
+ "1705\n",
+ "1708\n",
+ "1709\n",
+ "1709\n",
+ "1712\n",
+ "1713\n",
+ "1722\n",
+ "1730\n",
+ "1734\n",
+ "1742\n",
+ "1743\n",
+ "1744\n",
+ "1755\n",
+ "1756\n",
+ "1759\n",
+ "1760\n",
+ "1760\n",
+ "1762\n",
+ "1763\n",
+ "1763\n",
+ "1767\n",
+ "1769\n",
+ "1777\n",
+ "1780\n",
+ "1780\n",
+ "1782\n",
+ "1787\n",
+ "1790\n",
+ "1790\n",
+ "1790\n",
+ "1791\n",
+ "1791\n",
+ "1791\n",
+ "1792\n",
+ "1793\n",
+ "1795\n",
+ "1795\n",
+ "1795\n",
+ "1796\n",
+ "1799\n",
+ "1799\n",
+ "1802\n",
+ "1802\n",
+ "1804\n",
+ "1805\n",
+ "1805\n",
+ "1806\n",
+ "1807\n",
+ "1807\n",
+ "1811\n",
+ "1811\n",
+ "1813\n",
+ "1814\n",
+ "1816\n",
+ "1819\n",
+ "1821\n",
+ "1823\n",
+ "1823\n",
+ "1825\n",
+ "1825\n",
+ "1825\n",
+ "1826\n",
+ "1827\n",
+ "1827\n",
+ "1827\n",
+ "1827\n",
+ "1830\n",
+ "1830\n",
+ "1830\n",
+ "1830\n",
+ "1831\n",
+ "1832\n",
+ "1832\n",
+ "1832\n",
+ "1832\n",
+ "1832\n",
+ "1833\n",
+ "1833\n",
+ "1833\n",
+ "1834\n",
+ "1835\n",
+ "1835\n",
+ "1836\n",
+ "1836\n",
+ "1838\n",
+ "1842\n",
+ "1843\n",
+ "1845\n",
+ "1847\n",
+ "1850\n",
+ "1861\n",
+ "1870\n",
+ "1870\n",
+ "1874\n",
+ "1876\n",
+ "1880\n",
+ "1882\n",
+ "1882\n",
+ "1883\n",
+ "1884\n",
+ "1885\n",
+ "1885\n",
+ "1886\n",
+ "1893\n",
+ "1893\n",
+ "1894\n",
+ "1895\n",
+ "1896\n",
+ "1897\n",
+ "1898\n",
+ "1899\n",
+ "1901\n",
+ "1902\n",
+ "1904\n",
+ "1905\n",
+ "1908\n",
+ "1910\n",
+ "1915\n",
+ "1918\n",
+ "1921\n",
+ "1922\n",
+ "1923\n",
+ "1925\n",
+ "1928\n",
+ "1930\n",
+ "1934\n",
+ "1937\n",
+ "1940\n",
+ "1941\n",
+ "1945\n",
+ "1947\n",
+ "1948\n",
+ "1953\n",
+ "1956\n",
+ "1959\n",
+ "1960\n",
+ "1960\n",
+ "1973\n",
+ "1974\n",
+ "1975\n",
+ "1975\n",
+ "1976\n",
+ "1976\n",
+ "1976\n",
+ "1976\n",
+ "1976\n",
+ "1976\n",
+ "1976\n",
+ "1976\n",
+ "1976\n",
+ "1976\n",
+ "1976\n",
+ "1976\n",
+ "1976\n",
+ "1976\n",
+ "1976\n",
+ "1976\n",
+ "1977\n",
+ "1977\n",
+ "1977\n",
+ "1979\n",
+ "1980\n",
+ "1980\n",
+ "1981\n",
+ "1981\n",
+ "1981\n",
+ "1981\n",
+ "1982\n",
+ "1983\n",
+ "1983\n",
+ "1990\n",
+ "1993\n",
+ "1993\n",
+ "1996\n",
+ "1998\n",
+ "1999\n",
+ "1999\n",
+ "2001\n",
+ "2002\n",
+ "2003\n",
+ "2007\n",
+ "2008\n",
+ "2009\n",
+ "2009\n",
+ "2011\n",
+ "2014\n",
+ "2016\n",
+ "2032\n",
+ "2032\n",
+ "2036\n",
+ "2036\n",
+ "2038\n",
+ "2039\n",
+ "2040\n",
+ "2040\n",
+ "2040\n",
+ "2040\n",
+ "2042\n",
+ "2045\n",
+ "2047\n",
+ "2049\n",
+ "2049\n",
+ "2053\n",
+ "2054\n",
+ "2055\n",
+ "2055\n",
+ "2058\n",
+ "2059\n",
+ "2059\n",
+ "2061\n",
+ "2061\n",
+ "2062\n",
+ "2062\n",
+ "2062\n",
+ "2062\n",
+ "2062\n",
+ "2062\n",
+ "2062\n",
+ "2062\n",
+ "2062\n",
+ "2062\n",
+ "2063\n",
+ "2063\n",
+ "2063\n",
+ "2063\n",
+ "2064\n",
+ "2068\n",
+ "2068\n",
+ "2071\n",
+ "2072\n",
+ "2073\n",
+ "2074\n",
+ "2074\n",
+ "2075\n",
+ "2076\n",
+ "2079\n",
+ "2079\n",
+ "2083\n",
+ "2084\n",
+ "2085\n",
+ "2086\n",
+ "2086\n",
+ "2090\n",
+ "2090\n",
+ "2093\n",
+ "2093\n",
+ "2094\n",
+ "2095\n",
+ "2103\n",
+ "2103\n",
+ "2103\n",
+ "2103\n",
+ "2104\n",
+ "2105\n",
+ "2105\n",
+ "2111\n",
+ "2111\n",
+ "2112\n",
+ "2113\n",
+ "2124\n",
+ "2124\n",
+ "2124\n",
+ "2125\n",
+ "2125\n",
+ "2126\n",
+ "2128\n",
+ "2129\n",
+ "2130\n",
+ "2132\n",
+ "2135\n",
+ "2136\n",
+ "2138\n",
+ "2138\n",
+ "2138\n",
+ "2142\n",
+ "2143\n",
+ "2143\n",
+ "2143\n",
+ "2143\n",
+ "2145\n",
+ "2145\n",
+ "2145\n",
+ "2147\n",
+ "2148\n",
+ "2148\n",
+ "2148\n",
+ "2148\n",
+ "2149\n",
+ "2149\n",
+ "2149\n",
+ "2149\n",
+ "2149\n",
+ "2149\n",
+ "2149\n",
+ "2149\n",
+ "2149\n",
+ "2150\n",
+ "2150\n",
+ "2150\n",
+ "2150\n",
+ "2150\n",
+ "2150\n",
+ "2150\n",
+ "2150\n",
+ "2150\n",
+ "2150\n",
+ "2150\n",
+ "2150\n",
+ "2150\n",
+ "2150\n",
+ "2150\n",
+ "2150\n",
+ "2151\n",
+ "2151\n",
+ "2151\n",
+ "2151\n",
+ "2157\n",
+ "2159\n",
+ "2160\n",
+ "2161\n",
+ "2165\n",
+ "2165\n",
+ "2168\n",
+ "2168\n",
+ "2168\n",
+ "2168\n",
+ "2169\n",
+ "2169\n",
+ "2173\n",
+ "2173\n",
+ "2174\n",
+ "2174\n",
+ "2174\n",
+ "2174\n",
+ "2175\n",
+ "2175\n",
+ "2177\n",
+ "2177\n",
+ "2177\n",
+ "2177\n",
+ "2177\n",
+ "2177\n",
+ "2177\n",
+ "2177\n",
+ "2177\n",
+ "2177\n",
+ "2177\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2178\n",
+ "2181\n",
+ "2181\n",
+ "2182\n",
+ "2183\n",
+ "2184\n",
+ "2186\n",
+ "2193\n",
+ "2193\n",
+ "2193\n",
+ "2194\n",
+ "2194\n",
+ "2194\n",
+ "2194\n",
+ "2194\n",
+ "2194\n",
+ "2194\n",
+ "2195\n",
+ "2196\n",
+ "2196\n",
+ "2197\n",
+ "2198\n",
+ "2198\n",
+ "2202\n",
+ "2202\n",
+ "2205\n",
+ "2205\n",
+ "2205\n",
+ "2206\n",
+ "2207\n",
+ "2209\n",
+ "2214\n",
+ "2214\n",
+ "2218\n",
+ "2221\n",
+ "2222\n",
+ "2222\n",
+ "2224\n",
+ "2224\n",
+ "2224\n",
+ "2224\n",
+ "2225\n",
+ "2226\n",
+ "2226\n",
+ "2226\n",
+ "2228\n",
+ "2228\n",
+ "2228\n",
+ "2230\n",
+ "2232\n",
+ "2233\n",
+ "2236\n",
+ "2236\n",
+ "2236\n",
+ "2236\n",
+ "2237\n",
+ "2237\n",
+ "2237\n",
+ "2237\n",
+ "2237\n",
+ "2238\n",
+ "2238\n",
+ "2238\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2240\n",
+ "2241\n",
+ "2242\n",
+ "2242\n",
+ "2242\n",
+ "2244\n",
+ "2244\n",
+ "2247\n",
+ "2249\n",
+ "2255\n",
+ "2258\n",
+ "2260\n",
+ "2260\n",
+ "2260\n",
+ "2262\n",
+ "2263\n",
+ "2264\n",
+ "2264\n",
+ "2265\n",
+ "2268\n",
+ "2271\n",
+ "2271\n",
+ "2272\n",
+ "2272\n",
+ "2272\n",
+ "2278\n",
+ "2279\n",
+ "2279\n",
+ "2279\n",
+ "2280\n",
+ "2281\n",
+ "2282\n",
+ "2283\n",
+ "2283\n",
+ "2286\n",
+ "2288\n",
+ "2292\n",
+ "2295\n",
+ "2295\n",
+ "2297\n",
+ "2299\n",
+ "2301\n",
+ "2304\n",
+ "2315\n",
+ "2321\n",
+ "2322\n",
+ "2323\n",
+ "2324\n",
+ "2325\n",
+ "2326\n",
+ "2329\n",
+ "2330\n",
+ "2330\n",
+ "2332\n",
+ "2362\n",
+ "2363\n",
+ "2365\n",
+ "2366\n",
+ "2371\n",
+ "2372\n",
+ "2376\n",
+ "2377\n",
+ "2378\n",
+ "2378\n",
+ "2385\n",
+ "2387\n",
+ "2389\n",
+ "2389\n",
+ "2390\n",
+ "2392\n",
+ "2392\n",
+ "2393\n",
+ "2394\n",
+ "2400\n",
+ "2400\n",
+ "2404\n",
+ "2407\n",
+ "2407\n",
+ "2408\n",
+ "2408\n",
+ "2408\n",
+ "2408\n",
+ "2408\n",
+ "2409\n",
+ "2409\n",
+ "2412\n",
+ "2412\n",
+ "2415\n",
+ "2416\n",
+ "2419\n",
+ "2425\n",
+ "2425\n",
+ "2425\n",
+ "2427\n",
+ "2429\n",
+ "2431\n",
+ "2431\n",
+ "2432\n",
+ "2432\n",
+ "2432\n",
+ "2432\n",
+ "2433\n",
+ "2433\n",
+ "2434\n",
+ "2437\n",
+ "2437\n",
+ "2439\n",
+ "2441\n",
+ "2442\n",
+ "2443\n",
+ "2443\n",
+ "2443\n",
+ "2443\n",
+ "2443\n",
+ "2444\n",
+ "2446\n",
+ "2448\n",
+ "2450\n",
+ "2453\n",
+ "2456\n",
+ "2457\n",
+ "2457\n",
+ "2457\n",
+ "2460\n",
+ "2460\n",
+ "2462\n",
+ "2463\n",
+ "2463\n",
+ "2464\n",
+ "2466\n",
+ "2469\n",
+ "2470\n",
+ "2471\n",
+ "2472\n",
+ "2473\n",
+ "2476\n",
+ "2477\n",
+ "2478\n",
+ "2479\n",
+ "2479\n",
+ "2479\n",
+ "2479\n",
+ "2481\n",
+ "2482\n",
+ "2483\n",
+ "2484\n",
+ "2485\n",
+ "2485\n",
+ "2485\n",
+ "2485\n",
+ "2485\n",
+ "2485\n",
+ "2485\n",
+ "2485\n",
+ "2485\n",
+ "2485\n",
+ "2488\n",
+ "2488\n",
+ "2488\n",
+ "2488\n",
+ "2488\n",
+ "2488\n",
+ "2488\n",
+ "2488\n",
+ "2492\n",
+ "2492\n",
+ "2494\n",
+ "2496\n",
+ "2499\n",
+ "2501\n",
+ "2508\n",
+ "2513\n",
+ "2522\n",
+ "2523\n",
+ "2523\n",
+ "2524\n",
+ "2526\n",
+ "2526\n",
+ "2527\n",
+ "2527\n",
+ "2530\n",
+ "2535\n",
+ "2538\n",
+ "2538\n",
+ "2541\n",
+ "2543\n",
+ "2543\n",
+ "2543\n",
+ "2545\n",
+ "2545\n",
+ "2545\n",
+ "2545\n",
+ "2546\n",
+ "2546\n",
+ "2546\n",
+ "2546\n",
+ "2546\n",
+ "2547\n",
+ "2547\n",
+ "2547\n",
+ "2550\n",
+ "2551\n",
+ "2551\n",
+ "2551\n",
+ "2551\n",
+ "2552\n",
+ "2552\n",
+ "2553\n",
+ "2554\n",
+ "2556\n",
+ "2570\n",
+ "2572\n",
+ "2574\n",
+ "2576\n",
+ "2576\n",
+ "2577\n",
+ "2577\n",
+ "2577\n",
+ "2579\n",
+ "2600\n",
+ "2600\n",
+ "2601\n",
+ "2601\n",
+ "2601\n",
+ "2601\n",
+ "2603\n",
+ "2606\n",
+ "2606\n",
+ "2607\n",
+ "2607\n",
+ "2607\n",
+ "2608\n",
+ "2609\n",
+ "2612\n",
+ "2616\n",
+ "2619\n",
+ "2625\n",
+ "2625\n",
+ "2625\n",
+ "2625\n",
+ "2625\n",
+ "2625\n",
+ "2626\n",
+ "2626\n",
+ "2626\n",
+ "2626\n",
+ "2626\n",
+ "2626\n",
+ "2626\n",
+ "2626\n",
+ "2626\n",
+ "2627\n",
+ "2629\n",
+ "2630\n",
+ "2631\n",
+ "2633\n",
+ "2634\n",
+ "2634\n",
+ "2635\n",
+ "2636\n",
+ "2637\n",
+ "2638\n",
+ "2641\n",
+ "2642\n",
+ "2642\n",
+ "2642\n",
+ "2642\n",
+ "2642\n",
+ "2645\n",
+ "2646\n",
+ "2647\n",
+ "2648\n",
+ "2651\n",
+ "2652\n",
+ "2656\n",
+ "2659\n",
+ "2660\n",
+ "2662\n",
+ "2662\n",
+ "2662\n",
+ "2662\n",
+ "2662\n",
+ "2662\n",
+ "2662\n",
+ "2662\n",
+ "2663\n",
+ "2664\n",
+ "2664\n",
+ "2665\n",
+ "2666\n",
+ "2667\n",
+ "2672\n",
+ "2673\n",
+ "2673\n",
+ "2676\n",
+ "2676\n",
+ "2676\n",
+ "2678\n",
+ "2679\n",
+ "2681\n",
+ "2682\n",
+ "2684\n",
+ "2685\n",
+ "2685\n",
+ "2690\n",
+ "2691\n",
+ "2692\n",
+ "2693\n",
+ "2697\n",
+ "2699\n",
+ "2702\n",
+ "2704\n",
+ "2710\n",
+ "2713\n",
+ "2716\n",
+ "2723\n",
+ "2724\n",
+ "2726\n",
+ "2727\n",
+ "2729\n",
+ "2730\n",
+ "2730\n",
+ "2730\n",
+ "2730\n",
+ "2730\n",
+ "2730\n",
+ "2730\n",
+ "2730\n",
+ "2731\n",
+ "2733\n",
+ "2735\n",
+ "2736\n",
+ "2739\n",
+ "2739\n",
+ "2739\n",
+ "2740\n",
+ "2740\n",
+ "2740\n",
+ "2740\n",
+ "2740\n",
+ "2740\n",
+ "2740\n",
+ "2741\n",
+ "2741\n",
+ "2741\n",
+ "2742\n",
+ "2743\n",
+ "2744\n",
+ "2744\n",
+ "2744\n",
+ "2744\n",
+ "2744\n",
+ "2746\n",
+ "2747\n",
+ "2747\n",
+ "2747\n",
+ "2747\n",
+ "2748\n",
+ "2749\n",
+ "2749\n",
+ "2750\n",
+ "2751\n",
+ "2751\n",
+ "2752\n",
+ "2753\n",
+ "2753\n",
+ "2754\n",
+ "2755\n",
+ "2756\n",
+ "2757\n",
+ "2759\n",
+ "2760\n",
+ "2763\n",
+ "2764\n",
+ "2764\n",
+ "2765\n",
+ "2765\n",
+ "2766\n",
+ "2766\n",
+ "2766\n",
+ "2766\n",
+ "2766\n",
+ "2767\n",
+ "2771\n",
+ "2775\n",
+ "2778\n",
+ "2778\n",
+ "2779\n",
+ "2779\n",
+ "2779\n",
+ "2779\n",
+ "2781\n",
+ "2781\n",
+ "2782\n",
+ "2782\n",
+ "2782\n",
+ "2782\n",
+ "2782\n",
+ "2782\n",
+ "2782\n",
+ "2782\n",
+ "2783\n",
+ "2785\n",
+ "2785\n",
+ "2786\n",
+ "2792\n",
+ "2794\n",
+ "2794\n",
+ "2794\n",
+ "2794\n",
+ "2794\n",
+ "2794\n",
+ "2794\n",
+ "2794\n",
+ "2794\n",
+ "2794\n",
+ "2795\n",
+ "2797\n",
+ "2797\n",
+ "2799\n",
+ "2799\n",
+ "2799\n",
+ "2799\n",
+ "2799\n",
+ "2800\n",
+ "2801\n",
+ "2802\n",
+ "2802\n",
+ "2805\n",
+ "2806\n",
+ "2806\n",
+ "2806\n",
+ "2807\n",
+ "2808\n",
+ "2809\n",
+ "2810\n",
+ "2810\n",
+ "2822\n",
+ "2823\n",
+ "2823\n",
+ "2823\n",
+ "2825\n",
+ "2827\n",
+ "2828\n",
+ "2830\n",
+ "2830\n",
+ "2831\n",
+ "2832\n",
+ "2832\n",
+ "2832\n",
+ "2833\n",
+ "2834\n",
+ "2834\n",
+ "2834\n",
+ "2834\n",
+ "2836\n",
+ "2836\n",
+ "2836\n",
+ "2836\n",
+ "2836\n",
+ "2836\n",
+ "2836\n",
+ "2846\n",
+ "2846\n",
+ "2847\n",
+ "2847\n",
+ "2847\n",
+ "2847\n",
+ "2850\n",
+ "2851\n",
+ "2851\n",
+ "2859\n",
+ "2859\n",
+ "2859\n",
+ "2860\n",
+ "2860\n",
+ "2860\n",
+ "2861\n",
+ "2861\n",
+ "2861\n",
+ "2862\n",
+ "2865\n",
+ "2865\n",
+ "2865\n",
+ "2892\n",
+ "2892\n",
+ "2892\n",
+ "2892\n",
+ "2895\n",
+ "2895\n",
+ "2896\n",
+ "2897\n",
+ "2898\n",
+ "2899\n",
+ "2902\n",
+ "2902\n",
+ "2902\n",
+ "2902\n",
+ "2902\n",
+ "2902\n",
+ "2902\n",
+ "2902\n",
+ "2902\n",
+ "2903\n",
+ "2903\n",
+ "2903\n",
+ "2903\n",
+ "2903\n",
+ "2904\n",
+ "2904\n",
+ "2905\n",
+ "2906\n",
+ "2907\n",
+ "2907\n",
+ "2910\n",
+ "2910\n",
+ "2913\n",
+ "2914\n",
+ "2914\n",
+ "2917\n",
+ "2918\n",
+ "2919\n",
+ "2925\n",
+ "2926\n",
+ "2927\n",
+ "2927\n",
+ "2928\n",
+ "2929\n",
+ "2929\n",
+ "2930\n",
+ "2933\n",
+ "2935\n",
+ "2936\n",
+ "2940\n",
+ "2941\n",
+ "2958\n",
+ "2961\n",
+ "2962\n",
+ "2963\n",
+ "2965\n",
+ "2975\n",
+ "2975\n",
+ "2976\n",
+ "2997\n",
+ "2998\n",
+ "3001\n",
+ "3002\n",
+ "3003\n",
+ "3003\n",
+ "3004\n",
+ "3004\n",
+ "3005\n",
+ "3005\n",
+ "3006\n",
+ "3009\n",
+ "3009\n",
+ "3013\n",
+ "3015\n",
+ "3015\n",
+ "3016\n",
+ "3016\n",
+ "3016\n",
+ "3016\n",
+ "3016\n",
+ "3016\n",
+ "3016\n",
+ "3016\n",
+ "3016\n",
+ "3016\n",
+ "3016\n",
+ "3016\n",
+ "3016\n",
+ "3016\n",
+ "3016\n",
+ "3016\n",
+ "3016\n",
+ "3017\n",
+ "3018\n",
+ "3018\n",
+ "3018\n",
+ "3018\n",
+ "3018\n",
+ "3018\n",
+ "3018\n",
+ "3018\n",
+ "3018\n",
+ "3018\n",
+ "3018\n",
+ "3018\n",
+ "3018\n",
+ "3020\n",
+ "3020\n",
+ "3020\n",
+ "3020\n",
+ "3020\n",
+ "3020\n",
+ "3020\n",
+ "3020\n",
+ "3020\n",
+ "3025\n",
+ "3025\n",
+ "3025\n",
+ "3025\n",
+ "3025\n",
+ "3025\n",
+ "3025\n",
+ "3025\n",
+ "3025\n",
+ "3026\n",
+ "3026\n",
+ "3027\n",
+ "3028\n",
+ "3028\n",
+ "3028\n",
+ "3032\n",
+ "3032\n",
+ "3092\n",
+ "3092\n",
+ "3092\n",
+ "3093\n",
+ "3093\n",
+ "3093\n",
+ "3094\n",
+ "3094\n",
+ "3094\n",
+ "3096\n",
+ "3098\n",
+ "3098\n",
+ "3099\n",
+ "3100\n",
+ "3101\n",
+ "3110\n",
+ "3110\n",
+ "3110\n",
+ "3110\n",
+ "3111\n",
+ "3111\n",
+ "3111\n",
+ "3111\n",
+ "3115\n",
+ "3115\n",
+ "3115\n",
+ "3115\n",
+ "3115\n",
+ "3115\n",
+ "3115\n",
+ "3115\n",
+ "3115\n",
+ "3115\n",
+ "3117\n",
+ "3117\n",
+ "3118\n",
+ "3120\n",
+ "3120\n",
+ "3120\n",
+ "3121\n",
+ "3121\n",
+ "3121\n",
+ "3124\n",
+ "3125\n",
+ "3125\n",
+ "3128\n",
+ "3128\n",
+ "3128\n",
+ "3129\n",
+ "3129\n",
+ "3129\n",
+ "3129\n",
+ "3129\n",
+ "3130\n",
+ "3130\n",
+ "3131\n",
+ "3131\n",
+ "3135\n",
+ "3135\n",
+ "3135\n",
+ "3135\n",
+ "3135\n",
+ "3135\n",
+ "3135\n",
+ "3135\n",
+ "3135\n",
+ "3135\n",
+ "3135\n",
+ "3135\n",
+ "3135\n",
+ "3135\n",
+ "3135\n",
+ "3135\n",
+ "3135\n",
+ "3136\n",
+ "3136\n",
+ "3136\n",
+ "3138\n",
+ "3138\n",
+ "3138\n",
+ "3138\n",
+ "3138\n",
+ "3138\n",
+ "3138\n",
+ "3140\n",
+ "3140\n",
+ "3140\n",
+ "3141\n",
+ "3141\n",
+ "3142\n",
+ "3142\n",
+ "3142\n",
+ "3143\n",
+ "3144\n",
+ "3144\n",
+ "3156\n",
+ "3156\n",
+ "3156\n",
+ "3156\n",
+ "3156\n",
+ "3156\n",
+ "3156\n",
+ "3156\n",
+ "3156\n",
+ "3157\n",
+ "3158\n",
+ "3158\n",
+ "3162\n",
+ "3162\n",
+ "3162\n",
+ "3162\n",
+ "3166\n",
+ "3168\n",
+ "3168\n",
+ "3168\n",
+ "3170\n",
+ "3170\n",
+ "3170\n",
+ "3172\n",
+ "3173\n",
+ "3176\n",
+ "3176\n",
+ "3176\n",
+ "3176\n",
+ "3176\n",
+ "3176\n",
+ "3176\n",
+ "3176\n",
+ "3176\n",
+ "3177\n",
+ "3177\n",
+ "3178\n",
+ "3179\n",
+ "3179\n",
+ "3179\n",
+ "3180\n",
+ "3180\n",
+ "3180\n",
+ "3181\n",
+ "3187\n",
+ "3190\n",
+ "3191\n",
+ "3191\n",
+ "3191\n",
+ "3192\n",
+ "3192\n",
+ "3192\n",
+ "3192\n",
+ "3192\n",
+ "3192\n",
+ "3192\n",
+ "3192\n",
+ "3192\n",
+ "3192\n",
+ "3192\n",
+ "3192\n",
+ "3193\n",
+ "3193\n",
+ "3193\n",
+ "3193\n",
+ "3194\n",
+ "3197\n",
+ "3198\n",
+ "3198\n",
+ "3198\n",
+ "3202\n",
+ "3203\n",
+ "3205\n",
+ "3206\n",
+ "3207\n",
+ "3207\n",
+ "3210\n",
+ "3212\n",
+ "3212\n",
+ "3213\n",
+ "3215\n",
+ "3216\n",
+ "3220\n",
+ "3223\n",
+ "3226\n",
+ "3226\n",
+ "3227\n",
+ "3227\n",
+ "3228\n",
+ "3228\n",
+ "3229\n",
+ "3230\n",
+ "3230\n",
+ "3231\n",
+ "3231\n",
+ "3231\n",
+ "3231\n",
+ "3232\n",
+ "3232\n",
+ "3232\n",
+ "3233\n",
+ "3233\n",
+ "3233\n",
+ "3234\n",
+ "3235\n",
+ "3236\n",
+ "3241\n",
+ "3241\n",
+ "3242\n",
+ "3243\n",
+ "3243\n",
+ "3243\n",
+ "3246\n",
+ "3247\n",
+ "3247\n",
+ "3250\n",
+ "3251\n",
+ "3251\n",
+ "3252\n",
+ "3253\n",
+ "3254\n",
+ "3261\n",
+ "3261\n",
+ "3262\n",
+ "3269\n",
+ "3277\n",
+ "3278\n",
+ "3279\n",
+ "3281\n",
+ "3282\n",
+ "3285\n",
+ "3289\n",
+ "3300\n",
+ "3302\n",
+ "3306\n",
+ "3310\n",
+ "3312\n",
+ "3314\n",
+ "3315\n",
+ "3316\n",
+ "3319\n",
+ "3319\n",
+ "3320\n",
+ "3321\n",
+ "3322\n",
+ "3322\n",
+ "3323\n",
+ "3325\n",
+ "3325\n",
+ "3329\n",
+ "3330\n",
+ "3331\n",
+ "3331\n",
+ "3332\n",
+ "3332\n",
+ "3333\n",
+ "3333\n",
+ "3333\n",
+ "3334\n",
+ "3335\n",
+ "3337\n",
+ "3338\n",
+ "3339\n",
+ "3339\n",
+ "3340\n",
+ "3354\n",
+ "3361\n",
+ "3364\n",
+ "3365\n",
+ "3365\n",
+ "3365\n",
+ "3366\n",
+ "3368\n",
+ "3368\n",
+ "3368\n",
+ "3370\n",
+ "3370\n",
+ "3370\n",
+ "3371\n",
+ "3371\n",
+ "3371\n",
+ "3372\n",
+ "3372\n",
+ "3373\n",
+ "3374\n",
+ "3374\n",
+ "3375\n",
+ "3376\n",
+ "3377\n",
+ "3377\n",
+ "3378\n",
+ "3378\n",
+ "3382\n",
+ "3383\n",
+ "3384\n",
+ "3386\n",
+ "3387\n",
+ "3388\n",
+ "3388\n",
+ "3389\n",
+ "3390\n",
+ "3391\n",
+ "3392\n",
+ "3393\n",
+ "3394\n",
+ "3396\n",
+ "3396\n",
+ "3397\n",
+ "3399\n",
+ "3401\n",
+ "3407\n",
+ "3407\n",
+ "3410\n",
+ "3411\n",
+ "3416\n",
+ "3417\n",
+ "3418\n",
+ "3419\n",
+ "3419\n",
+ "3419\n",
+ "3419\n",
+ "3420\n",
+ "3421\n",
+ "3421\n",
+ "3421\n",
+ "3421\n",
+ "3421\n",
+ "3425\n",
+ "3426\n",
+ "3427\n",
+ "3427\n",
+ "3427\n",
+ "3427\n",
+ "3427\n",
+ "3427\n",
+ "3427\n",
+ "3427\n",
+ "3427\n",
+ "3427\n",
+ "3440\n",
+ "3450\n",
+ "3463\n",
+ "3473\n",
+ "3476\n",
+ "3482\n",
+ "3492\n",
+ "3503\n",
+ "3503\n",
+ "3506\n",
+ "3507\n",
+ "3515\n",
+ "3518\n",
+ "3526\n",
+ "3535\n",
+ "3543\n",
+ "3546\n",
+ "3547\n",
+ "3547\n",
+ "3547\n",
+ "3547\n",
+ "3549\n",
+ "3549\n",
+ "3549\n",
+ "3549\n",
+ "3550\n",
+ "3550\n",
+ "3550\n",
+ "3550\n",
+ "3550\n",
+ "3550\n",
+ "3550\n",
+ "3551\n",
+ "3551\n",
+ "3552\n",
+ "3552\n",
+ "3554\n",
+ "3554\n",
+ "3554\n",
+ "3554\n",
+ "3554\n",
+ "3555\n",
+ "3557\n",
+ "3558\n",
+ "3561\n",
+ "3562\n",
+ "3575\n",
+ "3576\n",
+ "3577\n",
+ "3578\n",
+ "3579\n",
+ "3579\n",
+ "3584\n",
+ "3587\n",
+ "3588\n",
+ "3588\n",
+ "3591\n",
+ "3596\n",
+ "3600\n",
+ "3601\n",
+ "3604\n",
+ "3609\n",
+ "3609\n",
+ "3613\n",
+ "3613\n",
+ "3613\n",
+ "3613\n",
+ "3613\n",
+ "3614\n",
+ "3614\n",
+ "3614\n",
+ "3614\n",
+ "3614\n",
+ "3616\n",
+ "3616\n",
+ "3616\n",
+ "3616\n",
+ "3616\n",
+ "3616\n",
+ "3616\n",
+ "3616\n",
+ "3616\n",
+ "3617\n",
+ "3618\n",
+ "3618\n",
+ "3618\n",
+ "3618\n",
+ "3618\n",
+ "3618\n",
+ "3619\n",
+ "3619\n",
+ "3619\n",
+ "3620\n",
+ "3620\n",
+ "3620\n",
+ "3620\n",
+ "3620\n",
+ "3620\n",
+ "3620\n",
+ "3620\n",
+ "3621\n",
+ "3623\n",
+ "3624\n",
+ "3624\n",
+ "3625\n",
+ "3625\n",
+ "3625\n",
+ "3626\n",
+ "3627\n",
+ "3627\n",
+ "3629\n",
+ "3630\n",
+ "3630\n",
+ "3630\n",
+ "3631\n",
+ "3632\n",
+ "3633\n",
+ "3637\n",
+ "3644\n",
+ "3645\n",
+ "3649\n",
+ "3649\n",
+ "3652\n",
+ "3652\n",
+ "3652\n",
+ "3654\n",
+ "3655\n",
+ "3656\n",
+ "3657\n",
+ "3658\n",
+ "3659\n",
+ "3667\n",
+ "3667\n",
+ "3667\n",
+ "3669\n",
+ "3671\n",
+ "3672\n",
+ "3673\n",
+ "3678\n",
+ "3678\n",
+ "3679\n",
+ "3685\n",
+ "3685\n",
+ "3686\n",
+ "3687\n",
+ "3687\n",
+ "3689\n",
+ "3690\n",
+ "3700\n",
+ "3701\n",
+ "3701\n",
+ "3702\n",
+ "3708\n",
+ "3708\n",
+ "3709\n",
+ "3710\n",
+ "3710\n",
+ "3710\n",
+ "3710\n",
+ "3710\n",
+ "3711\n",
+ "3711\n",
+ "3711\n",
+ "3721\n",
+ "3722\n",
+ "3724\n",
+ "3725\n",
+ "3726\n",
+ "3729\n",
+ "3729\n",
+ "3734\n",
+ "3737\n",
+ "3785\n",
+ "3786\n",
+ "3786\n",
+ "3787\n",
+ "3788\n",
+ "3790\n",
+ "3791\n",
+ "3798\n",
+ "3803\n",
+ "3811\n",
+ "3813\n",
+ "3814\n",
+ "3815\n",
+ "3815\n",
+ "3815\n",
+ "3816\n",
+ "3822\n",
+ "3824\n",
+ "3824\n",
+ "3825\n",
+ "3826\n",
+ "3829\n",
+ "3829\n",
+ "3829\n",
+ "3829\n",
+ "3830\n",
+ "3830\n",
+ "3831\n",
+ "3831\n",
+ "3831\n",
+ "3831\n",
+ "3832\n",
+ "3832\n",
+ "3832\n",
+ "3833\n",
+ "3833\n",
+ "3833\n",
+ "3834\n",
+ "3835\n",
+ "3835\n",
+ "3836\n",
+ "3838\n",
+ "3838\n",
+ "3839\n",
+ "3841\n",
+ "3845\n",
+ "3845\n",
+ "3847\n",
+ "3849\n",
+ "3850\n",
+ "3851\n",
+ "3851\n",
+ "3851\n",
+ "3851\n",
+ "3851\n",
+ "3851\n",
+ "3851\n",
+ "3852\n",
+ "3853\n",
+ "3853\n",
+ "3853\n",
+ "3857\n",
+ "3858\n",
+ "3863\n",
+ "3863\n",
+ "3863\n",
+ "3863\n",
+ "3863\n",
+ "3864\n",
+ "3875\n",
+ "3875\n",
+ "3875\n",
+ "3875\n",
+ "3875\n",
+ "3877\n",
+ "3877\n",
+ "3877\n",
+ "3877\n",
+ "3877\n",
+ "3877\n",
+ "3877\n",
+ "3877\n",
+ "3878\n",
+ "3878\n",
+ "3884\n",
+ "3884\n",
+ "3884\n",
+ "3884\n",
+ "3884\n",
+ "3884\n",
+ "3884\n",
+ "3884\n",
+ "3884\n",
+ "3884\n",
+ "3884\n",
+ "3884\n",
+ "3885\n",
+ "3885\n",
+ "3885\n",
+ "3885\n",
+ "3885\n",
+ "3885\n",
+ "3885\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3886\n",
+ "3895\n",
+ "3895\n",
+ "3895\n",
+ "3895\n",
+ "3895\n",
+ "3896\n",
+ "3897\n",
+ "3898\n",
+ "3899\n",
+ "3900\n",
+ "3902\n",
+ "3903\n",
+ "3904\n",
+ "3905\n",
+ "3907\n",
+ "3908\n",
+ "3909\n",
+ "3909\n",
+ "3910\n",
+ "3910\n",
+ "3911\n",
+ "3911\n",
+ "3911\n",
+ "3912\n",
+ "3913\n",
+ "3916\n",
+ "3917\n",
+ "3917\n",
+ "3917\n",
+ "3918\n",
+ "3918\n",
+ "3920\n",
+ "3921\n",
+ "3922\n",
+ "3923\n",
+ "3924\n",
+ "3928\n",
+ "3929\n",
+ "3930\n",
+ "3930\n",
+ "3930\n",
+ "3931\n",
+ "3932\n",
+ "3933\n",
+ "3934\n",
+ "3935\n",
+ "3935\n",
+ "3937\n",
+ "3938\n",
+ "3942\n",
+ "3943\n",
+ "3944\n",
+ "3944\n",
+ "3945\n",
+ "3947\n",
+ "3947\n",
+ "3947\n",
+ "3948\n",
+ "3948\n",
+ "3949\n",
+ "3950\n",
+ "3951\n",
+ "3953\n",
+ "3953\n",
+ "3954\n",
+ "3954\n",
+ "3955\n",
+ "3956\n",
+ "3956\n",
+ "3956\n",
+ "3956\n",
+ "3956\n",
+ "3956\n",
+ "3956\n",
+ "3964\n",
+ "3964\n",
+ "3965\n",
+ "3965\n",
+ "3965\n",
+ "3967\n",
+ "3968\n",
+ "3968\n",
+ "3968\n",
+ "3968\n",
+ "3968\n",
+ "3968\n",
+ "3968\n",
+ "3968\n",
+ "3968\n",
+ "3968\n",
+ "3969\n",
+ "3969\n",
+ "3970\n",
+ "3971\n",
+ "3972\n",
+ "3972\n",
+ "3972\n",
+ "3972\n",
+ "3972\n",
+ "3972\n",
+ "3972\n",
+ "3972\n",
+ "3972\n",
+ "3972\n",
+ "3977\n",
+ "3977\n",
+ "3977\n",
+ "3977\n",
+ "3977\n",
+ "3978\n",
+ "3978\n",
+ "3978\n",
+ "3978\n",
+ "3978\n",
+ "3980\n",
+ "3980\n",
+ "3980\n",
+ "3980\n",
+ "3980\n",
+ "3981\n",
+ "3982\n",
+ "3983\n",
+ "3985\n",
+ "3986\n",
+ "3987\n",
+ "3988\n",
+ "3989\n",
+ "3990\n",
+ "3993\n",
+ "3996\n",
+ "3997\n",
+ "3997\n",
+ "3999\n",
+ "4000\n",
+ "4005\n",
+ "4006\n",
+ "4009\n",
+ "4010\n",
+ "4012\n",
+ "4013\n",
+ "4020\n",
+ "4022\n",
+ "4023\n",
+ "4024\n",
+ "4024\n",
+ "4024\n",
+ "4027\n",
+ "4027\n",
+ "4030\n",
+ "4032\n",
+ "4034\n",
+ "4036\n",
+ "4036\n",
+ "4036\n",
+ "4036\n",
+ "4045\n",
+ "4045\n",
+ "4048\n",
+ "4052\n",
+ "4052\n",
+ "4053\n",
+ "4055\n",
+ "4057\n",
+ "4057\n",
+ "4057\n",
+ "4057\n",
+ "4058\n",
+ "4058\n",
+ "4065\n",
+ "4066\n",
+ "4072\n",
+ "4072\n",
+ "4072\n",
+ "4074\n",
+ "4074\n",
+ "4074\n",
+ "4074\n",
+ "4074\n",
+ "4074\n",
+ "4074\n",
+ "4074\n",
+ "4074\n",
+ "4074\n",
+ "4074\n",
+ "4074\n",
+ "4074\n",
+ "4074\n",
+ "4074\n",
+ "4074\n",
+ "4074\n",
+ "4074\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4075\n",
+ "4076\n",
+ "4077\n",
+ "4077\n",
+ "4079\n",
+ "4081\n",
+ "4083\n",
+ "4084\n",
+ "4085\n",
+ "4087\n",
+ "4091\n",
+ "4091\n",
+ "4091\n",
+ "4091\n",
+ "4093\n",
+ "4099\n",
+ "4100\n",
+ "4100\n",
+ "4100\n",
+ "4101\n",
+ "4102\n",
+ "4104\n",
+ "4104\n",
+ "4105\n",
+ "4105\n",
+ "4106\n",
+ "4106\n",
+ "4109\n",
+ "4110\n",
+ "4116\n",
+ "4118\n",
+ "4119\n",
+ "4127\n",
+ "4128\n",
+ "4129\n",
+ "4130\n",
+ "4157\n",
+ "4158\n",
+ "4159\n",
+ "4161\n",
+ "4163\n",
+ "4164\n",
+ "4165\n",
+ "4166\n",
+ "4166\n",
+ "4167\n",
+ "4169\n",
+ "4170\n",
+ "4170\n",
+ "4170\n",
+ "4171\n",
+ "4174\n",
+ "4175\n",
+ "4190\n",
+ "4191\n",
+ "4192\n",
+ "4193\n",
+ "4194\n",
+ "4195\n",
+ "4196\n",
+ "4197\n",
+ "4197\n",
+ "4197\n",
+ "4197\n",
+ "4197\n",
+ "4197\n",
+ "4199\n",
+ "4201\n",
+ "4202\n",
+ "4203\n",
+ "4204\n",
+ "4206\n",
+ "4207\n",
+ "4208\n",
+ "4210\n",
+ "4211\n",
+ "4213\n",
+ "4215\n",
+ "4215\n",
+ "4216\n",
+ "4218\n",
+ "4225\n",
+ "4225\n",
+ "4228\n",
+ "4231\n",
+ "4232\n",
+ "4233\n",
+ "4235\n",
+ "4253\n",
+ "4254\n",
+ "4255\n",
+ "4255\n",
+ "4256\n",
+ "4256\n",
+ "4257\n",
+ "4258\n",
+ "4259\n",
+ "4261\n",
+ "4261\n",
+ "4261\n",
+ "4261\n",
+ "4261\n",
+ "4261\n",
+ "4262\n",
+ "4271\n",
+ "4272\n",
+ "4273\n",
+ "4274\n",
+ "4274\n",
+ "4274\n",
+ "4274\n",
+ "4274\n",
+ "4274\n",
+ "4275\n",
+ "4276\n",
+ "4276\n",
+ "4276\n",
+ "4277\n",
+ "4279\n",
+ "4280\n",
+ "4280\n",
+ "4281\n",
+ "4282\n",
+ "4289\n",
+ "4289\n",
+ "4290\n",
+ "4290\n",
+ "4290\n",
+ "4291\n",
+ "4293\n",
+ "4293\n",
+ "4293\n",
+ "4293\n",
+ "4293\n",
+ "4293\n",
+ "4293\n",
+ "4293\n",
+ "4293\n",
+ "4293\n",
+ "4294\n",
+ "4294\n",
+ "4294\n",
+ "4295\n",
+ "4295\n",
+ "4295\n",
+ "4295\n",
+ "4295\n",
+ "4295\n",
+ "4295\n",
+ "4295\n",
+ "4295\n",
+ "4295\n",
+ "4295\n",
+ "4295\n",
+ "4295\n",
+ "4296\n",
+ "4296\n",
+ "4296\n",
+ "4296\n",
+ "4296\n",
+ "4297\n",
+ "4297\n",
+ "4298\n",
+ "4298\n",
+ "4300\n",
+ "4300\n",
+ "4300\n",
+ "4300\n",
+ "4300\n",
+ "4300\n",
+ "4301\n",
+ "4302\n",
+ "4303\n",
+ "4305\n",
+ "4307\n",
+ "4308\n",
+ "4309\n",
+ "4311\n",
+ "4312\n",
+ "4312\n",
+ "4312\n",
+ "4312\n",
+ "4312\n",
+ "4312\n",
+ "4312\n",
+ "4312\n",
+ "4312\n",
+ "4312\n",
+ "4313\n",
+ "4314\n",
+ "4315\n",
+ "4316\n",
+ "4317\n",
+ "4317\n",
+ "4318\n",
+ "4319\n",
+ "4320\n",
+ "4325\n",
+ "4326\n",
+ "4327\n",
+ "4340\n",
+ "4342\n",
+ "4342\n",
+ "4342\n",
+ "4346\n",
+ "4346\n",
+ "4346\n",
+ "4347\n",
+ "4347\n",
+ "4347\n",
+ "4347\n",
+ "4348\n",
+ "4348\n",
+ "4348\n",
+ "4349\n",
+ "4350\n",
+ "4351\n",
+ "4362\n",
+ "4366\n",
+ "4366\n",
+ "4366\n",
+ "4366\n",
+ "4366\n",
+ "4367\n",
+ "4368\n",
+ "4368\n",
+ "4368\n",
+ "4368\n",
+ "4368\n",
+ "4368\n",
+ "4368\n",
+ "4368\n",
+ "4368\n",
+ "4368\n",
+ "4368\n",
+ "4368\n",
+ "4371\n",
+ "4371\n",
+ "4371\n",
+ "4371\n",
+ "4372\n",
+ "4374\n",
+ "4374\n",
+ "4375\n",
+ "4375\n",
+ "4377\n",
+ "4378\n",
+ "4378\n",
+ "4379\n",
+ "4380\n",
+ "4381\n",
+ "4382\n",
+ "4383\n",
+ "4383\n",
+ "4385\n",
+ "4386\n",
+ "4386\n",
+ "4387\n",
+ "4388\n",
+ "4390\n",
+ "4391\n",
+ "4392\n",
+ "4393\n",
+ "4393\n",
+ "4393\n",
+ "4393\n",
+ "4394\n",
+ "4394\n",
+ "4395\n",
+ "4396\n",
+ "4397\n",
+ "4398\n",
+ "4399\n",
+ "4400\n",
+ "4401\n",
+ "4402\n",
+ "4403\n",
+ "4403\n",
+ "4403\n",
+ "4404\n",
+ "4405\n",
+ "4405\n",
+ "4408\n",
+ "4408\n",
+ "4408\n",
+ "4408\n",
+ "4409\n",
+ "4409\n",
+ "4409\n",
+ "4410\n",
+ "4410\n",
+ "4410\n",
+ "4411\n",
+ "4413\n",
+ "4416\n",
+ "4416\n",
+ "4417\n",
+ "4417\n",
+ "4417\n",
+ "4417\n",
+ "4417\n",
+ "4417\n",
+ "4417\n",
+ "4418\n",
+ "4418\n",
+ "4418\n",
+ "4418\n",
+ "4418\n",
+ "4422\n",
+ "4425\n",
+ "4427\n",
+ "4428\n",
+ "4430\n",
+ "4431\n",
+ "4432\n",
+ "4439\n",
+ "4439\n",
+ "4440\n",
+ "4440\n",
+ "4442\n",
+ "4442\n",
+ "4448\n",
+ "4450\n",
+ "4455\n",
+ "4463\n",
+ "4473\n",
+ "4481\n",
+ "4487\n",
+ "4488\n",
+ "4489\n",
+ "4496\n",
+ "4501\n",
+ "4510\n",
+ "4517\n",
+ "4524\n",
+ "4529\n",
+ "4536\n",
+ "4537\n",
+ "4549\n",
+ "4556\n",
+ "4564\n",
+ "4566\n",
+ "4566\n",
+ "4574\n",
+ "4574\n",
+ "4574\n",
+ "4578\n",
+ "4578\n",
+ "4579\n",
+ "4579\n",
+ "4579\n",
+ "4579\n",
+ "4579\n",
+ "4579\n",
+ "4580\n",
+ "4580\n",
+ "4580\n",
+ "4581\n",
+ "4581\n",
+ "4581\n",
+ "4582\n",
+ "4582\n",
+ "4582\n",
+ "4583\n",
+ "4584\n",
+ "4587\n",
+ "4589\n",
+ "4590\n",
+ "4593\n",
+ "4594\n",
+ "4597\n",
+ "4598\n",
+ "4600\n",
+ "4601\n",
+ "4601\n",
+ "4602\n",
+ "4603\n",
+ "4603\n",
+ "4604\n",
+ "4604\n",
+ "4604\n",
+ "4605\n",
+ "4605\n",
+ "4605\n",
+ "4606\n",
+ "4606\n",
+ "4609\n",
+ "4624\n",
+ "4624\n",
+ "4626\n",
+ "4626\n",
+ "4626\n",
+ "4626\n",
+ "4626\n",
+ "4626\n",
+ "4626\n",
+ "4626\n",
+ "4627\n",
+ "4627\n",
+ "4627\n",
+ "4627\n",
+ "4627\n",
+ "4627\n",
+ "4627\n",
+ "4627\n",
+ "4627\n",
+ "4627\n",
+ "4629\n",
+ "4629\n",
+ "4629\n",
+ "4631\n",
+ "4632\n",
+ "4632\n",
+ "4632\n",
+ "4634\n",
+ "4638\n",
+ "4641\n",
+ "4641\n",
+ "4641\n",
+ "4641\n",
+ "4641\n",
+ "4641\n",
+ "4642\n",
+ "4643\n",
+ "4643\n",
+ "4649\n",
+ "4649\n",
+ "4649\n",
+ "4649\n",
+ "4650\n",
+ "4655\n",
+ "4656\n",
+ "4657\n",
+ "4658\n",
+ "4659\n",
+ "4660\n",
+ "4661\n",
+ "4661\n",
+ "4661\n",
+ "4661\n",
+ "4661\n",
+ "4663\n",
+ "4663\n",
+ "4663\n",
+ "4663\n",
+ "4663\n",
+ "4663\n",
+ "4663\n",
+ "4663\n",
+ "4663\n",
+ "4663\n",
+ "4663\n",
+ "4663\n",
+ "4663\n",
+ "4664\n",
+ "4669\n",
+ "4669\n",
+ "4669\n",
+ "4670\n",
+ "4670\n",
+ "4671\n",
+ "4672\n",
+ "4673\n",
+ "4673\n",
+ "4673\n",
+ "4674\n",
+ "4674\n",
+ "4676\n",
+ "4677\n",
+ "4677\n",
+ "4677\n",
+ "4677\n",
+ "4677\n",
+ "4677\n",
+ "4677\n",
+ "4677\n",
+ "4678\n",
+ "4678\n",
+ "4681\n",
+ "4682\n",
+ "4683\n",
+ "4712\n",
+ "4713\n",
+ "4714\n",
+ "4716\n",
+ "4717\n",
+ "4718\n",
+ "4737\n",
+ "4737\n",
+ "4741\n",
+ "4742\n",
+ "4745\n",
+ "4746\n",
+ "4746\n",
+ "4747\n",
+ "4749\n",
+ "4749\n",
+ "4749\n",
+ "4750\n",
+ "4751\n",
+ "4752\n",
+ "4753\n",
+ "4785\n",
+ "4785\n",
+ "4785\n",
+ "4786\n",
+ "4786\n",
+ "4787\n",
+ "4787\n",
+ "4788\n",
+ "4788\n",
+ "4788\n",
+ "4788\n",
+ "4797\n",
+ "4798\n",
+ "4798\n",
+ "4798\n",
+ "4798\n",
+ "4799\n",
+ "4799\n",
+ "4799\n",
+ "4799\n",
+ "4800\n",
+ "4800\n",
+ "4800\n",
+ "4800\n",
+ "4801\n",
+ "4801\n",
+ "4801\n",
+ "4801\n",
+ "4809\n",
+ "4809\n",
+ "4809\n",
+ "4809\n",
+ "4809\n",
+ "4809\n",
+ "4809\n",
+ "4809\n",
+ "4810\n",
+ "4812\n",
+ "4812\n",
+ "4813\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4814\n",
+ "4815\n",
+ "4815\n",
+ "4816\n",
+ "4817\n",
+ "4818\n",
+ "4818\n",
+ "4819\n",
+ "4820\n",
+ "4821\n",
+ "4821\n",
+ "4821\n",
+ "4821\n",
+ "4821\n",
+ "4821\n",
+ "4822\n",
+ "4823\n",
+ "4823\n",
+ "4823\n",
+ "4823\n",
+ "4824\n",
+ "4824\n",
+ "4825\n",
+ "4826\n",
+ "4826\n",
+ "4826\n",
+ "4826\n",
+ "4826\n",
+ "4826\n",
+ "4826\n",
+ "4826\n",
+ "4826\n",
+ "4826\n",
+ "4826\n",
+ "4826\n",
+ "4826\n",
+ "4826\n",
+ "4826\n",
+ "4826\n",
+ "4831\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4832\n",
+ "4833\n",
+ "4833\n",
+ "4833\n",
+ "4833\n",
+ "4834\n",
+ "4840\n",
+ "4842\n",
+ "4845\n",
+ "4847\n",
+ "4847\n",
+ "4847\n",
+ "4848\n",
+ "4848\n",
+ "4849\n",
+ "4849\n",
+ "4849\n",
+ "4849\n",
+ "4849\n",
+ "4850\n",
+ "4850\n",
+ "4850\n",
+ "4851\n",
+ "4855\n",
+ "4858\n",
+ "4858\n",
+ "4858\n",
+ "4859\n",
+ "4860\n",
+ "4861\n",
+ "4863\n",
+ "4864\n",
+ "4866\n",
+ "4868\n",
+ "4869\n",
+ "4873\n",
+ "4876\n",
+ "4878\n",
+ "4880\n",
+ "4880\n",
+ "4885\n",
+ "4885\n",
+ "4885\n",
+ "4885\n",
+ "4885\n",
+ "4886\n",
+ "4894\n",
+ "4895\n",
+ "4896\n",
+ "4896\n",
+ "4897\n",
+ "4898\n",
+ "4899\n",
+ "4900\n",
+ "4900\n",
+ "4901\n",
+ "4902\n",
+ "4902\n",
+ "4902\n",
+ "4903\n",
+ "4903\n",
+ "4905\n",
+ "4906\n",
+ "4907\n",
+ "4908\n",
+ "4908\n",
+ "4913\n",
+ "4913\n",
+ "4914\n",
+ "4915\n",
+ "4916\n",
+ "4916\n",
+ "4918\n",
+ "4918\n",
+ "4919\n",
+ "4920\n",
+ "4920\n",
+ "4933\n",
+ "4933\n",
+ "4933\n",
+ "4934\n",
+ "4934\n",
+ "4937\n",
+ "4938\n",
+ "4938\n",
+ "4938\n",
+ "4940\n",
+ "4940\n",
+ "4940\n",
+ "4940\n",
+ "4940\n",
+ "4940\n",
+ "4940\n",
+ "4940\n",
+ "4940\n",
+ "4941\n",
+ "4941\n",
+ "4942\n",
+ "4949\n",
+ "4949\n",
+ "4949\n",
+ "4951\n",
+ "4951\n",
+ "4952\n",
+ "4952\n",
+ "4952\n",
+ "4953\n",
+ "4954\n",
+ "4955\n",
+ "4955\n",
+ "4956\n",
+ "4956\n",
+ "4956\n",
+ "4956\n",
+ "4956\n",
+ "4956\n",
+ "4956\n",
+ "4956\n",
+ "4956\n",
+ "4956\n",
+ "4956\n",
+ "4956\n",
+ "4956\n",
+ "4956\n",
+ "4956\n",
+ "4958\n",
+ "4958\n",
+ "4958\n",
+ "4959\n",
+ "4959\n",
+ "4959\n",
+ "4959\n",
+ "4960\n",
+ "4960\n",
+ "4960\n",
+ "4962\n",
+ "4970\n",
+ "4971\n",
+ "4972\n",
+ "4972\n",
+ "4973\n",
+ "4974\n",
+ "4974\n",
+ "4974\n",
+ "4974\n",
+ "4974\n",
+ "4979\n",
+ "4979\n",
+ "4979\n",
+ "4979\n",
+ "4987\n",
+ "4987\n",
+ "4988\n",
+ "4988\n",
+ "4988\n",
+ "4991\n",
+ "4992\n",
+ "4992\n",
+ "4992\n",
+ "4993\n",
+ "4995\n",
+ "5027\n",
+ "5028\n",
+ "5032\n",
+ "5034\n",
+ "5034\n",
+ "5034\n",
+ "5034\n",
+ "5034\n",
+ "5034\n",
+ "5035\n",
+ "5035\n",
+ "5035\n",
+ "5036\n",
+ "5036\n",
+ "5038\n",
+ "5042\n",
+ "5042\n",
+ "5042\n",
+ "5042\n",
+ "5043\n",
+ "5043\n",
+ "5045\n",
+ "5045\n",
+ "5045\n",
+ "5046\n",
+ "5048\n",
+ "5050\n",
+ "5051\n",
+ "5052\n",
+ "5052\n",
+ "5062\n",
+ "5063\n",
+ "5063\n",
+ "5064\n",
+ "5066\n",
+ "5072\n",
+ "5072\n",
+ "5072\n",
+ "5084\n",
+ "5084\n",
+ "5084\n",
+ "5085\n",
+ "5085\n",
+ "5091\n",
+ "5093\n",
+ "5093\n",
+ "5093\n",
+ "5093\n",
+ "5093\n",
+ "5094\n",
+ "5096\n",
+ "5096\n",
+ "5096\n",
+ "5096\n",
+ "5096\n",
+ "5097\n",
+ "5099\n",
+ "5099\n",
+ "5099\n",
+ "5100\n",
+ "5100\n",
+ "5101\n",
+ "5101\n",
+ "5105\n",
+ "5105\n",
+ "5105\n",
+ "5106\n",
+ "5106\n",
+ "5106\n",
+ "5106\n",
+ "5110\n",
+ "5110\n",
+ "5110\n",
+ "5110\n",
+ "5110\n",
+ "5110\n",
+ "5110\n",
+ "5110\n",
+ "5111\n",
+ "5111\n",
+ "5111\n",
+ "5111\n",
+ "5111\n",
+ "5111\n",
+ "5111\n",
+ "5111\n",
+ "5111\n",
+ "5111\n",
+ "5111\n",
+ "5111\n",
+ "5111\n",
+ "5111\n",
+ "5111\n",
+ "5112\n",
+ "5112\n",
+ "5112\n",
+ "5112\n",
+ "5112\n",
+ "5112\n",
+ "5112\n",
+ "5112\n",
+ "5113\n",
+ "5114\n",
+ "5114\n",
+ "5117\n",
+ "5118\n",
+ "5120\n",
+ "5120\n",
+ "5121\n",
+ "5121\n",
+ "5133\n",
+ "5133\n",
+ "5133\n",
+ "5133\n",
+ "5133\n",
+ "5133\n",
+ "5133\n",
+ "5135\n",
+ "5135\n",
+ "5143\n",
+ "5144\n",
+ "5144\n",
+ "5146\n",
+ "5146\n",
+ "5149\n",
+ "5151\n",
+ "5152\n",
+ "5152\n",
+ "5154\n",
+ "5154\n",
+ "5155\n",
+ "5158\n",
+ "5160\n",
+ "5160\n",
+ "5161\n",
+ "5161\n",
+ "5162\n",
+ "5166\n",
+ "5169\n",
+ "5171\n",
+ "5171\n",
+ "5171\n",
+ "5171\n",
+ "5171\n",
+ "5173\n",
+ "5173\n",
+ "5174\n",
+ "5175\n",
+ "5176\n",
+ "5176\n",
+ "5177\n",
+ "5177\n",
+ "5177\n",
+ "5177\n",
+ "5177\n",
+ "5177\n",
+ "5177\n",
+ "5177\n",
+ "5178\n",
+ "5178\n",
+ "5178\n",
+ "5178\n",
+ "5178\n",
+ "5179\n",
+ "5179\n",
+ "5179\n",
+ "5179\n",
+ "5180\n",
+ "5182\n",
+ "5193\n",
+ "5194\n",
+ "5196\n",
+ "5196\n",
+ "5196\n",
+ "5197\n",
+ "5197\n",
+ "5198\n",
+ "5201\n",
+ "5202\n",
+ "5203\n",
+ "5203\n",
+ "5204\n",
+ "5204\n",
+ "5204\n",
+ "5204\n",
+ "5204\n",
+ "5206\n",
+ "5207\n",
+ "5207\n",
+ "5207\n",
+ "5207\n",
+ "5207\n",
+ "5207\n",
+ "5207\n",
+ "5209\n",
+ "5209\n",
+ "5211\n",
+ "5211\n",
+ "5212\n",
+ "5213\n",
+ "5214\n",
+ "5214\n",
+ "5214\n",
+ "5216\n",
+ "5217\n",
+ "5217\n",
+ "5217\n",
+ "5217\n",
+ "5218\n",
+ "5218\n",
+ "5219\n",
+ "5221\n",
+ "5292\n",
+ "5292\n",
+ "5292\n",
+ "5293\n",
+ "5294\n",
+ "5294\n",
+ "5294\n",
+ "5295\n",
+ "5296\n",
+ "5297\n",
+ "5297\n",
+ "5297\n",
+ "5311\n",
+ "5312\n",
+ "5320\n",
+ "5321\n",
+ "5321\n",
+ "5328\n",
+ "5328\n",
+ "5328\n",
+ "5333\n",
+ "5333\n",
+ "5334\n",
+ "5334\n",
+ "5337\n",
+ "5337\n",
+ "5337\n",
+ "5340\n",
+ "5340\n",
+ "5341\n",
+ "5342\n",
+ "5343\n",
+ "5344\n",
+ "5345\n",
+ "5346\n",
+ "5348\n",
+ "5349\n",
+ "5350\n",
+ "5353\n",
+ "5354\n",
+ "5354\n",
+ "5357\n",
+ "5357\n",
+ "5361\n",
+ "5364\n",
+ "5367\n",
+ "5367\n",
+ "5368\n",
+ "5368\n",
+ "5368\n",
+ "5370\n",
+ "5372\n",
+ "5373\n",
+ "5373\n",
+ "5373\n",
+ "5373\n",
+ "5373\n",
+ "5373\n",
+ "5383\n",
+ "5383\n",
+ "5383\n",
+ "5383\n",
+ "5383\n",
+ "5383\n",
+ "5384\n",
+ "5384\n",
+ "5384\n",
+ "5384\n",
+ "5384\n",
+ "5384\n",
+ "5384\n",
+ "5384\n",
+ "5384\n",
+ "5384\n",
+ "5384\n",
+ "5385\n",
+ "5385\n",
+ "5385\n",
+ "5386\n",
+ "5386\n",
+ "5387\n",
+ "5389\n",
+ "5389\n",
+ "5391\n",
+ "5391\n",
+ "5393\n",
+ "5393\n",
+ "5393\n",
+ "5395\n",
+ "5406\n",
+ "5416\n",
+ "5426\n",
+ "5433\n",
+ "5440\n",
+ "5446\n",
+ "5455\n",
+ "5463\n",
+ "5476\n",
+ "5486\n",
+ "5493\n",
+ "5500\n",
+ "5508\n",
+ "5519\n",
+ "5527\n",
+ "5534\n",
+ "5535\n",
+ "5536\n",
+ "5545\n",
+ "5550\n",
+ "5558\n",
+ "5567\n",
+ "5578\n",
+ "5584\n",
+ "5585\n",
+ "5586\n",
+ "5586\n",
+ "5587\n",
+ "5587\n",
+ "5589\n",
+ "5589\n",
+ "5589\n",
+ "5589\n",
+ "5590\n",
+ "5590\n",
+ "5591\n",
+ "5591\n",
+ "5591\n",
+ "5592\n",
+ "5592\n",
+ "5592\n",
+ "5592\n",
+ "5592\n",
+ "5592\n",
+ "5592\n",
+ "5592\n",
+ "5592\n",
+ "5592\n",
+ "5592\n",
+ "5592\n",
+ "5592\n",
+ "5592\n",
+ "5593\n",
+ "5593\n",
+ "5593\n",
+ "5593\n",
+ "5596\n",
+ "5596\n",
+ "5597\n",
+ "5597\n",
+ "5598\n",
+ "5600\n",
+ "5601\n",
+ "5601\n",
+ "5602\n",
+ "5602\n",
+ "5603\n",
+ "5603\n",
+ "5603\n",
+ "5603\n",
+ "5603\n",
+ "5604\n",
+ "5604\n",
+ "5606\n",
+ "5607\n",
+ "5608\n",
+ "5608\n",
+ "5609\n",
+ "5616\n",
+ "5616\n",
+ "5617\n",
+ "5629\n",
+ "5629\n",
+ "5630\n",
+ "5630\n",
+ "5630\n",
+ "5630\n",
+ "5631\n",
+ "5632\n",
+ "5633\n",
+ "5635\n",
+ "5635\n",
+ "5635\n",
+ "5635\n",
+ "5637\n",
+ "5637\n",
+ "5637\n",
+ "5637\n",
+ "5637\n",
+ "5637\n",
+ "5637\n",
+ "5637\n",
+ "5637\n",
+ "5638\n",
+ "5638\n",
+ "5638\n",
+ "5639\n",
+ "5639\n",
+ "5639\n",
+ "5639\n",
+ "5639\n",
+ "5639\n",
+ "5640\n",
+ "5640\n",
+ "5641\n",
+ "5641\n",
+ "5642\n",
+ "5642\n",
+ "5643\n",
+ "5645\n",
+ "5646\n",
+ "5647\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5652\n",
+ "5653\n",
+ "5653\n",
+ "5656\n",
+ "5657\n",
+ "5660\n",
+ "5662\n",
+ "5664\n",
+ "5665\n",
+ "5665\n",
+ "5665\n",
+ "5666\n",
+ "5669\n",
+ "5672\n",
+ "5672\n",
+ "5672\n",
+ "5672\n",
+ "5673\n",
+ "5674\n",
+ "5676\n",
+ "5676\n",
+ "5677\n",
+ "5677\n",
+ "5677\n",
+ "5677\n",
+ "5692\n",
+ "5692\n",
+ "5692\n",
+ "5693\n",
+ "5693\n",
+ "5693\n",
+ "5696\n",
+ "5696\n",
+ "5696\n",
+ "5696\n",
+ "5697\n",
+ "5698\n",
+ "5702\n",
+ "5702\n",
+ "5702\n",
+ "5702\n",
+ "5702\n",
+ "5702\n",
+ "5702\n",
+ "5703\n",
+ "5704\n",
+ "5705\n",
+ "5721\n",
+ "5722\n",
+ "5723\n",
+ "5723\n",
+ "5761\n",
+ "5762\n",
+ "5763\n",
+ "5763\n",
+ "5764\n",
+ "5771\n",
+ "5771\n",
+ "5772\n",
+ "5772\n",
+ "5772\n",
+ "5773\n",
+ "5774\n",
+ "5774\n",
+ "5774\n",
+ "5774\n",
+ "5774\n",
+ "5774\n",
+ "5774\n",
+ "5774\n",
+ "5775\n",
+ "5775\n",
+ "5775\n",
+ "5775\n",
+ "5775\n",
+ "5775\n",
+ "5775\n",
+ "5775\n",
+ "5775\n",
+ "5775\n",
+ "5775\n",
+ "5775\n",
+ "5775\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5783\n",
+ "5784\n",
+ "5785\n",
+ "5785\n",
+ "5785\n",
+ "5785\n",
+ "5785\n",
+ "5785\n",
+ "5785\n",
+ "5786\n",
+ "5786\n",
+ "5786\n",
+ "5786\n",
+ "5786\n",
+ "5786\n",
+ "5786\n",
+ "5786\n",
+ "5786\n",
+ "5786\n",
+ "5787\n",
+ "5787\n",
+ "5787\n",
+ "5787\n",
+ "5788\n",
+ "5790\n",
+ "5790\n",
+ "5790\n",
+ "5790\n",
+ "5790\n",
+ "5790\n",
+ "5790\n",
+ "5790\n",
+ "5790\n",
+ "5790\n",
+ "5790\n",
+ "5790\n",
+ "5790\n",
+ "5790\n",
+ "5790\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5791\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5792\n",
+ "5793\n",
+ "5793\n",
+ "5793\n",
+ "5793\n",
+ "5793\n",
+ "5793\n",
+ "5793\n",
+ "5793\n",
+ "5793\n",
+ "5793\n",
+ "5793\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5794\n",
+ "5795\n",
+ "5795\n",
+ "5796\n",
+ "5796\n",
+ "5796\n",
+ "5796\n",
+ "5796\n",
+ "5796\n",
+ "5797\n",
+ "5798\n",
+ "5799\n",
+ "5800\n",
+ "5801\n",
+ "5802\n",
+ "5802\n",
+ "5802\n",
+ "5802\n",
+ "5802\n",
+ "5810\n",
+ "5811\n",
+ "5812\n",
+ "5812\n",
+ "5812\n",
+ "5815\n",
+ "5815\n",
+ "5815\n",
+ "5815\n",
+ "5815\n",
+ "5816\n",
+ "5817\n",
+ "5818\n",
+ "5818\n",
+ "5819\n",
+ "5832\n",
+ "5833\n",
+ "5839\n",
+ "5840\n",
+ "5846\n",
+ "5846\n",
+ "5846\n",
+ "5848\n",
+ "5851\n",
+ "5853\n",
+ "5854\n",
+ "5856\n",
+ "5856\n",
+ "5857\n",
+ "5858\n",
+ "5859\n",
+ "5859\n",
+ "5859\n",
+ "5860\n",
+ "5861\n",
+ "5861\n",
+ "5861\n",
+ "5862\n",
+ "5862\n",
+ "5863\n",
+ "5864\n",
+ "5865\n",
+ "5865\n",
+ "5866\n",
+ "5866\n",
+ "5866\n",
+ "5866\n",
+ "5866\n",
+ "5867\n",
+ "5869\n",
+ "5869\n",
+ "5869\n",
+ "5869\n",
+ "5869\n",
+ "5869\n",
+ "5869\n",
+ "5870\n",
+ "5870\n",
+ "5872\n",
+ "5872\n",
+ "5872\n",
+ "5872\n",
+ "5872\n",
+ "5872\n",
+ "5874\n",
+ "5875\n",
+ "5875\n",
+ "5875\n",
+ "5875\n",
+ "5875\n",
+ "5876\n",
+ "5876\n",
+ "5876\n",
+ "5876\n",
+ "5878\n",
+ "5878\n",
+ "5878\n",
+ "5879\n",
+ "5879\n",
+ "5879\n",
+ "5879\n",
+ "5879\n",
+ "5879\n",
+ "5879\n",
+ "5879\n",
+ "5879\n",
+ "5879\n",
+ "5880\n",
+ "5880\n",
+ "5880\n",
+ "5880\n",
+ "5880\n",
+ "5880\n",
+ "5880\n",
+ "5880\n",
+ "5880\n",
+ "5880\n",
+ "5880\n",
+ "5880\n",
+ "5880\n",
+ "5880\n",
+ "5880\n",
+ "5880\n",
+ "5880\n",
+ "5882\n",
+ "5882\n",
+ "5882\n",
+ "5882\n",
+ "5882\n",
+ "5882\n",
+ "5882\n",
+ "5882\n",
+ "5882\n",
+ "5883\n",
+ "5883\n",
+ "5884\n",
+ "5884\n",
+ "5884\n",
+ "5884\n",
+ "5885\n",
+ "5885\n",
+ "5893\n",
+ "5893\n",
+ "5894\n",
+ "5895\n",
+ "5896\n",
+ "5897\n",
+ "5898\n",
+ "5899\n",
+ "5904\n",
+ "5904\n",
+ "5905\n",
+ "5905\n",
+ "5906\n",
+ "5906\n",
+ "5907\n",
+ "5908\n",
+ "5915\n",
+ "5915\n",
+ "5915\n",
+ "5915\n",
+ "5915\n",
+ "5915\n",
+ "5915\n",
+ "5915\n",
+ "5915\n",
+ "5915\n",
+ "5915\n",
+ "5917\n",
+ "5917\n",
+ "5918\n",
+ "5918\n",
+ "5919\n",
+ "5919\n",
+ "5919\n",
+ "5920\n",
+ "5921\n",
+ "5921\n",
+ "5922\n",
+ "5926\n",
+ "5928\n",
+ "5928\n",
+ "5928\n",
+ "5928\n",
+ "5928\n",
+ "5929\n",
+ "5929\n",
+ "5930\n",
+ "5931\n",
+ "5933\n",
+ "5933\n",
+ "5934\n",
+ "5934\n",
+ "5935\n",
+ "5936\n",
+ "5944\n",
+ "5945\n",
+ "5945\n",
+ "5946\n",
+ "5947\n",
+ "5949\n",
+ "5950\n",
+ "5950\n",
+ "5955\n",
+ "5956\n",
+ "5956\n",
+ "5956\n",
+ "5958\n",
+ "5958\n",
+ "5958\n",
+ "5958\n",
+ "5958\n",
+ "5958\n",
+ "5958\n",
+ "5958\n",
+ "5962\n",
+ "5962\n",
+ "5962\n",
+ "5962\n",
+ "5962\n",
+ "5962\n",
+ "5962\n",
+ "5962\n",
+ "5962\n",
+ "5962\n",
+ "5962\n",
+ "5962\n",
+ "5968\n",
+ "5981\n",
+ "5981\n",
+ "5981\n",
+ "5982\n",
+ "5982\n",
+ "5982\n",
+ "5982\n",
+ "5983\n",
+ "5983\n",
+ "5983\n",
+ "5983\n",
+ "5985\n",
+ "5986\n",
+ "5986\n",
+ "5986\n",
+ "5986\n",
+ "5986\n",
+ "5987\n",
+ "5987\n",
+ "5987\n",
+ "5989\n",
+ "5989\n",
+ "5989\n",
+ "5990\n",
+ "6002\n",
+ "6010\n",
+ "6016\n",
+ "6027\n",
+ "6030\n",
+ "6033\n",
+ "6035\n",
+ "6044\n",
+ "6044\n",
+ "6049\n",
+ "6049\n",
+ "6049\n",
+ "6049\n",
+ "6049\n",
+ "6050\n",
+ "6069\n",
+ "6069\n",
+ "6071\n",
+ "6077\n",
+ "6078\n",
+ "6079\n",
+ "6079\n",
+ "6079\n",
+ "6085\n",
+ "6085\n",
+ "6085\n",
+ "6085\n",
+ "6085\n",
+ "6085\n",
+ "6085\n",
+ "6085\n",
+ "6085\n",
+ "6087\n",
+ "6087\n",
+ "6088\n",
+ "6088\n",
+ "6088\n",
+ "6089\n",
+ "6089\n",
+ "6089\n",
+ "6089\n",
+ "6089\n",
+ "6089\n",
+ "6090\n",
+ "6090\n",
+ "6090\n",
+ "6090\n",
+ "6090\n",
+ "6091\n",
+ "6094\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6100\n",
+ "6101\n",
+ "6103\n",
+ "6103\n",
+ "6103\n",
+ "6103\n",
+ "6103\n",
+ "6103\n",
+ "6103\n",
+ "6104\n",
+ "6104\n",
+ "6104\n",
+ "6104\n",
+ "6104\n",
+ "6104\n",
+ "6105\n",
+ "6107\n",
+ "6108\n",
+ "6109\n",
+ "6111\n",
+ "6111\n",
+ "6112\n",
+ "6114\n",
+ "6116\n",
+ "6116\n",
+ "6116\n",
+ "6117\n",
+ "6118\n",
+ "6119\n",
+ "6120\n",
+ "6124\n",
+ "6124\n",
+ "6126\n",
+ "6126\n",
+ "6127\n",
+ "6128\n",
+ "6129\n",
+ "6136\n",
+ "6138\n",
+ "6141\n",
+ "6141\n",
+ "6142\n",
+ "6143\n",
+ "6144\n",
+ "6144\n",
+ "6145\n",
+ "6145\n",
+ "6145\n",
+ "6145\n",
+ "6145\n",
+ "6145\n",
+ "6145\n",
+ "6146\n",
+ "6146\n",
+ "6146\n",
+ "6146\n",
+ "6146\n",
+ "6146\n",
+ "6147\n",
+ "6148\n",
+ "6148\n",
+ "6157\n",
+ "6167\n",
+ "6167\n",
+ "6168\n",
+ "6168\n",
+ "6169\n",
+ "6170\n",
+ "6173\n",
+ "6177\n",
+ "6177\n",
+ "6177\n",
+ "6180\n",
+ "6180\n",
+ "6180\n",
+ "^C\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "!cd libretextbooks && scrapy crawl book_spider -o book_spider.json"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "colab": {
+ "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+ },
+ "id": "sUqmMQn6ke5M",
+ "outputId": "06070b66-2cc9-48e6-80e4-028e631b1b94"
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "['https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Toxicology_MSDT', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Symmetry_(Vallance)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemometrics_Using_R_(Harvey)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Instrumental_Analysis_(LibreTexts)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Physical_Methods_in_Chemistry_and_Nano_Science_(Barron)', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Non-Isothermal_Kinetic_Methods_(Arhangel'skii_et_al.)\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Molecular_and_Atomic_Spectroscopy_(Wenzel)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Qualitative_Analysis_of_Common_Cations_in_Water_(Malik)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/An_Introduction_to_Mass_Spectrometry_(Van_Bramer)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Crystallography_in_a_Nutshell_(Ripoll_and_Cano)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Solid_State_Chemistry/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Beginning_Chemistry_(Ball)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_Online_(Young)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_General_Chemistry_(Malik)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Chemistry_for_Allied_Health_(Soult)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Map%3A_Fundamentals_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(McMurry_et_al.)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_and_Global_Awareness_(Gordon)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Map%3A__Introductory_Chemistry_(Corwin)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Inorganic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Wikibook)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Inorganic_Coordination_Chemistry_(Landskron)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_the_Main_Group_Elements_(Barron)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Saito)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organometallic_Chemistry_(Ghosh_and_Balakrishna)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Principles_of_Inorganic_Chemistry_II_(Nocera)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Organometallic_Chemistry_(Evans)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Solid_State_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Quantum_Chemistry_with_Applications_in_Spectroscopy_(Fleming)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Quantum_Chemistry_(Blinder)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_Mechanics__in_Chemistry_(Simons_and_Nichols)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Advanced_Theoretical_Chemistry_(Simons)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_the_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Bader)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Quantum_Tutorials_(Rioux)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/The_Live_Textbook_of_Physical_Chemistry_(Peverati)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Time_Dependent_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Spectroscopy_(Tokmakoff)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Nonlinear_and_Two-Dimensional_Spectroscopy_(Tokmakoff)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Electron_Paramagnetic_Resonance_(Jenschke)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Quantitative_NMR_(Larive_and_Korir)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Topics_in_Thermodynamics_of_Solutions_and_Liquid_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Chemical_Thermodynamics_(Supplement_to_Shepherd_et_al.)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Statistical_Thermodynamics_(Jeschke)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Non-Equilibrium_Statistical_Mechanics_(Cao)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Advanced_Statistical_Mechanics_(Tuckerman)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Mathematical_Methods_in_Chemistry_(Levitus)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Symmetry_(Vallance)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Crystallography_in_a_Nutshell_(Ripoll_and_Cano)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_2e_(OpenSTAX)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Structure_and_Reactivity_in_Organic_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Schaller)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry_-_An_Atoms_First_Approach_(Halpern)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_-_Atoms_First_1e_(OpenSTAX)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Interactive_Chemistry_(Moore_Zhou_and_Garand)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Chemical_Principles_(Dickerson)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/The_Video_Textbook_of_General_Chemistry_(Farmer)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Molecular_Nature_of_Matter_and_Change_(Silberberg)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/21%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al.', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Sciences_Digital_Library', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Data_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Qualitative_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Toxicology_MSDT/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Toxicology_MSDT/01%3A_Pathophysiology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Toxicology_MSDT/02%3A_Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Genetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Toxicology_MSDT/03%3A_Principles_of_Genetic_Toxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Toxicology_MSDT/04%3A_Applied_Systems_Toxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Toxicology_MSDT/05%3A_Regulatory_Toxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Toxicology_MSDT/6%3A_Principles_of_Toxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Toxicology_MSDT/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/01%3A_Sustainability_and_the_Environment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/02%3A_The_Key_Role_of_Chemistry_and_Making_Chemistry_Green', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/03%3A_The_Elements_-_Basic_Building_Blocks_of_Green_Chemicals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/04%3A_Compounds-_Safer_Materials_for_a_Safer_World', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/05%3A_Chemical_Reactions-_Making_Materials_Safely_and_Sustainable', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/06%3A_he_Wonderful_World_of_Carbon-_Organic_Chemistry_and_Biochemicals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/07%3A_Chemistry_of_Life_and_Green_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/08%3A_The_Five_Environmental_Spheres_and_Biogeochemical_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/09%3A_Water_the_Ultimate_Green_Substance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/10%3A_Blue_Skies_for_a_Green_Environment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/11%3A_The_Geosphere_and_a_Green_Earth', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/12%3A_The_Biosphere_and_the_Role_of_Green_Chemistry_in_Feeding_a_Hungry_World', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/13%3A_The_Anthrosphere_Industrial_Ecology_and_Green_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/14%3A_Feeding_the_Anthrosphere-_Utilizing_Renewable_and_Biological_Materials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/15%3A_Sustainable_Energy-_The_Essential_Basis_of_Green_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/16%3A_Terrorism_Toxicity_and_Vulnerability-_Green_Chemistry_and_Technology_in_Defense_of_Human_Welfare', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/17%3A_The_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_and_Sensible_Measure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/18%3A_Ancillary_Materials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/01%3A_Environmental_Toxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry_Chemicals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/03%3A_Environmental_Chemistry_-_From_Fate_to_Exposure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/04%3A_Toxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/05%3A_Population_Community_and_Ecosystem_Ecotoxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/06%3A_Risk_Assessment_and_Regulation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/21%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/01%3A_Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/02%3A_Life-Cycle_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/03%3A_Hazards', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/04%3A_Alternative_Solvents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/05%3A_Alternative_Reagants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/06%3A_Reaction_Types_Design_and_Efficiency', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Symmetry_(Vallance)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Symmetry_(Vallance)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Acid_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Amides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Amines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Anhydrides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aryl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Azides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Carboxylic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Conjugation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Lipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Nitriles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Organo-phosphorus_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Phenols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Phenylamine_and_Diazonium_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Thiols_and_Sulfides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/01%3A_Structure_and_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/02%3A_Polar_Covalent_Bonds_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/03%3A_Organic_Compounds-_Alkanes_and_Their_Stereochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/04%3A_Organic_Compounds-_Cycloalkanes_and_their_Stereochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/05%3A_Stereochemistry_at_Tetrahedral_Centers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/06%3A_An_Overview_of_Organic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/08%3A_Alkenes-_Reactions_and_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/09%3A_Alkynes_-_An_Introduction_to_Organic_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/10%3A_Organohalides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides-_Nucleophilic_Substitutions_and_Eliminations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/12%3A_Structure_Determination_-_Mass_Spectrometry_and_Infrared_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/13%3A_Structure_Determination_-_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/14%3A_Conjugated_Compounds_and_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/15%3A_Benzene_and_Aromaticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/16%3A_Chemistry_of_Benzene_-_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/17%3A_Alcohols_and_Phenols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/18%3A_Ethers_and_Epoxides_Thiols_and_Sulfides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/19%3A_Aldehydes_and_Ketones-_Nucleophilic_Addition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/20%3A_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Nitriles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/21%3A_Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives-_Nucleophilic_Acyl_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/22%3A_Carbonyl_Alpha-Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/23%3A_Carbonyl_Condensation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/24%3A_Amines_and_Heterocycles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/25%3A_Biomolecules-_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/26%3A_Biomolecules-_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/28%3A_Biomolecules_-_Nucleic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/Chapter_30%3A_Orbitals_and_Organic_Chemistry_-_Pericyclic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/Chapter_31%3A_Synthetic_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Structure_and_Bonding_I', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/02%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Structure_and_Bonding_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/03%3A_Conformations_and_Stereochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/04%3A_Structure_Determination_I-_UV-Vis_and_Infrared_Spectroscopy_Mass_Spectrometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/05%3A_Structure_Determination_Part_II_-_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/06%3A_Overview_of_Organic_Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/07%3A_Acid-base_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/09%3A_Phosphate_Transfer_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/10%3A_Nucleophilic_Carbonyl_Addition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/11%3A_Nucleophilic_Acyl_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/12%3A_Reactions_at_the_-Carbon_Part_I', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/13%3A_Reactions_at_the_-Carbon_Part_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/INTERCHAPTER%3A_Retrosynthetic_analysis_and_metabolic_pathway_prediction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/14%3A_Electrophilic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/15%3A_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/16%3A_Radical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/17%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Vitamins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/Appendix_I%3A_Index_of_enzymatic_reactions_by_pathway', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/Appendix_II%3A_Review_of_laboratory_synthesis_reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/03%3A_Crystallization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/04%3A_Extraction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/06%3A_Miscellaneous_Techniques', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/07%3A_Technique_Summaries', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/02%3A_Structural_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/03%3A_Organic_Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/07%3A_Other_Compounds_than_Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/12%3A_Cycloalkanes_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/17%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_II-_Enols_and_Enolate_Anions._Unsaturated_and_Polycarbonyl_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/18%3A_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Their_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/19%3A_More_on_Stereochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/22%3A_Arenes_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/23%3A_Organonitrogen_Compounds_I_-_Amines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/24%3A_Organonitrogen_Compounds_II_-_Amides_Nitriles_and_Nitro_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/26%3A_More_on_Aromatic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/27%3A_More_about_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/28%3A_Photochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/29%3A_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/30%3A_Natural_Products_and_Biosynthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/31%3A_Transition_Metal_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Nomenclature_Workbook_(O'Donnell)\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Nomenclature_Workbook_(O'Donnell)/00%3A_Front_Matter\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Nomenclature_Workbook_(O'Donnell)/01%3A_Chapters\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Nomenclature_Workbook_(O'Donnell)/zz%3A_Back_Matter\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)/01%3A_HOW_TO_PREPARE_FOR_AN_ORGANIC_CHEMISTRY_EXPERIMENT', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)/02%3A_COMMON_ORGANIC_CHEMISTRY_LABORATORY_TECHNIQUES', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)/03%3A_GETTING_YOUR_HANDS_DIRTY_-_CHEMICAL_HANDLING_WASHING_WASTE_AND_SAFETY', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)/04%3A_HOW_TO_SURVIVE_AN_ORGANIC_CHEMISTRY_EXPERIMENT', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)/05%3A_HOW_TO_INTERPRET_YOUR_RESULTS', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)/06%3A_HOW_TO_WRITE_A_REPORT', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/01%3A_Structure_and_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/02%3A_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/03%3A_Chemical_Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/04%3A_Aromaticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/05%3A_Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/06%3A_Stereoisomers_Part_I', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/07%3A_Stereoisomers_Part_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/08%3A_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/09%3A_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/10%3A_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/11%3A_Alkyl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/12%3A_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/13%3A_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/14%3A_Thiols_and_Sulfides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/15%3A_Benzene_and_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/16%3A_Amines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/17%3A_Phosphines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/18%3A_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/19%3A_Carboxylic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/20%3A_Carboxylic_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/21%3A_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/22%3A_Biochemicals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/23%3A_Free_Radicals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/24%3A_Heterocycles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/25%3A_Macromolecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/26%3A_Organometallic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/27%3A_Pericyclic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/28%3A_Photochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/29%3A_Anionic_Rearrangements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/30%3A_Cationic_Rearrangements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/31%3A_Introduction_to_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/32%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_-_A_Carbonyl_Early_Approach_(McMichael)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_-_A_Carbonyl_Early_Approach_(McMichael)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_-_A_Carbonyl_Early_Approach_(McMichael)/01%3A_Chapters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_-_A_Carbonyl_Early_Approach_(McMichael)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/01%3A_Basic_Concepts_in_Chemical_Bonding_and_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/02%3A_Fundamental_of_Organic_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/03%3A_Acids_and_Bases-_Organic_Reaction_Mechanism_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/04%3A_Conformations_of_Alkanes_and_Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/05%3A_Stereochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/06%3A_Structural_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds-_IR_and_NMR_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/07%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/08%3A_Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/09%3A_Free_Radical_Substitution_Reaction_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/01%3A_Electronic_Structure_and_Bonding_(Acids_and_Bases)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/02%3A_An_Introduction_to_Organic_Compounds-_Nomenclature_Physical_Properties_and_Representation_of_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/03%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_Nomenclature_and_an_Introduction_to_Reactivity__Thermodynamics_and_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/04%3A_The_Reactions_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/05%3A_Stereochemistry-_The_Arrangement_of_Atoms_in_Space_The_Stereochemistry_of_Addition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/06%3A_The_Reactions_of_Alkynes-_An_Introduction_to_Multistep_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/07%3A_Delocalized_Electrons_and_Their_Effect_on_Stability_Reactivity_and_pKa_(More_About_Molecular_Orbital_Theory)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/08%3A_Substitution_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/09%3A_Elimination_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides_(Competition_between_Substitution_and_Elimination)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/10%3A_Reactions_of_Alcohols_Ethers_Epoxides_Amine_and_Sulfur-_Containing_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/11%3A_Organometallic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/12%3A_Radicals_(Reactions_of_Alkanes)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/13%3A_Mass_Spectrometry_Infrared_Spectroscopy_and_Ultraviolet_Visible_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/14%3A_NMR_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_Reactions_of_Substituted_Benzenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/17%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Reactions_of_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Carboxylic_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/18%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_II-_Reactions_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones__More_Reactions_of_Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives__Reactions_of__-_Unsaturated_Carbonyl_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/19%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_III-_Reactions_at_the_-_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/20%3A_More_About_Oxidation-Reduction_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/21%3A_More_About_Amines_(Heterocylic_Compounds)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/22%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/23%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/24%3A_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/25%3A_Compounds_Derived_from_Vitamins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/26%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Metabolic_Pathways', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/27%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Lipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/28%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Nucleic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/29%3A_Synthetic_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/30%3A_Pericyclic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/31%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Drugs-_Discovery_and_Design', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/01%3A_Electronic_Structure_and_Covalent_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/02%3A_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/03%3A_An_Introduction_to_Organic_Compounds%3A_Nomenclature_Physical_Properties_and_Representation_of_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/04%3A_Alkenes%3A_Structure_Nomenclature_and_an_Introduction_to_Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/05%3A_The_Reactions_of_Alkenes_and_Alkynes%3A_An_Introduction_to_Multistep_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/06%3A_Isomers_and_Stereochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/07%3A_Delocalized_Electrons_and_Their_Effect_on_Stability_Reactivity_and_pKa_(Ultraviolet_and_Visible_Spectroscopy)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/08%3A_Aromaticity%3A_Reactions_of_Benzene_and_Substituted_Benzenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/09%3A_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/10%3A_Reactions_of_Alcohols_Amines_Ethers_and_Epoxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/11%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I%3A_Reactions_of_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Carboxylic_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/12%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_II%3A_Reactions_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones__More_Reactions_of_Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/13%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_III%3A_Reactions_at_the_-_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/14%3A_Determing_the_Structure_of_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/17%3A_How_Enzymes_Catalyze_Reactions_The_Organic_Chemisty_of_Vitamins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/18%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Metabolic_Pathways', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/19%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Lipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/20%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Nucleic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/21%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Drugs%3A_Discovery_and_Design', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/01._Structure_and_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/02._Structure_and_Reactivity%3A_Acids_and_Bases_Polar_and_Nonpolar_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/03._Reactions_of_Alkanes%3A_Bond-Dissociation_Energies_Radical_Halogenation_and_Relative_Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/04._Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/05._Stereoisomers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/06._Properties_and_Reactions_of_Haloalkanes%3A_Bimolecular_Nucleophilic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/07._Further_Reactions_of_Haloalkanes%3A_Unimolecular_Substitution_and_Pathways_of_Elimination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/08._Hydroxy_of_Functional_Group%3A_Alcohols%3A_Properties_Preparation_and_Strategy_of_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/09._Further_Reactions_of_Alcohols_and_the_Chemistry_of_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/10%3A_Using_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy_to_Deduce_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/11%3A_Alkenes%3A_Infrared_Spectroscopy_and_Mass_Spectrometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/12%3A_Reactions_to_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/13%3A_Alkynes%3A_The_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/14%3A_Delocalized_Pi_Systems%3A_Investigation_by_Ultraviolet_and_Visible_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/15%3A_Benzene_and_Aromaticity%3A_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/16%3A_Electrophilic_Attack_on_Derivatives_of_Benzene%3A_Substituents_Control_Regioselectivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/17%3A_Aldehydes_and_Ketones_-_The_Carbonyl_Group', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/18%3A_Enols_Enolates_and_the_Aldol_Condensation%3A_ab-Unsaturated_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/19%3A_Carboxylic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/20%3A_Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/21%3A_Amines_and_Their_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/22%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Benzene_Substituents%3A_Alkylbenzenes_Phenols_and_Benzenamines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/23%3A_Ester_Enolates_and_the_Claisen_Condensation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/24%3A_Carbohydrates%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_in_Nature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/25%3A_Heterocycles%3A_Heteroatoms_in_Cyclic_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/26%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_Proteins_and_Nucleic_Acids%3A_Nitrogen-Containing_Polymers_in_Nature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/01%3A_Structure_and_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/02%3A_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/03%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Molecules_and_Functional_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/04%3A_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/05%3A_Stereochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/06%3A_Understanding_Organic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/07%3A_Alkyl_Halides_and_Nucleophilic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/08%3A_Alkyl_Halides_and_Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/09%3A_Alcohols_Ethers_and_Epoxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/10%3A_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/11%3A_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/12%3A_Oxidation_and_Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/13%3A_Radical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/14%3A_Conjugation_Resonance_and_Dienes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/15%3A_Benzene_and_Aromatic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/16%3A_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/17%3A_Carboxylic_Acids_and_the_Acidity_of_the_OH_Bond', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/18%3A_Introduction_to_Carbonyl_Chemistry_Organometallic_Reagents_Oxidation_and_Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/19%3A_Aldehydes_and_KetonesNucleophilic_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/20%3A_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Their_Derivatives_Nucleophilic_Acyl_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/21%3A_Substitution_Reactions_of_Carbonyl_Compounds_at_the_Alpha_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/22%3A_Carbonyl_Condensation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/23%3A_Amines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/24%3A_Synthetic_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/01%3A_Synthesis_of_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/02%3A_Rules_and_Guidelines_Governing_Organic_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/03%3A_Criteria_for_Selection_of_the_Synthetic_Route', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/04%3A_The_Logic_of_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/05%3A_Strategies_in_Disparlure_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/06%3A_Strategies_in_(-)-Menthol_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/07%3A_Strategies_in_Longfolene_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/08%3A_Strategies_in_Cedrene_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/09%3A_Strategies_in_Reserpine_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/10%3A_Strategies_in_Prostaglandins_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/11%3A_Strategies_in_Steroids_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/12%3A_Woodwards_Synthesis_of_Chlorophyll', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/13%3A_Synthesis_of_Vitamin_B', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/14%3A_Green_Chemistry_-_Protection-Free_Organic_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Complex_Molecular_Synthesis_(Salomon)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Complex_Molecular_Synthesis_(Salomon)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Complex_Molecular_Synthesis_(Salomon)/01%3A_Some_Principles_of_Synthetic_Planning', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Complex_Molecular_Synthesis_(Salomon)/02%3A_Sugars_-_Biosynthetic_Starting_Materials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Complex_Molecular_Synthesis_(Salomon)/03%3A_Fatty_Acids_and_Prostaglandins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Complex_Molecular_Synthesis_(Salomon)/04%3A_Terpenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Complex_Molecular_Synthesis_(Salomon)/05%3A_Polyketides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Complex_Molecular_Synthesis_(Salomon)/06%3A_Amino_Acids_and_Alkaloids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Complex_Molecular_Synthesis_(Salomon)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/01%3A_Reactions_using_Chiral_Lewis_Acids_and_Brnsted_Acid', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/02%3A_Asymmetric_Carbon-Carbon_Bond_Forming_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/03%3A_Synthesis_via_C-H_Activation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/04%3A_Carbon-Heteroatom_Bond-Forming_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/05%3A_Oxidation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/06%3A_Hydrogenation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/07%3A_Reactions_in_Nonconventional_Conditions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/08%3A_Asymmetric_Hydrosilylation_and_Related_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/09%3A_Carbonylation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/10%3A_Organocatalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/11%3A_Enzyme-Catalyzed_Asymmetric_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/12%3A_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_I%3A_Structure_and_Reactivity_of_Carbohydrate_Radicals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_II%3A_Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/01%3A_Introduction_and_Course_Organization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/02%3A_Atomic_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/03%3A_Covalent_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/04%3A_Lewis_Formulas_Structural_Isomerism_and_Resonance_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/05%3A_Orbital_Picture_of_Bonding-_Orbital_Combinations_Hybridization_Theory_and_Molecular_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/06%3A_Electron_Delocalization_and_Resonance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/07%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/08%3A_Conformational_Analysis_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/09%3A_Supplementary_Notes_for_Stereochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/10%3A_Intro_to_Theory_of_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/11%3A_Bronsted_Acid-Base_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/12%3A_Introduction_to_Lewis_Acid-Base_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/13%3A_Study_Guide_for_Chapters_6_and_7', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/14%3A_Highlights_of_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions_Involving_sp3_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/15%3A_Relationship_Between_Sn1_and_E1_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/16%3A_Electrophilic_Additions_of_Alkenes_as_the_Counterpart_of_Eliminations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/17%3A_Alkene_Reactions_Part_2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/18%3A_Important_Concepts_in_Alkyne_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/19%3A_Oxidation_States_of_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/20%3A_Common_Synthetic_Sequences', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/21%3A_Hydride_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/22%3A_Study_Guide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/01%3A_AcidBase_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/02%3A_Spectroscopy-_how_we_know_what_we_know_about_the_structure_of_matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/03%3A_Conformations_and_Configurations_-_the_consequences_of_the_three-dimensional_nature_of_carbon_compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/04%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Part_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/05%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/06%3A_Alcohols_and_an_introduction_to_thiols_amines_ethers_and_sulfides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/07%3A_Nucleophilic_attack_at_the_carbonyl_carbon-', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/08%3A_Conjugated_compounds_and_aromaticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/09%3A_A_return_to_the_carbonyl', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance%3A_Applications_to_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance%3A_Applications_to_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance%3A_Applications_to_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Nuclear_Resonance_Phenomenon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance%3A_Applications_to_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts)/02%3A_The_Chemical_Shift', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance%3A_Applications_to_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts)/03%3A_Spin-Spin_Splitting', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance%3A_Applications_to_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts)/04%3A_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_and_Reaction_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance%3A_Applications_to_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts)/05%3A_Nuclear_Quadrupole_Relaxation_Effects_and_Double_Resonance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance%3A_Applications_to_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/01%3A_Monomers_and_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/02%3A_Synthetic_Methods_in_Polymer_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/03%3A_Kinetics_and_Thermodynamics_of_Polymerization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II_(Wade)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I_(Wade)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/02%3A_Mass_Spectrometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/03%3A_Conjugated_Compounds_and_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/04%3A_Infrared_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/05%3A_Proton_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy_(NMR)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/06%3A_Carbon-13_NMR_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/07%3A_Two-Dimensional_NMR_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/08%3A_Structure_Elucidation_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/108%3A_Bond_Order_and_Bond_Lengths', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/01%3A_The_Earth_and_its_Lithosphere', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/02%3A_The_Hydrosphere', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/03%3A_The_Atmosphere', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/04%3A_The_Biosphere', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Biochemical_Cycles/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Atmospheric_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Biochemical_Cycles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Crystallography_in_a_Nutshell_(Ripoll_and_Cano)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Crystallography_in_a_Nutshell_(Ripoll_and_Cano)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/003A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/01%3A_ABCs_of_Pharmacology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/02%3A_Body_Heal_Thyself', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/03%3A_Drugs_from_Nature_Then_and_Now', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/04%3A_Molecules_to_Medicines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/05%3A_Medicines_for_the_Future', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/zz3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Solid_State_Chemistry/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Solid_State_Chemistry/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/01%3A_Thickening_and_Concentrating_Flavors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/02%3A_Flour', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/03%3A_Fat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/04%3A_Sugar', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/05%3A_Leavening_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/06%3A_Dairy_Products', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/07%3A_Eggs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/08%3A_Chocolate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/zz3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./01.E%3A_Matter_and_Measurement_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./02.E%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Ions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./03.E%3A_Stoichiometry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./04.E%3A_Aqueous_Reactions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./05.E%3A_Thermochemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./06.E%3A_Electronic_Structure_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./07.E%3A_Periodic_Trends_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./08.E%3A_Chemical_Bonding_Basics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./09.E%3A_Bonding_Theories_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./10.E%3A_Gases_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./11.E%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./12.E._Solids_and_Modern_Materials_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./13.E%3A_Properties_of_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./14.E%3A_Kinetics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./15.E%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./16.E%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./17.E%3A_Additional_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./19.E%3A_Chemical_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./20.E%3A_Electrochemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./21.E%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./22.E%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Nonmetals_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./22.E%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Nonmetals_(Exercises)/Alkali_Alkali_Earth_and_Noble_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./23.E%3A_Metals_and_Metallurgy_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./25.E%3A_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Atomic_Force_Microscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/01_Goals_and_Objectives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/02_History', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/03_Basic_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/04_Additional_SPM_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/05_Applications', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Miscellaneous_Microscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Miscellaneous_Microscopy/Microscopy_-_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.11%3A_Chemiluminescence_Detection_in_Capillary_Electrophoresis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/04%3A_Stoichiometry%3A_Quantitative_Information_About_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/05%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Energy_and_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/06%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Fuels_and_Energy_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/07%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Periodic_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/08%3A_Milestones_in_the_Development_of_Chemistry_and_the_Modern_View_of_Atoms_and_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/09%3A_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure%3A_Orbital_Hybridization_and_Molecular_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/10%3A_Carbon%3A_More_Than_Just_Another_Element', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/11%3A_Gases_and_Their_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/11%3A_Intermolecular_Forces_and_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/12%3A_The_Solid_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_Their_Behavior', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics%3A_The_Rates_of_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/16%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/17%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Other_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/18%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Entropy_and_Free_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/19%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Electron_Transfer_Reactions', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/20%3A_Environmental_Chemistry-_Earth's_Environment_Energy_and_Sustainability\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/22%3A_The_Chemistry_of_the_Transition_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/25%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/31%3A_Solids_and_Surface_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/00%3A_Tools_of_Quantitative_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/21%3A_The_Chemistry_of_the_Main_Group_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/23%3A__Carbon%3A__Not_Just_Another_Element', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/24%3A__Biochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/06%3A_Risk_Assessment_and_Regulation/6.01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Essence_of_Risk_Assessment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/06%3A_Risk_Assessment_and_Regulation/6.02%3A_Ecosystem_services_and_protection_goals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/06%3A_Risk_Assessment_and_Regulation/6.03%3A_Predictive_risk_assessment_approaches_and_tools', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/06%3A_Risk_Assessment_and_Regulation/6.04%3A_Diagnostic_risk_assessment_approaches_and_tools', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/06%3A_Risk_Assessment_and_Regulation/6.05%3A_Regulatory_Frameworks', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/06%3A_Risk_Assessment_and_Regulation/6.06%3A_Risk_management_and_risk_communication', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/06%3A_Risk_Assessment_and_Regulation/6.07%3A_Risk_perception', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/05%3A_Population_Community_and_Ecosystem_Ecotoxicology/5.09%3A_Landscape_ecotoxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/03%3A_Hazards/3.01%3A_Introduction_to_Hazards_of_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/03%3A_Hazards/3.02%3A_Hazard_Concepts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/03%3A_Hazards/3.03%3A_Case_Study_-_Badger_Army_Ammunition_Plant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/03%3A_Hazards/3.04%3A_Green_Technologies_for_Safer_Chemical_Production', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/03%3A_Hazards/3.05%3A_Conclusions_and_Review_Questions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/02%3A_Life-Cycle_Analysis/2.03%3A_Conclusions_and_Review', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/04%3A_Lewis_Formulas_Structural_Isomerism_and_Resonance_Structures/4.03%3A_Resonance_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/05%3A_Orbital_Picture_of_Bonding-_Orbital_Combinations_Hybridization_Theory_and_Molecular_Orbitals/5.01%3A_Orbital_Combinations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/10%3A_Intro_to_Theory_of_Chemical_Reactions/10.09%3A_Activation_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/11%3A_Bronsted_Acid-Base_Chemistry/11.01%3A_Electron_Movement_in_Ionic_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.01%3A_Prelude_to_Alcohols_and_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.02%3A_Physical_Properties_of_Alcohols_Hydrogen_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.03%3A_Spectroscopic_Properties_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.04%3A_Preparation_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.05%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alcohols._Reactions_Involving_the_O-H_Bond', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.06%3A_Reactions_Involving_the_C-O_Bond_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.07%3A_Oxidation_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.08%3A_Polyhydric_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.09%3A_Unsaturated_Alcohols_-_Alkenols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.10%3A_Protection_of_Hydroxyl_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.11%3A_Types_and_Reactions_of_Simple_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.12%3A_Cyclic_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.E%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.E%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/03%3A_Covalent_Bonding/3.07%3A_Polarity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/04%3A_Lewis_Formulas_Structural_Isomerism_and_Resonance_Structures/4.01%3A_Characteristics_of_Lewis_Formulas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/09%3A_Supplementary_Notes_for_Stereochemistry/9.06%3A_Molecules_With_2_or_More_Chiral_Centers-_Diastereomers_and_Meso_Forms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/10%3A_Intro_to_Theory_of_Chemical_Reactions/10.01%3A_Background', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.01%3A_Prelude_to_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.02%3A_Physical_Properties_of_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.03%3A_Spectroscopic_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.04%3A_Alkyl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.05%3A_Alkenyl_and_Alkynyl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.06%3A_Cycloalkyl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.07%3A_Aryl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.08%3A_Polyhalogenated_Alkanes_and_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.09%3A_Organometallic_Compounds_from_Organohalogen_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.10%3A_Properties_of_Organometallic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.11%3A_Preparation_of_Organometallic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.12%3A_Organomagnesium_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.13%3A_Organomagnesium_and_Organolithium_Compounds_in_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.E%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/08%3A_Conformational_Analysis_of_Alkanes/8.02%3A_Conformational_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/09%3A_Supplementary_Notes_for_Stereochemistry/9.01%3A_Some_Important_Concepts_in_Stereochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Biochemical_Cycles/Biochemical_Cycles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Biochemical_Cycles/Carbon_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Biochemical_Cycles/Nitrogen_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Atmospheric_Chemistry/Photosynthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Biochemical_Cycles/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Atmospheric_Chemistry/Atmosphere', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Atmospheric_Chemistry/Carbon_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Atmospheric_Chemistry/Carbon_Oxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Atmospheric_Chemistry/Ozone', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/1._Acid-Base_Chemistry_of_Natural_Aquatic_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/2._Carbonate_Equilibria_in_Natural_Waters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/3._Redox_Equilibria_in_Natural_Waters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/4._Solids_in_Contact_With_Natural_Waters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/Fundamental_Characteristics_of_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/Natural_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/Water_Biology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/Water_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/Water_Physics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/Water_Treatment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/00%3A_Front_Matter/03%3A_Table_of_Contents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/00%3A_Front_Matter/04%3A_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/01%3A_Introduction_and_Review', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/02%3A_Structure_and_Properties_of_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/03%3A_Functional_Groups_and_Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/04%3A_Structure_and_Stereochemistry_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/05%3A_An_Introduction_to_Organic_Reactions_using_Free_Radical_Halogenation_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/06%3A_Stereochemistry_at_Tetrahedral_Centers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/07%3A_Alkyl_Halides-_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/08%3A_Structure_and_Synthesis_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/09%3A_Reactions_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/10%3A_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/11%3A_Infrared_Spectroscopy_and_Mass_Spectrometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/12%3A_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/13%3A_Structure_and_Synthesis_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/14%3A_Reactions_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/15%3A_Ethers_Epoxides_and_Thioethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/16%3A_Conjugated_Systems_Orbital_Symmetry_and_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/17%3A_Aromatic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/18%3A_Reactions_of_Aromatic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/19%3A_Ketones_and_Aldehydes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/20%3A_Amines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/21%3A_Carboxylic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/22%3A_Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives_and_Nitriles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/23%3A_Alpha_Substitutions_and_Condensations_of_Carbonyl_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/24%3A_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/26%3A_Lipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/27%3A_Nucleic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Biochemical_Cycles/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.01%3A_Open_Access_Readings', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.02%3A_Introduction_to_Fermentation_and_Microbes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.03%3A_Fermentation_Paper', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.04%3A_Basic_Metabolic_Pathways', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.05%3A_Intro_to_Microbial_Metabolism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.06%3A_Acetic_Acid_Fermentation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.07%3A_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.08%3A_Fermented_Vegetables', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.09%3A_Cheese_Production', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.10%3A_Yeast_Metabolism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.11%3A_Yogurt', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.12%3A_Bread', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.13%3A_Beer', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.14%3A_Cider', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.15%3A_Wine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.16%3A_Distilled_Spirits', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/Acid_Rain', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/Acid_Rain_Transport', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/Acid_Snow', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/Electricity_Generation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/Sources_of_Nitrogen_Oxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/Sources_of_Sulfur_Oxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/04%3A_The_Biosphere/4.01%3A_Chemistry_and_Energetics_of_the_Life_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/04%3A_The_Biosphere/4.02%3A_Biogeochemical_Evolution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/04%3A_The_Biosphere/4.03%3A_Gaia_-_Bioregulation_of_the_Environment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/03%3A_The_Atmosphere/3.02%3A_Origin_and_Evolution_of_the_Atmosphere', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/03%3A_The_Atmosphere/3.01%3A_Structure_and_Composition_of_the_Atmosphere', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/02%3A_The_Hydrosphere/2.04%3A_Chemical_budgets_of_oceanic_elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/04%3A_Molecules_to_Medicines/4.06%3A_The_G_Switch', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/zz3A_Back_Matter/01%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/04%3A_Molecules_to_Medicines/4.01%3A_Medicine_Hunting', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/04%3A_Molecules_to_Medicines/4.02%3A_21st-Century_Science', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/04%3A_Molecules_to_Medicines/4.03%3A_Rush_Delivery', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/04%3A_Molecules_to_Medicines/4.04%3A_Transportation_Dilemmas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/04%3A_Molecules_to_Medicines/4.05%3A_Act_Like_a_Membrane', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/03%3A_Drugs_from_Nature_Then_and_Now/3.05%3A_TestingI_II_III', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/01%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.11%3A_Flavorings_in_Baking', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.01%3A_Elements_of_Taste', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.02%3A_Introduction_to_Salt', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.03%3A_Origins_of_Salt', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.04%3A_Functions_of_Salt_in_Baking', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.05%3A_Using_Salt_in_Fermented_Doughs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.06%3A_Storing_Salt', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.07%3A_Introduction_to_Spices_and_Other_Flavorings', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.08%3A_Seasoning_and_Flavoring', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.09%3A_Herbs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.10%3A_Spices', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/08%3A_Chocolate/8.04%3A_Definitions_and_Regulations_(ADD_US)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/09%3A_Food_to_energy_metabolic_pathways/9.07%3A_Degradation_of_amino_acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/02._Fundamental_Concepts_of_Quantum_Mechanics/Deriving_the_de_Broglie_Wavelength', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/02._Fundamental_Concepts_of_Quantum_Mechanics/Tunneling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Capillary_Electrophoresis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.10%3A_Chemiluminescence_detection_in_high_performance_liquid_chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/04_Additional_SPM_Methods/04_Phase_Imaging', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.01%3A_General_Characteristics_of_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.02%3A_Introduction_to_Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.03%3A_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.04%3A_Unsaturated_Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.05%3A_Functional_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.06%3A_Compounds_with_a_Carbonyl_Group', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.07%3A_Chirality_in_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.08%3A_Introduction_to_Biochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.09%3A_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.10%3A_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.11%3A_Nucleic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/16%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Acids_and_Bases/16.E_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/17%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Other_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.1%3A__The_Common_Ion_Effect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/04_Additional_SPM_Methods/01_Lateral_Force_Microscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/04_Additional_SPM_Methods/02_Chemical_Force_Microscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/04_Additional_SPM_Methods/03_Magnetic_Force_Microscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/03_Basic_Theory/02_Atomic_Force_Microscopy_(AFM)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Equilibria/15.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/16%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Acids_and_Bases/16.01%3A__The_Bronsted-Lowry_Concept_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/23%3A__Carbon%3A__Not_Just_Another_Element/23.E_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/24%3A__Biochemistry/24.1%3A__Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/02%3A_Life-Cycle_Analysis/2.02%3A_LCA_LCIA_Concepts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/05%3A_Population_Community_and_Ecosystem_Ecotoxicology/5.08%3A_Structure_versus_function_incl._ecosystem_services', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/05%3A_Orbital_Picture_of_Bonding-_Orbital_Combinations_Hybridization_Theory_and_Molecular_Orbitals/5.02%3A_Orbital_Hybridization_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.06%3A_Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions_of_Alkynes#10-5A_Hydration_of_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.05%3A_Cumulated_Alkadienes#13-5B_Chemistry_of_Allenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.06%3A_Reactions_Involving_the_C-O_Bond_of_Alcohols#15-5F_Phosphate_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.06%3A_Resonance#6-5B_Representation_of_Resonance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_08%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Osmium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.07%3A_Oxidation_Reactions#11-7C_Hydroxylation_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.07%3A_Oxidation_Reactions#11-7D_Oxidation_with_Peroxidic_Compounds._Oxacyclopropane_(Oxirane)_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.04%3A_Alkyl_Halides#14-3A_Allylic_(2-Propenyl)_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/04%3A_Lewis_Formulas_Structural_Isomerism_and_Resonance_Structures/4.02%3A_Common_Bonding_Patterns_for_1st_and_2nd_Row_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/02%3A_The_Hydrosphere/2.03%3A_Chemistry_and_geochemistry_of_the_oceans', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/23%3A_Barrier_Crossing_and_Activated_Processes/23.02%3A_Kramers_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/Playground_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications_of_Nuclear_Chemistry/Nuclear_Reactors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/02._Fundamental_Concepts_of_Quantum_Mechanics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Advanced_Statistical_Mechanics_(Tuckerman)/09%3A_Review_of_the_basic_postulates_of_quantum_mechanics/9.05%3A_The_Heisenberg_Uncertainty_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/02._Fundamental_Concepts_of_Quantum_Mechanics/Quantum_FAQ', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/02._Fundamental_Concepts_of_Quantum_Mechanics/Wave-Particle_Duality', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Nuclear_Energetics_and_Stability/Energetics_of_Nuclear_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Atomic_Theory/Electrons_in_Atoms/Wave-Particle_Duality', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/02._Fundamental_Concepts_of_Quantum_Mechanics/Deriving_the_Rayleigh-Jeans_Radiation_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/08%3A_Chocolate/8.03%3A_Couverture', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/09%3A_Food_to_energy_metabolic_pathways', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/09%3A_Food_to_energy_metabolic_pathways/9.06%3A_Oxidation_of_fatty_acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.09%3A_Chemiluminescence_detection_in_gas_chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Viscosity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Buffers/Henderson-Hasselbalch_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Chromatography/V._Chromatography/E._Paper_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Capillary_Electrophoresis/Ionic_Mobility_and_Electrophoresis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/03_Basic_Theory/01_Scanning_Tunneling_Microscopy_(STM)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.01%3A_Detection_of_chemiluminescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.02%3A_Flow_Injection_Analysis_(FIA)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.03%3A_Sequential_Injection_Analysis_(SIA)%3A_lab_on_a_valve', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.04%3A_Lab_on_a_Chip', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.05%3A_Chemiluminescence_Sensors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.06%3A_Chemiluminescence_Imaging', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.07%3A_Electrochemiluminescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.08%3A_Photo-induced_chemiluminescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/3%3A_Enhancement_of_Chemiluminescence/3.3%3A_Enhancement_of_Chemiluminescence_by_Ultrasound', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.E%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.05%3A_Atomic-Orbital_Models#6-4E_More_on_Hybrid_Bond_Orbitals_and_Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.06%3A_Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions_of_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.05%3A_Orientation_in_Addition_to_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.07%3A_Nucleophilic_Addition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/12%3A_Cycloalkanes_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkynes/12.07%3A_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.06%3A_Molecules_with_More_Than_One_Chiral_Center._Diastereomers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.05%3A_Cumulated_Alkadienes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.04%3A_Polymerization_Reactions_of_Conjugated_Dienes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.06%3A_Approaches_to_Planning_Practical_Organic_Syntheses', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/02%3A_Life-Cycle_Analysis/2.01%3A_Introduction_to_Life_Cycles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.05%3A_Halogenation_of_Alkanes._Energies_and_Rates_of_Reactions#4-4C_Why_Do_Methane_and_Chlorine_Fail_to_React_in_the_Dark_at_.5C(25.5E.5Ctext.7Bo.7D.5C).3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.06%3A_Resonance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.05%3A_Atomic-Orbital_Models', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.07%3A_Advanced_Quantum_Theory_of_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/24%3A__Biochemistry/24.2%3A__Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/23%3A__Carbon%3A__Not_Just_Another_Element/23.5%3A__Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.07%3A_Oxidation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.06%3A_Addition_of_Boron_Hydrides_to_Alkenes._Organoboranes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.08%3A_Terminal_Alkynes_as_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Equilibria/15.6%3A__Disturbing_a_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/05%3A_Population_Community_and_Ecosystem_Ecotoxicology/5.07%3A_Community_ecotoxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_08%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_08%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Ruthenium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_09%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Rhodium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_10%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Palladium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_10%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Platinum', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_08%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Iron/Iron_in_Humans', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/16%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Acids_and_Bases/16.02%3A__Water_and_pH_Scale', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/05%3A_Orbital_Picture_of_Bonding-_Orbital_Combinations_Hybridization_Theory_and_Molecular_Orbitals/5.03%3A_Sigma_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/16%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Acids_and_Bases/16.10%3A__The_Lewis_Concept_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/17%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Other_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.2%3A__Controlling_pH%3A_Buffer_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/Flavin_Adenine_Dinucleotide_(FAD)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/Nicotinamide_Adenine_Dinucleotide_(NAD)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.E%3A_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/08%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases/8.01%3A_Intermolecular_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/02%3A_The_Hydrosphere/2.02%3A_The_hydrosphere_and_the_oceans', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/23%3A_Barrier_Crossing_and_Activated_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/09%3A_Diffusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/23%3A_Barrier_Crossing_and_Activated_Processes/23.01%3A_Transition_State_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/Glucose_(Dextrose)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/Galactose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis/Photosynthesis_overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis/Photosystem_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photoreceptors/Vision_and_Light', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications_of_Nuclear_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications_of_Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications_of_Nuclear_Chemistry/Nuclear_Reactors%3A_Chernobyl', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/09%3A_Food_to_energy_metabolic_pathways/9.05%3A_Oxidative_phosphorylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Atomic_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Atomic_Theory/Electrons_in_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Atomic_Theory/Electrons_in_Atoms/Uncertainty_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Atomic_Theory/Electrons_in_Atoms/Wave-Particle_Duality_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Fundamentals_of_Spectroscopy/Electromagnetic_Radiation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/01._Waves_and_Particles/Blackbody_Radiation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/05.5%3A_Particle_in_Boxes/Particle_in_a_1-Dimensional_box', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/03._The_Tools_of_Quantum_Mechanics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/02._Fundamental_Concepts_of_Quantum_Mechanics/Photons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/09%3A_Food_to_energy_metabolic_pathways/9.01%3A_Basics_of_metabolism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/09%3A_Food_to_energy_metabolic_pathways/9.02%3A_Digestion_of_food', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/09%3A_Food_to_energy_metabolic_pathways/9.03%3A_Oxidation_of_glucose_-the_glycolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/09%3A_Food_to_energy_metabolic_pathways/9.04%3A_Citric_acid_cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/08%3A_Nucleic_acids/8.08%3A_Genetic_engineering', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/02._Fundamental_Concepts_of_Quantum_Mechanics/Deriving_the_Wien's_Displacement_Law_from_Planck's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Nuclear_Energetics_and_Stability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.17%3A_Nuclear_Fusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Nuclear_Energetics_and_Stability/Nuclear_Magic_Numbers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/08%3A_Chocolate/8.02%3A_Chocolate_Produced_for_the_Baking_Industry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_09%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Iridium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_09%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/05%3A_Orbital_Picture_of_Bonding-_Orbital_Combinations_Hybridization_Theory_and_Molecular_Orbitals/5.04%3A_Hybridization_of_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/16%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Acids_and_Bases/16.03%3A__Equilibrium_Constants_for_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_10%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_10%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Nickel', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_09%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Meitnerium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_08%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Iron', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_07%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Technetium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_08%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Hassium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_11%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/05%3A_Population_Community_and_Ecosystem_Ecotoxicology/5.06%3A_Metapopulations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Equilibria/15.5%3A__More_about_Balanced_Equations_and_Equilibrium_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Solutions_Solvation_and_Dissociation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.10%3A_Alkylation_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.E%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.10%3A_The_E1_Reaction#8-9B_Rearrangement_of_Carbon_Cations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.05%3A_Hydrogenation_with_Diimide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Periodic_Trends_of_Elemental_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry_and_Balancing_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_03', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_04%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_05%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_06%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_07%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_12%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/Z54_Chemistry_of_Xenon_(Z54)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al.', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/23%3A__Carbon%3A__Not_Just_Another_Element/23.4%3A__Compounds_with_a_Carbonyl_Group', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Catabolism/Electron_Transport_Chain', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.S%3A_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/Vitamin_A', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/16%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Acids_and_Bases/16.09%3A__Molecular_Structure_Bonding_and_Acid-Base_Behavior', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/24%3A__Biochemistry/24.3%3A__Nucleic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/23%3A_Chemistry_of_Coordination_Chemistry/23.E%3A_Chemistry_of_Coordination_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/08%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/03%3A_Ionic_Bonding_and_Simple_Ionic_Compounds/3.01%3A_Two_Types_of_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/08%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases/8.00%3A_Prelude_to_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/08%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases/8.02%3A_Solids_and_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/17%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Other_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.3%3A__Acid-Base_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/02%3A_Structural_Organic_Chemistry/2.02%3A_The_Sizes_and_Shapes_of_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.02%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/3.2.03%3A_Rate_Determining_Step', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.04%3A_Combustion._Heats_of_Reaction._Bond_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.05%3A_Halogenation_of_Alkanes._Energies_and_Rates_of_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.06%3A_Practical_Halogenations_and_Problems_of_Selectivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.E%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.06%3A_Practical_Halogenations_and_Problems_of_Selectivity#4-5A_Selectivity_in_Alkane_Halogenation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.07%3A_Building_the_Carbon_Skeleton', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.02%3A_Configurational_Isomers#5-1C_Optical_Activity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.05%3A_The_D_L_Convention_for_Designating_Stereochemical_Configurations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.07%3A_Some_Examples_of_the_Importance_of_Stereoisomerism_to_Biology._Biological_Stereospeciflcity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.09%3A_Polymerization_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.03%3A_Cycloaddition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photoreceptors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photoreceptors/Photoreceptor_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Catabolism/Glycolysis', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Catabolism/Kreb's_Cycle\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis/Photosynthesis_overview/The_Light_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Catabolism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications_of_Nuclear_Chemistry/Nuclear_Reactors%3A_Nuclear_Waste', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis/Photosystem_II/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications_of_Nuclear_Chemistry/Nuclear_Weapons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications_of_Nuclear_Chemistry/Radiation_in_Biology_and_Medicine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications_of_Nuclear_Chemistry/Radiation_in_Biology_and_Medicine%3A_Positron_Emission_Tomography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications_of_Nuclear_Chemistry/Radiocarbon_Dating', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications_of_Nuclear_Chemistry/Radiocarbon_Dating%3A_The_Shroud_of_Turin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications_of_Nuclear_Chemistry/Radiology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Nuclear_Kinetics/Radioactive_Decay_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Fission_and_Fusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Nuclear_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Mossbauer_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/Furanose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/02%3A_The_Hydrosphere/2.01%3A_Water_Water_Everywhere...', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.02%3A_The_Arrhenius_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/08%3A_Review_of_Chemical_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/10%3A_Using_logarithms_-_Log_vs._Ln', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Addition_of_Alcohols_to_form_Hemiacetals_and_Acetals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/Ribose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/08%3A_Chocolate/8.01%3A_From_the_Cocoa_Bean_to_the_Finished_Chocolate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Disaccharides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Oligosaccharides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Polysaccharides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Case_Studies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/20%3A_Protein_Folding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/21%3A_Binding_and_Association', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/22%3A_Biophysical_Reaction_Dynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/05%3A_Cooperativity/19%3A_Self-Assembly/19.04%3A_Shape_of_Self-Assembled_Amphiphiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/22%3A_Biophysical_Reaction_Dynamics/22.05%3A_Time-Correlation_Functions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.10%3A_The_E1_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.09%3A_The_E2_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.11%3A_Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Compounds/Aluminosilicates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Compounds/Aluminosilicates/Aluminas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Compounds/Aluminosilicates/Aluminosilicates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Compounds/Aluminosilicates/Silicates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Compounds/Carbonates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Compounds/Hydrides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Compounds/Oxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Compounds/Oxides/Physical_Properties_of_Period_3_Oxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Hard_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/Precipitation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/Unique_Features_of_Aqueous_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_of_Main_Group_Elements_with_Carbonates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_of_Main_Group_Elements_with_Halogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_of_Main_Group_Elements_with_Hydrogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_of_Main_Group_Elements_with_Nitrogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_of_Main_Group_Elements_with_Oxygen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_of_Main_Group_Elements_with_Oxygen/Acid-Base_Character_of_Oxides_and_Hydroxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_of_Main_Group_Elements_with_Oxygen/Main_Group_Oxides_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_of_Main_Group_Elements_with_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/The_s-Block_Elements_in_Biology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Periodic_Trends_of_Elemental_Properties/The_Periodic_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Electronegativity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Ionization_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Electron_Affinity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Atomic_Radii', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Metallic_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Periodic_Trends_of_Elemental_Properties/Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Periodic_Trends_of_Elemental_Properties/Periodic_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Periodic_Trends_of_Elemental_Properties/Periodic_Trends_in_Ionic_Radii', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Periodic_Trends_of_Elemental_Properties/Table_Basics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_7_Elements%3A_The_Actinides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Dalton's_Atomic_Theory/Lavoisier's_Law_of_Conservation_of_Mass\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Limiting_Reagents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry/Theoretical_and_Actual_Yields', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_3_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_3_Elements/Acid-base_Behavior_of_the_Oxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_3_Elements/Chlorides_of_Period_3_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_3_Elements/Hydroxides_of_Period_3_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_3_Elements/Physical_Properties_of_Period_3_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_3_Elements/Physical_Properties_of_Period_3_Oxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_3_Elements/Reactions_of_Period_3_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_3_Elements/Structures_and_Physical_Properties_of_Period_3_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_6_Elements%3A_The_Lanthanides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Z21_The_Actinides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_12%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Zinc', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.04%3A_Hydrogenation_with_Homogeneous_Catalysts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_02_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_03%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_04%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_05%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_06%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_07%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_08%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_09%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_10%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_11%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_12%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Z20_The_Lanthanides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Uranium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/1Group_1%3A_Physical_Properties_of_Alkali_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/2Reactions_of_the_Group_1_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z001_Chemistry_of_Hydrogen_(Z1)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z003_Chemistry_of_Lithium_(Z3)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z011_Chemistry_of_Sodium_(Z11)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z019_Chemistry_of_Potassium_(Z19)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z037_Chemistry_of_Rubidium_(Z37)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z055_Chemistry_of_Cesium_(Z55)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z087_Chemistry_of_Francium_(Z87)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/2_Group_2%3A_Physical_Properties_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z004_Chemistry_of_Beryllium_(Z4)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z012_Chemistry_of_Magnesium_(Z12)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z020_Chemistry_of_Calcium_(Z20)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z038_Chemistry_of_Strontium_(Z38)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z056_Chemistry_of_Barium_(Z56)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z088_Chemistry_of_Radium_(Z88)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.E%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Equilibria/15.4%3A_Using_Equilibrium_Constants_in_Calculations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Solubility_and_Precipitation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/The_Wild_Ionists', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_11%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Copper', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_11%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Silver/Silver_Nitrate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_12%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Cadmium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Catabolism/Beta-Oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Catabolism/Calvin-Benson-Bassham_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Catabolism/Electron_Transport_Chain_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/05%3A_Population_Community_and_Ecosystem_Ecotoxicology/5.05%3A_Population_models', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/Vitamin_B%3A_Cobalamin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/Vitamin_B%3A_Cobalamin/Cobalamin_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/Vitamin_B%3A_Cobalamin/Cobalamin_3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Case_Studies%3A_Proteins/Sickle_Cell_Anemia', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./01.E%3A_Introduction_to_Chemistry_(Exerciese)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./02.E%3A_Molecules_Ions_and_Chemical_Formulas_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./03.E%3A_Ionic_vs._Covalent_Bonding_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./04.E%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./05.E%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./06.E%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./07.E%3A_Periodic_Table_and_Periodic_Trands_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./08.E%3A_Ionic_versus_Covalent_Bonding_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./09.E%3A_Molecular_Geometry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./11.E%3A_Liquids_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./12.E%3A_Solids_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./13.E%3A_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./15.E%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./16.E%3A_Aqueous_Acid_Base_Equilibria_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./17.6%3A_End-of-Chapter_Material', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./18.E%3A_Chemical_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./20%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./21.E%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./22.E%3A_The_p-Block_Elements_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/23%3A__Carbon%3A__Not_Just_Another_Element/23.3%3A__Alcohols_Ethers_and_Amines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.02%3A_A_Bit_of_History#1-1D_Tetrahedral_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.02%3A_A_Bit_of_History#1-1G_The_Benzene_Problem', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/02%3A_Structural_Organic_Chemistry/2.01%3A_Structural_Formulas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/02%3A_Structural_Organic_Chemistry/2.03%3A_Classification_by_Functional_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.04%3A_Combustion._Heats_of_Reaction._Bond_Energies?action=edit', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/02%3A_Structural_Organic_Chemistry/2.02%3A_The_Sizes_and_Shapes_of_Organic_Molecules#2-2B_Bond_Lengths_and_Space-Filling_Models', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.03%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkanes._Combustion_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/08%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases/8.03%3A_Gases_and_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.05%3A_Halogenation_of_Alkanes._Energies_and_Rates_of_Reactions#4-4E_Can_We_Predict_Whether_Reactions_Will_Be_Fast_or_Slow.3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.07%3A_Nitration_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.02%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.05%3A_Reaction_Rate/2.5.02%3A_The_Rate_of_a_Chemical_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.02%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/3.2.02%3A_Pre-equilibrium_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.02%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/3.2.04%3A_Rate_of_Diffusion_through_a_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/17%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Other_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.4%3A__Solubility_of_Salts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.02%3A_Hydrogenation_with_Heterogeneous_Catalysts#11-2B_Catalyst_Activity_and_Selectivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.06%3A_Addition_of_Boron_Hydrides_to_Alkenes._Organoboranes#11-6D_Synthetic_Reactions_of_Organoboranes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.08%3A_Introducing_Functionality', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.E%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/Z086_Chemistry_of_Radon_(Z86)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.02%3A_Configurational_Isomers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.01%3A_Prelude_to_Stereoisomerism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.03%3A_Conformational_Isomers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.05%3A_Orientation_in_Addition_to_Alkenes#10-4A_Addition_of_.5C(.5Cce.7BHX.7D.5C)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.05%3A_Halogenation_of_Alkanes._Energies_and_Rates_of_Reactions#4-4B_Entropy_and_Molecular_Disorder', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.07%3A_Oxidation_Reactions#11-7A_Ozonization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.06%3A_Addition_of_Boron_Hydrides_to_Alkenes._Organoboranes#11-6B_Mechanism_of_Hydroboration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.12%3A_Evidence_Bearing_on_the_Mechanism_of_2__2_Cycloadditions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.11%3A_Pericyclic_Reactions#21-10A_Why_are_.5B4_.2B_2.5D_and_.5B2_.2B_2.5D_Cycloadditions_Different.3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.11%3A_Pericyclic_Reactions#21-10B_How_Mr._Mobius_Beat_the_.5C(4n_.2B_2.5C)_Rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/12%3A_Cycloalkanes_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkynes/12.03%3A_Conformations_of_Cycloalkanes#12-3A_Cyclohexane_Conformations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.02%3A_13-_or_Conjugated_Dienes._Electrophilic_and_Radical_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.04%3A_Representation_of_Organic_Structure#5-3C_Projection_Formulas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.04%3A_Representation_of_Organic_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Olefin_Polymerization_with_Ziegler-Natta_Catalyst', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.02%3A_Hydrogenation_with_Heterogeneous_Catalysts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.08%3A_Radical-Chain_Addition_Reactions_to_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/1Group_14%3A_General_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/1Group_14%3A_General_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Aqueous_Lead(II)_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/1Group_14%3A_General_Chemistry/Chlorides_of_Group_4_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/1Group_14%3A_General_Chemistry/Oxidation_State_Trends_in_Group_4', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/1Group_14%3A_General_Chemistry/Oxides_of_Group_4_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/1Group_14%3A_General_Chemistry/The_Trend_from_Non-Metal_to_Metal_in_Group_4_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/1Group_14%3A_General_Properties_and_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/1Group_14%3A_General_Properties_and_Reactions/Carbon_Group_(Group_4)_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z006_Chemistry_of_Carbon_(Z6)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z014_Chemistry_of_Silicon_(Z14)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z014_Chemistry_of_Silicon_(Z14)/Silicates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z014_Chemistry_of_Silicon_(Z14)/Silicon_and_Group_14_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z032_Chemistry_of_Germanium_(Z32)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z050_Chemistry_of_Tin_(Z50)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z082_Chemistry_of_Lead_(Z82)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z082_Chemistry_of_Lead_(Z82)/Lead_Acetate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z082_Chemistry_of_Lead_(Z82)/Lead_Plumbate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z114_Chemistry_of_Flerovium_(Z114)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/22%3A_Biophysical_Reaction_Dynamics/22.04%3A_Analyzing_Trajectories', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/22%3A_Biophysical_Reaction_Dynamics/22.01%3A_Concepts_and_Definitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/22%3A_Biophysical_Reaction_Dynamics/22.02%3A_Computing_Dynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/22%3A_Biophysical_Reaction_Dynamics/22.03%3A_Representations_of_Dynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/21%3A_Binding_and_Association/21.08%3A_Specificity_in_Recognition_and_Binding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/20%3A_Protein_Folding/20.01%3A_HelixCoil_Transition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/20%3A_Protein_Folding/20.02%3A_Two-State_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Polysaccharides/Cellulose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/21%3A_Binding_and_Association/21.01%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Biomolecular_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/21%3A_Binding_and_Association/21.02%3A_Statistical_Thermodynamics_of_Biomolecular_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/21%3A_Binding_and_Association/21.03%3A_DNA_Hybridization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/21%3A_Binding_and_Association/21.04%3A_Biomolecular_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/21%3A_Binding_and_Association/21.05%3A_Diffusion-Limited_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/21%3A_Binding_and_Association/21.06%3A_Protein_Recognition_and_Binding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/21%3A_Binding_and_Association/21.07%3A_Forces_Guiding_Binding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/05%3A_Cooperativity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/05%3A_Cooperativity/19%3A_Self-Assembly', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/05%3A_Cooperativity/19%3A_Self-Assembly/19.03%3A_Why_Are_Micelles_Uniform_in_Size', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Disaccharides/Sucrose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Case_Studies/Blood_Glucose_Test', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Case_Studies/Starch_and_Iodine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Case_Studies/Sugar_and_Teeth', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Polysaccharides/Starch', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Disaccharides/Lactose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/07%3A_Case_Studies-_Kinetics/7.04%3A_Smog', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.03%3A_The_Rate_Law/3.3.03%3A_Reaction_Order', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Synthesis_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Grignard_and_Organolithium_Reagents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Addition_of_Secondary_Amines_to_Form_Enamines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.01%3A_Arrhenius_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law-_Activation_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/DNA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/RNA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/01%3A_Introduction_to_Reaction_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/05%3A_Experimental_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/07%3A_Case_Studies-_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid_and_Base_Indicators/PH_Indicators', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Electrolytic_Cells/Electrolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Reactions_of_the_Hexaaqua_Ions_with_Ammonia', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_11%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Gold', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Calculations/Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Redox_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_11%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Silver', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_11%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Silver/Silver_Chloride', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/0Group_17%3A_Physical_Properties_of_the_Halogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/0Group_17%3A_Physical_Properties_of_the_Halogens/Atomic_and_Physical_Properties_of_Halogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/0Group_17%3A_Physical_Properties_of_the_Halogens/Group_17%3A_General_Properties_of_Halogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/0Group_17%3A_Physical_Properties_of_the_Halogens/Halogen_Group_(Group_17)_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/0Group_17%3A_Physical_Properties_of_the_Halogens/Physical_Properties_of_the_Group_17_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/1Group_17%3A_General_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/1Group_17%3A_General_Reactions/Halide_Ions_as_Reducing_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/1Group_17%3A_General_Reactions/Halogens_as_Oxidizing_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/1Group_17%3A_General_Reactions/Interhalogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/1Group_17%3A_General_Reactions/More_Reactions_of_Halogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/1Group_17%3A_General_Reactions/Oxidizing_Ability_of_the_Group_17_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/1Group_17%3A_General_Reactions/Testing_for_Halide_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/1Group_17%3A_General_Reactions/The_Acidity_of_the_Hydrogen_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/Z009_Chemistry_of_Fluorine_(Z9)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/Z017_Chemistry_of_Chlorine_(Z17)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/Z017_Chemistry_of_Chlorine_(Z17)/The_Manufacture_of_Chlorine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/Z035_Chemistry_of_Bromine_(Z35)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/Z053_Chemistry_of_Iodine_(Z53)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/Z085_Chemistry_of_Astatine_(Z85)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/Z116_Chemistry_of_Livermorium_(Z116)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_12%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Cadmium/Cadmium_Sulfide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/00%3A_Front_Matter/04%3A_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Acid-Base_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/1Group_18%3A_Properties_of_Nobel_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family/Z083_Chemistry_of_Bismuth_(Z83)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family/1Group_15%3A_General_Properties_and_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family/1Group_15%3A_General_Properties_and_Reactions/Nitrogen_Group_(Group_5)_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family/Z007_Chemistry_of_Nitrogen_(Z7)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family/Z015_Chemistry_of_Phosphorous', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family/Z033_Chemistry_of_Arsenic_(Z33)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family/Z051_Chemistry_of_Antimony_(Z51)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family/Z115_Chemistry_of_Moscovium_(Z115)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z005_Chemistry_of_Boron_(Z5)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z013_Chemistry_of_Aluminum_(Z13)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z031_Chemistry_of_Gallium_(Z31)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z049_Chemistry_of_Indium_(Z49)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/1Group_13%3A_Chemical_Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/1Group_13%3A_General_Properties_and_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z005_Chemistry_of_Boron_(Z5)/Boranes_and_Borohydrides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z013_Chemistry_of_Aluminum_(Z13)/Aluminium_Metallurgy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z013_Chemistry_of_Aluminum_(Z13)/Aluminum_Oxide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z013_Chemistry_of_Aluminum_(Z13)/Case_Study%3A_Conversion_of_Bauxite_Ore_to_Aluminum_______Metal', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z081_Chemistry_of_Thalium_(Z81)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z113_Chemistry_of_Nihonium_(Z113)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Equilibria/15.3%3A__Determining_an_Equilibrium_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Catabolism/Fermentation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z056_Chemistry_of_Barium_(Z56)/Borax', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z056_Chemistry_of_Barium_(Z56)/Barium_Hydroxide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z020_Chemistry_of_Calcium_(Z20)/Calcium_Sulfide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/Z036_Chemistry_of_Kryton', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.08%3A_Second-Order_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.02%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/3.2.05%3A_Reaction_Intermediates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.06%3A_Addition_of_Boron_Hydrides_to_Alkenes._Organoboranes#11-6C_Isomerization_of_Alkylboranes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.09%3A_Construction_of_Ring_Systems_by_Cycloaddition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.01%3A_Oxidation-Reduction_of_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.03%3A_Heats_of_Hydrogenation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/17%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Other_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.5%3A__Precipitation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.05%3A_Reaction_Rate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.05%3A_Reaction_Rate/2.5.01%3A_The_Speed_of_a_Chemical_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.06%3A_Reaction_Rates-_A_Microscopic_View', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.02%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/3.2.06%3A_Steady_State_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.02%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/3.2.01%3A_Elementary_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.01%3A_Gas_Phase_Kinetics/3.1.03%3A_Mean_Free_Path', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.03%3A_Fractional_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.E%3A_Alkanes_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/08%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases/8.04%3A_Gas_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.02%3A_Physical_Properties_of_Alkanes_and_The_Concept_of_Homology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.01%3A_Gas_Phase_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.01%3A_Gas_Phase_Kinetics/3.1.01%3A_Bimolecular_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.01%3A_Gas_Phase_Kinetics/3.1.01%3A_Bimolecular_Reactions/3.1.1.01%3A_SN2_reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.01%3A_Gas_Phase_Kinetics/3.1.02%3A_Maxwell-Boltzmann_Distributions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.03%3A_The_Rate_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.03%3A_The_Rate_Law/3.3.01%3A_Order_of_Reaction_Experiments', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.03%3A_The_Rate_Law/3.3.02%3A_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.10%3A_Zero-Order_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Tetrahedral_Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/Electron_Configuration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Atomic_Mass', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Oxidation_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Solids/Network_Covalent_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Silicone_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Solids/Crystal_Lattice', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.04%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law_-_Arrhenius_Plots', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.05%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law_-_Direction_Matters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.06%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law_-_Pre-exponential_Factors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.02%3A_Changing_Reaction_Rates_with_Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/Protein_Synthesis_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/RNA/Protein-RNA_Recognition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Examples', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Free_Energy/Gibbs_(Free)_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.04%3A_Transition_State_Theory/6.4.01%3A_Eyring_equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.01%3A_Activation_Parameters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.01%3A_Collision_Theory/6.1.7%3A_The_Collision_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/05%3A_Experimental_Methods/5.07%3A_Using_Graphs_to_Determine_Integrated_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.01%3A_Collision_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Dynamic_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Acid-Base_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Enamine_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Addition_of_Water_to_form_Hydrates_(Gem-Diols)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/DNA/DNA_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.06%3A_Peptide_Bond_and_Disulfide_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Boltzmann_Average/Boltzmann_distribution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Addition-Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Alpha-carbon_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Carbonyl_Group-Mechanisms_of_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Carbonyl_Group_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Clemmensen_Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Conjugate_Addition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Cyanohydrins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Irreversible_Addition_Reactions_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Oxidation_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactions_with_Grignard_Reagents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reaction_with_Primary_Amines_to_form_Imines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reduction_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reduction_of_Carbonyls_to_Alcohols_Using_Metal_Hydrides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reductive_Amination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reversible_Addition_Reactions_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Simple_Addition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/The_Triiodomethane_(Iodoform)_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/The_Wittig_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Tollens_Test', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Wolff-Kishner_Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Properties_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/The_Carbonyl_Group', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Synthesis_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Reactive_Intermediates/Carbanions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Synthesis_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Grignard_Reagents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/07%3A_Case_Studies-_Kinetics/7.03%3A_Depletion_of_the_Ozone_Layer', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Equilibria/15.2%3A_The_Equilibrium_Constant_and_Reaction_Quotient', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z056_Chemistry_of_Barium_(Z56)/Barium_Sulfate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid/Lewis_Concept_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/10%3A_Fundamentals_of_Acids_and_Bases/10.05%3A_Lewis_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z011_Chemistry_of_Sodium_(Z11)/Sodium_Carbonate#Leblanc_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z011_Chemistry_of_Sodium_(Z11)/Sodium_Carbonate#Solvay_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z020_Chemistry_of_Calcium_(Z20)/Calcium_Sulfate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/Z008_Chemistry_of_Oxygen_(Z8)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/The_Equilibrium_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Bond_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/Z016_Chemistry_of_Sulfur_(Z16)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Monoprotic_Versus_Polyprotic_Acids_And_Bases/Polyprotic_Acids_And_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws/The_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.03%3A_First-Order_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Michaelis-Menten_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.04%3A_Half-lives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.09%3A_Third_Order_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.04%3A_Why_Is_Organic_Chemistry_Special', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.01%3A_Prelude_to_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.01%3A_Collision_Theory/6.1.04%3A_Collision_Frequency', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.07%3A_Reaction_Rates-_Building_Intuition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria/The_Bends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/08%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases/8.E%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Enzyme_Inhibition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.02%3A_The_Equations_of_Enzyme_Kinetics#Eadie.E2.80.93Hofstee_Plot', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.03%3A_Fractional_Distillation/5.3A%3A_Theory_of_Fractional_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.03%3A_Fractional_Distillation/5.3B%3A_Fractionating_Columns', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.03%3A_Fractional_Distillation/5.3C%3A_Uses_of_Fractional_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.03%3A_Fractional_Distillation/5.3D%3A_Step-by-Step_Procedures_for_Fractional_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.02%3A_Simple_Distillation/5.2D%3A_Microscale_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Solids/Crystal_Lattice/Closest_Pack_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Rubber_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Synthesis_of_Addition_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Properties_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Properties_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Properties_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/07%3A_Case_Studies-_Kinetics/7.02%3A_Chymotrypsin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Reactive_Intermediates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Reactive_Intermediates/Carbanions_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Synthesis_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Preparation_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Synthesis_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Synthesis_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/Ylide_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Hydrocarbons/Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Haloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/Carbohydrate_Classification', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Oxidizing_and_Reducing_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Hydrocarbons/Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/DNA/DNA_Structure/DNA_History', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Boltzmann_Average', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Boltzmann_Average/Fluctuations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.05%3A_Separating_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.07%3A_The_Strategy_of_Peptide_Bond_Synthesis%3A_N-Protection_and_C-Activation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Balancing_Redox_reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Balancing_Redox_reactions/Balancing_Redox_Reactions_-_Examples', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Comparing_Strengths_of_Oxidants_and_Reductants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Definitions_of_Oxidation_and_Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Half-Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Oxidation-Reduction_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Oxidation_State/Oxidation_States_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Oxidation_States_(Oxidation_Numbers)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Standard_Reduction_Potential', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/The_Fall_of_the_Electron', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Writing_Equations_for_Redox_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Nonstandard_Conditions%3A_The_Nernst_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Equilibria/15.1%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium%3A_A_Review', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z020_Chemistry_of_Calcium_(Z20)/Calcium_Hydroxide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/The_Reaction_Quotient', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria/Common_Ion_Effect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Deuterium_Exchange', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Malonic_Ester_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Acid-Base_Equilibria/1._Theories_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Acid-Base_Equilibria/2._Strong_and_Weak_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Acid-Base_Equilibria/3._The_Ionic_Product_for_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Acid-Base_Equilibria/4._Strong_and_Weak_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Acid-Base_Equilibria/6._Acid-Base_Indicators', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Acid-Base_Equilibria/7._Buffer_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Acid-Base_Equilibria/pH_Titration_Curves', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Temperature_Effects_on_the_Solubility_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z011_Chemistry_of_Sodium_(Z11)/Sodium_Carbonate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/Bonding_and_antibonding_orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO1._Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO10._S_and_P_Mixing_in_HF', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO11._Polyatomic_Geometry_and_Symmetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO12._Approximations_in_Complicated_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO13._Building_MO_from_Smaller_Pieces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO14._Delocalization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO15._Polyenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO16._Aromatics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO17._Heteroaromatics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO18._Frontier_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO19._Solutions_to_Selected_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO2._Dihydrogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO3._Lessons_from_Dihydrogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO4._Sigma_Bonding_with_P_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO6._Electron_Population', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO7._Experimental_Evidence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO8._Symmetry_and_Mixing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO9._Bonding_Between_Different_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/Molecular_Orbitals_of_Li_to_F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO_bonding_in_F2_and_O2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO_for_HF', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/Pictorial_Molecular_Orbital_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Valence_Bond_Theory/Resonance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/An_Introduction_to_Solubility_Products', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Calculations_Involving_Solubility_Products', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Common_Ion_Effect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Pressure_Effects_On_the_Solubility_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Relating_Solubility_to_Solubility_Product', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Solubility_and_Factors_Affecting_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Solubility_Product_Constant%2C_Ksp', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Solubility_Rules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Temperature_Effects_on_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/10%3A_Fundamentals_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/10%3A_Fundamentals_of_Acids_and_Bases/10.04%3A_Acid-Base_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/10%3A_Fundamentals_of_Acids_and_Bases/10.06%3A_Types_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid/Bronsted_Concept_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions/The_Generalized_Electrophilic_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN2/Nucleophile', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Oxidation_States_of_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid/Indicators', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid/Overview_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Balanced_Equations_and_Equilibrium_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_an_Equilibrium_Concentration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_An_Equilibrium_Concentrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_An_Equilibrium_Concentrations/Balanced_Equations_And_Equilibrium_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_An_Equilibrium_Concentrations/Calculating_an_Equilibrium_Constant_Using_Partial_Pressures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_An_Equilibrium_Concentrations/Effect_Of_Volume_Changes_On_Gas-phase_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_An_Equilibrium_Concentrations/Writing_Equilibrium_Constant_Expressions_Involving_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_An_Equilibrium_Concentrations/Writing_Equilibrium_Constant_Expressions_Involving_Gases/Gas_Equilibrium_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_An_Equilibrium_Concentrations/Writing_Equilibrium_Constant_Expressions_Involving_Gases/Meaning_Of_The_Equilibrium_Constant%2C_K', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_An_Equilibrium_Concentrations/Writing_Equilibrium_Constant_Expressions_involving_solids_and_liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_an_Equilibrium_Constant_Kp_with_Partial_Pressures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Determining_the_Equilibrium_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Determining_the_Equilibrium_Constant/Determining_the_Equilibrium_Constant_2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Difference_Between_K_And_Q', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Dissociation_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Effect_of_Pressure_on_Gas-Phase_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Equilibrium_Calculations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Kc', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Kp', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Law_of_Mass_Action', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Mass_Action_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Raoults_Law_and_Ideal_Mixtures_of_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Fractional_Distillation_of_Ideal_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Fractional_Distillation_of_Non-ideal_Mixtures_(Azeotropes)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Immiscible_Liquids_and_Steam_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Liquid-Solid_Phase_Diagrams%3A_Salt_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Liquid-Solid_Phase_Diagrams%3A_Tin_and_Lead', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Non-Ideal_Mixtures_of_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Phase_Diagrams_for_Pure_Substances', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle/The_Haber_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle/Case_Study%3A_The_Manufacture_of_Ethanol_from_Ethene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle/Effect_Of_Temperature_On_Equilibrium_Composition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle/Effect_Of_Temperature_On_Equilibrium_Composition/Exothermic_Versus_Endothermic_And_K', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle/Ice_Tables', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle/Le_Chatelier's_Principle_and_Dynamic_Equilbria\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle/Le_Chatelier's_Principle_Fundamentals\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle/The_Contact_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle/The_Effect_of_Changing_Conditions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Dynamic_Equilibria/Reversible_vs._Irreversible_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Classification_of_Matter', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/The_Mole_and_Avogadro's_Constant\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acids_and_Bases_in_Aqueous_Solutions/Water_Autoionization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/Hesss_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Nonideal_Solutions/Activity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium/Characteristics_Of_The_Equilibrium_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/19%3A_d-Block_Metal_Chemistry_-_General_Considerations/19.05%3A_Characteristic_Properties_-_A_General_Perspective/19.5B%3A_Paramagnetism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/Z008_Chemistry_of_Oxygen_(Z8)/Ozone', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/1Group_16%3A_General_Properties_and_Reactions/Oxygen_Group_(Group_VIA)_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Dynamic_Equilibria/Dynamic_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases/Kinetic_Molecular_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.01%3A_Collision_Theory/6.1.01%3A_Collisional_Cross_Section', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/05%3A_Experimental_Methods/5.06%3A_Resolving_Kinetics-_Slow_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Macromolecules/Catenation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Monoprotic_Versus_Polyprotic_Acids_And_Bases/Polyprotic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/Z008_Chemistry_of_Oxygen_(Z8)/Ozone/Ozone_Layer_and_Ozone_Hole', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/Z034_Chemistry_of_Selenium_(Z34)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Monoprotic_Versus_Polyprotic_Acids_And_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Ionization_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Monoprotic_Versus_Polyprotic_Acids_And_Bases/Polyprotic_Acids_and_Bases_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Band_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Bond_Order_and_Lengths', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.01%3A_Collision_Theory/6.1.06%3A_The_Collision_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gases_(Waterloo)/The_Simple_Gas_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases/Basics_of_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.04%3A_Transition_State_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Entropy/Disorder_in_Thermodynamic_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Entropy/Microstates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Entropy/Simple_Entropy_Changes_-_Examples', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Entropy/Statistical_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Entropy/Statistical_Entropy_-_Mass%2C_Energy%2C_and_Freedom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Entropy/The_Molecular_Basis_for_Understanding_Simple_Entropy_Change', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Simple_Measurement_of_Enthalpy_Changes_of_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Internal_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Path_Functions/Heat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Heat_of_Vaporization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Heat_of_Fusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Fundamentals_of_Phase_Transitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Heat_of_Sublimation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Differential_Forms_of_Fundamental_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Assorted_Definitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Free_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Nernst_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Free_Energy/Helmholtz_(Free)_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Examples/Examples_of_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Examples/Examples_of_Catalysis/1._An_Introduction_to_Types_of_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Examples/Examples_of_Catalysis/2._Examples_of_Catalysis_in_the_Inorganic_Chemical_Industry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Examples/Examples_of_Catalysis/3._Examples_of_Catalysis_in_the_Petrochemical_Industry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Examples/Examples_of_Catalysis/4._Examples_of_Acid_Catalysis_in_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Examples/Examples_of_Catalysis/5._Examples_of_Other_Catalytic_Reactions_in_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalysts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/RNA/RNA_-_Transcription', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/Nucleotides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/DNA/DNA%3A_Double_Helix', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/DNA/DNA%3A_Mutations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/DNA/DNA%3A_Replication', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/DNA/The_Genetic_Code', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/DNA/The_Replication_of_DNA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/DNA/The_Structure_of_DNA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/DNA/Transcription_of_DNA_Into_messenger_RNA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/Nucleic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/Nucleic_Acids/Nucleic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/RNA/Types_of_RNA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/ATP_ADP-Gutow_Draft', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/06%3A_Properties_of_Gases/6.04%3A_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory_(Overview)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.10%3A_Collision_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.11%3A_Transition_State_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.03%3A_Reaction_Profiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Solids/Ionic_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Solids/Unit_Cell', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.08%3A_Second-Order_Reactions/2.8.01%3A_Pseudo-1st-order_reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics/General_Enzymatic_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Michaelis-Menten_Kinetics_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Matter_and_Measurement/1.06%3A_Dimensional_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.02%3A_Factors_That_Affect_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Real_Gases', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws/Boyle's_Law\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws/Charles's_Law_(Law_of_Volumes)\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws/Avogadro's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Units_of_Measure/SI_Units', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws/Gas_Laws%3A_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Lewis_Theory_of_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Valence_Bond_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/Gen_Chem_Quantum_Theory/Trivialities_of_Chemical_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Atomic_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Magnetic_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Aufbau_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/9%3A_Atomic_Structure_and_The_Periodic_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/Electronic_Angular_Wavefunction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/T-shaped', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Trigonal_Bipyramidal_Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/17%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Other_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.6%3A__Equilibria_Involving_Complex_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.10%3A_Protecting_Groups_in_Organic_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/03%3A_Organic_Nomenclature/3.02%3A_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.03%3A_What_Preparation_Should_You_Have', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.05%3A_The_Breadth_of_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/Z018_Chemistry_of_Argon_(Z18)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Bohr_Diagrams_of_Atoms_and_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Lewis_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Electrodes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Rechargeable_Batteries', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Ionization_Energy/Ionization_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.02%3A_Simple_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.04%3A_Vacuum_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.02%3A_Simple_Distillation/5.2C%3A_Step-by-Step_Procedures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Enzyme_Assays', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/08%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases/8.S%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.02%3A_The_Equations_of_Enzyme_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.01%3A_General_Principles_of_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.03%3A_Chymotrypsin-_A_Case_Study', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.01%3A_Collision_Theory/6.1.03%3A_Collisions_and_Phase', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.01%3A_Collision_Theory/6.1.05%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_12%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Copernicium', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Ideal_Solutions/Dissolving_Gases_In_Liquids%2C_Henry's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria/Special_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Chromatography/Gas_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Fission_and_Fusion/Fission_and_Fusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/1Group_18%3A_Properties_of_Nobel_Gases/Noble_Gas_(Group_18)_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/00%3A_Front_Matter/03%3A_Table_of_Contents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Electrolyte_Strength', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Combination_Reactions', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Gay-Lussac's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Lavoisier', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Alchemy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/Z084_Chemistry_of_Polonium_(Z84)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Supercritical_Fluids/Critical_Point', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Covalent_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acids_and_Bases_in_Aqueous_Solutions/The_pH_Scale', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Enthalpy_Change_of_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Coordinate_(Dative_Covalent)_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Van_der_Waals_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Polarizability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_11%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Roentgenium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Electrolytic_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Electrolytic_Cells/Electrolysis_I', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Origin_of_Color_in_Complex_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Reactions_of_the_Hexaaqua_Ions_with_Carbonate_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/07%3A_Case_Studies-_Kinetics/7.01%3A_Catalytic_Converters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid_and_Base_Indicators', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid_and_Base_Indicators/Acid_and_Base_Indicators', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.12%3A_Steady-State_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/05%3A_Experimental_Methods/5.01%3A_Determining_Reaction_Order', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Calculations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Calculations/Significant_Figures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Calculations/Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.01%3A_Activation_Energy_-_Ea', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.02%3A_Chain_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.03%3A_Chain_Reactions_I', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.04%3A_Ea_and_Catalysts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.05%3A_Elementary_Steps', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.06%3A_Gas_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.07%3A_Limits_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.08%3A_Rates_and_Concentrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.09%3A_Rates_and_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.10%3A_Rate_Laws_-_Differential', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.11%3A_Rate_Laws_-_Integrated', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.01%3A_Experimental_Determination_of_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.01%3A_Experimental_Determination_of_Kinetics/2.1.01%3A_Continuous_Flow', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.01%3A_Experimental_Determination_of_Kinetics/2.1.02%3A_Measuring_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.01%3A_Experimental_Determination_of_Kinetics/2.1.03%3A_Rate_vs._Concentration_Proportionalities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.01%3A_Experimental_Determination_of_Kinetics/2.1.04%3A_Relaxation_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.01%3A_Experimental_Determination_of_Kinetics/2.1.04%3A_Relaxation_Methods/2.1.4.01%3A_Flash_Photolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.01%3A_Experimental_Determination_of_Kinetics/2.1.04%3A_Relaxation_Methods/2.1.4.02%3A_Pressure_Jump', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.01%3A_Experimental_Determination_of_Kinetics/2.1.05%3A_Spectrophotometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.01%3A_Experimental_Determination_of_Kinetics/2.1.06%3A_Stopped_Flow', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Chromatography/Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Chromatography/High_Performance_Liquid_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Fission_and_Fusion/Contrasting_Nuclear_Fission_and_Nuclear_Fusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Fission_and_Fusion/Fission_Chain_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Ideal_Solutions', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Ideal_Solutions/Changes_In_Vapor_Pressure%2C_Raoult's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Nonideal_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria/Solubility_of_Metal_Hydroxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_12%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Mercury', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/2Group_18%3A_Reactions_of_Nobel_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.01%3A_Collision_Theory/6.1.02%3A_Collisions_and_Concentration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.04%3A_Multisubstrate_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.05%3A_Enzyme_Inhibition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.06%3A_Allosteric_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.07%3A_The_Effect_of_pH_on_Enzyme_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.08%3A_The_Effect_of_Temperature_on_Enzyme_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.E%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.05%3A_The_Effect_of_Temperature_on_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.02%3A_Simple_Distillation/5.2B%3A_Separation_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Catalytic_Efficiency_of_Enzymes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/Z052_Chemistry_of_Tellurium_(Z52)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Ancient_History', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Meet_the_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Electricity_and_Electrochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Atomic_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Combustion_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Decomposition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.04%3A_Vacuum_Distillation/5.4A%3A_Overview_of_Vacuum_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.04%3A_Vacuum_Distillation/5.4B%3A_Predicting_the_Boiling_Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.04%3A_Vacuum_Distillation/5.4C%3A_Step-by-Step_Procedures_for_Vacuum_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.02%3A_Simple_Distillation/5.2A%3A_Uses_of_Simple_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.01%3A_Overview_of_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Hybrid_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Resonance_Forms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Structure_of_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Lewis_Structures/Drawing_XeF6_without_an_expanded_octet', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Isomerism_in_Organic_Compounds/Structural_Isomerism_in_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Ionization_Energy/Decomposing_the_Standard_Reduction_Potential', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Lewis_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Atomic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/Z010_Chemistry_of_Neon_(Z10)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.06%3A_Some_Philosophical_Observations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_spectrometry_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy/Lost', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Membrane_Potentials', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Faraday's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Electrochemistry_and_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Electrodes/Standard_Hydrogen_Electrode', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acids_and_Bases_in_Aqueous_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acids_and_Bases_in_Aqueous_Solutions/The_Hydronium_Ion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/25%3A_Solutions_II_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes/25.06%3A_The_Debye-Huckel_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acids_and_Bases_in_Aqueous_Solutions/The_pH_Scale/Determining_and_Calculating_pH', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Thermodynamics_of_Lattices/Lattice_Enthalpies_and_Born_Haber_Cycles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Hydration_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Enthalpy_Change_of_Neutralization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Lewis_Theory_of_Bonding/Violations_of_the_Octet_Rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Contrasting_MO_and_VB_theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Covalent_Bond_Distance%2C_Radius_and_van_der_Waals_Radius', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.02%3A_A_Bit_of_History', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Electrostatic_Potential_maps', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Hydrogen_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Covalent_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Covalent_Bonds_vs_Ionic_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/03%3A_Organic_Nomenclature/3.01%3A_Prelude_to_Organic_Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/03%3A_Organic_Nomenclature/3.03%3A_Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.11%3A_Building_the_Carbon_Skeleton', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Supercritical_Fluids', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws/Dalton's_Law_(Law_of_Partial_Pressures)\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Clausius-Clapeyron_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Supercritical_Fluids/Case_Study%3A_Removing_caffeine_from_Coffee', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Dipole-Dipole_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Van_Der_Waals_Interactions/van_der_Waals_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Lennard-Jones_Potential', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Van_Der_Waals_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Trigonal_Planar_______Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Bent_Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Bent_Molecular_Geometry/Bent', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Bent_Molecular_Geometry/Nonlinear', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Limitations_of_VSEPR', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Linear_Molecular_______Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Molecular_Geometry_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Octahedral', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Shapes_of_Molecules_and_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Square_Planar', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Square_Pyramidal', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Trigonal_Pyramidal_Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/VSEPR', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Compounds/Nomenclature_of_Inorganic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/H_Atom_Energy_Levels', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/17%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Other_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.7%3A__Solubility_and_Complex_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy_Basics/The_Beer-Lambert_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Valence_and_the_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Calculations/Chemical_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/05%3A_Experimental_Methods/5.02%3A_Methods_of_Determining_Reaction_Order', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Calculations/Moles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid_Base_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Nomenclature_of_Complex_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Acidity_of_the_Hexaaqua_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Geometry_of_Complex_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Ligand_Exchange_Reactions_(Introduction)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Ligand_Exchange_Reactions_(Thermodynamics)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Reactions_of_the_Hexaaqua_Ions_with_Hydroxide_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Stereoisomerism_in_complex_ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Introduction_and_History_of_Coordination_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Pauli_Exclusion_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/Quantum_Numbers_for_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Basic_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Hund's_Rules\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/8%3A_The_Helium_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Voltaic_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Lewis_Structures/Lewis_Structures%3A_Resonance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Molecular_Polarity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Atomic_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Electrolytic_Cells/Electroplating', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/Koopmans'_Theorem\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/Quantum_Mechanical_H_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/Radial_and_Angular_Parts_of_Atomic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Where_is_the_electron_in_a_hydrogen_atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Valence_Bond_Theory/d-orbital_Hybridization_is_a_Useful_Falsehood', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gases_(Waterloo)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Valence-Shell_Electron-Pair_Repulsion_Models', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Lewis_Theory_of_Bonding/Geometry_of_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Units_of_Measure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Units_of_Measure/Prefixes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Units_of_Measure/SI_Units_-_A_Summary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/Gen_Chem_Quantum_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/Gen_Chem_Quantum_Theory/The_Periodic_Table', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Dalton's_Atomic_Theory\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Dalton's_Atomic_Theory/Early_Atomic_Theory\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Dalton's_Atomic_Theory/Gay-Lussac's_Law_of_Gaseous_Volumes\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Dalton's_Atomic_Theory/Law_of_Multiple_Proportions\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Dalton's_Atomic_Theory/Law_of_Reciprocal_Proportions\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Dalton's_Atomic_Theory/Postulates_of_Dalton's_Atomic_Theory\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Dalton's_Atomic_Theory/Proust's_Law_of_Constant_Proportion\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Ionization_Energies_of_Diatomic_Molecule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Isotopes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Isotopes/Isotopes_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Nuclide%2C_Atomic_Number%2C_mass_number', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Simple_View_of_Atomic_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Sizes_of_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/The_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/The_Atom/Sub-Atomic_Particles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/WKB_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Matter_and_Measurement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Significant_Digits/Significant_Figures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Matter_and_Measurement/1.05%3A_Uncertainty_in_Measurement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Matter_and_Measurement/1.E%3A_Matter_and_Measurement_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Properties_of_Gas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Plasma', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Ping-pong_mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Chemical_Reactions_in_Gas_Phase', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Diffraction_Scattering_Techniques/Bragg's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.03%3A_Reaction_Profiles/6.3.01%3A_A_Look_at_Energy_Profiles_for_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.03%3A_Reaction_Profiles/6.3.02%3A_Basics_of_Reaction_Profiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.03%3A_Reaction_Profiles/6.3.03%3A_RK3._Activation_Barriers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions/Reactions_of_Alkenes_with_Bromine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.E%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Metalloproteases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/HIV', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Case_Studies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Solids/Crystal_Lattice/Crystal_Planes_and_Miller_Indices', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.08%3A_Second-Order_Reactions#Case+2a', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/06%3A_Properties_of_Gases', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/06%3A_Properties_of_Gases/6.03%3A_Dalton's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/06%3A_Properties_of_Gases/6.05%3A_More_on_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Metabolic_Pathways', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Nutrition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.09%3A_Temperature_Dependence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/The_Effect_of_a_Catalyst_on_Rate_of_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Introduction_to_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Heterogeneous_catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Macromolecules/Macromolecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.04%3A_Heat_Capacity_and_Specific_Heat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Potential_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Heat_of_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Free_Energy/What_are_Free_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Bond_Enthalpies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibria/Dynamic_equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Chemical_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Path_Functions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/A_System_and_Its_Surroundings', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/First_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Path_Functions/Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/First_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/09%3A_Gases/9.5%3A_The_Kinetic-Molecular_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Kirchhoff_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Phases_and_Their_Transitions/Phases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.11%3A_Bond_Enthalpies_and_Exothermic_or_Endothermic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/10.1%3A_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Hydration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/THERMAL_ENERGY', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gases_(Waterloo)/The_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases/Common_Ideal_Gas_Difficulties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Advanced_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Chemical_Energetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Ideal_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Real_(Non-Ideal)_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Chemical_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Buffers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Ionization_Constants/Acid_and_Base_Strength', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Ionization_Constants/Calculating_A_Ka_Value_From_A_Measured_Ph', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Ionization_Constants/Calculating_Equilibrium_Concentrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Ionization_Constants/Fundamentals_of_Ionization_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Ionization_Constants/Weak_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Ionization_Constants/Weak_Acids_and_Bases_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Monoprotic_Versus_Polyprotic_Acids_And_Bases/Calculating_the_pH_of_the_Solution_of_a_Polyprotic_Base%2F%2FAcid', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Wetting_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Chemical_Bonds/Bond_Lengths_and_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Chemical_Bonds/Chemical_Bond', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Chemical_Bonds/Chemical_Bonding_-_A_Review', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Chemical_Bonds/Electron_Density_of_Sigma_and_Pi_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Chemical_Bonds/Enthalpies_of_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Chemical_Bonds/Ionic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Chemical_Bonds/Lewis_Dot_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Chemical_Bonds/Molecular_Orbitals_of_H2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Chemical_Bonds/Valence_Bond_Theory_and_Hybrid_Atomic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Ionic_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Non-Singular_Covalent_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/05%3A_Experimental_Methods/5.05%3A_Resolving_Kinetics-_Fast_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Dynamic_Equilibria/Explaining_Chemical_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/11%3A__The_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases/Connecting_Gas_Properties_to_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/Z008_Chemistry_of_Oxygen_(Z8)/Ozone/Important_properties_of_ozone', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Macromolecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/Carnot_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/Hesss_Law_and_Simple_Enthalpy_Calculations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.06%3A_Gibbs_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Nonideal_Solutions/Activities_and_their_Effects_on_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Nonideal_Solutions/Azeotropes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/1Group_16%3A_General_Properties_and_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Solution_Basics/Units_Of_Concentration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/19%3A_d-Block_Metal_Chemistry_-_General_Considerations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/19%3A_d-Block_Metal_Chemistry_-_General_Considerations/19.05%3A_Characteristic_Properties_-_A_General_Perspective', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/19%3A_d-Block_Metal_Chemistry_-_General_Considerations/19.05%3A_Characteristic_Properties_-_A_General_Perspective/19.5A%3A_Color', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/19%3A_d-Block_Metal_Chemistry_-_General_Considerations/19.05%3A_Characteristic_Properties_-_A_General_Perspective/19.5C%3A_Complex_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acids_and_Bases_in_Aqueous_Solutions/The_pH_Scale/Temperature_Dependence_of_the_pH_of_pure_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Case_Studies/RECRYSTALLIZATION', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/All_About_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Chemical_Reactions_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Dynamic_Equilibria/Reversible_and_irreversible_reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibria/Kinetically_vs_Thermodynamically_Stable', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Phases_and_Their_Transitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Synthesis_of_Esters/Esterification', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.08%3A_The_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Kinetics_of_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN2/Substrate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN2/Leaving_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN2/Sterochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid/Arrhenius_Concept_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid/Dissociation_Fraction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid/Graphical_Treatment_of_Acid-Base_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid_Base_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Introduction_to_Coordination_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_07%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Manganese', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Metallurgy/The_Extraction_of_Silver/Preparation_and_uses_of_Silver_chloride_and_Silver_nitrate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Transition_Metals_in_Biology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Conjugation/Electrophilic_Attack_on_Conjugated_Dienes/Markovnikov_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions/Reactions_of_Alkenes_with_Sulfuric_Acid', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions/What_is_Electrophilic_Addition%3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/10%3A_Fundamentals_of_Acids_and_Bases/10.03%3A_Acid-base_reactions_a_la_Brnsted', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/10%3A_Fundamentals_of_Acids_and_Bases/10.01%3A_Introduction_to_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/10%3A_Fundamentals_of_Acids_and_Bases/10.02%3A_Aqueous_Solutions-_pH_and_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/10%3A_Fundamentals_of_Acids_and_Bases/10.07%3A_Acid-Base_Gallery', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.12%3A_The_Shared-Electron_Covalent_Bond', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties/Property_Implications', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Valence_Bond_Theory/Overview_of_Valence_Bond_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.02%3A_Intermolecular_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Thermodynamics_of_Lattices/Lattice_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.11%3A_Hydrogen_Bonding-_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Claisen_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibria/Equilibrium_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Michael_Additions_and_Robinson_Annulation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Solubility_Products', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Acetoacetic_Ester_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Acidity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens_and_Keto-enol_Tautomerism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Aldol_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Alpha_Alkylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Alpha_Halogenation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Synthesis_of_Enols_and_Enolates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/RR._Radical_Reactions/RR3._Initiation%3A_Radical_Stability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.03%3A_Cell_potentials_and_Thermodynamics#Cell_potentials_and_Free_(Gibbs)_energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Corrosion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.08%3A_An_Introduction_to_Protein_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.04%3A_The_Isoelectric_Point', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Boltzmann_Average/Ideal_Gas_Partition_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Boltzmann_Average/Proof_that_%CE%B2_%3D_1%2F%2FkT', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Boltzmann_Average/The_Boltzmann_constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Fundamentals_of_Statistical_Mechanics/11._The_Microcanonical_Ensemble', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Fundamentals_of_Statistical_Mechanics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Statistical_Mechanical_Ensembles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Basics_Thermodynamics_(General_Chemistry)/Temperature_and_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/Carbohydrate_Isomers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Haloalkanes/Alkyl_Halide_Occurrence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Naming_the_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Properties_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Synthesis_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Hydrocarbons/Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Nomenclature_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Synthesis_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids/Nomenclature_of_Amino_acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids/Properties_of_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids/Reactions_of_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Properties_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Natural_Occurrence_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/Pyranose_and_Furanose_Forms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Reactive_Intermediates/Carbenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Oxidation_States_of_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Liquid_Crystals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Polarizability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Conjugation/Polymerization_of_Conjugated_Dienes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Regio_and_Stereoisomerization_in_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Properties_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Introduction_to_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Nomenclature_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/The_Polymerization_of_Ethene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/05%3A_Cooperativity/19%3A_Self-Assembly/19.01%3A_Micelle_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/05%3A_Cooperativity/19%3A_Self-Assembly/19.02%3A_Classical_Nucleation_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/05%3A_Cooperativity/18%3A_Cooperativity/18.02%3A_Two-State_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Polysaccharides/Glycogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/03%3A_The_Langmuir_Isotherm', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/05%3A_Cooperativity/18%3A_Cooperativity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/17%3A_Directed_and_Active_Transport/17.4%3A_Polymerization_Ratchet_and_Translocation_Ratchet', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.06%3A_Practical_Halogenations_and_Problems_of_Selectivity#4-5B_Chemical_Initiation_of_Radical-Chain_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Electronegativity/Pauling_Electronegativity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/07%3A_Acids_bases_and_ions_in_aqueous_solution/7.08%3A_Amphoteric_Oxides_and_Hydroxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Metallurgy/The_Extraction_of_Iron/Iron_Production', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.06%3A_Application_of_MO_Theory_to_Other_Systems#21-5B_The_2-Propenyl_(Allyl)_Cation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.11%3A_Pericyclic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.E%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Olefin_Metathesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Sonogashira_Coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.03%3A_Cycloaddition_Reactions#13-3A_.5B4_.2B_2.5D_Cycloadditions', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.10%3A_Huckel's_4n__2_Rule\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.10%3A_Huckel's_4n__2_Rule#21-9A_Cyclobutadiene_and_Cyclooctatetraene\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.03%3A_Cycloaddition_Reactions#13-3D_Some_.5B2_.2B_2.5D_Cycloadditions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.04%3A_The_Benzene_Problem#21-3C_The_Molecular_Orbital_Method_for_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/28%3A_Photochemistry/28.03%3A_Organic_Photochemistry#28-2D_Photochemical_Cyclization_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/12%3A_Cycloalkanes_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkynes/12.03%3A_Conformations_of_Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/12%3A_Cycloalkanes_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkynes/12.02%3A_Spectroscopic_Properties_of_Cyclohexanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/12%3A_Cycloalkanes_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkynes/12.04%3A_Strain_in_Cycloalkane_Rings', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.06%3A_Resonance#6-5C_Resonance_and_Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.01%3A_General_Comments_on_Alkadienes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.02%3A_A_Bit_of_History#1-1I_Reactivity.2C_Saturation.2C_Unsaturation.2C_and_Reaction_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/02%3A_Structural_Organic_Chemistry/2.04%3A_Isomerization_in_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Thermosetting_vs._Thermoplastic_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/05%3A_Cooperativity/18%3A_Cooperativity/18.01%3A_HelixCoil_Transition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/13%3A_Intermolecular_Forces/13.06%3A_Hydrophobic_Interaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/17%3A_Directed_and_Active_Transport', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/17%3A_Directed_and_Active_Transport/17.03%3A_Brownian_Ratchet', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Friedel-Crafts_Acylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Conjugation/Overlap_of_Adjacent_p_Orbitals-Electron_Delocalization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Conjugation/The_Diels-Alder_Cycloaddition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Dipole_Moments', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/03%3A_The_Langmuir_Isotherm/3.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/03%3A_The_Langmuir_Isotherm/3.02%3A_Langmuir_Isotherm_-_derivation_from_equilibrium_considerations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/03%3A_The_Langmuir_Isotherm/3.03%3A_Langmuir_Isotherm_from_a_Kinetics_Consideration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/03%3A_The_Langmuir_Isotherm/3.04%3A_Variation_of_Surface_Coverage_with_Temperature_and_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/03%3A_The_Langmuir_Isotherm/3.05%3A_Applications_-_Kinetics_of_Catalytic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/02%3A_Adsorption_of_Molecules_on_Surfaces/2.06%3A_The_Desorption_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Recycling_and_Disposal_of_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Organic_Acids_and_Bases/Organic_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Reactive_Intermediates/Carbocations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO9._Enolate_Addition_and_Homologation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/Carbonyls_are_Electrophiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Metallurgy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Metallurgy/The_Extraction_of_Iron', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Metallurgy/The_Extraction_of_Silver', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Electronegativity/Mulliken_Electronegativity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Formal_Charges', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids/Reactions_of_Amino_Acids/Acid-base_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids/Reactions_of_Amino_Acids/Acid-Base_Reactions_of_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids/Reactions_of_Amino_Acids/Amino_Acid_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids/Properties_of_Amino_Acids/Structure_of_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids/Properties_of_Amino_Acids/1._Backgrounds_of_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids/Properties_of_Amino_Acids/Charged_Nature_of_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids/Properties_of_Amino_Acids/Stereochemistry_of_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Synthesis_of_Alkanes/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Synthesis_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Nomenclature_of_Alkanes/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/07%3A_Acids_bases_and_ions_in_aqueous_solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/07%3A_Acids_bases_and_ions_in_aqueous_solution/7.07%3A_Aquated_Cations_-_Formation_and_Acidic_Properties/7.7B%3A_Aquated_Cations_as_Bronstead_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/07%3A_Acids_bases_and_ions_in_aqueous_solution/7.08%3A_Amphoteric_Oxides_and_Hydroxides/7.8A%3A_Amphoteric_Behavior', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.05%3A_Halogenation_of_Alkanes._Energies_and_Rates_of_Reactions#4-4D_Why_Does_Light_Induce_the_Chlorination_of_Methane.3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.10%3A_Formation_of_Carbohydrates_by_Photosynthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.09%3A_Polymerization_of_Alkenes#10-8C_Radical_Polymerization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/28%3A_Photochemistry/28.02%3A_Light_Absorption_Flourescence_and_Phosphorescence#28-1A_The_Carbonyl_Group', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.11%3A_Pericyclic_Reactions#21-10D_Electrocyclic_and_Sigmatropic_Rearrangements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.10%3A_Preparative_Methods_for_Aldehydes_and_Ketones#16-9E_Rearrangements_of_Hydroperoxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.13%3A_Biosynthesis_of_Proteins#25-13B_Genetic_Control_and_the_Replication_of_DNA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.05%3A_Atomic_Energy_States_and_Line_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/28%3A_Photochemistry/28.03%3A_Organic_Photochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/28%3A_Photochemistry/28.02%3A_Light_Absorption_Flourescence_and_Phosphorescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/28%3A_Photochemistry/28.04%3A_Chemiluminescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.06%3A_Resonance#6-5A_An_Atomic-Orbital_Model_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.03%3A_Comparison_of_the_Resonance_and_Molecular-Orbital_Methods#21-2B_What_is_the_Glue_in_These_Bonds.3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.03%3A_Comparison_of_the_Resonance_and_Molecular-Orbital_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.04%3A_Electrophilic_Additions_to_Alkenes#10-3A_The_Stepwise_Ionic_Mechanism.2C_Halogen_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.04%3A_The_Benzene_Problem', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.05%3A_Application_of_the_MO_Method_to_13-Butadiene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Stille_Coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/12%3A_Cycloalkanes_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkynes/12.05%3A_Chemical_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.10%3A_Electronic_Spectra_of_Organic_Molecules#9-9B_Effects_of_Conjugation_on_Electronic_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/12%3A_Cycloalkanes_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkynes/12.01%3A_Nomenclature_and_Physical_Properties_of_Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Hydrosilylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.02%3A_Hydrogenlike_Atomic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.04%3A_Electrophilic_Additions_to_Alkenes#10-3B_Why_Antarafacial_Addition.3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.09%3A_Bond_Lengths_and_Double-Bond_Character', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/02%3A_Structural_Organic_Chemistry/2.E%3A_Structural_Organic_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Properties_of_Alkenes/Structure_and_Bonding_in_Ethene-The_Pi_Bond', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Synthesis_of_Alkenes/Alkanes_from_Reduction_of_Carboxylates_-_Kolbe's_Electrolytic_method\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Addition_of_Sulfuric_acid_to_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Addition_Reactions_of_Dienes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Catalytic_Hydrogenation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Catalytic_Hydrogenation_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Catalytic_Hydrogenation_of_Alkenes_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Diels-Alder_Cycloaddition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Electrophilic_Addition_of_Hydrogen_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Electrophilic_Addition_of_Hydrogen_Halides_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Free_Radical_Reactions_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Free_Radical_Reactions_of_Alkenes/Addition_of_Radicals_to_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Free_Radical_Reactions_of_Alkenes/Allylic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Free_Radical_Reactions_of_Alkenes/Radical_Additions%3A_Anti-Markovnikov_Product_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Free_Radical_Reactions_of_Alkenes/Radical_Allylic_Halogenation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Hydroboration-Oxidation_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Oxidation_of_Alkenes_with_Potassium_Manganate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Ozonolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Ozonolysis_of_Alkenes_and_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Reactions_of_Alkenes_with_Halogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Stereoselectivity_in_Addition_Reactions_to_Double_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Stereoselectivity_in_Addition_Reactions_to_Double_Bonds/Addition_Reactions_Initiated_by_Electrophilic_Halogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Stereoselectivity_in_Addition_Reactions_to_Double_Bonds/Addition_Reactions_involving_other_Cyclic_Onium_Intermediates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Stereoselectivity_in_Addition_Reactions_to_Double_Bonds/Br%C3%B8nsted_Acid_Additions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Stereoselectivity_in_Addition_Reactions_to_Double_Bonds/Hydrogenation_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Stereoselectivity_in_Addition_Reactions_to_Double_Bonds/Oxidations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Stereoselectivity_in_Addition_Reactions_to_Double_Bonds/Oxidations/Epoxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Stereoselectivity_in_Addition_Reactions_to_Double_Bonds/Oxidations/Hydroxylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Stereoselectivity_in_Addition_Reactions_to_Double_Bonds/Oxidations/Oxidative_Cleavage_of_Double_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Vicinal_Syn_Dihydroxylation', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Synthesis_of_Alkenes/Zaitsev's_Rule\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Nomenclature_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.06%3A_Application_of_MO_Theory_to_Other_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.07%3A_Which_Is_Better-_MO_or_VB', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Properties_of_Alkenes/Background_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Naming_the_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Properties_of_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Synthesis_of_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Hydrocarbons/Arenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/Carbohydrate_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Peptides_and_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Protein_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Case_Studies%3A_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis/Photosystem_II/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Statistical_Mechanical_Ensembles/Introduction_to_Ensembles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Statistical_Mechanical_Ensembles/The_Canonical_Ensemble', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Statistical_Mechanical_Ensembles/The_Canonical_Ensemble/Energy_within_the_Canonical_Ensemble', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Statistical_Mechanical_Ensembles/The_Canonical_Ensemble/Entropy_within_the_Canonical_Ensemble', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Statistical_Mechanical_Ensembles/The_Canonical_Ensemble/Heat_Capacity_within_the_Canonical_Ensemble', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Statistical_Mechanical_Ensembles/The_Canonical_Ensemble/Helmholtz_Energy_within_the_Canonical_Ensemble', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Statistical_Mechanical_Ensembles/The_Grand_Canonical_Ensemble', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Basics_Thermodynamics_(General_Chemistry)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Basics_Thermodynamics_(General_Chemistry)/Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Fundamentals_of_Statistical_Mechanics/09._Classical_and_quantum_dynamics_of_density_matrices', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Fundamentals_of_Statistical_Mechanics/10._Postulates_of_statistical_mechanics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.03%3A_The_Acid-Base_Properties_of_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Commercial_Galvanic_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Corrosion/Corrosion_Basics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Potentials/Factors_that_Influence_Reduction_Potential', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/22.03%3A_The_Maxwell_Relations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Protein_Structure/Protein_Folding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Protein_Structure/Secondary_Structure%3A_-Helices', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Protein_Structure/Secondary_Structure%3A_-Pleated_Sheet', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Protein_Structure/Secondary_Structure%3A_%CE%B1-Pleated_Sheet', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Protein_Structure/The_Structure_of_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.09%3A_Determining_the_Primary_Structure_of_a_Polypeptide_or_Protein', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.03%3A_Cell_potentials_and_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.02%3A_Galvanic_cells_and_Electrodes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.04%3A_The_Nernst_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/RR._Radical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/RR._Radical_Reactions/RR2._Initiation%3A_Bond_Homolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria/Insoluble_Salts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Ionization_Constants_of_Weak_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Standard_Electrode_(Half-Cell)_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.01%3A_Matter_under_the_Microscope', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.03%3A_Hydrogen-Bonding_and_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.11%3A_Hydrogen_Bonding-_Water/8.11.01%3A_Atomic_Radii_and_Ionic_Radii', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.10%3A_Unsaturated_Hydrocarbons/8.10.01%3A_Chapter_7_page_19-2.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Thermodynamics_of_Lattices', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.09%3A_Hess'_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.13%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_Estimates_from_an_Electrostatic_Model/6.13E%3A_Madelung_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Thermodynamics_of_Lattices/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Thermodynamics_of_Lattices/Lattice_Energy%3A_The_Born-Haber_cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Valence_Bond_Theory/Hybridization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Valence_Bond_Theory/Hybridization_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties/Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.11%3A_Bonding_in_Semiconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/11%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Nucleophilic_Addition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions/Reactions_of_Alkenes_with_Hydrogen_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Conjugation/Electrophilic_Attack_on_Conjugated_Dienes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Conjugation/Electrophilic_Attack_on_Conjugated_Dienes/Electrophilic_Attack_on_Conjugated_Dienes-Kinetic_and_Thermodynamic_Control', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Conjugation/Electrophilic_Attack_on_Conjugated_Dienes/Regioselective', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_07%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Bohrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_07%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Manganese/Chemistry_of_Manganese', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Coordination_Numbers_and_Geometry/Molecular_Examples', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid_Base_Reactions/Hydrolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid/Exact_pH_Calculations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Rearrangement_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/IV._Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions/F._Substitution_Reactions_Involving_Ammonia', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reaction_Fundamentals/Pushing_Arrows', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/SN1_Reaction/Known_Issues', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/F._The_Dehydration_of_Butan-2-ol', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.07%3A_Gibbs_Energy_and_Reaction_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.09%3A_Effects_of_Temperature_and_Pressure_on_Equilibrium_Position', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Synthesis_of_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Synthesis_of_Esters/Acetoacetic_Ester_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Synthesis_of_Esters/Making_Esters_From_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Phases_and_Their_Transitions/Heating_Curves', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Balance_Reduction_and_Oxidation_(Redox)_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Conjugate_Acids_of_Bases_-_Ka_Kb_and_Kw', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Case_Studies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Case_Studies/Dialysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acids_and_Bases_in_Aqueous_Solutions/The_pH_Scale/Temperature_Dependence_of_pH_in_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/19%3A_d-Block_Metal_Chemistry_-_General_Considerations/19.04%3A_The_Reactivity_of_the_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/18%3A_The_Group_18_Elements/18.06%3A_Group_18_Elemental_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/19%3A_d-Block_Metal_Chemistry_-_General_Considerations/19.01%3A_Topic_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Solution_Basics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Solution_Basics/Intermolecular_Forces_In_Mixtures_And_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Colligative_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibria/Basic_Concepts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Equilibria/Chelation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.08%3A_Ionic_Activity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Nonideal_Solutions/Debye-H%C3%BCckel', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.05%3A_Evaluating_Entropy_and_Entropy_Changes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.07%3A_Standard_Molar_Gibbs_Energy_of_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/Brayton_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Ligand_Field_Theory/Ligand_Field_Theory_Fundamentals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/10%3A_Energetics_of_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/12%3A__The_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/A_System_and_Its_Surroundings#Closed_System', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/05%3A_Experimental_Methods/5.04%3A_Resolving_Kinetics-_Faster_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Structure_of_Organic_Molecules/Cis_and_Trans_Isomers_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Introduction_to_Transition_Metals_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Cohesive_and_Adhesive_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Surface_Tension', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Capillary_Action', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Buffers/Blood_as_a_Buffer', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Buffers/How_Does_A_Buffer_Maintain_Ph', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Buffers/Introduction_to_Buffers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Buffers/Preparing_Buffer_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermochemistry/Thermochemistry_-_A_Review', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Path_Functions/Work/Gas_Expansion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermochemistry/Calorimetry%3A_Measuring_Heats_of_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Real_(Non-Ideal)_Systems/Real_Gases_-_Joule-Thomson_Expansion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Real_(Non-Ideal)_Systems/Salting_Out', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Ideal_Systems/Thermodynamics_of_Mixing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Chemical_Energetics/Thermochemistry_and_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Ideal_Systems/Entropy_of_Mixing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Chemical_Energetics/Energy%2C_Heat%2C_and_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Chemical_Energetics/Free_Energy_and_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Chemical_Energetics/Free_Energy_and_Equilibrium/Composition_of_an_Equilibrium_Mixture', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Chemical_Energetics/Some_Applications_of_Enthalpy_and_The_First_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Chemical_Energetics/Some_Applications_of_Enthalpy_and_The_First_Law/Thermodynamics_and_the_weather', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Chemical_Energetics/The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Calorimetry/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Calorimetry/Constant_Pressure_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Calorimetry/Constant_Volume_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Calorimetry/Differential_Scanning_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Calorimetry/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Advanced_Thermodynamics/1._Introduction_and_Definitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Advanced_Thermodynamics/2._The_Postulates_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Advanced_Thermodynamics/3._Basic_properties_of_U_S_and_their_differentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Advanced_Thermodynamics/4._General_Extremum_Principles_and_Thermodynamic_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Advanced_Thermodynamics/5._Thermodynamic_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Advanced_Thermodynamics/6._The_solution_of_thermodynamic_problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Advanced_Thermodynamics/7._Thermodynamic_equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Advanced_Thermodynamics/8._Phase_Transitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gases_(Waterloo)/Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/10.0%3A_Prelude_to_Liquids_and_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/10.2%3A_Properties_of_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.10%3A_Bond_Enthalpies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.09%3A_Polarizability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.11%3A_Electronegativity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.12%3A_Fossil_Fuels_and_the_Energy_Crisis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.09%3A_Phase_Transitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Colloid', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Phases_and_Their_Transitions/Phase_Transition_-_A_Review', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/09%3A_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/09%3A_Gases/9.4%3A_Effusion_and_Diffusion_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/09%3A_Gases/9.6%3A_Non-Ideal_Gas_Behavior', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/0th_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/Conservation_of_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/Bond_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Simple_Kinetic_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.03%3A_Exothermic_and_Endothermic_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.05%3A_Specific_Heat_Calculations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_II%3A_Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates/Appendix_I%3A_Hydrogen-Atom_Donors/III._Organosilanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Buchwald-Hartwig_Amination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.08%3A_The_Method_of_Half-Lives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Metabolic_Pathways/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Important_High_Energy_Molecules_in_Metabolism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Metabolic_Pathways/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Anti-Cancer_Drugs_I', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Anti-Cancer_Drugs_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Antidepressants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Barbiturates_and_Benzodiazepines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Drugs_Acting_Upon_the_Central_Nervous_System', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Drug_Activity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Drug_Receptor_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Enzyme_Inhibition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Hallucinogenic_Drugs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Local_Anesthetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Misc_Antibiotics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Narcotic_Analgesic_Drugs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Penicillin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Sulfa_Drugs', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.07%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Constant_and_Boltzmann's_Constant\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/06%3A_Properties_of_Gases/6.06%3A_Real_Gases_and_Critical_Phenomena', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.15%3A_Gas_Mixtures_-_Amagat's_Law_of_Partial_Volums\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/06%3A_Properties_of_Gases/6.02%3A_Ideal_Gas_Model_-_The_Basic_Gas_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/06%3A_Properties_of_Gases/6.01%3A_Observable_Properties_of_Gas', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/05%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/5.08%3A_Why_Don't_Electrons_Fall_into_the_Nucleus\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Case_Studies/Fe-only_Hydrogenase', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.08%3A_A_Catalyst_Affects_the_Mechanism_and_Activation_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Turnover_Number', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/01%3A_The_Basics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/10%3A_Electrochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Fleming', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.01%3A_Reaction_Rate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.02%3A_Measuring_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.03%3A_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.04%3A_0th_order_Rate_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.05%3A_1st_order_rate_law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.06%3A_2nd_order_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.07%3A_The_Method_of_Initial_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.S%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/10%3A_Electrochemistry/10.S%3A_Electrochemistry_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reaction_Fundamentals/Reaction_Coordinates_in_Potential_Energy_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Diffraction_Scattering_Techniques', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Diffraction_Scattering_Techniques/Powder_X-ray_Diffraction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Contact_Angles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Unusual_Properties_of_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Vapor_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Sigmoid_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Matter_and_Measurement/1.S%3A_Matter_and_Measurement_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Matter_and_Measurement/1.04%3A_Units_of_Measurement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Significant_Digits', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Significant_Digits/Propagation_of_Error', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Significant_Digits/Uncertainties_in_Measurements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Matter_and_Measurement/1.01%3A_Studying_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Matter_and_Measurement/1.02%3A_Classification_of_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Matter_and_Measurement/1.03%3A_Properties_of_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/04%3A_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/05%3A_Translational_States/5.01%3A_The_Free_Particle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Stirlings_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/01%3A_The_Dawn_of_the_Quantum_Theory/1.08%3A_The_Bohr_Theory_of_the_Hydrogen_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/The_Atom#Isotopes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Nuclear_Decay_Pathways', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Nuclear_Decay_Pathways#Alpha_Decay', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Nuclear_Decay_Pathways#Beta_Decay_.2f_Negatron_Emission', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Nuclear_Decay_Pathways#Positron_Emission', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spectrometry%3A_Isotope_Effects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/Gen_Chem_Quantum_Theory/Quantum_Numbers_and_Atomic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/Zeeman_Effect/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/Gen_Chem_Quantum_Theory/Atomic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Units_of_Measure/Unit_Conversions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Units_of_Measure/Physical_Quantities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/The_Scientific_Method/Science_vs._Pseudo-science%3A_Limitations_of_the_Scientific_Method', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Units_of_Measure/Metric_Prefixes_-_from_yotta_to_yocto', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Lewis_Theory_of_Bonding/Lewis_Symbols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gases_(Waterloo)/Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Valence_Bond_Theory/Delocalization_of_Electrons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Radial_Nodes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/11%3A_Angular_Momenta_Coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/07._Angular_Momentum/7.5%3A_Rigid_Rotor', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/06._One_Dimensional_Harmonic_Oscillator/Harmonic_Oscillator', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/Multi-Electron_Atoms/Wave_Function_of_Multi-electron_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/Multi-Electron_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Voltaic_Cells/The_Cell_Potential', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Voltage_Amperage_and_Resistance_Basics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Voltaic_Cells/Cell_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/09%3A_The_Electronic_States_of_the_Multielectron_Atoms/9.07%3A_The_Self-Consistent_Field_Approximation_(Hartree-Fock_Method)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Electronic_Structure_and_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Case_Study%3A_Electron_Configuration_of_Mn_vs._Cu', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Atomic_Theory/Electrons_in_Atoms/Electron_Spin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Atomic_Theory/Electrons_in_Atoms/Electronic_Orbitals', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/02._Fundamental_Concepts_of_Quantum_Mechanics/Heisenberg's_Uncertainty_Principle\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Spin_Pairing_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Equilibria/Complex-Ion_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Equilibria/Complex_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Equilibria/Hard_and_Soft_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Equilibria/Stability_of_Metal_Complexes_and_Chelation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Intro_to_Coordination_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Ligands', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Introduction_and_History_of_Coordination_Compounds/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Introduction_and_History_of_Coordination_Compounds/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Field_Theory/Colors_of_Coordination_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/What_is_a_Complex_Ion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Buffers_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Calculations/Molarity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Calculations/Dimensional_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Scientific_Method', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Gases/Diffusion_and_Effusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy_Basics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy_Basics/Electromagnetic_Radiation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy_Basics/Using_UV-visible_Absorption_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/17%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Other_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.E%3A__Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Compounds/Chemical_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Compounds/Introduction_to_Chemical_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Nomenclature_of_Alkanes/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Synthesis_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Synthesis_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.08%3A_More_on_Stabilization_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.01%3A_Prelude_to_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.03%3A_Bond_Formation_Using_Atomic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Hydroamination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.05%3A_Atomic-Orbital_Models#6-4C_Compounds_with_Double_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/03%3A_Organic_Nomenclature/3.04%3A_Alkenes_Cycloalkenes_and_Alkadienes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.10%3A_Electronic_Spectra_of_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.09%3A_Raman_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.11%3A_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/12%3A_Cycloalkanes_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkynes/12.06%3A_The_Larger_Cycloalkanes_and_their_Conformations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Suzuki-Miyaura_Coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.04%3A_The_Benzene_Problem#21-3D_The_Valence_Bond_Method_for_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.02%3A_Classification_of_Reagents_as_Electrophiles_and_Nucleophiles._Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.05%3A_Mechanisms_of_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.04%3A_Electrophilic_Additions_to_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.03%3A_The_Reactivity_of_Multiple_Carbon-Carbon_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.02%3A_The_Carbonyl_Bond#16-1B_Structure_and_Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.02%3A_Characteristics_of_Simple_Covalent_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/28%3A_Photochemistry/28.03%3A_Organic_Photochemistry#28-2E_Singlet_Oxygen_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Spin-orbit_Coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/28%3A_Photochemistry/28.05%3A_Color_and_Constitution', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.04%3A_Why_Can't_We_See_Molecules\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.06%3A_Energy_States_of_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/26%3A_More_on_Aromatic_Compounds/26.01%3A_Aryl_Oxygen_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.06%3A_Glycosides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.11%3A_The_Generation_of_Energy_from_Carbohydrate_Metabolism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.13%3A_Biosynthesis_of_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.12%3A_Enzyme_Technology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.14%3A_Chemical_Evolution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.10%3A_Preparative_Methods_for_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.09%3A_Protection_of_Carbonyl_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.11%3A_General_Methods_for_the_Preparation_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/27%3A_More_about_Spectroscopy/27.02%3A_Line-Width_Differences_in_NMR', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.08%3A_Infrared_(Rovibrational)_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/28%3A_Photochemistry/28.01%3A_Prelude_to_Photochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.07%3A_Oxidation_of_Alcohols#15-6C_Biological_Oxidations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.03%3A_The_Structure_and_Properties_of_D-Glucose#20-3D_Aldose_.5C(.5Cleftrightharpoons.5C)_Ketose_Rearrangements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/17%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_II-_Enols_and_Enolate_Anions._Unsaturated_and_Polycarbonyl_Compounds/17.04%3A_Nucleophilic_Addition_Reactions_of_Enolate_Anions#17-3F_A_Biological_Aldol_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.11%3A_The_Generation_of_Energy_from_Carbohydrate_Metabolism#20-10A_Glycolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.11%3A_The_Generation_of_Energy_from_Carbohydrate_Metabolism#20-10B_The_Citric_Acid_(Krebs)_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.10%3A_Coenzymes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.09%3A_Vitamin_C', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/07%3A_Acids_bases_and_ions_in_aqueous_solution/7.08%3A_Amphoteric_Oxides_and_Hydroxides/7.8B%3A_Periodic_Trends_in_Amphoteric_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.17%3A_Defects_in_Solid_State_Lattices/6.17F%3A_Thermodynamic_Effects_of_Crystal_Defects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/07%3A_Acids_bases_and_ions_in_aqueous_solution/7.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Synthesis_of_Alkanes/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/09%3A_The_Electronic_States_of_the_Multielectron_Atoms/9.08%3A_Configuration_Interaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Nomenclature_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Nomenclature_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Synthesis_of_Alkenes/Prepartion_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Meso_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Isomerism_in_Organic_Compounds/Racemic_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Ethers/Reactivity_of_Ethers/Reactions_of_Epoxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Polymerization_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Oxacyclopropane_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Hydration_of_Alkenes/Formation_of_alcohols_from_alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Properties_of_Alkenes/Degree_of_Unsaturation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/E1_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Electrophilic_Addition_of_Halogens_to_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Diazomethane_Carbenes_and_Cyclopropane_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Addition_Reactions_of_Alkenes/Rearrangement_of_Carbocations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Addition_Reactions_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Synthesis_of_Alkenes/Alkenes_by_Dehydration_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Properties_of_Alkenes/Physical_Properties_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Formal_Charges/Formal_Charge', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Electronegativity/Allred-Rochow_Electronegativity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Metallurgy/The_Extraction_of_Copper', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Metallurgy/An_Introduction_to_the_Chemistry_of_Metal_Extraction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO10._Activation_of_Carbonyls', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Reactive_Intermediates/Carbynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Organic_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Organic_Acids_and_Bases/Organic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Properties_of_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/02%3A_Adsorption_of_Molecules_on_Surfaces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/02%3A_Adsorption_of_Molecules_on_Surfaces/2.04%3A_PE_Curves_and_Energetics_of_Adsorption', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/02%3A_Adsorption_of_Molecules_on_Surfaces/2.05%3A_Adsorbate_Geometries_and_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/04%3A_UHV_and_Effects_of_Gas_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO8._Semi-Anionic_Nucleophiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/17%3A_Directed_and_Active_Transport/17.02%3A_Passive_vs_Active_Transport', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Conjugation/Electrophilic_Attack_on_Conjugated_Dienes_-_Kinetic_and_Thermodynamic_Control', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/E1_Reactions/Carbocation_Rearrangements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Electrophilic_Substitution_of_Disubstituted_Benzene_Rings', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Friedel-Crafts_Acylation/Friedel-Crafts_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/14%3A_Hydrodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/15%3A_Passive_Transport', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/16%3A_Targeted_Diffusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/03%3A_Diffusion/13%3A_Friction_and_the_Langevin_Equation/13.02%3A_Brownian_Dynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/13%3A_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/13%3A_Intermolecular_Forces/13.05%3A_The_Structure_and_Properties_of_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/13%3A_Intermolecular_Forces/13.E%3A_Intermolecular_Forces_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Writing_Formulas_for_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/17%3A_Directed_and_Active_Transport/17.01%3A_Motor_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/16%3A_Targeted_Diffusion/16.03%3A_Mean_First_Passage_Time', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Diffraction_Scattering_Techniques/X-ray_Crystallography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Ion_-_Ion_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Overview_of_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Dipole_Moment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Dipole_moments', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Hydrogen_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Hydrogen_Bonding/Hydrogen_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Hydrogen_Bonding/Hydrogen_Bonding_I', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Hydrophobic_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Multipole_Expansion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Ion_-_Induced_Dipole_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Boiling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Vapor_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Ion_-_Dipole_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/The_Octet_Rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Lewis_Theory_of_Bonding/Lewis_Theory_of_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/20%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements/20.04%3A_The_Alkali_Metals_(Group_1)', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Thermodynamics_of_Lattices/The_Born-Lande'_equation\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Basics_of_Electrochemistry/Electrochemistry/Nernst_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acids_and_Bases_in_Aqueous_Solutions/Aqueous_Solutions_Of_Salts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Corrosion/Sacrificial_Anode', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/25%3A_Solutions_II_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/25%3A_Solutions_II_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes/25.05%3A_Electrolytes_Solutions_are_Nonideal_at_Low_Concentrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/25%3A_Solutions_II_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes/25.07%3A_Extending_Debye-Huckel_Theory_to_Higher_Concentrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid_Base_Reactions/The_Fall_of_the_Proton_-_Viewing_Acid_Base_Chemistry_from_a_Thermodynamic_Perspective', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy/Supplemental_NMR_Topics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.E%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/Z002_Chemistry_of_Helium_(Z2)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Mass_Spectrometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/d-orbital_Occupation_and_Electronic_Configurations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Electronic_Configurations_Intro', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Spin_Quantum_Number', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/The_Aufbau_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/The_Order_of_Filling_3d_and_4s_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Evaluating_Spin_Multiplicity', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Hydrogen's_Atomic_Emission_Spectrum\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Magnetic_Behavior_of_Diatomic_Species', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Predicting_the_Bond-Order_of_Diatomic_Species', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Predicting_the_Bond-Order_of_Oxides_based_Acid_Radicals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Predicting_the_Hybridization_of_Simple_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Prediction_of_Aromatic_Anti_Aromatic_and_Non_Aromatic_Character_of_Heterocyclic_Compounds_along_with_their_Omission_Behavior-_Innovative_Mnemonics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Batteries%3A_Electricity_though_chemical_reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Reactive_Intermediates/Free_Radicals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Rotation_in_Substituted_Ethanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photoreceptors/Chemistry_of_Vision/Cis-Trans_Isomerization_of_Retinal', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Solubility_-_What_dissolves_in_What%3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Isomerism_in_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/How_to_Draw_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Index_of_Hydrogen_Deficiency_(IHD)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Atomic_and_Ionic_Radius', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.05%3A_Filtering_Methods/1.5D%3A_Suction_Filtration#Water_Aspirator', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.05%3A_Steam_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Atomic_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Discovering_Sub-atomic_Particles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.00%3A_Prelude_to_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.01%3A_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.02%3A_Concentration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.03%3A_The_Dissolution_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.04%3A_Properties_of_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.05%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.06%3A_Le_Chatelier's_Principle\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.07%3A_Osmosis_and_Diffusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.E%3A_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.S%3A_Solutions_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.02%3A_The_Equations_of_Enzyme_Kinetics#Lineweaver.E2.80.93Burk_plot', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.04%3A_More_Complex_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.06%3A_Potential_Energy_Surfaces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.01%3A_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.02%3A_Reaction_Order', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.03%3A_Molecularity_of_a_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.07%3A_Theories_of_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.08%3A_Isotope_Effects_in_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.09%3A_Reactions_in_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.10%3A_Fast_Reactions_in_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.11%3A_Oscillating_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria/Metal_Coordination_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Nonideal_Solutions/Introduction_to_Non-ideal_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Colloid/Tyndall_Effect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Chromatography/Chromatographic_Columns', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Chromatography/Liquid_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Affinity_Chromatography/03_Practice_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Accelerator_Mass_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Fragmentation_Patterns_in_Mass_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/How_the_Mass_Spectrometer_Works', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Introductory_Mass_Spectrometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Introductory_Mass_Spectrometry/Fragmentation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Introductory_Mass_Spectrometry/High_Resolution_vs_Low_Resolution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Introductory_Mass_Spectrometry/Introduction_to_Mass_Spectrometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Introductory_Mass_Spectrometry/Isotopes%3A_13C', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Introductory_Mass_Spectrometry/Isotopes%3A_Br_and_Cl', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Introductory_Mass_Spectrometry/Molecular_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Introductory_Mass_Spectrometry/Molecular_Ion_and_Nitrogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Introductory_Mass_Spectrometry/The_Mass_Spectrometry_Experiment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/MALDI-TOF', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spec', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spec/Interpreting_a_Mass_Spectrum', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spec/Mass_Spectrometry_-_Fragmentation_Patterns', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spec/Mass_Spectroscopy%3A_Quizes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spectra_Interpretation%3A_ALDEHYDES', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spectrometers_(Instrumentation)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spectrometers_(Instrumentation)/Electrospray_Ionization_Mass_Spectrometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spectrometers_(Instrumentation)/Injection_Stage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spectrometers_(Instrumentation)/Mass_Analyzers_(Mass_Spectrometry)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Organic_Compounds_Containing_Halogen_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/The_Mass_Spectra_of_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/The_Molecular_Ion_(M_)_Peak', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/The_M_1_Peak', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Cyclic_Voltammetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.03%3A_Nuclear_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.05%3A_Thermodynamic_Stability_of_the_Atomic_Nucleus', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.06%3A_Applied_Nuclear_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.01%3A_Prelude_to_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/23%3A__Carbon%3A__Not_Just_Another_Element/23.2%3A__Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/17%3A_Solubility_and_Complexation_Equilibria/17.04%3A_The_Formation_of_Complex_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/20%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements/20.02%3A_Overview_of_Periodic_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/20%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements/20.03%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Hydrogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/20%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements/20.05%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals_(Group_2)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Case_Studies%3A_Proteins/Permanent_Hair_Wave', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z004_Chemistry_of_Beryllium_(Z4)/Some_Atypical_Properties_of_Beryllium_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Anabolism/Pentose_Phosphate_Pathway', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Anabolism/Gluconeogenesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Catabolism/Biological_Oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Glycerides/Triglycerides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alcohols/Synthesis_of_Alcohols/Electrophilic_Hydration_to_Make_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Synthesis_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones#Oxidation_of_2o_alcohols_to_form_ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/05%3A_Population_Community_and_Ecosystem_Ecotoxicology/5.04%3A_Trait-based_approaches', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Anabolism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/ATP_ADP', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Psychoactive_Drugs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z004_Chemistry_of_Beryllium_(Z4)/Beryllium_Fluoride', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/The_Thermal_Stability_of_the_Nitrates_and_Carbonates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/Alkaline_Earth_(Group_II)_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/Group_2%3A_General_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/Reactions_of_Group_2_Elements_with_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/Reactions_of_Group_2_Elements_with_Oxygen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/Reactions_of_Group_2_Elements_with_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/The_Solubility_of_the_Hydroxides_Sulfates_and_Carbonates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z019_Chemistry_of_Potassium_(Z19)/Potassium_Carbonate_(Potash)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.07%3A_Alloys_and_Intermetallic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z001_Chemistry_of_Hydrogen_(Z1)/Hydrogen_Peroxide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/06._One_Dimensional_Harmonic_Oscillator/Kinetic_Isotope_Effects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/2Reactions_of_the_Group_1_Elements/Reactions_of_Group_I_Elements_with_Oxygen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z001_Chemistry_of_Hydrogen_(Z1)/Hydrogen_Chloride', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/1Group_1%3A_Physical_Properties_of_Alkali_Metals/Lithium_Group_(Group_IA)_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/2Reactions_of_the_Group_1_Elements/Flame_Tests', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/2Reactions_of_the_Group_1_Elements/Group_1_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/2Reactions_of_the_Group_1_Elements/Reactions_of_Group_1_Elements_with_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/2Reactions_of_the_Group_1_Elements/Reactions_of_Group_I_Elements_with_Chlorine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Thorium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/aLanthanides%3A_Properties_and_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/aLanthanides%3A_Properties_and_Reactions/Lanthanide_Contraction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Cerium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Dysprosium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Europium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Gadolinium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Gadolinium/Gadolinium(III)_Chloride', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Holmium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Lutetium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Neodymium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Praseodymium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Promethium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Samarium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Terbium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Thulium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Ytterbium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Yttrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/17%3A_Solubility_and_Complexation_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/17%3A_Solubility_and_Complexation_Equilibria/17.03%3A_Factors_That_Affect_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/17%3A_Solubility_and_Complexation_Equilibria/17.05%3A_Solubility_and_pH', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Case_Studies%3A_Proteins/Membrane_Transport', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/20%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/20%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements/20.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions/5.01%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions/5.02%3A_Enthalpy_and_Reactions', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions/5.03%3A_Hess's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions/5.04%3A__Heats_of_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions/5.05%3A_Enthalpies_of_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions/5.06%3A_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions/5.07%3A_Thermochemistry_and_Nutrition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions/5.08%3A_Energy_Sources_and_the_Environment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions/5.09%3A__Essential_Skills_4', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/04%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.11%3A_Essential_Skills_3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/20%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements/20.06%3A_The_s-Block_Elements_in_Biology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/01%3A_Essential_Ideas_of_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Ions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/03%3A_Composition_of_Substances_and_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/04%3A_Stoichiometry_of_Chemical_Reactions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/05.E%3A_Thermochemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/06%3A_Electronic_Structure_and_Periodic_Properties_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/07%3A_Chemical_Bonding_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/08%3A_Advanced_Theories_of_Covalent_Bonding_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/09.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/10.E%3A_Liquids_and_Solids_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/11.E%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/12%3A_Kinetics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/13.E%3A_Fundamental_Equilibrium_Concepts_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/14.E%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/15.E%3A_Equilibria_of_Other_Reaction_Classes_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/16.E%3A_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/17.E%3A_Electrochemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/18.E%3A_Representative_Metals_Metalloids_and_Nonmetals_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/19.E%3A_Transition_Metals_and_Coordination_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/20.E%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/21.E%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Countercurrent_Separations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.03%3A_Nuclear_Reactions#Table_20.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.04%3A_The_Interaction_of_Nuclear_Radiation_with_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.02%3A_The_Components_of_the_Nucleus', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/23%3A__Carbon%3A__Not_Just_Another_Element/23.1%3A__Why_Carbon%3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.07%3A_The_Origin_of_the_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Lasers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Catabolism/Pyruvate_Dehydrogenase_Complex', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.06%3A_Melting_Points_and_Standard_Enthalpies_of_Atomization_of_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.07%3A_Alloys_and_Intermetallic_Compounds/6.7A%3A_Substitutional_Alloys', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alcohols/Synthesis_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Synthesis_of_Alkenes/Alkenes_from_Dehydration_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alcohols/Synthesis_of_Alcohols/Alcohols_from_Hydroboration-Oxidation_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alcohols/Synthesis_of_Alcohols/The_Manufacture_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/GABA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/05%3A_Population_Community_and_Ecosystem_Ecotoxicology/5.03%3A_Wildlife_population_ecotoxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Protoactinium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/06._One_Dimensional_Harmonic_Oscillator', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/07._Angular_Momentum', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Glycerides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Fatty_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Glycerides/Phosphoglycerides_or_Phospholipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Non-glyceride_Lipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Fundamentals_of_Spectroscopy/The_Power_of_the_Fourier_Transform_for_Spectroscopists', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.07%3A_Alloys_and_Intermetallic_Compounds/6.7B%3A_Interstitial_Alloys', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Lasers/Gas_Lasers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Lasers/Laser_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Lasers/Overview_of_Lasers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Lasers/Semiconductor_and_Solid-state_lasers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.02%3A_Packing_of_Spheres', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.02%3A_Packing_of_Spheres/6.2A%3A_Cubic_and_Hexagonal_Closed_Packing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.02%3A_Packing_of_Spheres/6.2B%3A_The_Unit_Cell_of_HPC_and_CCP', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.02%3A_Packing_of_Spheres/6.2B%3A_The_Unit_Cell_of_HPC_and_CCP/1.01%3A_The_Unit_Cell', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.02%3A_Packing_of_Spheres/6.2C%3A_Interstitial_Holes_in_HCP_and_CCP', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.02%3A_Packing_of_Spheres/6.2D%3A_Non-closed_Packing-_Simple_Cubic_and_Body_Centered_Cubic', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.03%3A_The_Packing_of_Spheres_Model_Applied_to_the_Structures_of_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.03%3A_The_Packing_of_Spheres_Model_Applied_to_the_Structures_of_Elements/6.3A%3A_Group_18_Elements_in_the_Solid_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.03%3A_The_Packing_of_Spheres_Model_Applied_to_the_Structures_of_Elements/6.3B%3A_H_and_F_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.03%3A_The_Packing_of_Spheres_Model_Applied_to_the_Structures_of_Elements/6.3C%3A_Solid_Metallic_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.04%3A_Polymorphism_in_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.04%3A_Polymorphism_in_Metals/6.4A%3A_Polymorphism_-_Phase_Changes_in_the_Solid_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.04%3A_Polymorphism_in_Metals/6.4B%3A_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.05%3A_Metallic_Radii', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.07%3A_Alloys_and_Intermetallic_Compounds/6.7C%3A_Intermetallic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.08%3A_Bonding_in_Metals_and_Semicondoctors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.08%3A_Bonding_in_Metals_and_Semicondoctors/6.8A%3A_Electrical_Conductivity_and_Resistivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.08%3A_Bonding_in_Metals_and_Semicondoctors/6.8B%3A_Band_Theory_of_Metals_and_Insulators', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.08%3A_Bonding_in_Metals_and_Semicondoctors/6.8C%3A_The_Fermi_Level', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.08%3A_Bonding_in_Metals_and_Semicondoctors/6.8D%3A_Band_Theory_of_Semiconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.09%3A_Semiconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.09%3A_Semiconductors/6.9A%3A_Intrinsic_Semiconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.09%3A_Semiconductors/6.9B%3A_Extrinsic_(n-type_and_p-type)_Semiconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.10%3A_Size_of_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.10%3A_Size_of_Ions/6.10A%3A_Ionic_Radii', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.10%3A_Size_of_Ions/6.10B%3A_Periodic_Trends_in_Ionic_Radii', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices/6.11A%3A_Structure_-_Rock_Salt_(NaCl)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices/6.11B%3A_Structure_-_Caesium_Chloride_(CsCl)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices/6.11C%3A_Structure_-_Fluorite_(CaF)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices/6.11D%3A_Structure_-_Antifluorite', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices/6.11E%3A_Structure_-_Zinc_Blende_(ZnS)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices/6.11F%3A_Structure_-_-Cristobalite_(SiO)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices/6.11H%3A_Structure_-_Rutile_(TiO)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices/6.11I%3A_Structure_-_Layers_((CdI_2)_and_(CdCl_2))', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices/6.11J%3A_Structure_-_Perovskite_((CaTiO_3))', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.12%3A_Crystal_Structure_of_Semiconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.13%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_Estimates_from_an_Electrostatic_Model', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.13%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_Estimates_from_an_Electrostatic_Model/6.13A%3A_Coulombic_Attraction_Within_an_Isolated_Ion-Pair', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.13%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_Estimates_from_an_Electrostatic_Model/6.13B%3A_Coulombic_Interactions_in_an_Ionic_Lattice', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.13%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_Estimates_from_an_Electrostatic_Model/6.13C%3A_Born_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.13%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_Estimates_from_an_Electrostatic_Model/6.13D%3A_The_Born-Lande_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.13%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_Estimates_from_an_Electrostatic_Model/6.13F%3A_Refinements_to_the_Born-Lande_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.13%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_Estimates_from_an_Electrostatic_Model/6.13G%3A_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.14%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_The_Born-Haber_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.15%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_Calculated_vs._Experimental_Values', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.16%3A_Application_of_Lattice_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.16%3A_Application_of_Lattice_Energies/6.16A%3A_Estimation_of_Electron_Affinities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.16%3A_Application_of_Lattice_Energies/6.16B%3A_Fluoride_Affinities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.16%3A_Application_of_Lattice_Energies/6.16C%3A_Estimation_of_Standard_Enthalpies_of_Formation_and_Disproportionation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.16%3A_Application_of_Lattice_Energies/6.16D%3A_The_Kapustinskii_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.17%3A_Defects_in_Solid_State_Lattices', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.17%3A_Defects_in_Solid_State_Lattices/6.17.E%3A_Defects_in_Solid_State_Lattices_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.17%3A_Defects_in_Solid_State_Lattices/6.17A%3A_Schottky_Defect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.17%3A_Defects_in_Solid_State_Lattices/6.17B%3A_Frenkel_Defect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.17%3A_Defects_in_Solid_State_Lattices/6.17C%3A_Experimental_Observations_of_Schottky_and_Frenkel_Defects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.17%3A_Defects_in_Solid_State_Lattices/6.17D%3A_Non-Stoichiometric_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.17%3A_Defects_in_Solid_State_Lattices/6.17E%3A_Color_Centers_(F-Centers)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/05%3A_Bonding_in_Polyatomic_Molecules/5.07%3A_MO_Theory_-_Learning_to_Use_the_Theory_Objectively/5.7E%3A_A_More_Advanced_Problem_-_(B_2_H_6)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Oxtoby_et_al.', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/23%3A_Organic_Compounds/23.07%3A_The_Molecules_of_Life', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/07._Angular_Momentum/6%3A_Angular_Momentum', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/07._Angular_Momentum/Spherical_Harmonics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/06._One_Dimensional_Harmonic_Oscillator/Anharmonic_Oscillator', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/05.5%3A_Particle_in_Boxes/Particle_on_a_Ring', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Plutonium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/05%3A_Population_Community_and_Ecosystem_Ecotoxicology/5.02%3A_Population_ecotoxicology_in_laboratory_settings', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Colinergic_Drugs_II_-_Anticholinesterase_Agents_and_Acetylcholine_Antagonists', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Adrenergic_Drugs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Analgesics_and_Anti-Inflammatory_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Anticancer_Drugs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Antihistamines_and_Local_Anesthetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Antimicrobial_Drugs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Basic_Aspects_of_Drug_Activity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Cardiovascular_Drugs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Cholinergic_Drugs_I_-_Nicotinic_and_Muscarinic_Receptors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Applications_of_Lipids/Lipid_Bilayer_Membranes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alcohols/Reactivity_of_Alcohols/Thionyl_Chloride', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/E2_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Ethers/Synthesis_of_Ethers/Williamson_Ether_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Synthesis_of_Alkenes/Alkenes_from_Aldehydes_and_Ketones_-_Wittig_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Synthesis_of_Alkenes/Alkenes_from_Dehydrohalogenation_of_Haloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Non-glyceride_Lipids/Sphingolipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Non-glyceride_Lipids/Wax', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Fatty_Acids/Prostaglandins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/04%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/04%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.10%3A__Oxidation-Reduction_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/20%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements/20.E%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Steroids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Applications_of_Lipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzyme_Inhibitors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/06%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Fatty_Acids/Hydrogenation_of_Unsaturated_Fats_and_Trans_Fat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Fatty_Acids/Introduction_to_Fatty_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Lipids/Properties_and_Classification_of_Lipids/Phospholipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Case_Studies%3A_Proteins/Enkephalines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/19%3A_Electrochemistry/19.08%3A_Electrolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/03%3A_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/17%3A_Solubility_and_Complexation_Equilibria/17.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/17%3A_Solubility_and_Complexation_Equilibria/17.02%3A_Determining_the_Solubility_of_Ionic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/17%3A_Solubility_and_Complexation_Equilibria/17.06%3A_Qualitative_Analysis_Using_Selective_Precipitation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/16%3A_Aqueous_AcidBase_Equilibriums/16.06%3A_Buffers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Chromatography/V._Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Affinity_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Affinity_Chromatography/02_Theory/03_Reading', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions_of_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.01%3A_Arrhenius_Equation#Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria/Ion_Separation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/10%3A_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/Number_of_Vibrational_Modes_in_a_Molecule#Calculate_Number_of_Vibrational_Modes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/08%3A_Acids_and_Bases/8.08%3A_Maintaining_the_pH_of_Blood', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.01%3A_The_Wave_Theory_of_Light', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.02%3A_Planck's_Quantum_Theory\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.03%3A_The_Photoelectric_Effect', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.04%3A_Bohr's_Theory_of_the_Hydrogen_Emission_Spectrum\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.05%3A_de_Broglie's_Postulate\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.06%3A_The_Heisenberg_Uncertainty_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.07%3A_The_Schrodinger_Wave_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.08%3A_Particle_in_a_One-Dimensional_Box', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.09%3A_Quantum-Mechanical_Tunneling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.10%3A_The_Schrodinger_Wave_Equation_for_the_Hydrogen_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.11%3A_Many-Electron_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.E%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Nomenclature/An_Overview_of_Naming_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.05%3A_Steam_Distillation/5.5A%3A_Overview_of_Steam_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.05%3A_Steam_Distillation/5.5B%3A_Uses_of_Steam_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.05%3A_Steam_Distillation/5.5C%3A_Separation_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.05%3A_Steam_Distillation/5.5D%3A_Step-by-Step_Procedures_for_Steam_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.05%3A_Filtering_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.05%3A_Filtering_Methods/1.5D%3A_Suction_Filtration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.05%3A_Filtering_Methods/1.5C%3A_Gravity_Filtration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.05%3A_Filtering_Methods/1.5E%3A_Hot_Filtration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Case_Study%3A_Fuel_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Case_Study%3A_Battery_Types', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photoreceptors/Chemistry_of_Vision', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photoreceptors/Chemistry_of_Vision/Photochemical_Changes_in_Opsin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Ionic_and_Covalent_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Isomerism_in_Organic_Compounds/Diastereomers_and_Optical_Resolution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Homolytic_C-H_Bond_Dissociation_Energies_of_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_03/Chemistry_of_Scandium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_05%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Vanadium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_06%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Chromium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid_Base_Reactions/Predicting_the_Direction_of_Acid_Base_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Field_Theory/Crystal_Field_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Infrared_spectroscopy_2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Overview_of__molecular_spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Thermodynamics_of_Lattices/zz%3A_Back_Matter', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/25%3A_Solutions_II_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes/25.01%3A_Raoult's_and_Henry's_Laws_Define_Standard_States\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/25%3A_Solutions_II_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes/25.02%3A_The_Activities_of_Nonvolatile_Solutes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/25%3A_Solutions_II_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes/25.03%3A_Colligative_Properties_Depend_only_on_Number_Density', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/25%3A_Solutions_II_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes/25.04%3A_Osmotic_Pressure_can_Determine_Molecular_Masses', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/25%3A_Solutions_II_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes/25.08%3A_Homework_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.E%3A_Solutions_I-_Liquid-Liquid_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Basics_of_Electrochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Basics_of_Electrochemistry/Electrochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Basics_of_Electrochemistry/Electrochemistry/Half-Cell_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Corrosion/Galvanization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Intermolecular_Forces/Boiling_Points', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Diffraction_Scattering_Techniques/X-ray_Diffraction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/13%3A_Intermolecular_Forces/13.04%3A_Hydrogen_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/03%3A_Diffusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/03%3A_Diffusion/13%3A_Friction_and_the_Langevin_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/03%3A_Diffusion/13%3A_Friction_and_the_Langevin_Equation/13.01%3A_Langevin_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/16%3A_Targeted_Diffusion/16.02%3A_Diffusion_to_Capture_with_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/13%3A_Intermolecular_Forces/13.01%3A_Intermolecular_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/13%3A_Intermolecular_Forces/13.02%3A_The_Ionic_Bond', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/13%3A_Intermolecular_Forces/13.03%3A_Types_of_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/14%3A_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/12%3A_The_Chemical_Bond/12.E%3A_The_Chemical_Bond_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/16%3A_Targeted_Diffusion/16.01%3A_Diffusion_to_Capture', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/15%3A_Passive_Transport/15.03%3A_Search_Times_in_Facilitated_Diffusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/E1_Reactions/Electrophilic_Alkene_Addition_Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Halogenation_of_Benzene_and_Methylbenzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/14%3A_Hydrodynamics/14.01%3A_Newtonian_Fluids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/14%3A_Hydrodynamics/14.02%3A_Stokes_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/14%3A_Hydrodynamics/14.03%3A_Laminar_and_Turbulent_Flow', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/The_Phenyl_Group', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Benzene/Substitution_Reactions_of_Benzene_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/15%3A_Passive_Transport/15.01%3A_Dimensionality_Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/15%3A_Passive_Transport/15.02%3A_Facilitated_Diffusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Nomenclature/Omitting_numbers_in_Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/02%3A_Adsorption_of_Molecules_on_Surfaces/2.01%3A_Introduction_to_Molecular_Adsorption', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/02%3A_Adsorption_of_Molecules_on_Surfaces/2.02%3A_How_do_Molecules_Bond_to_Surfaces%3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/02%3A_Adsorption_of_Molecules_on_Surfaces/2.03%3A_Kinetics_of_Adsorption', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/01%3A_Structure_of_Solid_Surfaces/1.09%3A_Other_Single_Crystal_Surfaces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/06%3A_Overlayer_Structures_and_Surface_Diffraction/6.01%3A_Classification_of_Overlayer_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/01%3A_Structure_of_Solid_Surfaces/1.07%3A_Relaxation_and_Reconstruction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/05%3A_Surface_Analytical_Techniques/5.04%3A_Vibrational_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/04%3A_UHV_and_Effects_of_Gas_Pressure/4.01%3A_What_is_UltraHigh_Vacuum%3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/04%3A_UHV_and_Effects_of_Gas_Pressure/4.02%3A_Why_is_UHV_required_for_surface_studies_%3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/04%3A_UHV_and_Effects_of_Gas_Pressure/4.E%3A_UHV_and_Effects_of_Gas_Pressure_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO7._What_is_a_Good_Nucleophile%3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Polymer_Fundamentals', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Periodic_Trends/Slater's_Rules_for_Effective_Nuclear_Charge\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Properties_of_Alkenes/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_(NMR)_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO11._Addition_of_Neutral%2C_Protic_Nucleophiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Chirality_and_Symmetry/Enantiomorphism/Resolution_of_Racemates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Properties_of_Alkenes/Dienes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Addition_Reactions_of_Alkenes/Addition_of_Lewis_Acids_(Electrophilic_Reagents)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Addition_Reactions_of_Alkenes/Addition_of_Strong_Br%C3%B8nsted_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Isomerism_in_Organic_Compounds/Optical_Isomerism_in_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Absolute_Configuration_R-S_Sequence_Rules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Optical_Activity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Diastereomers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Fundamentals_of_Chirality', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Mixtures_of_Stereoisomers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Synthesis_of_Alkenes/Alkenes_from_Hydrogenation_of_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Ethers/Reactivity_of_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Ethers/Reactivity_of_Ethers/Cleaving_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Ethers/Synthesis_of_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/Alkane_Heats_of_Combustion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/09%3A_The_Electronic_States_of_the_Multielectron_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/08%3A_Multielectron_Atoms/8.06%3A_Antisymmetric_Wavefunctions_can_be_Represented_by_Slater_Determinants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/09%3A_The_Electronic_States_of_the_Multielectron_Atoms/9.09%3A_Chemical_Applications_of_Atomic_Structure_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/07%3A_Acids_bases_and_ions_in_aqueous_solution/7.01%3A_Introduction/7.1A%3A_Acid-Base_Theories_and_Concepts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Nomenclature_of_Alkanes/Nomenclature_of_Alkanes_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/Straight-Chain_and_Branched_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Synthesis_of_Alkanes/Wurtz_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/23%3A_Organonitrogen_Compounds_I_-_Amines/23.02%3A_Naturally_Occurring_Amines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.05%3A_Reactions_of_Amino_Acids#25-5C_Amino_Acids_with_Aldehydes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/30%3A_Natural_Products_and_Biosynthesis/30.05%3A_Biosynthesis#30-5A_Fatty_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.05%3A_Typical_Carbonyl-Addition_Reactions#16-4A_Addition_of_Carbon_Nucleophiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.11%3A_The_Generation_of_Energy_from_Carbohydrate_Metabolism#20-10C_Alternative_Routes_in_Carbohydrate_Metabolism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.09%3A_Enzymes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.11%3A_Enzyme_Regulation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.08%3A_Polysaccharides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/19%3A_More_on_Stereochemistry/19.05%3A_Absolute_And_Relative_Configuration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/12%3A_Cycloalkanes_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkynes/12.03%3A_Conformations_of_Cycloalkanes#12-3D_Cis-Trans_Isomerism_and_Conformational_Equilibria_for_Cyclohexane_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.05%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alcohols._Reactions_Involving_the_O-H_Bond#15-4E_Nucleophilic_Properties_-_Hemiacetal.2C_Hemiketal.2C_and_Acetal_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.11%3A_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy#9-10L_Carbon-13_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.03%3A_The_Structure_and_Properties_of_D-Glucose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.02%3A_Classification_and_Occurrence_of_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.04%3A_Conventions_for_Indicating_Ring_Size_and_Anomer_Configurations_of_Monosaccharides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/17%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_II-_Enols_and_Enolate_Anions._Unsaturated_and_Polycarbonyl_Compounds/17.06%3A_-Unsaturated_Aldehydes_and_Ketones#17-5B_Addition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/18%3A_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Their_Derivatives/18.10%3A_Reactions_of_Unsaturated_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Their_Derivatives#18-9D_More_on_the_Michael_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/17%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_II-_Enols_and_Enolate_Anions._Unsaturated_and_Polycarbonyl_Compounds/17.05%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_with_Enolate_Anions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.10%3A_Preparative_Methods_for_Aldehydes_and_Ketones#16-9F_Aldehydes_by_Hydroformylation_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.05%3A_Typical_Carbonyl-Addition_Reactions#16-4C_Nitrogen_Nucleophiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/17%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_II-_Enols_and_Enolate_Anions._Unsaturated_and_Polycarbonyl_Compounds/17.05%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_with_Enolate_Anions#17-4B_Alkylation_of_Enamines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/17%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_II-_Enols_and_Enolate_Anions._Unsaturated_and_Polycarbonyl_Compounds/17.04%3A_Nucleophilic_Addition_Reactions_of_Enolate_Anions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/17%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_II-_Enols_and_Enolate_Anions._Unsaturated_and_Polycarbonyl_Compounds/17.03%3A_Halogenation_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.07%3A_Microwave_(Rotational)_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.08%3A_Oxidation_of_Carbonyl_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.08%3A_Polysaccharides#20-7A_Cellulose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.07%3A_Peptides_and_Proteins#25-7D_Solid-Phase_Peptide_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.E%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.05%3A_Derivatives_of_Glucose#20-4A_Determination_of_the_Oxide_Ring_Size', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.05%3A_Derivatives_of_Glucose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.07%3A_Disaccharides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/26%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Metabolic_Pathways/26.11%3A_Oxidative_Phosphorylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/18%3A_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Their_Derivatives/18.05%3A_Decarboxylation_of_Carboxylic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.04%3A_Electrophilic_Additions_to_Alkenes#10-3G_A_Biological_Hydration_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.E%3A_Carbohydrates_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/17%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_II-_Enols_and_Enolate_Anions._Unsaturated_and_Polycarbonyl_Compounds/17.02%3A_Enolization_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones#17-1D_Stabilities_of_Enols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/22%3A_Arenes_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/22.03%3A_Spectral_Properties_of_Arenes#22-3B_Electronic_Absorption_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/22%3A_Arenes_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/22.11%3A_Sources_and_Uses_of_Aromatic_Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/23%3A_Organonitrogen_Compounds_I_-_Amines/23.10%3A_Amines_with_Nitrous_Acid#23-10B_Arenamines_with_Nitrous_Acid._Arenediazonium_Salts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.09%3A_Unsaturated_Alcohols_-_Alkenols#15-8A_Acidity_of_Enols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/24%3A_Organonitrogen_Compounds_II_-_Amides_Nitriles_and_Nitro_Compounds/24.07%3A_Some_Compounds_with_N-N_Bonds#24-7C_Diazo_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/22%3A_Arenes_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/22.04%3A_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution#22-4E_Alkylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/22%3A_Arenes_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/22.04%3A_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution#22-4F_Acylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.08%3A_Polyhalogenated_Alkanes_and_Alkenes#14-7B_.5C(.5Calpha.5C)_Elimination._Carbenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.07%3A_Oxidation_of_Alcohols#15-6B_Oxidation_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/26%3A_More_on_Aromatic_Compounds/26.02%3A_Quinones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.06%3A_Synthesis_of_-Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.E%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/05%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/5.10%3A_Heisenberg_Uncertainty_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.11%3A_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy#9-10A_The_Relation_of_NMR_to_Other_Kinds_of_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/27%3A_More_about_Spectroscopy/27.01%3A_Prelude_to_More_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/27%3A_More_about_Spectroscopy/27.03%3A_Use_of_the_Uncertainty_Principle_to_Measure_the_Rates_of_Chemical_Transformations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.06%3A_Application_of_MO_Theory_to_Other_Systems#21-5C_Electronic_Spectra_by_the_MO_Method', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/23%3A_Organonitrogen_Compounds_I_-_Amines/23.11%3A_Oxidation_of_Amines#23-11D_Oxidation_of_Aromatic_Amines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.08%3A_Structure_and_Function_of_Proteins#25-8B_Myoglobin_and_Hemoglobin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/28%3A_Photochemistry/28.06%3A_The_Sensation_of_Color', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.04%3A_General_Considerations_of_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.06%3A_Stereochemistry_of_(S_N2)_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Selection_Rules_for_Electronic_Spectra_of_Transition_Metal_Complexes/Derivation_of_Laporte_Rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Spin-orbit_Coupling/Atomic_Term_Symbols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.01%3A_Prelude_to_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.03%3A_Chromatographic_Separation_Procedures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.02%3A_The_Carbonyl_Bond', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.01%3A_Prelude_to_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.03%3A_Physical_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.02%3A_Physical_and_Spectroscopic_Properties_of_Alkenes_and_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Basics_of_Catalysts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/03%3A_Organic_Nomenclature/3.05%3A_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.04%3A_Electron_Repulsion_and_Bond_Angles._Orbital_Hybridization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.01%3A_Prelude_to_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.03%3A_Thermochemistry_of_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.06%3A_Molecules_with_More_Than_One_Chiral_Center._Diastereomers#5-5A_Meso_Compounds_(Achiral_Diastereomers)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.05%3A_Orientation_in_Addition_to_Alkenes#10-4B_Addition_of_Other_Reagents_to_Unsymmetrical_Alkenes._The_Electronegativity_Chart', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/27%3A_More_about_Spectroscopy/27.04%3A_Why_Spin-Spin_Splitting', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.12%3A_Mass_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Heck_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Compounds/Formulas_of_Inorganic_and_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/Alkanes_Background', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Nomenclature_of_Alkanes/Nomenclature_of_Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Synthesis_of_Alkanes/Corey-House_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy_Basics/What_Causes_Molecules_to_Absorb_UV_and_Visible_Light', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy_-_Interpretation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy_Basics/A_Double_Beam_Absorption_Spectrometer', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Compounds/Case_Study%3A_Non-Stoichometric_Bonding_in_Materials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Compounds/Coordinative_Unsaturation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy_Basics/Bonding_Theory_for_UV-visible_Absorption_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Circular_Dichroism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy%3A_Application', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Fluorescence_and_Phosphorescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Jablonski_diagram', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Metal_to_Ligand_and_Ligand_to_Metal_Charge_Transfer_Bands', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Radiative_Decay', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Radiative_Decay/Chemiluminescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Radiative_Decay/Fluorescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Radiative_Decay/Phosphorescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Selection_Rules_for_Electronic_Spectra_of_Transition_Metal_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Spin-orbit_Coupling/Molecular_Term_Symbols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Spin-orbit_Coupling/The_Russell_Saunders_Coupling_Scheme', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Two-photon_absorption', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Raman_Spectroscopy/Resonant_vs._Nonresonant_Raman_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Fundamentals_of_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Rotational_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Photoelectron_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/X-ray_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Photoacoustic_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Field_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Field_Theory/Tetrahedral_vs._Square_Planar_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Field_Theory/Crystal_Field_Stabilization_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Ligands/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Gases/Gas_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Introduction_and_History_of_Coordination_Compounds/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Introduction_and_History_of_Coordination_Compounds/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Structural_Isomers%3A_Linkage_Isomerism_in_Transition_Metal_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Ligands/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Introduction_and_History_of_Coordination_Compounds/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Coordination_Numbers_and_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Atomic_Theory/Electrons_in_Atoms/Connecting_Electronic_Configurations_to_the_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Atomic_Theory/Electrons_in_Atoms/Multi-electron_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/09%3A_The_Electronic_States_of_the_Multielectron_Atoms/9.06%3A_Electron_Configurations%2C_The_Pauli_Exclusion_Principle%2C_The_Aufbau_Principle%2C_and_Slater_Determinants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Voltaic_Cells/Discharging_Batteries', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/02._Fundamental_Concepts_of_Quantum_Mechanics/Heisenberg's_Uncertainty_Principle/Commuting_Operators\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Potentials/Using_Redox_Potentials_to_Predict_the_Feasibility_of_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Rotational_Spectroscopy/Microwave_Rotational_Spectroscopy#_ENREF_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Rotational_Spectroscopy/Microwave_Rotational_Spectroscopy#_ENREF_3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Rotational_Spectroscopy/Microwave_Rotational_Spectroscopy#_ENREF_4', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Rotational_Spectroscopy/Microwave_Rotational_Spectroscopy#_ENREF_2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Voltaic_Cells/Electrochemical_Cells_under_Nonstandard_Conditions/Concentration_Cell', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Chapter_7.__Hydrogen_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/12%3A_The_Chemical_Bond/12.07%3A_Resonance_and_Electron_Delocalization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Valence_Bond_Theory/Hybrid_Orbitals_in_Carbon_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/11%3A_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/Multi-Electron_Atoms/Penetration_and_Shielding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gases_(Waterloo)/Gases_-_A_Review', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Units_of_Measure/Metric%2F%2FImperial_Conversion_Errors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/The_Scientific_Method', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Volumetric_Chemical_Analysis_(Shiundu)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Units_of_Measure/Non-SI_Units', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/Gen_Chem_Quantum_Theory/Electromagnetic_Waves', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/Zeeman_Effect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/Zeeman_Effect/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Quantum_Tunneling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Discovery_of_Radioactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Purifying_Radioactive_Materials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/03%3A_Table_of_Contents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Chemical_Change_vs._Physical_Change', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Dexter_Energy_Transfer', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/De_Broglie_thermal_wavelength', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Fluorescence_Resonance_Energy_Transfer', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Ladder_Operators_(Creation_Annihilation_Operators)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/01%3A_The_Dawn_of_the_Quantum_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/01%3A_The_Dawn_of_the_Quantum_Theory/1.07%3A_de_Broglie_Waves_can_be_Experimentally_Observed', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/01%3A_The_Dawn_of_the_Quantum_Theory/1.09%3A_The_Heisenberg_Uncertainty_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/Gen_Chem_Quantum_Theory/Light_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/05%3A_Translational_States', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes/4.03%3A_The_Particle-in-a-Box_Model', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/32%3A_Math_Chapters/32.01%3A_Complex_Numbers#Euler%25252525252BFormula', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/05%3A_Translational_States/5.02%3A_The_Uncertainty_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Temperature_Basics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Molecular_and_Atomic_Spectroscopy_(Wenzel)/1%3A_General_Background_on_Molecular_Spectroscopy/1.2%3A_Beers_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Dynamic_Light_Scattering', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Data_Analysis/Dimensional_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reaction_Fundamentals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/06%3A_Vibrational_States/6.01%3A_Spatial_Degrees_of_Freedom%2C_Normal_Coordinates_and_Normal_Modes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Ethane_Conformers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Butane_Conformers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/10%3A_Electrochemistry/10.E%3A_Electrochemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Spectrometer/How_an_FTIR_instrument_works/FTIR%3A_Hardware', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.01%3A_Prelude_to_Phase_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.02%3A_Single_Component_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.03%3A_Criterion_for_Phase_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.04%3A_The_Clapeyron_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.05%3A_The_Clausius-Clapeyron_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.06%3A_Phase_Diagrams_for_Binary_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.07%3A_Liquid-Vapor_Systems_-_Raoults_Law', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.08%3A_Non-ideality_-_Henry's_Law_and_Azeotropes\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.09%3A_Solid-Liquid_Systems_-_Eutectic_Points', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.10%3A_Cooling_Curves', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.E%3A_Phase_Equilibrium_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.S%3A_Phase_Equilibrium_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.S%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.01%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Mixing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.02%3A_Partial_Molar_Volume', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.03%3A_Chemical_Potential', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.04%3A_The_Gibbs-Duhem_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.05%3A_Non-ideality_in_Gases_-_Fugacity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.06%3A_Colligative_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.07%3A_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.08%3A_Non-ideality_in_Solutions_-_Activity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.E%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.S%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.01%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.02%3A_Concentration_Profiles_for_Some_Simple_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.03%3A_The_Connection_between_Reaction_Mechanisms_and_Reaction_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.04%3A_The_Rate_Determining_Step_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.05%3A_The_Steady-State_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.06%3A_The_Equilibrium_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.07%3A_The_Lindemann_Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.08%3A_The_Michaelis-Menten_Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.09%3A_Chain_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.10%3A_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.11%3A_Oscillating_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.E%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.S%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.01%3A_Free_Energy_Functions', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.02%3A_Combining_the_First_and_Second_Laws_-_Maxwell's_Relations\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.03%3A_A_G_and_Maximum_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.04%3A_Volume_Dependence_of_Helmholtz_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.05%3A_Pressure_Dependence_of_Gibbs_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.06%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_A_and_G', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.07%3A_When_Two_Variables_Change_at_Once', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.08%3A_The_Difference_between_Cp_and_Cv', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.E%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.S%3A_The_Second_Law_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Simons_and_Nichols/Extra_Credit_0', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Fleming/1.E%3A_The_Basics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/10%3A_Electrochemistry/10.01%3A_Electricity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/10%3A_Electrochemistry/10.02%3A_The_connection_to_G', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/10%3A_Electrochemistry/10.03%3A_Half_Cells_and_Standard_Reduction_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/10%3A_Electrochemistry/10.04%3A_Entropy_of_Electrochemical_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/10%3A_Electrochemistry/10.05%3A_Concentration_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.S%3A_Chemical_Equilibria_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.01%3A_Introduction_to_the_Second_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.02%3A_Heat_Engines_and_the_Carnot_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.03%3A_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.04%3A_Calculating_Entropy_Changes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.05%3A_Comparing_the_System_and_the_Surroundings', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.06%3A_Entropy_and_Disorder', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.07%3A_The_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.08%3A_Adiabatic_Compressibility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.E%3A_The_Second_Law_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.S%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.01%3A_Prelude_to_Chemical_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.02%3A_Chemical_Potential', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.03%3A_Activities_and_Fugacities', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.04%3A_Pressure_Dependence_of_Kp_-_Le_Chatelier's_Principle\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.05%3A_Degree_of_Dissociation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.06%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Equilibrium_Constants_-_the_van_t_Hoff_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.07%3A_The_Dumas_Bulb_Method_for_Measuring_Decomposition_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.08%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.09%3A_Buffers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.10%3A_Solubility_of_Ionic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.E%3A_Chemical_Equilibria_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/05%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_the_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Bader)/03%3A_The_Hydrogen_Atom/3.03%3A_The_Probability_Distribution_of_the_Hydrogen_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/05%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/5.07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Case_Studies/Horseradish_Peroxidase', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/01%3A_The_Basics/1.01%3A_The_System_and_the_Surroundings', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/01%3A_The_Basics/1.02%3A_Pressure_and_Molar_Volume', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/01%3A_The_Basics/1.03%3A_Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/01%3A_The_Basics/1.04%3A_The_Zeroth_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/01%3A_The_Basics/1.05%3A_Work_and_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/01%3A_The_Basics/1.E%3A_The_Basics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/01%3A_The_Basics/1.S%3A_The_Basics_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/00%3A_Front_Matter/04%3A_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.07%3A_Some_Reaction_Mechanisms_Involve_Chain_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.09%3A_The_Michaelis-Menten_Mechanism_for_Enzyme_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.01%3A_Prelude_to_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.02%3A_Total_and_Exact_Differentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.03%3A_Compressibility_and_Expansivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.04%3A_The_Joule_Experiment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.05%3A_The_Joule-Thomson_Effect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.06%3A_Useful_Definitions_and_Relationships', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.E%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.S%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.01%3A_Prelude_to_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.02%3A_Work_and_Heat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.03%3A_Reversible_and_Irreversible_Pathways', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.04%3A_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.05%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Enthalpy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.06%3A_Reaction_Enthalpies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.07%3A_Lattice_Energy_and_the_Born-Haber_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.E%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.S%3A_Gases_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.01%3A_The_Empirical_Gas_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.02%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.03%3A_The_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.04%3A_Kinetic_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.05%3A_Grahams_Law_of_Effusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.06%3A_Collisions_with_Other_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.07%3A_Real_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.E%3A_Gases_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.06%3A_Deriving_the_Ideal_Gas_Law_from_Boyle's_and_Charles'_Laws\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.08%3A_Real_Gases_Versus_Ideal_Gases', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.03%3A_Avogadro's_Hypothesis\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.14%3A_Gas_Mixtures_-_Dalton's_Law_of_Partial_Pressures\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.16%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Psychoactive_Drugs#Serotonin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Cross-Dehydrogenative_Coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Metabolic_Pathways/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Metabolic_Pathways/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Metabolic_Pathways/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.02%3A_Heat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.06%3A_Enthalpy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_II%3A_Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates/Appendix_I%3A_Hydrogen-Atom_Donors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_II%3A_Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates/Appendix_I%3A_Hydrogen-Atom_Donors/II._Organotin_Hydrides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_II%3A_Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates/Appendix_I%3A_Hydrogen-Atom_Donors/IV._Compounds_with_Phosphorous%E2%80%93Hydrogen_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.01%3A_Chemical_Potential_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.07%3A_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.08%3A_Thermochemical_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.09%3A_Stoichiometric_Calculations_and_Enthalpy_Changes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.10%3A_Heats_of_Fusion_and_Solidification', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.11%3A_Heats_of_Vaporization_and_Condensation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.12%3A_Multi-Step_Problems_with_Changes_of_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.13%3A_Heat_of_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.14%3A_Heat_of_Combustion', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.15%3A_Hess's_Law_of_Heat_Summation\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.16%3A_Standard_Heat_of_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.17%3A_Calculating_Heat_of_Reaction_from_Heat_of_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/16%3A_Solutions/16.19%3A_Predicting_Precipitates_Using_Solubility_Rules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/Enthalpy_Changes_in_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Colligative_Properties/Vapor_Pressure_Lowering', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/09%3A_Gases/9.E%3A_Gases_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/09%3A_Gases/9.3%3A_Stoichiometry_of_Gaseous_Substances_Mixtures_and_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.10%3A_Enthalpy_of_Fusion_and_Enthalpy_of_Vaporization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.11%3A_Vapor-Liquid_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.14%3A_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.08%3A_Amorphous_Materials-_Glasses', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/09%3A_Gases/9.1%3A_Gas_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/09%3A_Gases/9.2%3A_Relating_Pressure_Volume_Amount_and_Temperature%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/08%3A_Advanced_Theories_of_Covalent_Bonding/8.E%3A_Advanced_Theories_of_Covalent_Bonding_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Phases_and_Their_Transitions/Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.13%3A_The_Covalent_Bond', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.09%3A_Standard_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.02%3A_Ionic_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.08%3A_Sigma_and_Pi_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.09%3A_Polarizability/7.9.01%3A_Biology-_Polarizability_of_Biologically_Significant_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.10%3A_Polar_Covalent_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.09%3A_Binary_Ionic_Compounds_and_Their_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.10%3A_Polar_Covalent_Bonds/7.10.02%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.12%3A_Polarity_in_Polyatomic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/10.3%3A_Phase_Transitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.05%3A_Organic_Compounds-_Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.07%3A_Measuring_the_Enthalpy_Change', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.13%3A_Photosynthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.06%3A_Thermochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.07%3A_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.13%3A_The_Solubilities_of_Salts_of_Weak_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.01%3A_Prelude_to_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/10.4%3A_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/10.5%3A_The_Solid_State_of_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/10.6%3A_Lattice_Structures_in_Crystalline_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/10.E%3A_Liquids_and_Solids_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Calorimetry/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Calorimetry/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Calorimetry/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.09%3A_Molar_Heat_Capacities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Ideal_Systems/Ideal_Gas_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermochemistry/Chemical_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid_Base_Reactions/Neutralization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermochemistry/Hess's_Law%3A_The_Principle_of_Conservation_of_Energy\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Introduction_to_Transition_Metals_I', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/09_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Energy_Levels', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Structure_of_Organic_Molecules/The_E-Z_system_for_naming_alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Ligand_Field_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/Symmetry_Adapted_Linear_Combinations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/13%3A_Phase_Equilibrium_and_Intermolecular_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.04%3A_The_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.08%3A_Dependence_of_Gibbs_Energy_on_Temperature_and_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Solution_Basics/Electrolyte_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.07%3A_Electrolyte_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.09%3A_Colligative_Properties_of_Electrolyte_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.01%3A_Spontaneous_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.02%3A_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.03%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.09%3A_Phase_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.10%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Rubber_Elasticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Ligands/The_Irving-Williams_Series', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Colligative_Properties/Anomalous_Colligative_Properties_(Real_Solutions)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Colligative_Properties/Boiling_Point_Elevation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Colligative_Properties/Freezing_Point_Depression', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Colligative_Properties/Osmotic_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Solution_Basics/Enthalpy_of_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Solution_Basics/Formation_of_Ionic_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Solution_Basics/Interionic_Attractions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/18%3A_The_Group_18_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/18%3A_The_Group_18_Elements/18.05%3A_Compounds_of_Argon_Krypton_and_Radon', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.16%3A_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases_-_Graham's_Law_of_Diffusion\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/Saponification', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Synthesis_of_Esters/Preparation_of_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Phases_and_Their_Transitions/Liquid_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Acids_and_Bases_-_Conjugate_Pairs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Electrolytes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Features_of_Chemical_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Half_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Metathesis_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Oxidation_States', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Revealing_the_Dates_of_Buffalo_Nickels_(Demo)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Solution_Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Synthesis_of_Esters/Synthesis_of_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/Transesterification', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/E._The_Dehydration_of_Ethanol', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/Comparative_Energies%3A_The_Ski_Hill', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.06%3A_Adiabatic_Flame_Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/SN1_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/SN1_Reaction/Known_Issues?v=featured', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/SN1_Reaction/Known_Issues?v=tags', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/SN1_Reaction/Known_Issues?v=all', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/SN1_Reaction/Knowledge_Base', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.10%3A_Chapter_11_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.01%3A_Mixing_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.02%3A_The_Advancement_and_Molar_Reaction_Quantities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.03%3A_Molar_Reaction_Enthalpy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.04%3A__Enthalpies_of_Solution_and_Dilution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.05%3A_Reaction_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/10%3A_Electrolyte_Solutions/10.07%3A_Chapter_10_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_07%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Rhenium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Rearrangement_Reactions/Keto-Enol_Tautomerism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/IV._Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/IV._Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions/E._Substitution_Reactions_Involving_Cyanide_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Coordination_Numbers_and_Geometry/Jahn-Teller_Distortions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Optical_Isomers_in_Inorganic_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Optical_Isomers_in_Inorganic_Complexes/Enantiomers_in_Octahedral_Complexes_with_Bidentate_Ligands', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Optical_Isomers_in_Inorganic_Complexes/Identifying_Planes_of_Symmetry_in_Octahedral_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Optical_Isomers_in_Inorganic_Complexes/Polarimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Stereoisomers%3A_Geometric_Isomers_in_cis-platin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Stereoisomers%3A_Geometric_Isomers_in_Transition_Metal_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Stereoisomers%3A_Geometric_Isomers_in_Transition_Metal_Complexes_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Stereoisomers_of_Complex_Metal_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Structural_Isomers%3A_Coordination_Isomerism_in_Transition_Metal_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Structural_Isomers_-_Ionization_Isomerism_in_Transition_Metal_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/Effects_of_Solvent_Leaving_Group_and_Nucleophile_on_Unimolecular_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.10%3A_Bonding_in_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/11%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/11.01%3A_Introduction_to_Chemical_Equilibrium', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/11%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/11.02%3A_Le_Chatelier's_Principle\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/11%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/11.03%3A_Reaction_Quotient', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/11%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/11.04%3A_Equilibrium_Expressions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/11%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/11.05%3A_Equilibrium_Calculations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/11%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/11.06%3A_Phase_Distribution_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Conjugation/Conjugated_Dienes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Nucleophilic_Addition_Reactions/The_Addition_of_Hydrogen_Cyanide_to_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties/Physical_Data', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.01%3A_Three_Views_of_Chemical_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.02%3A_Molecules_-_Properties_of_Bonded_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.03%3A_Models_of_Chemical_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.04%3A_Polar_Covalence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.05%3A_Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.06%3A_The_Hybrid_Orbital_Model', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.07%3A_The_Hybrid_Orbital_Model_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.08%3A_Molecular_Orbital_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.09%3A_Bonding_in_Coordination_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.10%3A_Ions_and_Electrolytes/8.10.9E%3A_8.10.9E%3A_Some_applications_of_electrolytic_conduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties/Biological_Data', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Thermodynamics_of_Lattices/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Thermodynamics_of_Lattices/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.10%3A_Unsaturated_Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.08%3A__The_Mole', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.08%3A_Thermochemical_Equations/3.8.04%3A_Geology-_Heat_Engine_at_Lost_City', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.09%3A_Hess'_Law/3.9.01%3A_Biology-_Anaerobic_Fermentation_in_Beer_and_Lactic_Acid_in_Muscles\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Basics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Defects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Metal_Lattices', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Inorganic_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.19%3A_Atomic_Sizes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.20%3A_Ionic_Sizes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.11%3A_Hydrogen_Bonding-_Water/8.11.02%3A_H-Bonding_Between_2_HF_Molecules.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.01%3A_Prelude_to_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.01%3A_Prelude_to_Organic_Compounds/8.1.01%3A_Astronomy-_Mars_Meteor_and_Extraterrestrial_Life', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.01%3A_Prelude_to_Organic_Compounds/8.1.02%3A_Geology-_Earth's_Oldest_Fossils\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.02%3A_Covalent_Compounds_and_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.03%3A_Dipole_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.04%3A_London_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.04%3A_London_Forces/8.4.01%3A_picChapter_8_page_3.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.04%3A_London_Forces/8.4.02%3A_Atomic_Radii', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.04%3A_London_Forces/8.4.03%3A_Atomic_sizes_on_periodic_table.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.04%3A_London_Forces/8.4.04%3A_Ionization_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.04%3A_London_Forces/8.4.04%3A_Ionization_Energies/8.4.4.01%3A_pic_IonizationEnergyAtomicWeight.PNG', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.04%3A_London_Forces/8.4.05%3A_Ionization_Energies_and_Electron_Affinities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.04%3A_London_Forces/8.4.05%3A_Ionization_Energies_and_Electron_Affinities/8.4.5.01%3A_Electron_Affinities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.04%3A_London_Forces/8.4.05%3A_Ionization_Energies_and_Electron_Affinities/8.4.5.01%3A_Electron_Affinities/8.4.5.1.01%3A_pic_Ionization_Energies_and_Electron_Affinities.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.04%3A_London_Forces/8.4.06%3A_Polarizability_on_London_Forces.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.05%3A_Organic_Compounds-_Hydrocarbons/8.5.01%3A_Crude_Oil_Distillation.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.06%3A_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.06%3A_Alkanes/8.6.01%3A_Astronomy-_Titan', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.06%3A_Alkanes/8.6.02%3A_Boiling_Points_of_Some_Organic_Compounds_Whose_Molecules_Contain_32_or_34_Electrons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.06%3A_Alkanes/8.6.03%3A_Cultural_Connections-_Rockets', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.07%3A_Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.08%3A_Properties_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.08%3A_Properties_of_Alkanes/8.8.01%3A_pic_boiling_points.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.08%3A_Properties_of_Alkanes/8.8.02%3A_Table_of_Electronegativities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.08%3A_Properties_of_Alkanes/8.8.03%3A_Table_of_Straight_Chain_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.09%3A_Aromatic_Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.11%3A_Hydrogen_Bonding-_Water/8.11.03%3A_Nonmetal_hydride_bp.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.12%3A_Ice_and_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.12%3A_Ice_and_Water/8.12.01%3A_pic_Ice_a_hexagonal_crystal.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.12%3A_Ice_and_Water/8.12.02%3A_Boiling_Points_of_Hydrides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.13%3A_Organic_Compounds-Some_Additional_Classes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.14%3A_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.15%3A_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.16%3A_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.16%3A_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/8.16.01%3A_Biology-_Ketosis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.16%3A_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/8.16.02%3A_Cultural_Connections-_The_Cinnamon_Trade', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.17%3A_Carboxylic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.17%3A_Carboxylic_Acids/8.17.01%3A_Biology-_Entomology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.18%3A_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.19%3A_Organic_Nitrogen_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.20%3A_Macromolecular_Substances', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.21%3A_Diamond_and_Graphite', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.22%3A_Silicon_Dioxide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.23%3A_Synthetic_Macromolecules-_Some_Applied_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.24%3A_Addition_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.25%3A_Condensation_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.26%3A_Cross-Linking', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.14%3A_Resonance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.04%3A_Liquids_and_their_Interfaces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/RR._Radical_Reactions/RR1._Introduction_to_Radicals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Standard_Thermodynamic_Properties_for_Selected_Substances', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/06%3A_Properties_of_Gases/6.06%3A_Real_Gases_and_Critical_Phenomena#The_van_der_Waals_Equation_of_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Ionization_Constants_of_Weak_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.05%3A_Changes_of_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.06%3A_Introduction_to_Crystals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.07%3A_Ionic_and_Ion-Derived_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.08%3A_Cubic_Lattices_and_Close_Packing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.09%3A_Polymers_and_Plastics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.10%3A_Colloids_and_their_Uses', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/E1_Reactions/Wagner-Meerwein_Rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/A._Elimination_from_2-Bromopropane', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/B._Elimination_from_Unsymmetrical_Halogenoalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/C._Elimination_vs._Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/D._The_Dehydration_of_Propan-2-ol', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Composition_of_Commercial_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Essential_Mathematics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Formation_Constants_for_Complex_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Fundamental_Physical_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/The_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Units_and_Conversion_Factors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Water_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/21%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/21.E%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/22.08%3A_Fugacity_Measures_Nonideality_of_a_Gas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.05%3A_Applications_of_the_Nernst_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.10____The_Secondary_Structure_of_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.01%3A_Chemistry_and_Electricity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Roadmap_Problems_in_Natural_Product_synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.06%3A_Batteries_and_Fuel_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.07%3A_Timeline_of_Battery_Development', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.08%3A_Electrochemical_Corrosion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.09%3A_Corrosion_Gallery', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.10%3A_Electrolytic_Cells_and_Electrolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/15%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Chemical_Equilibria/15.08%3A_Quantum_states_Microstates_and_Energy_spreading_in_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Nucleophilic_Addition_Reactions/The_Reduction_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Addition_to_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Potentials/Reduction_Potential_Intuition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Case_Study%3A_Industrial_Electrolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/22.02%3A_Gibbs_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/22.04%3A_The_Enthalpy_of_an_Ideal_Gas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.02%3A_The_Configuration_of_the_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Basics_Thermodynamics_(General_Chemistry)/Energetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Basics_Thermodynamics_(General_Chemistry)/Gibbs_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Alkyl_halide_practice_problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Peptides_and_Proteins/Proteins_and_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis/Photosystem_II/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Case_Studies%3A_Proteins/Angiotnesin_Peptide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/Chemical_Properties_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/Cycloalkanes/Physical_Properties_of_Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Properties_of_Alkynes/Acidity_of_Terminal_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Reducing_Alkynes-The_Reactivity_of_the_Two__Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Synthesis_of_Alkynes/Preparation_of_Alkynes_by_Double_Elimination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Nomenclature_of_Arenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Synthesis_of_Arenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Hydrocarbons/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Properties_of_Alkynes/Spectroscopy_of_the_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Addition_by_Electrophilic_Reagents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/Fructose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/Haworth_Formula', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Peptides_and_Proteins/Hydrolysis_of_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family/Z116_Chemistry_of_Livermorium_(Z116)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family/1Group_16%3A_General_Properties_and_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/Z087_Chemistry_of_Francium_(Z87)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_05%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Dubnium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_05%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Niobium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_05%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Tantalum', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_05%3A_Transition_Metals/Group_5_Elemental_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_09%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Cobalt', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_04%3A_Transition_Metals/1Group_4_Elemental_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_04%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Hafnium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_04%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Rutherfordium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_04%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Titanium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_04%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Zirconium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/1Group_1%3A_Properties_of_Alkali_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/1General_Properties_and_Reactions_of_The_Actinides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Americium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Berkelium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Californium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Curium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Einsteinium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Fermium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Lawrencium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Mendelevium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Neptunium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Nobelium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry/Stoichiometry_-_A_Review', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Reactions_in_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry/Amounts_of_Substances', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry/Chemical_Formulas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry/Chemical_Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry/Excess_and_Limiting_Reagents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry/Reaction_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/13%3A_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/2Group_1%3A_Reactivity_of_Alkali_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/13%3A_Solutions/13.01%3A_Factors_Affecting_Solution_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/13%3A_Solutions/13.02%3A_Solubility_and_Molecular_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/13%3A_Solutions/13.03%3A_Units_of_Concentration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/13%3A_Solutions/13.04%3A_Effects_of_Temperature_and_Pressure_on_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/13%3A_Solutions/13.05%3A_Colligative_Properties_of_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/13%3A_Solutions/13.06%3A_Aggregate_Particles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/13%3A_Solutions/13.07%3A_Aggregate_Particles_in_Aqueous_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids/12.09%3A_Modern_Materials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/Z055_Chemistry_of_Cesium_(Z55)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family/Z008_Chemistry_of_Oxygen_(Z8)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family/Z084_Chemistry_of_Polonium_(Z84)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Peptides_and_Proteins/Peptide_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/Introduction_to_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO15._The_Anomeric_Center', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Anti-Markovnikov_Additions_to_Triple_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Properties_of_Alkynes/Properties_and_Bonding_in_the_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Hydrocarbons/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Aromaticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Substitution_Reactions_of_Benzene_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Synthesis_of_Arenes/Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Aromaticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Substituted_Cyclohexanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Ozonolysis_of_Alkenes_and_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/Cycloalkanes/Ring_Strain_and_the_Structure_of_Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis/Photosystem_II/Photosystem_II_3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Peptides_and_Proteins/Peptide_Bonds/Peptide_Bonds_Graphic_Answers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Alkyl_halide_practice_problems/Substitution_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Alkyl_halide_practice_problems/Elimination_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Alkyl_halide_practice_problems/Elimination_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Basics_Thermodynamics_(General_Chemistry)/Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/22.01%3A_Helmholtz_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/15%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Chemical_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/15%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Chemical_Equilibria/15.07%3A_Some_Applications_of_Entropy_and_Free_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/17%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_and_Dynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.01%3A_Classification_and_Nomenclature_of_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Addition_to_Alkenes/EA1._Introduction_to_Electrophilic_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/22.05%3A_Thermodynamic_Functions_have_Natural_Variables', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/22.06%3A_The_Standard_State_for_a_Gas_is_Ideal_Gas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/22.07%3A_The_Gibbs-Helmholtz_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/22.E%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.E%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/Z001_Chemistry_of_Hydrogen_(Z1)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Potentials/Standard_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.8%3A_Carnot_Cycle_Efficiency_and_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation/RO9._Electron_Transfer%3A_Inner_Sphere', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids/12.08%3A_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family/Z052_Chemistry_of_Tellurium_(Z52)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Aromaticity/Aromaticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.12%3A_The_Nitration_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution_Reactions/The_Sulfonation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/AR4._Activation_and_Deactivation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Synthesis_of_Arenes/Synthesis_of_Arenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Substitution_Reactions_of_Benzene_and_Other_Aromatic_Compounds', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Hydrocarbons/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Aromaticity/H%C3%BCckel's_Rule\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Catalytic_Hydrogenation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO13._(pi)_Donation_Steps', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO16._Biological_Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Competition_between_substitution_and_elimination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis/Photosystem_II/Photosystem_II_2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/Cycloalkanes/Rings%3A_cis_trans_and_axial_equatorial_relationships', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Nucleophilic_Reactivity_of_Deprotonated_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Stereoisomers%3A_Ring_Conformations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/Nonreducing_Sugar', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family/Z016_Chemistry_of_Sulfur_(Z16)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/Z037_Chemistry_of_Rubidium_(Z37)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids/12.01%3A_Crystalline_and_Amorphous_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids/12.02%3A_The_Arrangement_of_Atoms_in_Crystalline_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids/12.03%3A_Structures_of_Simple_Binary_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids/12.04%3A_Defects_in_Crystals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids/12.05%3A_Bonding_and_Properties_of_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids/12.06%3A_Metals_and_Semiconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids/12.07%3A_Superconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids/11.09%3A_Essential_Skills_6', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.11%3A_The_Tertiary_Structure_of_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/21%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/21%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/21.6%3A_Biological_Effects_of_Radiation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4K%3A_Reflux', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.04%3A_Glass_Transition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.02%3A_Exceptions_to_the_Octet_Rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.03%3A_Lewis_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.10%3A_The_Octet_Rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.03%3A_The_Shapes_of_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.13%3A_Formal_Charge_and_Oxidation_Numbers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.15%3A_Writing_Lewis_Structures_for_Molecules/6.15.03%3A_Multiple_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids/11.08%3A_Liquid_Crystals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.12%3A_The_Quaternary_Structure_of_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family/Z034_Chemistry_of_Selenium_(Z34)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Reactivity_of_Alkyl_Halides/Alkyl_Halide_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Nucleophilic_Addition_Reactions_and_Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/Physical_Properties_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/Z019_Chemistry_of_Potassium_(Z19)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis/Photosystem_II/Photosystem_II_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Stereoisomerism_in_Disubstituted_Cyclohexanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Alkene_Stereoisomers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/14%3A_Thermochemistry/14.05%3A_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.03%3A_Rheology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.05%3A_Crystallinity_in_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4J%3A_Cooling_Baths', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/21%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/21.5%3A_Uses_of_Radioisotopes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/21%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/21.1%3A_Nuclear_Structure_and_Stability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/21%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/21.2%3A_Nuclear_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/21%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/21.3%3A_Radioactive_Decay', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/21%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/21.4%3A_Transmutation_and_Nuclear_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/20%3A_Organic_Chemistry/20.E%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Electrophiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.15%3A_Writing_Lewis_Structures_for_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.15%3A_Writing_Lewis_Structures_for_Molecules/6.15.02%3A_Deciding_on_a_Skeleton_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.16%3A_Examples_of_Lewis_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.12%3A_Polarity_in_Polyatomic_Molecules/7.12.02%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.02%3A_Exceptions_to_the_Octet_Rule/7.2.01%3A_Biology-_Biologically_Active_Exceptions_to_the_Octet_Rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.03%3A_The_Shapes_of_Molecules/7.3.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.11%3A_Physical_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.02%3A_Electrons_and_Valence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.02%3A_Group_IA_-_Alkali_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.03%3A_Group_II-_Alkaline_Earths', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.08%3A_Group_VIIA-_Halogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.04%3A_Valence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.03%3A_Lewis_Diagrams/5.3.01%3A_Lewis_Diagrams_and_Biological_and_Chemical_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/21.07%3A_Molecular_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.01%3A_Prelude_to_Covalent_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO17._Oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO12._Proton_Transfer_Steps', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/Halogenation_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Nitration_of_Benzene_and_Methylbenzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Reactions_of_Substituent_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/AR3._Formation_of_Electrophiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/AR5._Directing_Effects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution_Reactions/The_Nitration_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.11%3A_The_Halogenation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.13%3A_The_Sulfonation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Fused_Benzene_Ring_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Aromaticity/Aromaticity/Aromatic_Ions_and_Antiaromaticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.01%3A_Preview_to_Chemical_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.02%3A_Factors_that_Affect_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.03%3A_Reaction_Rates_and_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.04%3A_Methods_of_Determining_Reaction_Order', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.05%3A_Using_Graphs_to_Determine_Rate_Laws_Rate_Constants_and_Reaction_Orders', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.06%3A_Half_Lives_and_Radioactive_Decay_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.07%3A_Reaction_Rates_-_A_Microscopic_View', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.08%3A_The_Collision_Model_of_Chemical_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.09%3A_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation/RO8._Electron_Transfer_Mechanisms%3A_Outer_Sphere', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.7%3A_The_Gibbs_Free_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.E%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/Z003_Chemistry_of_Lithium_(Z3)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.09%3A_Standard_Entropies_Can_Be_Used_to_Calculate_Entropy_Changes_of_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes/4.08%3A_Other_Properties_of_the_Particle-in-a-Box', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/23%3A_Phase_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Addition_to_Alkenes/EA2._Cations_in_Electrophilic_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/17%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_and_Dynamics/17.01%3A_Rates_of_reactions_and_rate_laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/17%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_and_Dynamics/17.02%3A_Reaction_Rates_Typically_Change_with_Time', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/17%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_and_Dynamics/17.03%3A_Collision_and_activation-_the_Arrhenius_law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/17%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_and_Dynamics/17.04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/17%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_and_Dynamics/17.05%3A_Kinetics_of_Reactions_in_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/17%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_and_Dynamics/17.06%3A_Catalysts_and_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/17%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_and_Dynamics/17.07%3A_Experimental_methods_of_chemical_kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/15%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Chemical_Equilibria/15.06%3A_Free_energy_and_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/15%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Chemical_Equilibria/15.01%3A_Energy_Spreading_Drives_Spontaneous_Change', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/15%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Chemical_Equilibria/15.02%3A_Entropy_Rules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/15%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Chemical_Equilibria/15.03%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/15%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Chemical_Equilibria/15.04%3A_Free_Energy_and_the_Gibbs_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/15%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Chemical_Equilibria/15.05%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Mixing_and_Dilution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/14%3A_Thermochemistry/14.0E%3A_14.E%3A_Thermochemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.11%3A_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.12%3A_Polypeptide_Chains', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.22%3A_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.21%3A_Periodic_Variation_of_IE_and_EA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.18%3A_Ionic_Compounds_Containing_Polyatomic_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Metal_Lattices/S._Solutions_to_Selected_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Defects/Solid_Defects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Metal_Lattices/1._Structure_and_Properties_of_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Basics/Molecular_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Defects/Frenkel_Defect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Basics/Covalent_Network_Solids', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.09%3A_Hess'_Law/3.9.02%3A_Environment-_Heating_Values_of_Various_Fuels\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.08%3A_Thermochemical_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.08%3A_Thermochemical_Equations/3.8.03%3A_Foods-_Energy_from_Fats_and_Sugars', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.07%3A_The_Amount_of_Substance-_Moles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.03%3A_The_Atomic_Theory#Atomic+Weights', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.09%3A_The_Amount_of_Substance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.13%3A_The_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/14%3A_Thermochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/14%3A_Thermochemistry/14.01%3A_Energy_Heat_and_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/14%3A_Thermochemistry/14.02%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/14%3A_Thermochemistry/14.03%3A_Molecules_as_Energy_Carriers_and_Converters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/14%3A_Thermochemistry/14.04%3A_Thermochemistry_and_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/14%3A_Thermochemistry/14.06%3A_Applications_of_Thermochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.01%3A_Catalase_and_Peroxidase', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry/7.5%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.10%3A_Polysaccharides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.06%3A_The_Lindemann_Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.08%3A_Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.04%3A_The_Steady-State_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/1020%3A_Ideal_Solutions-_Raoults_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.21%3A_The_Separation_of_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.23%3A_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Addition_to_Alkenes/EA3._Solvent_Effects_in_Electrophilic_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/23%3A_Phase_Equilibria/23.01%3A_A_Phase_Diagram_Summarizes_the_Solid-Liquid-Gas_Behavior_of_a_Substance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/23%3A_Phase_Equilibria/23.02%3A_Gibbs_Energies_and_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/23%3A_Phase_Equilibria/23.03%3A_The_Chemical_Potentials_of_a_Pure_Substance_in_Two_Phases_in_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/23%3A_Phase_Equilibria/23.04%3A_The_Clausius-Clapeyron_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/23%3A_Phase_Equilibria/23.05%3A_Chemical_Potential_Can_be_Evaluated_From_a_Partition_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/23%3A_Phase_Equilibria/23.E%3A_Phase_Equilibria_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes/4.07%3A_Using_Symmetry_to_Identify_Integrals_that_are_Zero', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes/4.09%3A_Properties_of_Quantum_Mechanical_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.08%3A_Spectroscopic_Entropies_sometimes_disgree_with_Calorimetric_Entropies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.01%3A_Entropy_Increases_With_Increasing_Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.02%3A_Absolute_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.03%3A_Temperatures_at_a_Phase_Transition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.04%3A_The_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.05%3A_Practical_Absolute_Entropies_Can_Be_Determined_Calorimetrically', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.06%3A_Practical_Absolute_Entropies_of_Gases_Can_Be_Calculated_from_Partition_Functions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.07%3A_Standard_Entropies_Depend_Upon_Molecular_Mass_and_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.E%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/Z011_Chemistry_of_Sodium_(Z11)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.6%3A_The_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/1%3A_The_Atom_in_Modern_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/2%3A_Chemical_Formulas_Chemical_Equations_and_Reaction_Yields', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/4%3A_Introduction_to_Quantum_Mechanics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/5%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/6%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Molecular_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/7%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/8%3A_Bonding_in_Transition_Metal_Compounds_and_Coordination_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/09%3A_The_Gaseous_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/11%3A_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/12%3A_Thermodynamic_Processes_and_Thermochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/16%3A_Solubility_and_Precipitation_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/17%3A_Electrochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/18%3A_Chemical_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/20%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy_and_Photochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/21%3A_Structure_and_Bonding_in_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/22%3A_Inorganic_Materials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/23%3A_Polymeric_Materials_and_Soft_Condensed_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.1%3A_The_Nature_of_Spontaneous_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.2%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneity_-_A_Molecular_Statistical_Interpretation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.3%3A_Entropy_and_Heat_-_Experimental_Basis_of_the_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.4%3A_Entropy_Changes_in_Reversible_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.5%3A_Entropy_Changes_and_Spontaneity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/12%3A_Thermodynamic_Processes_and_Thermochemistry/12.E%3A_Thermodynamic_Processes_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/11%3A_Solutions/11.E%3A_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation/RO6._Reduction_of_Metal_Ores', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/Pericyclic_Reactions/PR6._Olefin_Metathesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation/RO1._Oxidation_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Oxidative_Addition_and_Reductive_Elimination/OA5._Coupling_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/PC._Photochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.17%3A_Polyatomic_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.21%3A_Periodic_Variation_of_IE_and_EA/6.21.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Defects/Schottky_Defects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Metal_Lattices/E._Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.10%3A_The_Avogadro_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.03%3A_The_Atomic_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.02%3A_Macroscopic_Properties_and_Microscopic_Models', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.03%3A_The_Atomic_Theory/2.3.01%3A_Foods-_Elemental_Diets', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.06%3A_Atomic_Weights', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.01%3A_Prelude_to_Atoms_and_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.04%3A_Macroscopic_and_Microscopic_Views_of_a_Chemical_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.04%3A_Macroscopic_and_Microscopic_Views_of_a_Chemical_Reaction/2.4.01%3A_Foods-_The_Mineral_Nutrients_Potassium_and_Iodine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.05%3A_Testing_the_Atomic_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.05%3A_Testing_the_Atomic_Theory/2.5.01%3A_Biology-_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.11%3A_The_Molar_Mass', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.11%3A_The_Molar_Mass/2.11.01%3A_Biology-_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.12%3A_Formulas_and_Composition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.12%3A_Formulas_and_Composition/2.12.01%3A_Biology-_Formula_and_Composition_of_Water_and_Glucose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.12%3A_Formulas_and_Composition/2.12.02%3A_Environment-_Fertilizers_Formulas_and_Ecological_Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.12%3A_Formulas_and_Composition/2.12.03%3A_Foods-_Iron_Supplements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.12%3A_Formulas_and_Composition/2.12.04%3A_Foods_-_Salt_Additives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.12%3A_Formulas_and_Composition/2.12.05%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.13%3A_Balancing_Chemical_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.10%3A_Conversion_Factors_and_Functions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.08%3A_Thermochemical_Equations/3.8.02%3A_Environment-_Gas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.08%3A_Thermochemical_Equations/3.8.01%3A_Biology-_Weight_of_Food_and_Energy_Production', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.09%3A_Hess'_Law/3.9.03%3A_Foods-_Fat_vs._Sugar_Metabolism\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Basics/How_to_Decide_What_Type_of_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Defects/Metal_Oxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Basics/Metallic_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Metal_Lattices/2._Metal_Packing%3A_Layers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Aromaticity/Aromaticity#', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Aromaticity/Aromaticity/Aromatic_Systems_and_Factors_Required_for_Aromaticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Aromaticity/What_does_aromatic_really_mean', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Inductive_Effects_of_Alkyl_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.14%3A_The_Friedel-Crafts_Acylation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.10%3A_The_General_Mechanism_for_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution_Reactions/The_Halogenation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/Introduction_to_Carboxyloids_(Acid_Derivatives)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution_Reactions/C._The_Friedel-Crafts_Acylation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/AR6._Solutions_to_Selected_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/AR2._Mechanism_of_EAS', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Addition_to_Alkenes/EA8._Solutions_for_Selected_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/AR1._Introduction_to_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Reactions_of_Fused_Benzene_Rings', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Nitration_and_Sulfonation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Other_Reactions_of_Benzene_and_Methylbenzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/Cracking_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/Halogenation_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO19._Conjugate_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.05%3A_Multiple_Bonds_and_Molecular_Shapes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.06%3A_Hybrid_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/21.06%3A_The_Visible_and_Ultraviolet_Spectra_of_Molecules-_Molecular_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.10%3A_The_Nucleus', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.08%3A_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.04%3A_The_Wave_Nature_of_the_Electron', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.16%3A_Electron_Configurations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/21.08%3A_Delocalized_Electrons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.03%3A_The_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.05%3A_Exceptions_to_the_Periodic_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.07%3A_Group_VIA-_Chalcogens/12.7.01%3A_Cultural_Connections-_Sulfur', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.09%3A_Group_VIIIA-_Noble_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.04%3A_Group_IIIA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.01%3A_Prelude_to_Descriptive_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.09%3A_The_Electron', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.01%3A_Prelude_to_Electronic_Structure/5.1.02%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.05%3A_Wave_Mechanics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.01%3A_Prelude_to_Electronic_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.01%3A_Prelude_to_Electronic_Structure/5.1.01%3A_Biology-_Applications_of_Electronic_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.04%3A_The_Wave_Nature_of_the_Electron/5.4.01%3A_Biology-_The_Wave_Model_for_Light_and_Electrons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.04%3A_The_Wave_Nature_of_the_Electron/5.4.02%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.04%3A_The_Wave_Nature_of_the_Electron/5.4.03%3A_Sports_Physiology_and_Health-_Sea_Kayaking_and_Clapotis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.06%3A_The_Uncertainty_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.07%3A_Electron_Waves_in_the_Hydrogen_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.08%3A_Orbitals/5.8.01%3A_Cultural_Connections-_Tones_on_a_Drum_and_Orbital_Wave_Functions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.08%3A_Orbitals/5.8.02%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.09%3A_Quantum_Numbers_(Electronic)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.11%3A_Potential_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.12%3A_Electron_Density_and_Potential_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.13%3A_Atoms_Having_More_Than_One_Electron', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.14%3A_Hydrogen_Helium_Lithium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.15%3A_Beryllium_Boron_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.17%3A_Electron_Configurations_and_the_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.15%3A_Measurement_of_Atomic_Weights', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.11%3A_Physical_Properties/6.11.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.04%3A_Molecules_with_Lone_Pairs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.12%3A_Polarity_in_Polyatomic_Molecules/7.12.01%3A_Biology-_The_Hydrophobic_Effect_and_Properties_of_Small_Polyatomic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.15%3A_Writing_Lewis_Structures_for_Molecules/6.15.01%3A_An_Excess_of_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.14%3A_Covalent_Molecules_and_the_Octet_Rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Elimination_by_the_E1_mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/20%3A_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/20%3A_Organic_Chemistry/20.4%3A_Amines_and_Amides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4I%3A_Heat_Guns', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4A%3A_Methods_and_Flammability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4B%3A_Controlled_Boiling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4C%3A_Adjustable_Platforms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4D%3A_Bunsen_Burners', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4E%3A_Hotplates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4F%3A_Steam_Baths', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4G%3A_Heating_Mantles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4H%3A_Water_Sand_and_Oil_Baths', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.03%3A_Transferring_Methods/1.3C%3A_Transferring_Methods_-_Inert_Atmospheric_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.06%3A_Microphase_Separation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.02%3A_Viscosity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Stereogenic_Nitrogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis/Photosystem_II/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Hydroboration_Reactions_and_Oxidations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Reactivity_of_Alkyl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Reactivity_of_Alkyl_Halides/Alkyl_Halide_Reactions/Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides_with_Reducing_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.13%3A_Protein_Denaturation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids/11.07%3A_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids/11.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids/11.02%3A_Intermolecular_forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids/11.03%3A_Unique_Properties_of_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids/11.04%3A_Vapor_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids/11.05%3A_Changes_of_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids/11.06%3A_Critical_Temperature_and_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases/10.09%3A_Essential_Skills_5', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties/Chemical_Data', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.10%3A_Ions_and_Electrolytes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.10%3A_Ions_and_Electrolytes/8.10.9D%3A_8.10.9D%3A_Ionic_migration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties/Organizing_Data', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/12%3A_Solubility_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Introduction_and_History_of_Coordination_Compounds/History_of_Coordination_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/IV._Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions/D._Substitution_Reactions_Involving_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/IV._Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions/A._Types_of_Halogenoalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/10%3A_Electrolyte_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/10%3A_Electrolyte_Solutions/10.06%3A_Mean_Ionic_Activity_Coefficients_from_Osmotic_Coefficients', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Free_Radical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.10%3A_Ions_and_Electrolytes/8.10.9C%3A_8.10.9C%3A__Weak_and_Strong_Electrolytes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/13%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.09%3A_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.10%3A_Ions_and_Electrolytes/8.10.9A%3A_8.10.9A%3A_Electrolytes_and_Electrolytic_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/Tetrahedral_and_Octahedral_Sites', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties/Engineer_Data', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases/10.08%3A_Real_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties/Nuclear_Data', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Reactivity_of_Alkyl_Halides/Alkyl_Halide_Reactions/Reactions_of_Dihalides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Physical_Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Hydration_of_Alkynes_and_Tautomerism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis/Photosystem_II/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Resolution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.01%3A_Molecular_Weight', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.07%3A_Stress-Strain_Relationships', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/10%3A_Electrolyte_Solutions/10.05%3A_Derivation_of_the_Debye-Huckel_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/10%3A_Electrolyte_Solutions/10.01%3A_Single-ion_Quantities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/10%3A_Electrolyte_Solutions/10.02%3A_Solution_of_a_Symmetrical_Electrolyte', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/10%3A_Electrolyte_Solutions/10.03%3A_Electrolytes_in_General', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/10%3A_Electrolyte_Solutions/10.04%3A_The_Debye-Huckel_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures/9.09%3A_Chapter_9_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/IV._Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions/B._What_is_Nucleophilic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/IV._Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions/C._Substitution_Reactions_Involving_Hydroxide_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.01%3A_Solutions_and_their_Concentrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.02%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.02%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Solutions/8.2.2A%3A_8.2.2A%3A_Solutions_of_Gaseous_Solutes_in_Gaseous_Solvents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.02%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Solutions/8.2.2B%3A_8.2.2B%3A_Solutions_of_Gaseous_Solutes_in_Liquid_Solvents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.02%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Solutions/8.2.2C%3A_8.2.2C%3A_Solutions_of_Liquid_Solutes_in_Liquid_Solvents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.02%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Solutions/8.2.2D%3A_8.2.2D%3A_Solutions_of_Solid_Solutes_in_Liquid_Solvents', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.03%3A_Colligative_Properties-_Raoult's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.04%3A_Colligative_Properties-_Boiling_Point_Elevation_and_Freezing_Point_Depression', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.05%3A__Colligative_Properties_-_Osmotic_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.06%3A__Reverse_Osmosis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.07%3A_Colligative_Properties_and_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.08%3A_Ideal_vs._Real_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.10%3A_Ions_and_Electrolytes/8.10.9B%3A_8.10.9B%3A_The_nature_of_ions_in_aqueous_solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.03%3A_Transferring_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.03%3A_Transferring_Methods/1.3B%3A_Transferring_Methods_-_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Free_Radical_Reactions/Bromination_of_Methane', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Free_Radical_Reactions/Chlorination_of_Methane', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Free_Radical_Reactions/Methylbenzene_and_Chlorine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Free_Radical_Reactions/What_is_Free_Radical_Substitution%3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/07%3A_Technique_Summaries/7.27%3A_Boiling_Points_(Thiele_Tube)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.03%3A_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_(TLC)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/20%3A_Organic_Chemistry/20.3%3A_Aldehydes_Ketones_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Elimination_by_the_E2_mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.04%3A_Molecules_with_Lone_Pairs/7.4.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.01%3A_Effects_of_Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.02%3A_Solvent_Chemical_Potentials_from_Phase_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.03%3A_Binary_Mixture_in_Equilibrium_with_a_Pure_Phase', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.04%3A_Colligative_Properties_of_a_Dilute_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.05%3A_Solid-Liquid_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.06%3A_Liquid-Liquid_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.07%3A_Membrane_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.08%3A_Liquid-Gas_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.09%3A_Reaction_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.10%3A_Evaluation_of_Standard_Molar_Quantities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.11%3A_Chapter_12_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/20%3A_Organic_Chemistry/20.0%3A_Prelude_to_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/20%3A_Organic_Chemistry/20.1%3A_Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/20%3A_Organic_Chemistry/20.2%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/19%3A_Transition_Metals_and_Coordination_Chemistry/19.E%3A_Transition_Metals_and_Coordination_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.14%3A_Average_Atomic_Weights/4.14.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstration-_Model_Mass_Spectrometer', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.12%3A_Chemical_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells/17.06%3A_Electroplating', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.08%3A_Radiation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.09%3A_The_Electron/4.9.01%3A_The_Electron_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/21.03%3A_Atomic_Spectra_and_the_Bohr_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/21.04%3A_Bohr_Theory_of_the_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.05%3A_Group_IVA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.13%3A_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.01%3A_Prelude_to_Atomic_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.21%3A_Redox_Couples', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.06%3A_Implications_of_Periodicity_for_Atomic_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/21.09%3A_Conjugated_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.02%3A_Groups_of_Related_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.07%3A_Group_VIA-_Chalcogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/21.02%3A_The_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Radiation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.11%3A_Atomic_Structure_and_Isotopes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO2._General_Reactivity_Patterns', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/21.05%3A_The_Spectra_of_Molecules-_Infrared', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.07%3A_Orbital_Descriptions_of_Multiple_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/21.01%3A_Prelude_to_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.22%3A_Transcription_and_Translation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/Complete_vs._Incomplete_Combustion_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Modifying_the_Influence_of_Strong_Activating_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Ligand_Substitution_in_Coordination_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Addition_to_Alkenes/EA6._Concerted_Additions', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Aromaticity/Huckel's_Rule\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Other_Aromatic_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution_Reactions/The_Friedel-Crafts_Alkylation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.15%3A_The_Friedel-Crafts_Alkylation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.09%3A_How_Benzene_Reacts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution_Reactions/E._An_Industrial_Alkylation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/Interconversion_of_Carboxyloids%3A_Going_Downhill', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Aromaticity/Aromaticity/Benzene_and_Other_Aromatic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Basics/Ionic_Structures', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.09%3A_Hess'_Law/3.9.04%3A_Geology-_Iron_and_its_Ores\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Metal_Lattices/3._Metal_Packing%3A_Three_Dimensions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.09%3A_Density', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.09%3A_Density/1.9.01%3A_Density_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.04%3A_Macroscopic_and_Microscopic_Views_of_a_Chemical_Reaction#Plate 3', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.03%3A_The_Atomic_Theory#Postulates of Dalton's Atomic Theory\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.09%3A_Density#Densities of a Several Substances', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.03%3A_The_Atomic_Theory#Atomic Weights', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.08%3A_Volume', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.06%3A_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.02%3A_Solids', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.03%3A_The_Atomic_Theory#Postulates+of+Dalton's+Atomic+Theory\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/Body_Centered_Packing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Oxidative_Addition_and_Reductive_Elimination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Negishi_cross-coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Heck_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Oxidative_Addition_and_Reductive_Elimination/OA4._Concerted_Oxidative_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.06%3A_Mixtures_of_Gases_and_Partial_Pressures#Mole_Fractions_of_Gas_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/11%3A_Solutions/11.7%3A_Colloidal_Suspensions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Specific_Heat_Capacities_and_the_Dulong-Petit_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/12%3A_Thermodynamic_Processes_and_Thermochemistry/12.6%3A_Reversible_Processes_in_Ideal_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation/RO3._Reduction_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/Pericyclic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/Pericyclic_Reactions/PR3._The_Diels_Alder_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/PC._Photochemistry/PC1._Absorbance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation/RO10._Cyclic_Voltammetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.01%3A_The_Concept_of_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.02%3A_The_Equilibrium_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.03%3A_Solving_Equilibrium_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.04%3A_Non-equilibrium_Conditions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.05%3A_Factors_That_Affect_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.06%3A_Controlling_the_Products_of_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.07%3A_Essential_Skills_7', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.02%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.10%3A_Standard_Enthalpies_of_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/16%3A_Thermodynamics/16.1%3A_Spontaneity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/23%3A_Polymeric_Materials_and_Soft_Condensed_Matter/23.1%3A_Polymerization_Reactions_for_Synthetic_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/23%3A_Polymeric_Materials_and_Soft_Condensed_Matter/23.2%3A_Applications_for_Synthetic_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/23%3A_Polymeric_Materials_and_Soft_Condensed_Matter/23.3%3A_Liquid_Crystals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/23%3A_Polymeric_Materials_and_Soft_Condensed_Matter/23.4%3A_Natural_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/22%3A_Inorganic_Materials/22.8%3A_Pigments_and_Phosphors%3A_Optical_Displays', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/21%3A_Structure_and_Bonding_in_Solids/21.E%3A_Structure_and_Bonding_in_Solids_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/22%3A_Inorganic_Materials/22.1%3A_Minerals%3A_Naturally_Occurring_Inorganic_Minerals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/21%3A_Structure_and_Bonding_in_Solids/21.1%3A_Crystal_Symmetry_and_the_Unit_Cell', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/21%3A_Structure_and_Bonding_in_Solids/21.2%3A_Crystal_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/21%3A_Structure_and_Bonding_in_Solids/21.3%3A_Cohesion_in_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/21%3A_Structure_and_Bonding_in_Solids/21.4%3A_Defects_and_Amorphous_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/21%3A_Structure_and_Bonding_in_Solids/21.5%3A_Lattice_Energies_of_Crystals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/16%3A_Solubility_and_Precipitation_Equilibria/16.1%3A_The_Nature_of_Solubility_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/16%3A_Solubility_and_Precipitation_Equilibria/16.2%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_between_Solids_and_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/16%3A_Solubility_and_Precipitation_Equilibria/16.3%3A_Precipitation_and_the_Solubility_Product', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/16%3A_Solubility_and_Precipitation_Equilibria/16.4%3A_The_Effects_of_pH_on_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/16%3A_Solubility_and_Precipitation_Equilibria/16.5%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/16%3A_Solubility_and_Precipitation_Equilibria/16.6%3A_A_Deeper_Look%3A_Selective_Precipitation_of_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/16%3A_Solubility_and_Precipitation_Equilibria/16.E%3A_Solubility_and_Precipitation_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.E%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.1%3A_Classifications_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.2%3A_Properties_of_Acids_and_Bases_in_Aqueous_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.3%3A_Acid_and_Base_Strength', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.4%3A_Equilibria_Involving_Weak_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.5%3A_Buffer_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.6%3A_Acid-Base_Titration_Curves', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.7%3A_Polyprotic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.8%3A_Organic_Acids_and_Bases_-_Structure_and_Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.9%3A_A_Deeper_Look_-_Exact_Treatment_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/14.E%3A_Chemical_Equilibria_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.1%3A_Mass-Energy_Relationships_in_Nuclei', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.2%3A_Nuclear_Decay_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.3%3A_Kinetics_of_Radioactive_Decay', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.4%3A_Radiation_in_Biology_and_Medicine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.5%3A_Nuclear_Fission', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.6%3A_Nuclear_Fusion_and_Nucleosynthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/18%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/18.7%3A_Kinetics_of_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/18%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/18.1%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/18%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/18.2%3A_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/18%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/18.3%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/18%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/18.4%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms_and_Rate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/18%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/18.5%3A_Effect_of_Temperature_on_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/18%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/18.6%3A_A_Deeper_Look%3A_Reaction_Dynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/20%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy_and_Photochemistry/20.1%3A_General_Aspects_of_Molecular_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/17%3A_Electrochemistry/17.1%3A_Electrochemical_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/11%3A_Solutions/11.1%3A_Composition_of_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/11%3A_Solutions/11.2%3A_Nature_of_Dissolved_Species', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/11%3A_Solutions/11.3%3A_Reaction_Stoichiometry_in_Solutions%3A_Acid-Base_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/11%3A_Solutions/11.4%3A_Reaction_Stoichiometry_in_Solutions%3A_Oxidation-Reduction_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/11%3A_Solutions/11.5%3A_Phase_Equilibrium_in_Solutions_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/11%3A_Solutions/11.6%3A_Phase_Equilibrium_in_Solutions_-_Volatile_Solutes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/12%3A_Thermodynamic_Processes_and_Thermochemistry/12.1%3A_Systems_States_and_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/12%3A_Thermodynamic_Processes_and_Thermochemistry/12.2%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics_-_Internal_Energy_Work_and_Heat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/12%3A_Thermodynamic_Processes_and_Thermochemistry/12.3%3A_Heat_Capacity_Enthalpy_and_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/12%3A_Thermodynamic_Processes_and_Thermochemistry/12.4%3A_Illustrations_of_the_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics_in_Ideal_Gas_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/12%3A_Thermodynamic_Processes_and_Thermochemistry/12.5%3A_Thermochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/10.1%3A_Bulk_Properties_of_Liquids_-_Molecular_Interpretation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/10.2%3A_Intermolecular_Forces_-_Origins_in_Molecular_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/10.3%3A_Intermolecular_Forces_in_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/10.4%3A_Phase_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/10.5%3A_Phase_Transitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/10.6%3A_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/10.E%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/09%3A_The_Gaseous_State/9.8%3A_A_Deeper_Look%3A_Molecular_Collisions_and_Rate_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/6%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Molecular_Structure/6.1%3A_Quantum_Picture_of_the_Chemical_Bond', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/6%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Molecular_Structure/6.2%3A_De-localized_Bonds%3A_Molecular_Orbital_Theory_and_the_Linear_Combination_of_Atomic', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/6%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Molecular_Structure/6.3%3A_Photoelectron_Spectroscopy_for_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/6%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Molecular_Structure/6.4%3A_Localized_Bonds%3A_The_Valence_Bond_Model', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/6%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Molecular_Structure/6.5%3A_Comparison_of_Linear_Combination_of_Atomic_Orbitals_and_Valence_Bond_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/5%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/5.5%3A_Periodic_Properties_and_Electronic_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/7%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/7.1%3A_Petroleum_Refining_and_the_Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/7%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/7.2%3A_The_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/7%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/7.3%3A_The_Alkenes_and_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/7%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/7.4%3A_Aromatic_Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/7%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/7.5%3A_Fullerenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/7%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/7.6%3A_Functional_Groups_and_Organic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/7%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/7.7%3A_Pesticides_and_Pharmaceuticals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/5%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/5.1%3A_The_Hydrogen_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/5%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/5.2%3A_Shell_Model_for_Many-Electron_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/5%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/5.3%3A_Aufbau_Principle_and_Electron_Configurations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/5%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/5.4%3A_Shells_and_the_Periodic_Table%3A_Photoelectron_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/4%3A_Introduction_to_Quantum_Mechanics/4.7%3A_Quantum_Harmonic_Oscillator', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/4%3A_Introduction_to_Quantum_Mechanics/4.1%3A_Preliminaries%3A_Wave_Motion_and_Light', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/4%3A_Introduction_to_Quantum_Mechanics/4.2%3A_Evidence_for_Energy_Quantization_in_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/4%3A_Introduction_to_Quantum_Mechanics/4.3%3A_The_Bohr_Model%3A_Predicting_Discrete_Energy_Levels', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/4%3A_Introduction_to_Quantum_Mechanics/4.4%3A_Evidence_for_Wave-Particle_Duality', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/4%3A_Introduction_to_Quantum_Mechanics/4.5%3A_The_Schrodinger_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/4%3A_Introduction_to_Quantum_Mechanics/4.6%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_of_Particle-in-a-Box_Models', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/8%3A_Bonding_in_Transition_Metal_Compounds_and_Coordination_Complexes/8.1%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.01%3A_The_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.02%3A_Forces_and_Potential_Energy_in_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.03%3A_Ionization_Energies_and_the_Shell_Model_of_the_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.04%3A_Electronegativity%3A_The_Tendency_of_Atoms_to_Attract_Electrons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.05%3A_Forces_and_Potential_Energy_in_Molecules%3A_Formation_of_Chemical_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.06%3A_Ionic_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.07%3A_Covalent_and_Polar_Covalent_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.08%3A_Lewis_Diagrams_for_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.09%3A_The_Shapes_of_Molecules%3A_Valence_Shell_Electron-Pair_Repulsion_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.10%3A_Oxidation_Numbers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.11%3A_Inorganic_Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/09%3A_The_Gaseous_State/9.1%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/09%3A_The_Gaseous_State/9.2%3A_Pressure_and_Temperature_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/09%3A_The_Gaseous_State/9.3%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/09%3A_The_Gaseous_State/9.4%3A_Mixtures_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/09%3A_The_Gaseous_State/9.5%3A_The_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/09%3A_The_Gaseous_State/9.6%3A_A_Deeper_Look%3A_Distribution_of_Energy_among_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/09%3A_The_Gaseous_State/9.7%3A_Real_Gases%3A_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/2%3A_Chemical_Formulas_Chemical_Equations_and_Reaction_Yields/2.1%3A_The_Mole%3A_Weighing_and_Counting_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/2%3A_Chemical_Formulas_Chemical_Equations_and_Reaction_Yields/2.2%3A_Empirical_and_Molecular_Formulas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/2%3A_Chemical_Formulas_Chemical_Equations_and_Reaction_Yields/2.3%3A_Chemical_Formula_and_Percentage_Composition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/2%3A_Chemical_Formulas_Chemical_Equations_and_Reaction_Yields/2.4%3A_Writing_Balanced_Chemical_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/2%3A_Chemical_Formulas_Chemical_Equations_and_Reaction_Yields/2.5%3A_Mass_Relationships_in_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/2%3A_Chemical_Formulas_Chemical_Equations_and_Reaction_Yields/2.6%3A_Limiting_Reactant_and_Percentage_Yield', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/1%3A_The_Atom_in_Modern_Chemistry/1.5%3A_Imaging_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.09%3A_The_Statistical_Definition_of_Entropy_is_Analogous_to_the_Thermodynamic_Definition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/14.1%3A_The_Nature_of_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/14.2%3A_The_Empirical_Law_of_Mass_Action', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/14.3%3A_Thermodynamic_Description_of_the_Equilibrium_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/14.4%3A_The_Law_of_Mass_Action_for_Related_and_Simultaneous_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/14.5%3A_Equilibrium_Calculations_for_Gas-Phase_and_Heterogenous_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/14.6%3A_Reaction_Directions_(Empirical_Explanation)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/14.7%3A_Reaction_Directions_(Thermodynamic_Explanation)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/14.8%3A_Distribution_of_a_Single_Species_between_Immiscible_Phases_-_Extraction_and_Separation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/1%3A_The_Atom_in_Modern_Chemistry/1.1%3A_The_Nature_of_Modern_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/1%3A_The_Atom_in_Modern_Chemistry/1.2%3A_Macroscopic_Methods_for_Classifying_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/1%3A_The_Atom_in_Modern_Chemistry/1.3%3A_Indirect_Evidence_for_the_Existence_of_Atoms%3A_Laws_of_Chemical_Combination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/1%3A_The_Atom_in_Modern_Chemistry/1.4%3A_The_Physical_Structure_of_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes/4.0E%3A_4.E%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes/4.06%3A_Selection_Rules_for_the_Particle-in-a-Box', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.24%3A_Colligative_Properties_of_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Addition_to_Alkenes/EA4._Stabilized_Cations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.05%3A_Rate_Laws_Do_Not_Imply_Unique_Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry/7.4%3A_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry/7.6%3A_Heats_of_Reactions_-_U_and_H', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.07%3A_Stability_of_Alkenes', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.09%3A_Orientation_of_Electrophilic_Additions_-_Markovnikov's_Rule\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.09%3A_Disaccharides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.03%3A_Multiple_Mechanisms_are_Often_Indistinguishable', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.19%3A_Solubility_and_Molecular_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.02%3A_Chemistry_of_Dioxygen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.08%3A_State_Functions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/14%3A_The_Group_14_Elements/14.04%3A_Allotropes_of_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.14%3A_Primary_Protein_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/13%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria/13.07%3A_Exact_Calculations_and_Approximations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/SN1_Reaction/Getting_Started', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/CX11._Protein_Modifications', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/SN1_Reaction/Knowledge_Base?v=featured', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/SN1_Reaction/Knowledge_Base?v=tags', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/SN1_Reaction/Knowledge_Base?v=all', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.01%3A_Prelude_to_Biochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.02%3A_The_Elements_of_Life', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.03%3A_The_Building_Blocks_of_Biochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.04%3A_Fats_and_Lipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.05%3A_Nonpolar_Lipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.06%3A_Polar_Lipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.07%3A_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.08%3A_Simple_Sugars', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.15%3A_Secondary_Protein_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.16%3A_Higher-Order_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.17%3A_Nucleic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.18%3A_Nucleic_Acid_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.19%3A_Information_Storage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.20%3A_The_Double_Helix', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.21%3A_DNA_Replication', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/The_Hydrolysis_of_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/Polyesters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.15%3A_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases-_Molecular_Speeds', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.16%3A_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases_-_Graham's_Law_of_Diffusion/9.16.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/17%3A_The_Group_17_Elements/17.10%3A_Aqueous_Solution_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/18%3A_The_Group_18_Elements/18.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/18%3A_The_Group_18_Elements/18.04%3A_Compounds_of_Xenon/18.4E%3A_Other_Compounds_of_Xenon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Ligands/EDTA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Ligands/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.06%3A_Thermochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.06%3A_Thermochemistry#section_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.07%3A_Bond_Energies_and_Enthalpies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/Hesss_Law#Standard_Enthalpy_of_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/Hesss_Law#Standard_Entropy', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/Hesss_Law#Standard_Gibb's_Energy_of_Formation\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.10%3A_Biological_Membranes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.06%3A_Colligative_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.01%3A_Concentration_Units', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.02%3A_Partial_Molar_Quantities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.03%3A_The_Thermodynamics_of_Mixing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.04%3A_Binary_Mixtures_of_Volatile_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.05%3A_Real_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.E%3A_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/14%3A_Reaction_Equilibrium_in_the_Gas_Phase', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Group_Theory/Group_Theory%3A_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/Normal_Modes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/Number_of_Vibrational_Modes_in_a_Molecule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Field_Theory/Thermodynamics_and_Structural_Consequences_of_d-Orbital_Splitting', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/The_Golden_Rules_of_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/08_Molecular_Structure_and_Physical_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/General_Trends_among_the_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermochemistry/Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/Grignard_Reagents_Convert_Esters_into_Tertiary_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Properties_of_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/Acid_Catalyzed_Hydrolysis_of_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.05%3A_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.01%3A_Work_and_Heat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.02%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.03%3A_Heat_Capacities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.04%3A_Gas_Expansion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.E%3A_Properties_of_Gases_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Ligands/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/18%3A_The_Group_18_Elements/18.02%3A_Occurrence_Extraction_and_Uses', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.17%3A_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases-_The_Distribution_of_Molecular_Speeds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.14%3A_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases-_The_Total_Molecular_Kinetic_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/CX12._Solutions_For_Selected_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Ideal_Systems/Thermodynamics_of_Mixing#Entropy_of_mixing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/06%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/15%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/13%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria/13.06%3A_Applications_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/14%3A_The_Group_14_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/14%3A_The_Group_14_Elements/14.03%3A_Physical_Properties/14.3D%3A_Mossbauer_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/14%3A_The_Group_14_Elements/14.04%3A_Allotropes_of_Carbon/14.4A%3A_Graphite_and_Diamond_-_Structure_and_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.07%3A_Measuring_the_Enthalpy_Change/15.7.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.03%3A_Copper-zinc_Superoxide_Dismutase', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.02%3A_Chemistry_of_Dioxygen#Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.02%3A_Chemistry_of_Dioxygen#Free-Radical_Autoxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.02%3A_Chemistry_of_Dioxygen#How_do_Enzymes_Overcome_These_Kinetic_Barriers.3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.05%3A_Dioxygen_Toxicity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.05%3A_Dioxygen_Toxicity#Biological_Targets', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.05%3A_Dioxygen_Toxicity#1._Nonenzymatic_Oxidant_Scavengers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.05%3A_Dioxygen_Toxicity#2._Detoxification_Enzymes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.05%3A_Dioxygen_Toxicity#3._Systems_for_Sequestration_of_Redox-active_Metal_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.05%3A_Dioxygen_Toxicity#Systems_for_the_Repair_or_Replacement_of_Damaged_Materials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.05%3A_Dioxygen_Toxicity#Molecular_Mechanisms_of_Dioxygen_Toxicity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.05%3A_Dioxygen_Toxicity#Summary_of_Dioxygen_Toxicity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.04%3A_Cytochrome_c_Oxidase', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.04%3A_Cytochrome_c_Oxidase#1._Models', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.04%3A_Cytochrome_c_Oxidase#2._Spectroscopy_of_the_Enzyme', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.04%3A_Cytochrome_c_Oxidase#1._Models_2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.04%3A_Cytochrome_c_Oxidase#2._Mechanistic_Studies_of_the_Enzyme', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.07%3A_Oxygenases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.07%3A_Oxygenases#Dioxygenases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.06%3A_Monooxygenases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.06%3A_Monooxygenases#Other_Metal-containing_Monooxygenase_Enzymes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.01%3A_Catalase_and_Peroxidase#Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.01%3A_Catalase_and_Peroxidase#Comparisons_of_Catalase.2C_Peroxidase.2C_and_Cytochrome_P-450', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.03%3A_Copper-zinc_Superoxide_Dismutase#Enzymatic_Activity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.03%3A_Copper-zinc_Superoxide_Dismutase#Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.03%3A_Copper-zinc_Superoxide_Dismutase#Enzymatic_Activity_and_Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.03%3A_Copper-zinc_Superoxide_Dismutase#Anions_as_Inhibitors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.03%3A_Copper-zinc_Superoxide_Dismutase#1._SOD_Activity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.03%3A_Copper-zinc_Superoxide_Dismutase#2._Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.21%3A_Ch._4_References_and_Abbreviations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.18%3A_Measuring_the_Composition_of_a_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Electron_Configuration_of_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/Combination_Bands%2C_Overtones_and_Fermi_Resonances', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/Mode_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.02%3A_Shielding_and_Effective_Nuclear_Charge', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/The_Golden_Rules_of_Organic_Chemistry/Base_Equivalents_in_enolate_reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/How_an_FTIR_Spectrometer_Operates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Identifying_the_Presence_of_Particular_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Infrared%3A_Application', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Infrared%3A_Interpretation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/Carbon_Nitrogen_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/IR10._More_Practice_with_IR_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/IR11._Appendix%3A_IR_Table_of_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/IR2._Hydrocarbon_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/IR3._Subtle_Points_of_IR_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/IR4._Carbon_Carbon_Multiple_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/IR5._Carbon_Oxygen_Single_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/IR6._Carbon_Oxygen_Double_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/IR8._More_Complicated_IR_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/IR9._Misleading_Peaks', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/What_Does_an_IR_Spectrum_Look_Like', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/IR_Spectroscopy_Background', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/The_Fingerprint_Region', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Group_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Raman_Spectroscopy/Raman%3A_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Group_Theory/Group_Theory_and_its_Application_to_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Group_Theory/Understanding_Character_Tables_of_Symmetry_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/07_Molecular_Geometry_and_Electron_Domain_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/Introduction_to_Vibrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/Isotope_effects_in_Vibrational_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/510%3A_Coulombs_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.02%3A_The_Principle_of_Detailed_Balance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al)/UNIT_4%3A_EQUILIBRIUM_IN_CHEMICAL_REACTIONS', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry/7.3%3A_Heats_of_Reactions_and_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.06%3A_Sequence_Rules_-_The_EZ_Designation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.10%3A_Carbocation_Structure_and_Stability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/04%3A_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/05%3A_Introduction_To_Reactions_In_Aqueous_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/09%3A_The_Periodic_Table_and_Some_Atomic_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/17%3A_Additional_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/21%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_I', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/22%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/25%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/26%3A_Structure_of_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/27%3A_Reactions_of_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/28%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Living_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry/7.1%3A_Getting_Started%3A_Some_Terminology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry/7.2%3A_Heat', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry/7.7%3A_Indirect_Determination_of_H_-_Hess's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry/7.8%3A_Standard_Enthalpies_of_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry/7.9%3A_Fuels_as_Sources_of_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases/6.9%3A_Non-ideal_(Real)_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Addition_to_Alkenes/EA5._Addition_to_Alkene_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.25%3A_Boiling-Point_Elevation_and_Freezing-Point_Depression', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes/4.05%3A_The_Transition_Dipole_Moment_and_Spectroscopic_Selection_Rules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.01%3A_Partial_Molar_Quantities_in_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.02%3A_The_Gibbs-Duhem_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.03%3A_Chemical_Potential_of_Each_Component_Has_the_Same_Value_in_Each_Phase_in_Which_the_Component_Appears', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.04%3A_Ideal_Solutions_obey_Raoult's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.05%3A_Most_Solutions_are_Not_Ideal', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.06%3A_Vapor_Pressures_of_Volatile_Binary_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.07%3A_Activities_of_Nonideal_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.08%3A_Activities_are_Calculated_with_Respect_to_Standard_States', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.09%3A_Gibbs_Energy_of_Mixing_of_Binary_Solutions_in_Terms_of_the_Activity_Coefficient', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes/4.0S%3A_4.S%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes_(Summary)', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.06%3A_Hess's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.08%3A_Entropy_Can_Be_Expressed_in_Terms_of_a_Partition_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.01%3A_Energy_Does_not_Determine_Spontaneity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.02%3A_Nonequilibrium_Isolated_Systems_Evolve_in_a_Direction_That_Increases_Their_Probability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.03%3A_Unlike_heat_Entropy_Is_a_State_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.05%3A_The_Famous_Equation_of_Statistical_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.06%3A_We_Must_Always_Devise_a_Reversible_Process_to_Calculate_Entropy_Changes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.07%3A_Thermodynamics_Provides_Insight_into_the_Conversion_of_Heat_into_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/Enthalpy_is_a_State_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/04%3A_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/8%3A_Bonding_in_Transition_Metal_Compounds_and_Coordination_Complexes/8.2%3A_Bonding_in_Simple_Molecules_That_Contain_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.05%3A_Vapor_Pressure', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Thermochemistry/Hess'_Law_and_Enthalpy_of_Formation\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Phases_and_Intermolecular_Forces/London_Dispersion_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.13%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_Estimates_from_an_Electrostatic_Model/6.13E%3A_Madelung_Constants#NaCl+Lattice', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/00%3A_Front_Matter/03%3A_Table_of_Contents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.08%3A_Second-Row_Diatomic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/11%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids/11.1%3A_The_Dissolution_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/17%3A_Electrochemistry/17.2%3A_The_Gibbs_Free_Energy_and_Cell_Voltage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/20%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy_and_Photochemistry/20.2%3A_Vibrations_and_Rotations_of_Molecules%3A_Infrared_and_Microwave_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.05_Calculating_the_pH_of_Weak_Acid_Solutions#Find_the_pH_of_a_polyprotic_acid', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.08_Acid-Base_Properties_of_Salts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.02_Acid_Strength', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.09%3A_Acid_Solutions_that_Water_Contributes_p', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.01_The_Nature_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/17%3A_Electrochemistry/17.7%3A_A_Deeper_Look%3A_Electrolysis_of_Water_and_Aqueous_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/22%3A_Inorganic_Materials/22.2%3A_Properties_of_Ceramics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/22%3A_Inorganic_Materials/22.7%3A_Semiconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Addition_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Condensation_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Introduction_to_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Molecular_Weights_of_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Polyethylene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.09%3A_Hess'_Law/3.9.06%3A_Sports_Physiology_and_Health-_Aerobic_vs_Anaerobic_Energy_in_Exercise\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.10%3A_Standard_Enthalpies_of_Formation/3.10.01%3A_Biology-_Muscle_Energy_from_ATP', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.01%3A_The_Nature_of_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.03%3A_Enthalpy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/16%3A_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/16%3A_Thermodynamics/16.2%3A_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/16%3A_Aqueous_AcidBase_Equilibriums', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/20%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy_and_Photochemistry/20.6%3A_Photosynthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation/RO11._Redox_in_Organic_Carbonyls', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/PC._Photochemistry/PC2._Rules_of_Electronic_Excitation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.06%3A_Mixtures_of_Gases_and_Partial_Pressures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.05%3A_Applications_of_the_Ideal_Gas_Law-_Molar_Volume_Density_and_Molar_Mass_of_a_Gas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.07%3A_Gases_in_Chemical_Reactions-_Stoichiometry_Revisited', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Osmotic_Pressure_and_Polymer_Molecular_Weight_Determination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Standard_Molar_Entropy_of_Aluminum_Oxide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/Pericyclic_Reactions/PR2._Cope_and_Claisen_Rearrangements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation/RO2._Redox_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/8%3A_Bonding_in_Transition_Metal_Compounds_and_Coordination_Complexes/8.7%3A_Bonding_in_Coordination_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/PC._Photochemistry/PC4._Photolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/Pericyclic_Reactions/PR1._Introduction_to_Pericyclic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Oxidative_Addition_and_Reductive_Elimination/OA3._Polar_Oxidative_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.05%3A_Closest-Packed_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.07%3A_Viscosity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.05%3A_SI_Prefixes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.07%3A_Errors_in_Measurement/1.7.01%3A_Errors_in_Measurement_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/Metal_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/08%3A_Substitution_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides/8.07%3A_Benzylic_Halides_Allylic_Halides_Vinylic_Halides_and_Aryl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Named_Reagents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Oppenauer_oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Oxidative_Addition_and_Reductive_Elimination/OA1%3A_Intro_to_Oxidative_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Oxidative_Addition_and_Reductive_Elimination/OA2._Overview_of_Oxidative_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS9._Enolate_Nucleophiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.01%3A_Prelude_to_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.03%3A_Lattices_and_Unit_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Grignard_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.03%3A_Precipitation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.06%3A_Acid-Base_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.15%3A_Redox_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.27%3A_Colloids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.01%3A_Prelude_to_Aqueous_Phase_Reactions', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.09%3A_Hess'_Law/3.9.05%3A_Lecture_Demonstration-_Carbide_Cannon\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.01%3A_Prelude_to_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.02%3A_What_Chemists_Do', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.03%3A_Handling_Large_and_Small_Numbers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.04%3A_The_International_System_of_Units_(SI)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.06%3A_Measurements_Quantities_and_Unity_Factors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.06%3A_Measurements_Quantities_and_Unity_Factors/1.6.01%3A_Measurements_Quantities_and_Unity_Factors_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.07%3A_Errors_in_Measurement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution_Reactions/H._Some_Substitution_Reactions_of_Methylbenzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Other_Aromatic_Systems/Answers_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.08%3A_The_Nomenclature_of_Monosubstituted_Benzenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.16%3A_The_Alkylation_of_Benzene_by_Acylation-Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/CX9._Peptides_and_Proteins%3A_Laboratory_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO20._Conjugate_Addition-Elimination_in_Aromatics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/Chlorination_of_Methane_and_the_Radical_Chain_Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Halogenation_of_Benzene-The_Need_for_a_Catalyst', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.02%3A_Equations_and_Mass_Relationships', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.09%3A_Carbon_Dioxide_and_Climate_Change', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Ligand_Substitution_in_Coordination_Complexes/LS1._Intro_to_Ligand_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.19%3A_Common_Reducing_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.16%3A_Oxidation_Numbers_and_Redox_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.18%3A_Common_Oxidizing_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.13%3A_Conjugate_Acid-Base_Pairs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.20%3A_Substances_Which_Are_Both_Oxidizing_and_Reducing_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.07%3A_The_Nuclear_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.06%3A_Group_VA_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.12%3A_Isotopes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.11%3A_Solution_Concentrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.12%3A_Diluting_and_Mixing_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Transmutation_of_the_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.13%3A_Transmutation_and_Radioactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.01%3A_Prelude_to_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.02%3A_The_Equilibrium_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.03%3A_The_Equilibrium_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.04%3A_The_Law_of_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.05%3A_The_Equilibrium_Constant_in_Terms_of_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.06%3A_Calculating_the_Extent_of_a_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.07%3A_Successive_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.08%3A_Predicting_the_Direction_of_a_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.09%3A_Le_Chateliers_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.10%3A_The_Effect_of_a_Change_in_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.11%3A_The_Effect_of_a_Change_in_Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.12%3A_Effect_of_Adding_a_Reactant_or_Product', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.13%3A_The_Molecular_View_of_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.14%3A_Average_Atomic_Weights', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells/17.05%3A_Refining_of_Copper', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells/17.07%3A_Quantitative_Aspects_of_Electrolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/13%3A_The_Phase_Rule_and_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/19%3A_Transition_Metals_and_Coordination_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/19%3A_Transition_Metals_and_Coordination_Chemistry/19.3%3A_Optical_and_Magnetic_Properties_of_Coordination_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Leaving_groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.03%3A_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_(TLC)/2.3A%3A_Overview_of_TLC', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.03%3A_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_(TLC)/2.3B%3A_Uses_of_TLC', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.03%3A_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_(TLC)/2.3C%3A_The_Retention_Factor', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.03%3A_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_(TLC)/2.3D%3A_Separation_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.03%3A_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_(TLC)/2.3E%3A_Step-by-Step_Procedures_for_Thin_Layer_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.03%3A_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_(TLC)/2.3F%3A_Visualizing_TLC_Plates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.02%3A_Chromatography_Generalities/2.2B%3A_General_Separation_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/07%3A_Technique_Summaries/7.26%3A_Melting_Points', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/07%3A_Technique_Summaries/7.28%3A_Vacuum_Sublimation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.04%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/15%3A_The_Group_15_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/17%3A_Solutions/17.7%3A_Osmotic_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.03%3A_Transferring_Methods/1.3A%3A_Transferring_Methods_-_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.02%3A_Glassware_and_Equipment/1.2F%3A_Drying_Glassware', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures/9.08%3A_Mixtures_in_Gravitational_and_Centrifugal_Fields', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Substitution_reactions_of_alkyl_halides%3A_two_mechanisms/Substituion_reaction_PP/Substituion_reaction_PP_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.08%3A_Storage_and_Loss_Modulus', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Haloalkanes#', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Reactivity_of_Alkyl_Halides/Alkyl_Halide_Reactions/Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases/10.01%3A_Gaseous_Elements_and_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases/10.02%3A_Gas_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases/10.03%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases/10.04%3A_The_Combined_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases/10.05%3A_Gas_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases/10.06%3A_Stoichiometry_Involving_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases/10.07%3A_The_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Covalent_Bonding_Models/9.05%3A__Polyatomic_Systems_Multiple_Bonds_Resonance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.12%3A_Mole_Fraction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties/MSDS', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/11%3A_Gases_and_Their_Properties/11.2%3A_Ion-Dipole_Attractions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/Sphere_Packing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/13%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria/13.01%3A_Introduction_to_Acid_Base_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/13%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria/13.02%3A_Strong_Monoprotic_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/13%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria/13.03%3A_Finding_the_pH_of_weak_Acids_Bases_and_Salts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/13%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria/13.04%3A_Conjugate_Pairs_and_Buffers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/13%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria/13.05%3A_Acid_Base_Titration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.01%3A_Overview_of_Gravimetric_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.02%3A_Precipitation_Gravimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.03%3A_Volatilization_Gravimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.04%3A_Particulate_Gravimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.05%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.06%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.07%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.11%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/11%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.08%3A_Rotational_Partition_Functions_of_Polyatomic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.10%3A_Ortho_and_Para_Hydrogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/Troutons_rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.12%3A_The_Common-Ion_Effect/14.12.01%3A_Foods-_Calcium_Tartrate_and_Treatment_of_Wine_Waster-Waters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.01%3A_Prelude_to_Chemical_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.02%3A_Equations_and_Mass_Relationships/3.2.01%3A_Cultural_Connections-_Berthollides-_A_Challenge_to_Chemical_Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.02%3A_Equations_and_Mass_Relationships/3.2.02%3A_Environment-_Atom_Efficiency_and_the_2006_Presidential_Green_Chemistry_Award', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.02%3A_Equations_and_Mass_Relationships/3.2.03%3A_Everyday_Life-_Why_Fats_Don't_Add_Up_on_Food_Nutrition_Labels\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.02%3A_Equations_and_Mass_Relationships/3.2.04%3A_Food-_Let's_Cook\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.02%3A_Equations_and_Mass_Relationships/3.2.05%3A_Foods-_Metabolism_of_Dietary_Sugar', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.02%3A_Equations_and_Mass_Relationships/3.2.06%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.02%3A_Equations_and_Mass_Relationships/3.2.07%3A_Sports_Physiology_and_Health-_Hydrogen_Powered_Bicycles_Run_on_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.01%3A_Cultural_Connections-_Anthropology_and_Protein_Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.02%3A_Environment-_TSP_Ecological_Stoichiometry_and_Algal_Blooms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.03%3A_Everyday_Life-_Grilled_Cheese_Sandwiches_and_Omelets', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.04%3A_Everyday_Life-_Sodium_Silicide_Fueled_Bicycles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.05%3A_Foods-_Protein_Nutrition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.06%3A_Forensics-_Gunpowder_Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.07%3A_Geology-_Using_the_Acid_Test_to_Distinguish_the_Minerals_in_Calomine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.08%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.09%3A_Physics-_Rocket_Propellants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.10%3A_Sports_Physiology_and_Health-_Sodium_Silicide_Fueled_Bicycles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.04%3A_Percent_Yield', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.04%3A_Percent_Yield/3.4.01%3A_Environment-_Synthesis_of_Biodiesel_Fuel', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.04%3A_Percent_Yield/3.4.02%3A_Foods-_Vegetable_Oil_Hydrogenation_Trans_Fats_and_Percent_Yield', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.05%3A_Analysis_of_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.05%3A_Analysis_of_Compounds/3.5.01%3A_Foods-_Burning_or_Metabolizing_Fats_and_Sugars', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.10%3A_Standard_Enthalpies_of_Formation/3.10.02%3A_Foods-_Energy_in_a_Marshmallow', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.10%3A_Standard_Enthalpies_of_Formation/3.10.03%3A_Geology-_Calculating_the_Heat_Released_by_Serpentinization_in_the_Lost_City', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.10%3A_Standard_Enthalpies_of_Formation/3.10.04%3A_Sports_Physiology_and_Health-_Muscle_Energy_from_ATP', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.11%3A_Solution_Concentrations/3.11.01%3A_Biology-_Solution_Concentrations_and_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.11%3A_Solution_Concentrations/3.11.02%3A_Environment-_Determining_Safe_Mercury_Concentrations_in_Drinking_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.11%3A_Solution_Concentrations/3.11.03%3A_Environment-_Determining_Water_Purity_via_Biological_Oxygen_Demand', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.11%3A_Solution_Concentrations/3.11.04%3A_Foods-_Low_Glycemic_Index_Foods_and_Blood_Glucose_Concentration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.11%3A_Solution_Concentrations/3.11.05%3A_Lecture_Demonstration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.04%3A_The_International_System_of_Units_(SI)#SI Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.06%3A_Enthalpy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.03%3A_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.04%3A_Internal_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.13%3A_Including_the_Surroundings#Table_of_Some_Standard_Enthalpies_of_Formation_at_25.C2.B0C', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.03%3A_Heat_Capacity_and_Microscopic_Changes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.02%3A_Heat_Capacities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.10%3A_Polar_Covalent_Bonds/7.10.01%3A_Biology-_Nonpolar_Iodine_and_Polar_Hydrogen_Iodide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.08%3A_Electron_Affinities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.01%3A_Prelude_to_Chemical_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.03%3A_Energy_and_the_Formation_of_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.04%3A_The_Ionic_Crystal_Lattice', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.05%3A_Ions_and_Noble-Gas_Electron_Configurations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.06%3A_Ionization_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.07%3A_Ionization_of_Transition_and_Inner_Transition_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.01%3A_Prelude_to_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/08%3A_Advanced_Theories_of_Covalent_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/08%3A_Advanced_Theories_of_Covalent_Bonding/8.4%3A_Molecular_Orbital_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.07%3A_Viscosity/10.7.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.13%3A_Critical_Temperature_and_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.15%3A_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.10%3A_Enthalpy_of_Fusion_and_Enthalpy_of_Vaporization/10.10.02%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.12%3A_Boiling_Point', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.10%3A_Enthalpy_of_Fusion_and_Enthalpy_of_Vaporization/10.10.01%3A_Astronomy-_Water_on_Mars', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.18%3A_Deviations_from_the_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.01%3A_Translational_Partition_Functions_of_Monotonic_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.02%3A_Most_Atoms_are_in_the_Ground_Electronic_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.03%3A_The_Energy_of_a_Diatomic_Molecule_Can_Be_Approximated_as_a_Sum_of_Separate_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.04%3A_Most_Molecules_are_in_the_Ground_Vibrational_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.05%3A_Most_Molecules_are_Rotationally_Excited_at_Ordinary_Temperatures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.06%3A_Rotational_Partition_Functions_of_Diatomic_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.07%3A_Vibrational_Partition_Functions_of_Polyatomic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.11%3A_The_Equipartition_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.E%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions/17.E%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.10%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/11%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids/11.0%3A_Prelude_to_Solutions_and_Colloids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/11%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids/11.2%3A_Electrolytes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/11%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids/11.3%3A_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/11%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids/11.4%3A_Colligative_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/11%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids/11.5%3A_Colloids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/11%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids/11.E%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.02%3A_Precipitation_Gravimetry#equation8.2.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.02%3A_Precipitation_Gravimetry#equation8.2.3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.02%3A_Precipitation_Gravimetry#equation8.2.4', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.02%3A_Precipitation_Gravimetry#equation8.2.5', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.02%3A_Precipitation_Gravimetry#equation8.2.7', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.02%3A_Precipitation_Gravimetry#figure8.2.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.02%3A_Precipitation_Gravimetry#equation8.2.10', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.02%3A_Precipitation_Gravimetry#equation8.2.11', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.02%3A_Precipitation_Gravimetry#example8.2.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.03%3A_Volatilization_Gravimetry#repmethod8.3.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.04%3A_Selecting_an_Analytical_Method#figure3.4.2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.02%3A_Ions_in_Solution_(Electrolytes)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Analytical_Chemistry/1.01%3A_What_is_Analytical_Chemistry#figure1.1.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.04%3A_Separating_the_Analyte_From_Interferents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/13%3A_Kinetic_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/11%3A_Electrochemical_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/11%3A_Electrochemical_Methods/11.03%3A_Coulometric_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.05%3A_Thermodynamic_Terms_and_Conventions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.10%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.02%3A_Heat_Capacities/15.2.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/08%3A_Advanced_Theories_of_Covalent_Bonding/8.3%3A_Multiple_Bonds', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.06%3A_Avogadro's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.13%3A_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases-_Postulates_of_the_Kinetic_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.16%3A_Saturated_and_Supersaturated_Solutions', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.09%3A_Gay-Lussac's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.10%3A_Entropy_Changes_in_Gaseous_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.12%3A_Measuring_the_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.13%3A_Including_the_Surroundings', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.14%3A_The_Free_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.02%3A_Property_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/08%3A_Advanced_Theories_of_Covalent_Bonding/8.0%3A_Prelude_to_Covalent_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/08%3A_Advanced_Theories_of_Covalent_Bonding/8.1%3A_Valence_Bond_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/08%3A_Advanced_Theories_of_Covalent_Bonding/8.2%3A_Hybrid_Atomic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/07%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Geometry/7.E%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Geometry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.04%3A_Measurement_of_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.02%3A_Equations_and_Mass_Relationships#Ex. 4', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.13%3A_Titrations#Example 3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.12%3A_The_Common-Ion_Effect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.11%3A_Real_and_Ideal_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.13%3A_Gas_Collection_by_Water_Displacement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/11%3A_Gases_and_Their_Properties/11.1%3A_van_der_Waals_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/11%3A_Gases_and_Their_Properties/11.3%3A_Dipole-Dipole_Forces_and_Hydrogen_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.01%3A_Prelude_to_Ionization_of_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.02%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Molecular_Probability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.01%3A_Prelude_to_Spontaneity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.03%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Probability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.04%3A_Rates_of_Spontaneous_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.05%3A_Thermodynamic_Probability_W_and_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.06%3A_Getting_Acquainted_with_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.07%3A_Standard_Molar_Entropies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.08%3A_Dependence_of_S_on_Molecular_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.09%3A_Some_Trends_In_Entropy_Values', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.11%3A_Entropy_Randomness_and_Disorder', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.15%3A_Maximum_Useful_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.16%3A_Equilibrium_Constants_Revisited', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Covalent_Bonding_Models', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Covalent_Bonding_Models/9.04%3A_Delocalized_Bonding_and_Molecular_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures/9.01%3A_Composition_Variables', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures/9.02%3A_Partial_Molar_Quantities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures/9.03%3A_Gas_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures/9.04%3A_Liquid_and_Solid_Mixtures_of_Nonelectrolytes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures/9.05%3A_Activity_Coefficients_in_Mixtures_of_Nonelectrolytes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures/9.06%3A_Evaluation_of_Activity_Coefficients', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures/9.07%3A_Activity_of_an_Uncharged_Species', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/08%3A_Phase_Transitions_and_Equilibria_of_Pure_Substances/8.05%3A_Chapter_8_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.09%3A_Modulus_Temperature_Time', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Substitution_reactions_of_alkyl_halides%3A_two_mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Substitution_reactions_of_alkyl_halides%3A_two_mechanisms/Substituion_reaction_PP', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/17%3A_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/17%3A_Solutions/17.7%3A_Colligative_Properties_of_Electrolyte_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/17%3A_Solutions/17.8%3A_Colloids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.02%3A_Glassware_and_Equipment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.02%3A_Glassware_and_Equipment/1.2E%3A_Cleaning_Glassware', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Reactivity_of_Alkyl_Halides/Alkyl_Halide_Reactions/Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides/E1_Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.02%3A_Chromatography_Generalities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.02%3A_Chromatography_Generalities/2.2A%3A_Overview_of_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.04%3A_Column_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.03%3A_The_Simple_Gas_Laws-_Boyles_Law_Charless_Law_and_Avogadros_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.05%3A_Applications_of_the_Ideal_Gas_Law-_Molar_Volume_Density_and_Molar_Mass_of_a_Gas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/14%3A_The_Group_14_Elements/14.13%3A_Aqueous_Solution_Chemistry_and_Salts_of_Oxoacids_of_Germanium_Tin_and_Lead', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/15%3A_The_Group_15_Elements/15.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/07%3A_Technique_Summaries/7.25%3A_Rotary_Evaporation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions/Oxidation_of_Organic_Molecules_by_KMnO4', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/13%3A_The_Phase_Rule_and_Phase_Diagrams/13.01%3A_The_Gibbs_Phase_Rule_for_Multicomponent_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/13%3A_The_Phase_Rule_and_Phase_Diagrams/13.02%3A__Phase_Diagrams-_Binary_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/13%3A_The_Phase_Rule_and_Phase_Diagrams/13.03%3A_Phase_Diagrams-_Ternary_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/13%3A_The_Phase_Rule_and_Phase_Diagrams/13.04%3A_Chapter_13_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/19%3A_Transition_Metals_and_Coordination_Chemistry/19.1%3A_Properties_of_Transition_Metals_and_Their_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/19%3A_Transition_Metals_and_Coordination_Chemistry/19.2%3A_Coordination_Chemistry_of_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/18%3A_Representative_Metals_Metalloids_and_Nonmetals/18.E%3A_Representative_Metals_Metalloids_and_Nonmetals_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN2/Leaving_Groups?action=edit§ionId=3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Nucleophiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.13%3A_Transmutation_and_Radioactivity/4.13.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells/17.04%3A_Aluminum_Production', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells/17.01%3A_Prelude_to_Electrochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.10%3A_Weak_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells/17.08%3A_Galvanic_Cells', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.12%3A_Dalton's_Law_of_Partial_Pressures\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/The_Effects_of_Radiation_on_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.17%3A_Balancing_Redox_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.12%3A_Amphiprotic_Species', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.11%3A_Weak_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.02%3A_Metallic_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.01%3A_Prelude_to_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.03%3A_Metallurgy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.04%3A_Beneficiation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.05%3A_Reduction_of_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.06%3A_Refining_of_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.07%3A_Corrosion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.08%3A_Coordination_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.09%3A_Geometry_of_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.10%3A_Chelating_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.11%3A_Transitional_Metal_Ions_in_Aqueous_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Ligand_Substitution_in_Coordination_Complexes/LS2._Mechanism_of_Ligand_Sub', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.09%3A_Strong_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.14%3A_Lewis_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.07%3A_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.07%3A_A_Molecular_Orbital_Description_of_Aromaticity_and_Antiaromaticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.08%3A_Stratospheric_Ozone-_Earth's_Vital_Shield\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.10%3A__Who_Pollutes_Who_Pays', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.17%3A_sing_Coupling_Reactions_to_Alkylate_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/CX8._Condensation_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO21._Carbonyl_Addition_Summary%3A_Mechanistic_Steps', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Other_Aromatic_Systems/Answers_2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.08%3A_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.05%3A_Hydrogen_and_Hydroxide_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.06%3A_Measurements_Quantities_and_Unity_Factors#Example 3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.06%3A_Measurements_Quantities_and_Unity_Factors#Example 4', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.26%3A_Osmotic_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Henry_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.04%3A_Hydration_of_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS8._Nucleophilicity_in_NS', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.04%3A_Crystal_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Mukaiyama_aldol_addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/Simple_Cubic', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/08%3A_Substitution_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides/8.06%3A_More_About_the_Stereochemistry_of_(S_N2)_and_(S_N1)_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/08%3A_Substitution_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides/8.08%3A_Competition_Between_(S_N2)_and_(S_N1)_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Appel_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Baeyer-Villiger_oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Bartoli_indole_synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Baylis-Hillman_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Beckmann_Rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Biginelli_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Birch_Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Buchwald-Hartwig_amination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Cannizzaro_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Chugaev_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Claisen_rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Cope_Elimination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Corey-Kim_oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Curtius_Rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Dakin-West_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Dakin_Oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Dieckmann_condensation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Diels-Alder_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Eschenmoser-Claisen_rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Eschweiler-Clarke_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Finkelstein_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Fischer_esterification', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Fischer_indole_synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Friedel-Crafts_acylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Friedel-Crafts_alkylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Fries_rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Gabriel_synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Hofmann_Elimination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Hofmann_rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Ireland-Claisen_rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Johnson-Claisen_rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Jones_oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Knoevenagel_condensation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Knorr_pyrazole_synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Kolbe-Schmitt_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Kumada_cross-coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Luche_reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Mannich_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Michael_addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Mitsunobu_Macrolactonization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Mitsunobu_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Overman_Rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Pauson-Khand_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Perkin_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Pictet-Spengler_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Prins_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Pummerer_Rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Reformatsky_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Reimer-Tiemann_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Ritter_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Robinson_annulation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Schmidt_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Schotten-Baumann_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Sharpless_epoxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Sonogashira_cross-coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Staudinger_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Stille_cross-coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Strecker_amino_acid_synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Suzuki_cross-coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Swern_oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Tamao-Fleming_Oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/TES_protection', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Ullmann_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Vilsmeier-Haack_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Wagner-Meerwein_rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Williamson_ether_synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Wittig_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Wolff-Kishner_reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Wolff_rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Yamaguchi_Esterification', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation/RO13._Solutions_for_Selected_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Statistical_analyses_of_flash_point_and_boiling_point_data_for_organic_compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/PC._Photochemistry/PC3._Fluorescence_and_Phosphorescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/8%3A_Bonding_in_Transition_Metal_Compounds_and_Coordination_Complexes/8.6%3A_Optical_Properties_and_the_Spectrochemical_Series', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Liquid-vapor_Equilibria_-_%CE%94H_and_%CE%94S_for_Vaporization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Adsorption_Isotherms_-_Methylene_Blue_on_Activated_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Analysis_of_the_IR_Spectrum_of_Carbon_Monoxide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Azeotropic_composition_for_cyclohexane_and_ethanol_from_gas_chromatography_data', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Bartender's_Conundrum_-_Partial_Molar_Volume_in_Water-Ethanol_Mixtures\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Determination_of_partial_molar_volumes_in_aqueous_solutions_of_ionic_compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Determination_of_Virial_Coefficients_for_Argon_Gas_at_323_K', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Enzyme_Kinetics_-_Alcohol_Dehydrogenase_Catalyzed_Oxidation_of_Ethanol', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Fluorescence_Lifetimes_and_Dynamic_Quenching', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Hydrogen_Ion_Activities_from_pH_Measurements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Investigating_molecular_structure_and_the_1-octanol-water_partition_coefficient', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Strain_Energy_in_Organic_Compounds_-__Bomb_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Viscosities_of_Simple_Liquids_-_Temperature_Variation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Fleming/7.E%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.04%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.01%3A_Water_from_Wells-_Atmospheric_Pressure_at_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.02%3A_Pressure-_The_Result_of_Particle_Collisions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.03%3A_The_Simple_Gas_Laws-_Boyles_Law_Charless_Law_and_Avogadros_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.08%3A_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory-_A_Model_for_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.09%3A_Mean_Free_Path_Diffusion_and_Effusion_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.10%3A_Real_Gases-_The_Effects_of_Size_and_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.E%3A_Gases_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/04%3A_Chemical_Reactions_and_Aqueous_Reactions/4.09%3A_Oxidation-Reduction_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/20%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy_and_Photochemistry/20.5%3A_Introduction_to_Atmospheric_Photochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.04%3A_Enthalpy_of_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.05%3A_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.07%3A_Enthalpies_of_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.08%3A_Foods_and_Fuels', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.E%3A_Thermochemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.S%3A_Thermochemistry_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/04%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.S%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/16%3A_Aqueous_AcidBase_Equilibriums/16.01%3A_The_Autoionization_of_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/16%3A_Aqueous_AcidBase_Equilibriums/16.02%3A_A_Qualitative_Description_of__Acid-Base_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/16%3A_Aqueous_AcidBase_Equilibriums/16.03%3A_Molecular_Structure_and_Acid-Base_Strength', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/16%3A_Aqueous_AcidBase_Equilibriums/16.04%3A_Quantitative_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/16%3A_Aqueous_AcidBase_Equilibriums/16.05%3A_Acid-Base_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/16%3A_Thermodynamics/16.3%3A_The_Second_and_Third_Laws_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/16%3A_Thermodynamics/16.4%3A_Gibbs_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/16%3A_Thermodynamics/16.E%3A_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/15%3A_Equilibria_of_Other_Reaction_Classes/15.E%3A_Equilibria_of_Other_Reaction_Classes_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/22%3A_Inorganic_Materials/22.6%3A_Band_Theory_of_Conduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/22%3A_Inorganic_Materials/22.3%3A_Silicate_Ceramics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Hydrogen_Bromide_and_Aklenes%3A_The_Peroxide_Effect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Copolymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/17%3A_Electrochemistry/17.3%3A_Concentration_Effects_and_the_Nernst_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/20%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy_and_Photochemistry/20.3%3A_Excited_Electronic_States%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.07_Polyprotic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/17%3A_Electrochemistry/17.6%3A_Electrometallurgy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.10%3A_Strong_Acid_Solutions_that_Water_Contributes_pH', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.05_Calculating_the_pH_of_Weak_Acid_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.04_Calculating_the_pH_of_Strong_Acid_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.06_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.03_The_pH_Scale', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Thermochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Thermochemistry/Fuels_and_Enthalpy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Thermochemistry/History_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Phases_and_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Lewis_Bonding_Theory/Polarity_of_Chemical_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Phases_and_Intermolecular_Forces/Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Phases_and_Intermolecular_Forces/Phase_Changes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.07%3A_Molecular_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.04%3A_Phase_Changes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.06%3A_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.E%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/03%3A_Table_of_Contents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/8%3A_Bonding_in_Transition_Metal_Compounds_and_Coordination_Complexes/8.3%3A_Introduction_to_Coordination_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.01%3A_Factors_that_Affect_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.02%3A_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.03%3A_Concentration_and_Rates_(Differential_Rate_Laws)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.04%3A_The_Change_of_Concentration_with_Time_(Integrated_Rate_Laws)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.05%3A_Temperature_and_Rate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.06%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.07%3A_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.S%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/13%3A_Properties_of_Solutions/13.S%3A_Properties_of_Solutions_(Summary)', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/19%3A_The_Distribution_of_Outcomes_for_Multiple_Trials/19.04%3A_Stirling's_Approximation\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes/4.04%3A_Spectroscopy_of_the_Particle-in-a-Box_Model', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/05%3A_Stereochemistry/5.01%3A_Starch_and_Cellulose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases/6.8%3A_Gas_Properties_Relating_to_the_Kinetic-Molecular_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/27%3A_Reactions_of_Organic_Compounds/27.09%3A_Synthesis_of_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/28%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Living_State/28.1%3A_Chemical_Structure_of_Living_Matter%3A_An_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/25%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/25.01%3A_Radioactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/26%3A_Structure_of_Organic_Compounds/26.8%3A_From_Molecular_Formula_to_Molecular_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/27%3A_Reactions_of_Organic_Compounds/27.01%3A_Organic_Reactions%3A_An_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/25%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/25.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/26%3A_Structure_of_Organic_Compounds/26.1%3A_Organic_Compounds_and_Structures%3A_An_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.1%3A_General_Properties_of_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.2%3A_Principles_of_Extractive_Metallurgy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.3%3A_Metallurgy_of_Iron_and_Steel', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.4%3A_First-Row_Transition_Metal_Elements_-_Scandium_to_Manganese', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.5%3A_The_Iron_Triad%3A_Iron_Cobalt_and_Nickel', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.6%3A_Group_11%3A_Copper_Silver_and_Gold', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.7%3A_Group_12%3A_Zinc_Cadmium_and_Mercury', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.8%3A_Lanthanides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.9%3A_High_Temperature_Superconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/22%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_II/22.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.01%3A_Werners_Theory_of_Coordination_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.02%3A_Ligands', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.03%3A_Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.04%3A_Isomerism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.05%3A_Bonding_in_Complex_Ions%3A_Crystal_Field_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.06%3A_Magnetic_Properties_of_Coordination_Compounds_and_Crystal_Field_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.07%3A_Color_and_the_Colors_of_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.08%3A_Aspects_of_Complex-Ion_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.09%3A_Acid-Base_Reactions_of_Complex_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.10%3A_Some_Kinetic_Considerations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria/18.1%3A_Solubility_Product_Constant_Ksp', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria/18.2%3A_Relationship_Between_Solubility_and_Ksp', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria/18.3%3A_Common-Ion_Effect_in_Solubility_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria/18.4%3A_Limitations_of_the_Ksp_Concept', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria/18.5%3A_Criteria_for_Precipitation_and_its_Completeness', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria/18.6%3A_Fractional_Precipitation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria/18.7%3A_Solubility_and_pH', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria/18.8%3A_Equilibria_Involving_Complex_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria/18.9%3A_Qualitative_Cation_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/17%3A_Additional_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria/17.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/17%3A_Additional_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria/17.1%3A_Common-Ion_Effect_in_Acid-Base_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/17%3A_Additional_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria/17.2%3A_Buffer_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/17%3A_Additional_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria/17.3%3A_Acid-Base_Indicators', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/17%3A_Additional_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria/17.4%3A_Neutralization_Reactions_and_Titration_Curves', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/17%3A_Additional_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria/17.5%3A_Solutions_of_Salts_of_Polyprotic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/17%3A_Additional_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria/17.6%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibrium_Calculations%3A_A_Summary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases/16.9%3A_Lewis_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/21%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_I/21.1%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_Charge_Density', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/21%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_I/21.2%3A_Group_1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/21%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_I/21.3%3A_Group_2%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/21%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_I/21.4%3A_Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/21%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_I/21.5%3A_Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/21%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_I/21.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/22%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_II/22.1%3A_Periodic_Trends_in_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/22%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_II/22.2%3A_Group_18_-_The_Noble_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/22%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_II/22.3%3A_Group_17%3A_The_Halogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/22%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_II/22.4%3A_Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/22%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_II/22.5%3A_Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/22%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_II/22.6%3A_Hydrogen%3A_A_Unique_Element', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy/19.1%3A_Spontaneity%3A_The_Meaning_of_Spontaneous_Change', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy/19.2%3A_The_Concept_of_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy/19.3%3A_Evaluating_Entropy_and_Entropy_Changes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy/19.4%3A_Criteria_for_Spontaneous_Change%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy/19.5%3A_Standard_Gibbs_Energy_Change_G', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy/19.6%3A_Gibbs_Energy_Change_and_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy/19.7%3A_G_and_K_as_Functions_of_Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy/19.8%3A_Coupled_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy/19.E%3A_Chemical_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.1%3A_Electrode_Potentials_and_their_Measurement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.2%3A_Standard_Electrode_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.3%3A_Ecell_G_and_K', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.4%3A_Cell_Potential_as_a_Function_of_Concentrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.5%3A_Batteries%3A_Producing_Electricity_Through_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.6%3A_Corrosion%3A_Unwanted_Voltaic_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.7%3A_Electrolysis%3A_Causing_Nonspontaneous_Reactions_to_Occur', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.8%3A_Industrial_Electrolysis_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.01%3A_The_Rate_of_a_Chemical_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.02%3A_Measuring_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.03%3A_Effect_of_Concentration_on_Reaction_Rates%3A_The_Rate_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.04%3A_Zero-Order_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.05%3A_First-Order_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.06%3A_Second-Order_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.07%3A_Reaction_Kinetics%3A_A_Summary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.08%3A_Theoretical_Models_for_Chemical_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.09%3A_The_Effect_of_Temperature_on_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.10%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.11%3A_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects/11.1%3A_What_a_Bonding_Theory_Should_Do', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects/11.2%3A_Introduction_to_the_Valence-Bond_Method', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects/11.3%3A_Hybridization_of_Atomic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects/11.4%3A_Multiple_Covalent_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects/11.5%3A_Molecular_Orbital_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects/11.6%3A_Delocalized_Electrons%3A_Bonding_in_the_Benzene_Molecule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects/11.7%3A_Bonding_in_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects/11.8%3A_Some_Unresolved_Issues', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects/11.E%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/10.9%3A_Bond_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.1%3A_Dynamic_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.2%3A_The_Equilibrium_Constant_Expression', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.3%3A_Relationships_Involving_Equilibrium_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.4%3A_The_Magnitude_of_an_Equilibrium_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.5%3A_The_Reaction_Quotient_Q_-_Predicting_The_Direction_of_Net_Change', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.6%3A_Altering_Equilibrium_Conditions_-_Le_Chateliers_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.7%3A_Equilibrium_Calculations_-_Some_Illustrative_Examples', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And_Solids/12.1%3A_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And_Solids/12.2%3A_Some_Properties_of_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And_Solids/12.3%3A_Some_Properties_of_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And_Solids/12.4%3A_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And_Solids/12.5%3A_Network_Covalent_Solids_and_Ionic_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And_Solids/12.6%3A_Crystal_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And_Solids/12.7%3A_Energy_Changes_in_the_Formation_of_Ionic_Crystals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/10.1%3A_Lewis_Theory%3A_An_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/10.2%3A_Covalent_Bonding%3A_An_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/10.3%3A_Polar_Covalent_Bonds_and_Electrostatic_Potential_Maps', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/10.4%3A_Writing_Lewis_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/10.5%3A_Resonance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/10.6%3A_Exceptions_to_the_Octet_Rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/10.7%3A_Shapes_of_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/09%3A_The_Periodic_Table_and_Some_Atomic_Properties/9.7%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.01%3A_Types_of_Solutions%3A_Some_Terminology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.02%3A_Solution_Concentration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.03%3A_Intermolecular_Forces_and_the_Solution_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.04%3A_Solution_Formation_and_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.05%3A_Solubilities_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.06%3A_Vapor_Pressures_of_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.07%3A_Osmotic_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.08%3A_Freezing-Point_Depression_and_Boiling-Point_Elevation_of_Nonelectrolyte_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.09%3A_Solutions_of_Electrolytes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.10%3A_Colloidal_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases/16.1%3A_Arrhenius_Theory%3A_A_Brief_Review', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases/16.2%3A_Brnsted-Lowry_Theory_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases/16.3%3A_Self-Ionization_of_Water_and_the_pH_Scale', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases/16.4%3A_Strong_Acids_and_Strong_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases/16.5%3A_Weak_Acids_and_Weak_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases/16.6%3A_Polyprotic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases/16.7%3A_Ions_as_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases/16.8%3A_Molecular_Structure_and_Acid-Base_Behavior', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/09%3A_The_Periodic_Table_and_Some_Atomic_Properties/9.1%3A_Classifying_the_Elements%3A_The_Periodic_Law_and_the_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/09%3A_The_Periodic_Table_and_Some_Atomic_Properties/9.2%3A_Metals_and_Nonmetals_and_their_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/09%3A_The_Periodic_Table_and_Some_Atomic_Properties/9.3%3A_Sizes_of_Atoms_and_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/09%3A_The_Periodic_Table_and_Some_Atomic_Properties/9.4%3A_Ionization_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/09%3A_The_Periodic_Table_and_Some_Atomic_Properties/9.5%3A_Electron_Affinity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/09%3A_The_Periodic_Table_and_Some_Atomic_Properties/9.6%3A_Magnetic_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.12%3A_Electron_Configurations_and_the_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.05%3A_Cis-Trans_Isomerism_in_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.11%3A_The_Hammond_Postulate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Compounds/3.1%3A_Types_of_Chemical_Compounds_and_their_Formulas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Compounds/3.2%3A_The_Mole_Concept_and_Chemical_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Compounds/3.3%3A_Composition_of_Chemical_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Compounds/3.4%3A_Oxidation_States%3A_A_Useful_Tool_in_Describing_Chemical_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Compounds/3.5%3A_Importance_of_Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Compounds/3.6%3A_Names_and_Formulas_of_Inorganic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Compounds/3.7%3A__Names_of_Formulas_of_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Compounds/3.E%3A_Homework_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory/Homework_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/04%3A_Chemical_Reactions/4.1%3A_Chemical_Reactions_and_Chemical_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/04%3A_Chemical_Reactions/4.2%3A_Chemical_Equations_and_Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/04%3A_Chemical_Reactions/4.3%3A_Chemical_Reactions_in_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/04%3A_Chemical_Reactions/4.4%3A_Determining_the_Limiting_Reactant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/04%3A_Chemical_Reactions/4.5%3A_Other_Practical_Matters_in_Reaction_Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases/6.1%3A_Properties_of_Gases%3A_Gas_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases/6.2%3A_The_Simple_Gas_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases/6.3%3A_Combining_the_Gas_Laws%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Equation_and_the_General_Gas_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases/6.4%3A_Applications_of_the_Ideal_Gas_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases/6.5%3A_Gases_in_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases/6.6%3A_Mixtures_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases/6.7%3A_Kinetic-Molecular_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/05%3A_Introduction_To_Reactions_In_Aqueous_Solutions/5.7%3A_Stoichiometry_of_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions%3A_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory/2.1%3A_Early_Chemical_Discoveries_and_the_Atomic_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory/2.2%3A_Electrons_and_Other_Discoveries_in_Atomic_Physics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory/2.3%3A_The_Nuclear_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory/2.4%3A_Chemical_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory/2.5%3A_Atomic_Mass', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory/2.6%3A_Introduction_to_the_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory/2.7%3A_The_Concept_of_Mole_and_the_Avogadro_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory/2.8%3A_Using_the_Mole_Concept_in_Calculations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/01%3A_Matter-_Its_Properties_And_Measurement/1.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.01%3A_Electromagnetic_Radiation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.02%3A_Atomic_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.03%3A_Quantum_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.04%3A_The_Bohr_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.05%3A_Two_Ideas_Leading_to_a_New_Quantum_Mechanics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.06%3A_Wave_Mechanics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.07%3A_Quantum_Numbers_and_Electron_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.08%3A_Interpreting_and_Representing_the_Orbitals_of_the_Hydrogen_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.09%3A_Electron_Spin%3A_A_Fourth_Quantum_Number', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.10%3A_Multielectron_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.11%3A_Electron_Configurations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/05%3A_Introduction_To_Reactions_In_Aqueous_Solutions/5.1%3A_The_Nature_of_Aqueous_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/05%3A_Introduction_To_Reactions_In_Aqueous_Solutions/5.2%3A_Precipitation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/05%3A_Introduction_To_Reactions_In_Aqueous_Solutions/5.3%3A_Acid-Base_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/05%3A_Introduction_To_Reactions_In_Aqueous_Solutions/5.4%3A_Oxidation-Reduction%3A_Some_General_Principles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/05%3A_Introduction_To_Reactions_In_Aqueous_Solutions/5.5%3A_Balancing_Oxidation-Reduction_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/05%3A_Introduction_To_Reactions_In_Aqueous_Solutions/5.6%3A_Oxidizing_and_Reducing_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.01%3A_A_Mechanism_is_a_Sequence_of_Elementary_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Raman_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Group_Theory/Woodward-Hoffmann_rules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/06_Covalent_Bonding_and_Electron_Pair_Sharing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Raman_Spectroscopy/Raman%3A_Interpretation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Fundamentals_of_Spectroscopy/Selection_rules_and_transition_moment_integral', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.01%3A_Development_of_the_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.03%3A_Sizes_of_Atoms_and_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/A_Brief_Survey_of_Transition-Metal_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.17%3A_Miscibility/10.17.01%3A_Cultural_Connections-_Oil_and_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.20%3A_Thermodynamic_Factors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/The_Golden_Rules_of_Organic_Chemistry/Everything_You_Need_to_Know_About_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/14%3A_The_Group_14_Elements/14.04%3A_Allotropes_of_Carbon/14.4B%3A_Graphite_-_Intercalation_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.07%3A_Boyle's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/13%3A_The_Group_13_Elements/13.11%3A_Electron-Deficient_Borane_and_Carbaborane_Clusters_-_An_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/14%3A_The_Group_14_Elements/14.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/16%3A_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/18%3A_The_Group_18_Elements/18.02%3A_Occurrence_Extraction_and_Uses/18.2A%3A_Occurrence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/CX2._General_Reactivity_Patterns', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/06%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/6.01%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium_in_Gaseous_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/06%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/6.02%3A_Reactions_in_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/06%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/6.03%3A_Heterogeneous_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/06%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/6.04%3A_The_Influence_of_Temperature_Pressure_and_Catalysts_on_the_Equilibrium_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/06%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/6.05%3A_Binding_of_Ligands_and_Metal_Ions_to_Macromolecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/06%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/6.06%3A_Bioenergetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/06%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/6.E%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/Acid_Catalyzed_Hydrolysis_of_Esters_(II)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.01%3A_Some_Definitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.02%3A_An_Operational_Definition_of_Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.03%3A_Ideal_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.04%3A_Real_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.05%3A_Condensation_of_Gases_and_the_Critical_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.06%3A_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.07%3A_The_Maxwell_Distribution_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.08%3A_Molecular_Collisions_and_the_Mean_Free_Path', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.09%3A_Graham's_Laws_of_Diffusion_and_Effusion\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/10%3A_Gases/10.08%3A_Molecular_Effusion_and_Diffusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/05%3A_Gases/5.07_Effusion_and_Diffusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Ligands/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/Enthalpy_Changes_in_Reactions_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/General_mechanism_of_ester_reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/18%3A_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Carboxylic_Acids/Reactivity_of_Carboxylic_Acids/Making_Esters_From_Carboxylic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Nomenclature_of_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/16%3A_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/16%3A_Solutions/16.18%3A_Net_Ionic_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_II%3A_Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates/24%3A_Redox_Couples/V._Summary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_II%3A_Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates/Appendix_I%3A_Hydrogen-Atom_Donors/V._Compounds_with_Boron%E2%80%93Hydrogen_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Metabolic_Pathways/MP5._Regulation_of_Metabolic_Pathways%3A_Which_Are_Optimal', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Metabolic_Pathways/MP1._Overview_of_Metabolic_Pathways%3A_Catabolism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.13%3A_Virial_Equations', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.02%3A_Charles'_Law\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.04%3A_Finding_Avogadro's_Number\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.09%3A_Temperature_and_the_Ideal_Gas_Thermometer', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.05%3A_The_Kelvin_Temperature_Scale', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.01%3A_Boyle's_Law\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.10%3A_Deriving_Boyle's_Law_from_Newtonian_Mechanics\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.11%3A_The_Barometric_Formula', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.12%3A_Van_der_Waals'_Equation\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Background_and_a_Look_Ahead/1.11%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/16%3A_Solutions/16.17%3A_Molecular_and_Ionic_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Carboxylic_Acids/Reactivity_of_Carboxylic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Carboxylic_Acids/Reactivity_of_Carboxylic_Acids/Making_Acyl_Chlorides_(Acid_Chlorides)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Carboxylic_Acids/Reactivity_of_Carboxylic_Acids/Reactions_of_Carboxylic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/18%3A_Kinetics/18.01%3A_Chemical_Reaction_Rate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Amides/Reactivity_of_Amides/General_Mechanism_of_Amide_Reactions?action=edit§ionId=2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Amides/Reactivity_of_Amides/General_Mechanism_of_Amide_Reactions?action=edit§ionId=3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/Esters_can_be_reduced_to_1_alcohols_using_(LiAlH_4)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_II%3A_Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates/24%3A_Redox_Couples', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_II%3A_Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates/24%3A_Redox_Couples/IV._Reaction_Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/15%3A_Water/15.11%3A_Colloids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/16%3A_Solutions/16.01%3A_Solute-Solvent_Combinations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_II%3A_Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates/Appendix_I%3A_Hydrogen-Atom_Donors/VI._Compounds_with_Carbon%E2%80%93Hydrogen_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/Entropy_Changes_in_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/05%3A_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/05%3A_Gases/5.06_The_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/05%3A_Gases/5.08%3A_Collisions_with_Container_Walls', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/10%3A_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/10%3A_Gases/10.07%3A_Kinetic-Molecular_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/10%3A_Gases/10.09%3A_Real_Gases_-_Deviations_from_Ideal_Behavior', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/16%3A_The_Properties_of_Gases/16.05%3A_The_Second_Virial_Coefficient', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Metabolic_Pathways/MP2._Overview_of_Metabolic_Pathways%3A_Anabolism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Background_and_a_Look_Ahead', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Background_and_a_Look_Ahead/1.10%3A_A_Few_Ideas_from_Formal_Logic', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Metabolic_Pathways/MP4._Regulation_of_Metabolic_Pathways%3A_How_Is_It_Regulated', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.01%3A_The_Distribution_Function_as_a_Summary_of_Experimental_Results', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.02%3A_Outcomes_Events_and_Probability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.03%3A_Some_Important_Properties_of_Events', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.04%3A_Applying_the_Laws_of_Probability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.05%3A_Bar_Graphs_and_Histograms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.06%3A_Continuous_Distribution_Functions_-_the_Envelope_Function_is_the_Derivative_of_the_Area', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.07%3A_A_Heuristic_View_of_the_Probability_Density_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.08%3A_A_Heuristic_View_of_the_Cumulative_Distribution_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.09%3A_Random_Variables_Expected_Values_and_Population_Sets', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.10%3A_Statistics_-_the_Mean_and_the_Variance_of_a_Distribution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.11%3A_The_Variance_of_the_Average-_The_Central_Limit_Theorem', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.12%3A_The_Normal_Distribution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.13%3A_The_Expected_Value_of_a_Function_of_Several_Variables_and_the_Central_Limit_Theorem', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.14%3A_Where_Does_the_N_-_1_Come_from', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.15%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/10%3A_Some_Mathematical_Consequences_of_the_Fundamental_Equation/10.14%3A_The_Joule-Thomson_Effect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/06%3A_Equilibrium_States_and_Reversible_Processes/6.03%3A_Equilibrium_and_Reversibility_-_Phase_Equilibria', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/06%3A_Equilibrium_States_and_Reversible_Processes/6.10%3A_Duhem's_Theorem_-_Specifying_Reversible_Change_in_A_Closed_System\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/07%3A_State_Functions_and_The_First_Law/7.09%3A_Measuring_Heat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Physical_Chemistry/1.03%3A_Atomic_Mass_Molecular_Mass_and_the_Chemical_Mole', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/Esters_can_be_converted_aldehydes_using_diisobutylaluminum_hydride_(DIBAH).', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/26%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/26.07%3A_The_Van_'t_Hoff_Equation\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/15%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Chemical_Equilibria/15.07%3A_Some_Applications_of_Entropy_and_Free_Energy#3__Bioenergetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibria/Dynamic_equilibrium#Comparison_between_Dynamic_and_Static_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/07%3A_Electrochemistry', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.07%3A_Boyle's_Law/9.7.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/17%3A_Equilibrium_and_the_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/CX5._Getting_Towed_Uphill', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.01%3A_Biological_Redox_Components', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.05%3A_Energy_Storage_and_Release', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.02%3A_Coupling_Electron_Transfers_and_Substrate_Activation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.03%3A_Electron-transfer_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.03%3A_Electron-transfer_Rates#Self-exchange_and_Cross_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.04%3A_Electron-Transfer_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.08%3A_Marcus_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.08%3A_Marcus_Theory#Cross_Reactions_of_Blue_Copper_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.06%3A_Long-range_Electron_Transfer_in_Proteins_(Part_1)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.06%3A_Long-range_Electron_Transfer_in_Proteins_(Part_1)#1._Binding_Sites_on_the_Plastocyanin_Molecular_Surface', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.06%3A_Long-range_Electron_Transfer_in_Proteins_(Part_1)#Modified_Metalloproteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.06%3A_Long-range_Electron_Transfer_in_Proteins_(Part_1)#Protein-protein_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.06%3A_Long-range_Electron_Transfer_in_Proteins_(Part_1)#2._Hybrid_Hemoglobins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.07%3A_Long-range_Electron_Transfer_in_Proteins_(Part_2)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.07%3A_Long-range_Electron_Transfer_in_Proteins_(Part_2)#1._Ruthenium-modified_Cytochrome_c', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.07%3A_Long-range_Electron_Transfer_in_Proteins_(Part_2)#Bacterial_Photosynthetic_Reaction_Centers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.04%3A_Ionization_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.19%3A_Structures_Relevant_to_Liganded_Hemoglobins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.01%3A_Biological_Dioxygen_Transport_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.14%3A_Requirements_for_Effective_Oxygen_Carriers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.14%3A_Requirements_for_Effective_Oxygen_Carriers#Kinetic_Factors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.14%3A_Requirements_for_Effective_Oxygen_Carriers#Dioxygen_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.02%3A_Biological_Oxygen_Carriers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.02%3A_Biological_Oxygen_Carriers#The_Hemocyanin_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.02%3A_Biological_Oxygen_Carriers#The_Hemerythrin_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.10%3A_Hazards_of_Life_with_Dioxygen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.16%3A_Selected_Chemistry_of_Dioxygen_Iron_Copper_and_Cobalt', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.07%3A_General_Aspects_of_the_Chemistry_of_Dioxygen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.07%3A_General_Aspects_of_the_Chemistry_of_Dioxygen#Geometry_and_Electronic_Structure_of_Coordinated_Dioxygen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.08%3A_General_Aspects_of_the_Chemistry_of_Iron', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.08%3A_General_Aspects_of_the_Chemistry_of_Iron#Spectroscopy_of_the_FeIII.E2.80.94O.E2.80.94FeIII_moiety', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.08%3A_General_Aspects_of_the_Chemistry_of_Iron#Oxidation_and_Spin_State_of_Iron_Porphyrins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.06%3A_General_Aspects_of_the_Chemistry_of_Copper', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.05%3A_General_Aspects_of_the_Chemistry_of_Cobalt', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.12%3A_Other_Ligands_for_Biological_Oxygen_Carriers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.12%3A_Other_Ligands_for_Biological_Oxygen_Carriers#Nitric_Oxide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.12%3A_Other_Ligands_for_Biological_Oxygen_Carriers#Isocyanide_and_Nitroso_Species', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.11%3A_Nature_of_the_Metal-Dioxygen_Linkage_in_Biological_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.11%3A_Nature_of_the_Metal-Dioxygen_Linkage_in_Biological_Systems#Oxyhemoglobin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.11%3A_Nature_of_the_Metal-Dioxygen_Linkage_in_Biological_Systems#A_Simple_Model_for_the_Electronic_Structure_of_Liganded_Hemoglobins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.15%3A_Role_of_the_Protein_in_Effecting_Biological_Oxygen_Transport', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.15%3A_Role_of_the_Protein_in_Effecting_Biological_Oxygen_Transport#Protection_of_the_Metal-Dioxygen_Moiety', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.15%3A_Role_of_the_Protein_in_Effecting_Biological_Oxygen_Transport#Modulation_of_Ligand-binding_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.13%3A_Requirements_for_a_Model_System_for_Hemoglobin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.18%3A_Structural_Basis_of_Ligand_Affinities_of_Oxygen_Carriers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.09%3A_General_Structural_Features_that_Modulate_Ligand_Activity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.09%3A_General_Structural_Features_that_Modulate_Ligand_Activity#Proximal_Effects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.09%3A_General_Structural_Features_that_Modulate_Ligand_Activity#Distal_Effects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.09%3A_General_Structural_Features_that_Modulate_Ligand_Activity#Approximate_Contribution_of_Proximal_and_Distal_Effects_to_Ligand_Affinity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.03%3A_Detailed_Structures_of_Hemoglobins_and_Model_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.17%3A_Stereochemical_Changes_Upon_Ligation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.17%3A_Stereochemical_Changes_Upon_Ligation#Structural_Changes_in_Low-affinity_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.17%3A_Stereochemical_Changes_Upon_Ligation#Structural_Changes_in_High-affinity_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.04%3A_Dioxygen_Carriers_and_Bioinorganic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.21%3A_Ch._4_References_and_Abbreviations#Abbreviations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/03%3A_Calcium_in_Biological_Systems/3.15%3A_Troponin_C', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.17%3A_Miscibility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/The_Golden_Rules_of_Organic_Chemistry/Keys_to_Carbonyl_Chemistry_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Fundamentals_of_Spectroscopy/Selection_Rules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.05%3A_Electron_Affinities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.06%3A_Metals_Nonmetals_and_Metalloids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.07%3A_Group_Trends_for_the_Active_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.08%3A_Group_Trends_for_Selected_Nonmetals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.E%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.S%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/06%3A_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/6.S%3A_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/25%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/25.E_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/05_Quantum_Energy_Levels_in_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_McQuarrie_and_Simon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/21%3A_The_p-Block_Elements/21.01%3A_The_Elements_of_Group_13', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/01%3A_Matter-_Its_Properties_And_Measurement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/01%3A_Matter-_Its_Properties_And_Measurement/1.1%3A_The_Scientific_Method', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/01%3A_Matter-_Its_Properties_And_Measurement/1.2%3A__Properties_of_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/01%3A_Matter-_Its_Properties_And_Measurement/1.3%3A_Classification_of_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/01%3A_Matter-_Its_Properties_And_Measurement/1.4%3A_Measurement_of_Matter_-_SI_(Metric)_Units', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/01%3A_Matter-_Its_Properties_And_Measurement/1.5%3A_Density_and_Percent_Composition_-_Their_Use_in_Problem_Solving', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/01%3A_Matter-_Its_Properties_And_Measurement/1.6%3A_Uncertainties_in_Scientific_Measurements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/01%3A_Matter-_Its_Properties_And_Measurement/1.7%3A_Significant_Figures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Ions/2.01%3A_The_Atomic_Theory_of_Matter#Law_2:_Definite_Proportions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.12%3A_Evidence_for_the_Mechanism_of_Electrophilic_Additions_-_Carbocation_Rearrangements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.04%3A_Naming_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/11%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids/11.4%3A_Colligative_Properties?action=edit§ionId=11', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/04%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.04%3A_Oxidation-Reduction_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/06%3A_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/6.04%3A_The_Wave_Behavior_of_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Comparing_Strengths_of_Oxidants_and_Reductants#Learning_Objective', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/13%3A_The_Group_13_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/26%3A_Structure_of_Organic_Compounds/26.2%3A_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystallography/Physical_Properties_of_Crystals/Curie_laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/27%3A_Reactions_of_Organic_Compounds/27.02%3A_Introduction_to_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/27%3A_Reactions_of_Organic_Compounds/27.08%3A_Polymers_and_Polymerization_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/28%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Living_State/28.2%3A_Lipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/25%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/25.02%3A_Naturally_Occurring_Radioactive_Isotopes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/25%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/25.11%3A_Applications_of_Radioisotopes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/26%3A_Structure_of_Organic_Compounds/26.7%3A_Organic_Compounds_Containing_Functional_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/13%3A_Properties_of_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/13%3A_Properties_of_Solutions/13.01%3A_The_Solution_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/13%3A_Properties_of_Solutions/13.02%3A_Saturated_Solutions_and_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/13%3A_Properties_of_Solutions/13.03%3A_Factors_Affecting_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/13%3A_Properties_of_Solutions/13.04%3A_Ways_of_Expressing_Concentration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/13%3A_Properties_of_Solutions/13.05%3A_Colligative_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/13%3A_Properties_of_Solutions/13.06%3A_Colloids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/13%3A_Properties_of_Solutions/13.E%3A_Properties_of_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/05%3A_Stereochemistry/5.02%3A_The_Two_Major_Classes_of_Isomers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/19%3A_The_Distribution_of_Outcomes_for_Multiple_Trials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/19%3A_The_Distribution_of_Outcomes_for_Multiple_Trials/19.03%3A_Distribution_of_Results_for_Multiple_Trials_with_Many_Possible_Outcomes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/19%3A_The_Distribution_of_Outcomes_for_Multiple_Trials/19.05%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/8%3A_Bonding_in_Transition_Metal_Compounds_and_Coordination_Complexes/8.4%3A_Structures_of_Coordination_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.07%3A_Structure_of_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.01%3A_Overview_of_Classical_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.02%3A_Pressure-Volume_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.03%3A_Work_and_Heat_are_not_State_Functions_but_Energy_is_a_State_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.04%3A_Energy_is_a_State_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.05%3A_An_Adiabatic_Process_is_a_Process_in_which_No_Energy_as_Heat_is_Transferred', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.06%3A_The_Temperature_of_a_Gas_Decreases_in_a_Reversible_Adiabatic_Expansion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.07%3A_Work_and_Heat_Have_a_Simple_Molecular_Interpretation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.08%3A_Pressure-Volume_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.09%3A_Heat_Capacity_is_a_Path_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.10%3A_Relative_Enthalpies_Can_Be_Determined_from_Heat_Capacity_Data_and_Heats_of_Transition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.11%3A_Enthalpy_Changes_for_Chemical_Equations_are_Additive', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.12%3A_Heats_of_Reactions_Can_Be_Calculated_from_Tabulated_Heats_of_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.13%3A_The_Temperature_Dependence_of_H', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.03%3A_Some_Properties_of_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.01%3A_A_Molecular_Comparison_of_Gases_Liquids_and_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.02%3A_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.08%3A_Bonding_in_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.E%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.S%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/10%3A_Gases/10.S%3A_Gases_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.06%3A_Multiple_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.01%3A_Molecular_Shapes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.02%3A_The_VSEPR_Model', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.03%3A_Molecular_Shape_and_Molecular_Polarity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.04%3A_Covalent_Bonding_and_Orbital_Overlap', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.05%3A_Hybrid_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.S%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Thermochemistry/Calorimetry_and_Reaction_Enthalpy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Phases_and_Intermolecular_Forces/Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Lewis_Bonding_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Lewis_Bonding_Theory/Magnetism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Lewis_Bonding_Theory/The_Octet_and_Other_Stable_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Thermochemistry/The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Thermochemistry/Kinetic_and_Potential_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Phases_and_Intermolecular_Forces/Intro_to_Phases_and_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Solids/Other_Solids%3A_Polymers_Nanomaterials_Foams_etc.', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Thermochemistry/Basic_Definitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Phases_and_Intermolecular_Forces/Dipole-dipole_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/08%3A_Basic_Concepts_of_Chemical_Bonding/8.S%3A_Basic_Concepts_of_Chemical_Bonding_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/20%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy_and_Photochemistry/20.4%3A_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/17%3A_Electrochemistry/17.5%3A_Corrosion_and_Its_Prevention', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.11%3A_Approaches_to_Solve_Acid-Base_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/6%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/6.9%3A_Equilibria_of_Real_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/17%3A_Electrochemistry/17.4%3A_Batteries_and_Fuel_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/EXPLAINING_THE_%22PEROXIDE_EFFECT%22_IN_THE_REACTION_BETWEEN_HYDROGEN_BROMIDE_AND_ALKENES', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/22%3A_Inorganic_Materials/22.5%3A_Electrical_Conduction_in_Materials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/22%3A_Inorganic_Materials/22.4%3A_Nonsilicate_Ceramics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/17%3A_Electrochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/15%3A_Equilibria_of_Other_Reaction_Classes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/15%3A_Equilibria_of_Other_Reaction_Classes/15.3%3A_Coupled_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/06%3A_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/04%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/04%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.E%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/04%3A_Chemical_Reactions_and_Aqueous_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/04%3A_Chemical_Reactions_and_Aqueous_Reactions/4.08%3A_Acid-Base_and_Gas-Evolution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/06%3A_Thermochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Fleming/6.E%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/8%3A_Bonding_in_Transition_Metal_Compounds_and_Coordination_Complexes/8.5%3A_Crystal_Field_Theory%3A_Optical_and_Magnetic_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Pericyclic_Reactions/Cope_Rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Pericyclic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/08%3A_Substitution_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides/8.05%3A_Factors_That_Affect_(S_N1)_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/08%3A_Substitution_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides/8.09%3A_The_Role_of_the_Solvent_in_(S_N2)_and_(S_N1)_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS7._Solvent_Effects_in_NS', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS11._NA_to_Strained_Rings', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS12._Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS13._Regiochem._in_Elimination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS14._Stereochem_in_Elimination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS15._Elim._Mechanism_Factors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS16._Solutions_for_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Ligand_Substitution_in_Coordination_Complexes/LS8._Solutions_to_Selected_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS1._Introduction_to_ANS', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Polycyclic_Aromatics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.18%3A_It_Is_Important_to_Have_More_Than_One_Way_to_Carry_Out_a_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.08%3A_Indoor_Air_Pollution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/14%3A_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/CX7._Enolates%3A__Substitution_and_Decarboxylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO23._Solutions_to_Selected_Problems%2C_CO1-9', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/03%3A_Table_of_Contents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/04%3A_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Ligand_Substitution_in_Coordination_Complexes/LS3._Kinetics_of_Assoc._Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.08%3A_Coordinate_Covalent_Bond', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.06%3A_Antiaromaticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.02%3A_Earth's_Atmosphere-_Divisions_and_Composition\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.03%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Atmosphere', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.04%3A_Outdoor_Air_Pollution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.05%3A_13.4__Automobile_Emissions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.06%3A_Photochemical_Smog-_Making_Haze_While_the_Sun_Shines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.07%3A_Acid_Rain-_Air_Pollution_Water_Pollution', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_Earth/12.04%3A_Earth's_Dwindling_Resources\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.11%3A_The_Law_of_Combining_Volumes', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.12%3A_Dalton's_Law_of_Partial_Pressures/9.12.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstration\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Artificially_Induced_Radioactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells/17.09%3A_Cell_Notation_and_Conventions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells/17.03%3A_Electrolysis_of_Brine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Reactions_of_alkyl_halides_-_an_overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells/17.02%3A_Electrolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.02%3A_Naturally_Occurring_Radioactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.15%3A_Nuclear_Power_Plants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/18%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/18.12%3A_Heterogeneous_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.01%3A_Prelude_to_Nuclear_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/18%3A_Representative_Metals_Metalloids_and_Nonmetals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/18%3A_Representative_Metals_Metalloids_and_Nonmetals/18.12%3A_Occurrence_Preparation_and_Properties_of_the_Noble_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Chemical_Reactivity/Balancing_Organic_Redox_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/14%3A_Galvanic_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/07%3A_Technique_Summaries/7.24%3A_Steam_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.04%3A_Column_Chromatography/2.4A%3A_Macroscale_Columns', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.04%3A_Column_Chromatography/2.4B%3A_Microscale_(Pipette)_Columns', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.06%3A_Mixtures_of_Gases_and_Partial_Pressures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.01%3A_Prelude_to_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.02%3A_Pressure-_The_Result_of_Particle_Collisions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.01%3A_Supersonic_Skydiving_and_the_Risk_of_Decompression', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.07%3A_A_Particulate_Model_for_Gases-_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.08%3A_Temperature_and_Molecular__Velocities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.09%3A_Mean_Free_Path_Diffusion_and_Effusion_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.10%3A_Gases_in_Chemical_Reactions-_Stoichiometry_Revisited', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.11%3A_Real_Gases-_The_Effects_of_Size_and_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/10%3A_Thermochemistry/10.11%3A_Lattice_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/18%3A_The_Representative_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/17%3A_Solutions/17.5%3A_Boiling-Point_Elevation_and_Freezing-Point_Depression', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.02%3A_Glassware_and_Equipment/1.2D%3A_Greasing_Joints', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/16%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/16.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/17%3A_Solutions/17.1%3A_Solution_Composition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Reactivity_of_Alkyl_Halides/Alkyl_Halide_Reactions/Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides/E2_Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.02%3A_Glassware_and_Equipment/1.2.01%3A_Storing_Samples_(Parafilm_Teflon_Tape)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.02%3A_Glassware_and_Equipment/1.2A%3A_Pictures_of_Glassware_and_Equipment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.02%3A_Glassware_and_Equipment/1.2B%3A_Ground_Glass_Joints', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.02%3A_Glassware_and_Equipment/1.2C%3A_Clamping', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.01%3A_Prelude_to_General_Techniques', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.10%3A_Chapter_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/08%3A_Phase_Transitions_and_Equilibria_of_Pure_Substances', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/08%3A_Phase_Transitions_and_Equilibria_of_Pure_Substances/8.04%3A_Coexistence_Curves', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Covalent_Bonding_Models/9.01%3A_Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Covalent_Bonding_Models/9.02%3A_VSEPR_-_Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Covalent_Bonding_Models/9.03%3A_Hybrid_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/08%3A_Ionic_versus_Covalent_Bonding/8.11%3A_Molecular_Representations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.02%3A_Ionization_of_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.03%3A_pH_and_pOH', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.04%3A_The_pH_of_Solutions_of_Weak_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.05%3A_The_pH_of_Solutions_of_Weak_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.09%3A_Indicators', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.11%3A_The_Solubility_Product', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.01%3A_Compressibility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.02%3A_Factors_Affecting_Gas_Pressure', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.03%3A_Boyle's_Law\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.04%3A_Charles's_Law\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.05%3A_Gay-Lussac's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.06%3A_Combined_Gas_Law', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.07%3A_Avogadro's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.08%3A_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.09%3A_Calculating_the_Molar_Mass_of_a_Gas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.10%3A_Gas_Stoichiometry', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.14%3A_Dalton's_Law_of_Partial_Pressures\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.15%3A_Diffusion_and_Effusion_and_Graham's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/13%3A_States_of_Matter/13.20%3A_Phase_Diagram_for_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/11%3A_Gases_and_Their_Properties/11.4%3A_Dipole-Induced_Dipole_Forces_and_London_Dispersion_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.04%3A_Measurement_of_Pressure/9.4.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/07%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/07%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Geometry/7.6%3A_Molecular_Structure_and_Polarity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.10%3A_Entropy_Changes_in_Gaseous_Reactions#Table_of_Standard_Molar_Entropies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.05%3A_Gas_Laws', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.08%3A_Charles's_Law\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.08%3A_Charles's_Law/9.8.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstration\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.10%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Equation/9.10.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.01%3A_Overview_of_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.02%3A_Spectroscopy_Based_on_Absorption', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.03%3A_UV_Vis_and_IR_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.04%3A_Atomic_Absorption_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.05%3A_Emission_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.06%3A_Photoluminescent_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.07%3A_Atomic_Emission_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.08%3A_Spectroscopy_Based_on_Scattering', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.09%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.10%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.11%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.08%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/13%3A_Kinetic_Methods/13.01%3A_Kinetic_Techniques_versus__Equilibrium_Techniques', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/13%3A_Kinetic_Methods/13.02%3A_Chemical_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/13%3A_Kinetic_Methods/13.03%3A_Radiochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/13%3A_Kinetic_Methods/13.04%3A_Flow_Injection_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/13%3A_Kinetic_Methods/13.05%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/13%3A_Kinetic_Methods/13.06%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/13%3A_Kinetic_Methods/13.07%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.10%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/11%3A_Electrochemical_Methods/11.04%3A_Voltammetric_and_Amperometric_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/11%3A_Electrochemical_Methods/11.01%3A_Overview_of_Electrochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/11%3A_Electrochemical_Methods/11.01%3A_Overview_of_Electrochemistry#figure11.1.5', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.04%3A_Redox_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/11%3A_Electrochemical_Methods/11.01%3A_Overview_of_Electrochemistry#figure11.1.4', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/11%3A_Electrochemical_Methods/11.02%3A_Potentiometric_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.01%3A_Analysis_Determination_and_Measurement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.02%3A_Techniques_Methods_Procedures_and_Protocols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.03%3A_Classifying_Analytical_Techniques', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.04%3A_Selecting_an_Analytical_Method', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.05%3A_Developing_the_Procedure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.06%3A_Protocols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.07%3A_The_Importance_of_Analytical_Methodology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.08%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.09%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.10%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/02%3A_Basic_Tools_of_Analytical_Chemistry/2.10%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Analytical_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Analytical_Chemistry/1.01%3A_What_is_Analytical_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Analytical_Chemistry/1.02%3A_The_Analytical_Perspective', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/11%3A_Electrochemical_Methods/11.05%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/11%3A_Electrochemical_Methods/11.06%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/11%3A_Electrochemical_Methods/11.07%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.03%3A_Implementing_the_Sampling_Plan', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.05%3A_General_Theory_of_Separation_Effiiciency', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.01%3A_Overview_of_Analytical_Separations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.02%3A_General_Theory_of_Column_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.03%3A_Optimizing_Chromatographic_Separations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.04%3A_Gas_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.05%3A_High-Performance_Liquid_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.06%3A_Other_Forms_of_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.07%3A_Electrophoresis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.08%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.09%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.02%3A_Techniques_Methods_Procedures_and_Protocols#figure3.2.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.03%3A_Classifying_Analytical_Techniques#equation3.3.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.03%3A_Classifying_Analytical_Techniques#equation3.3.2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Analytical_Chemistry/1.01%3A_What_is_Analytical_Chemistry#figure1.1.2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.01%3A_Normality', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.02%3A_Propagation_of_Uncertainty', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.03%3A_Single-Sided_Normal_Distribution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.04%3A_Critical_Values_for_t-Test', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.05%3A_Critical_Values_for_F-Test', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.06%3A_Critical_Values_for_Dixon's_Q-Test\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.07%3A_Critical_Values_for_Grubb's_Test\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.08%3A_Recommended_Primary_Standards', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.09%3A_Correcting_Mass_for_the_Buoyancy_of_Air', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.10%3A_Solubility_Products', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.11%3A__Acid_Dissociation_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.12%3A_Formation_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.13%3A_Standard_Reduction_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.14%3A_Random_Number_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.15%3A_Polarographic_Half-Wave_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.16%3A_Countercurrent_Separations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.17%3A_Review_of_Chemical_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.18%3A_Atomic_Weights_of_the_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/15%3A_Quality_Assurance/15.07%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions/17.08%3A_Partition_Functions_can_be_Decomposed', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.01%3A_Overview_of_Titrimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.02%3A_AcidBase_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.03%3A_Complexation_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.05%3A_Precipitation_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.06%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.07%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.09%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/TD7._Solutions_to_Selected_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.01%3A_The_Importance_of_Sampling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.02%3A_Designing_a_Sampling_Plan', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.06%3A_Classifying_Separation_Techniques', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.07%3A_Liquid-Liquid_Extractions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.08%3A_Separation_Versus_Preconcentration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/06%3A_Equilibrium_Chemistry/6.14%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/00%3A_Front_Matter/03%3A_Table_of_Contents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.E%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/28%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I_-_Rate_Laws/28.E%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I_-_Rate_Laws_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/3._Proteins_as_Enzymes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/05%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/5.06%3A_Atomic_Electron_Configurations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_the_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Bader)/03%3A_The_Hydrogen_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_the_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Bader)/03%3A_The_Hydrogen_Atom/3.02%3A_The_Quantization_of_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_the_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Bader)/03%3A_The_Hydrogen_Atom/3.04%3A_Angular_Momentum_of_an_Electron_in_a_Hydrogen_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/05%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/5.01%3A_Primer_on_Quantum_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/05%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/5.02%3A_Quanta_-_A_New_View_of_the_World', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/05%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/5.03%3A_Light_Particles_and_Waves', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/05%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/5.04%3A_The_Bohr_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/05%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/5.05%3A_The_Quantum_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/04%3A_The_Basics_of_Chemistry/4.06%3A_Significant_Figures_and_Rounding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Fleming/2.E%3A_Gases_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Simons_and_Nichols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Simons_and_Nichols/3%3A_Trapped_Particles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_the_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Bader)/03%3A_The_Hydrogen_Atom/3.05%3A_Some_Useful_Expressions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_the_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Bader)/03%3A_The_Hydrogen_Atom/3.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/The_Effect_of_Changing_Conditions_on_Enzyme_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_the_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Bader)/02%3A_The_New_Physics/2.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/04%3A_The_Basics_of_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/04%3A_The_Basics_of_Chemistry/4.05%3A_Introduction_to_Chemical_Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/30%3A_Gas-Phase_Reaction_Dynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/28%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I_-_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/28%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I_-_Rate_Laws/28.08%3A_Transition-State_Theory_Can_Be_Used_to_Estimate_Reaction_Rate_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/06%3A_Equilibrium_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/06%3A_Equilibrium_Chemistry/6.13%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/06%3A_Equilibrium_Chemistry/6.06%3A_Ladder_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.01%3A_The_Importance_of_Sampling#equation7.1.2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.03%3A_Propagation_of_Uncertainty', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/State_vs._Path_Functions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.02%3A_Designing_a_Sampling_Plan#equation7.2.2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.02%3A_Designing_a_Sampling_Plan#equation7.2.3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.07%3A_Liquid-Liquid_Extractions#equation7.7.12', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.07%3A_Liquid-Liquid_Extractions#figure7.7.5', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.02%3A_AcidBase_Titrations#table9.2.7', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.03%3A_Complexation_Titrations#table9.3.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.02%3A_AcidBase_Titrations#figure9.2.6', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/05%3A_Standardizing_Analytical_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions/17.07%3A_Partition_Functions_of_Indistinguishable_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions/17.01%3A_The_Boltzmann_Factor', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions/17.02%3A_The_Thermal_Boltzman_Distribution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions/17.03%3A_The_Average_Ensemble_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions/17.04%3A_Heat_Capacity_at_Constant_Volume', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions/17.05%3A_Pressure_in_Terms_of_Partition_Functions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions/17.06%3A_Partition_Functions_of_Distinguishable_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/16%3A_The_Properties_of_Gases/16.E%3A_The_Properties_of_Gases_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/15%3A_Quality_Assurance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/15%3A_Quality_Assurance/15.06%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/06%3A_Equilibrium_Chemistry/6.07%3A_Solving_Equilibrium_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.01%3A_Overview_of_Titrimetry#figure9.1.5', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/06%3A_Equilibrium_Chemistry/6.09%3A_Activity_Effects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Zielinski/8._The_Hydrogen_Atom_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Fleming/3.E%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.07%3A_Liquid-Liquid_Extractions#equation7.7.6', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.02%3A_Characterizing_Experimental_Errors#table4.2.8', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.04%3A_The_Distribution_of_Measurements_and_Results#example4.4.2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.03%3A_Propagation_of_Uncertainty#exercise4.3.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics/12.0%3A_Prelude_to_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics/12.1%3A_Chemical_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics/12.2%3A_Factors_Affecting_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics/12.3%3A_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics/12.4%3A_Integrated_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics/12.5%3A_Collision_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics/12.6%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics/12.7%3A_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics/12.E%3A_Kinetics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.01%3A_Characterizing_Measurements_and_Results', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.02%3A_Characterizing_Experimental_Errors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.04%3A_The_Distribution_of_Measurements_and_Results', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.05%3A_Statistical_Analysis_of_Data', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.06%3A_Statistical_Methods_for_Normal_Distributions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.07%3A_Detection_Limits', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.08%3A_Using_Excel_and_R_to_Analyze_Data', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.09%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.10%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.11%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.04%3A_Gas_Chromatography#method12.4.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/06%3A_Equilibrium_Chemistry/6.09%3A_Activity_Effects#table6.9.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.03%3A_Optimizing_Chromatographic_Separations#figure12.3.3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.03%3A_Optimizing_Chromatographic_Separations#equation12.3.7', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.02%3A_General_Theory_of_Column_Chromatography#figure12.2.7', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/05%3A_Standardizing_Analytical_Methods/5.03%3A_Determining_the_Sensitivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.02%3A_General_Theory_of_Column_Chromatography#equation12.2.5', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.02%3A_General_Theory_of_Column_Chromatography#equation12.2.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.02%3A_General_Theory_of_Column_Chromatography#equation12.2.8', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.02%3A_General_Theory_of_Column_Chromatography#equation12.2.9', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/02%3A_Basic_Tools_of_Analytical_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.04%3A_Separating_the_Analyte_From_Interferents#equation7.4.4', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.04%3A_Separating_the_Analyte_From_Interferents#equation7.4.3']\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "links = (pd.read_csv('/content/libretextbooks/book_links.csv'))['a'].values.tolist()\n",
+ "print(links)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "def longest_link_with_shared_sublinks(links):\n",
+ " result = []\n",
+ " links = sorted(links, key=len, reverse=True) # Sort links by length (longest first)\n",
+ "\n",
+ " for s1 in links:\n",
+ " has_shared_sublink = False\n",
+ " for s2 in result:\n",
+ " if s1 in s2:\n",
+ " has_shared_sublink = True\n",
+ " break\n",
+ " if not has_shared_sublink:\n",
+ " result.append(s1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ " return result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Find the longest hyperlinks with shared sublinks\n",
+ "longest_links = longest_link_with_shared_sublinks(links)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Print the result\n",
+ "print(longest_links)\n",
+ "len(longest_links)\n"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "colab": {
+ "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+ },
+ "id": "7JCEBSq8MPKd",
+ "outputId": "d7056279-7c17-4e2c-b150-de85ccf223b5"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "['https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/The_Solubility_of_the_Hydroxides_Sulfates_and_Carbonates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/The_Thermal_Stability_of_the_Nitrates_and_Carbonates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Prediction_of_Aromatic_Anti_Aromatic_and_Non_Aromatic_Character_of_Heterocyclic_Compounds_along_with_their_Omission_Behavior-_Innovative_Mnemonics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/Reactions_of_Group_2_Elements_with_Oxygen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/Reactions_of_Group_2_Elements_with_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/Reactions_of_Group_2_Elements_with_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/09%3A_The_Electronic_States_of_the_Multielectron_Atoms/9.06%3A_Electron_Configurations%2C_The_Pauli_Exclusion_Principle%2C_The_Aufbau_Principle%2C_and_Slater_Determinants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.06%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law_-_Pre-exponential_Factors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/Alkaline_Earth_(Group_II)_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_An_Equilibrium_Concentrations/Writing_Equilibrium_Constant_Expressions_Involving_Gases/Meaning_Of_The_Equilibrium_Constant%2C_K', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law-_Activation_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.05%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law_-_Direction_Matters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/Group_2%3A_General_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.05%3A_Orientation_in_Addition_to_Alkenes#10-4B_Addition_of_Other_Reagents_to_Unsymmetrical_Alkenes._The_Electronegativity_Chart', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Metallurgy/The_Extraction_of_Silver/Preparation_and_uses_of_Silver_chloride_and_Silver_nitrate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.04%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law_-_Arrhenius_Plots', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z004_Chemistry_of_Beryllium_(Z4)/Some_Atypical_Properties_of_Beryllium_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.10%3A_Preparative_Methods_for_Aldehydes_and_Ketones#16-9F_Aldehydes_by_Hydroformylation_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z013_Chemistry_of_Aluminum_(Z13)/Case_Study%3A_Conversion_of_Bauxite_Ore_to_Aluminum_______Metal', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.07%3A_Oxidation_Reactions#11-7D_Oxidation_with_Peroxidic_Compounds._Oxacyclopropane_(Oxirane)_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/1Group_16%3A_General_Properties_and_Reactions/Oxygen_Group_(Group_VIA)_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.01%3A_Arrhenius_Equation#Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.06%3A_Addition_of_Boron_Hydrides_to_Alkenes._Organoboranes#11-6D_Synthetic_Reactions_of_Organoboranes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/17%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_II-_Enols_and_Enolate_Anions._Unsaturated_and_Polycarbonyl_Compounds/17.04%3A_Nucleophilic_Addition_Reactions_of_Enolate_Anions#17-3F_A_Biological_Aldol_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/0Group_17%3A_Physical_Properties_of_the_Halogens/Physical_Properties_of_the_Group_17_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.10%3A_Preparative_Methods_for_Aldehydes_and_Ketones#16-9E_Rearrangements_of_Hydroperoxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_An_Equilibrium_Concentrations/Writing_Equilibrium_Constant_Expressions_Involving_Gases/Gas_Equilibrium_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.04%3A_London_Forces/8.4.05%3A_Ionization_Energies_and_Electron_Affinities/8.4.5.01%3A_Electron_Affinities/8.4.5.1.01%3A_pic_Ionization_Energies_and_Electron_Affinities.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/0Group_17%3A_Physical_Properties_of_the_Halogens/Atomic_and_Physical_Properties_of_Halogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/0Group_17%3A_Physical_Properties_of_the_Halogens/Group_17%3A_General_Properties_of_Halogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.02%3A_The_Arrhenius_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.06%3A_Addition_of_Boron_Hydrides_to_Alkenes._Organoboranes#11-6C_Isomerization_of_Alkylboranes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Van_Der_Waals_Interactions/van_der_Waals_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/1Group_14%3A_General_Chemistry/The_Trend_from_Non-Metal_to_Metal_in_Group_4_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.06%3A_Addition_of_Boron_Hydrides_to_Alkenes._Organoboranes#11-6B_Mechanism_of_Hydroboration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/Z008_Chemistry_of_Oxygen_(Z8)/Ozone/Important_properties_of_ozone', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.05%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alcohols._Reactions_Involving_the_O-H_Bond#15-4E_Nucleophilic_Properties_-_Hemiacetal.2C_Hemiketal.2C_and_Acetal_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Optical_Isomers_in_Inorganic_Complexes/Enantiomers_in_Octahedral_Complexes_with_Bidentate_Ligands', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.09%3A_General_Structural_Features_that_Modulate_Ligand_Activity#Approximate_Contribution_of_Proximal_and_Distal_Effects_to_Ligand_Affinity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/1Group_1%3A_Physical_Properties_of_Alkali_Metals/Lithium_Group_(Group_IA)_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/17%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_II-_Enols_and_Enolate_Anions._Unsaturated_and_Polycarbonyl_Compounds/17.05%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_with_Enolate_Anions#17-4B_Alkylation_of_Enamines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.3%3A_Entropy_and_Heat_-_Experimental_Basis_of_the_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/20%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy_and_Photochemistry/20.2%3A_Vibrations_and_Rotations_of_Molecules%3A_Infrared_and_Microwave_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.02%3A_Hydrogenation_with_Heterogeneous_Catalysts#11-2B_Catalyst_Activity_and_Selectivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family/1Group_15%3A_General_Properties_and_Reactions/Nitrogen_Group_(Group_5)_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/Z008_Chemistry_of_Oxygen_(Z8)/Ozone/Ozone_Layer_and_Ozone_Hole', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/2Reactions_of_the_Group_1_Elements/Reactions_of_Group_I_Elements_with_Chlorine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Optical_Isomers_in_Inorganic_Complexes/Identifying_Planes_of_Symmetry_in_Octahedral_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.06%3A_Continuous_Distribution_Functions_-_the_Envelope_Function_is_the_Derivative_of_the_Area', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.05%3A_Typical_Carbonyl-Addition_Reactions#16-4A_Addition_of_Carbon_Nucleophiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.11%3A_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy#9-10A_The_Relation_of_NMR_to_Other_Kinds_of_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/2Reactions_of_the_Group_1_Elements/Reactions_of_Group_I_Elements_with_Oxygen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.11%3A_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy#9-10L_Carbon-13_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/1Group_14%3A_General_Properties_and_Reactions/Carbon_Group_(Group_4)_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/0Group_17%3A_Physical_Properties_of_the_Halogens/Halogen_Group_(Group_17)_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases/Connecting_Gas_Properties_to_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/2Reactions_of_the_Group_1_Elements/Reactions_of_Group_1_Elements_with_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/6%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Molecular_Structure/6.2%3A_De-localized_Bonds%3A_Molecular_Orbital_Theory_and_the_Linear_Combination_of_Atomic', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.11%3A_Nature_of_the_Metal-Dioxygen_Linkage_in_Biological_Systems#A_Simple_Model_for_the_Electronic_Structure_of_Liganded_Hemoglobins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.05%3A_Halogenation_of_Alkanes._Energies_and_Rates_of_Reactions#4-4C_Why_Do_Methane_and_Chlorine_Fail_to_React_in_the_Dark_at_.5C(25.5E.5Ctext.7Bo.7D.5C).3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_An_Equilibrium_Concentrations/Writing_Equilibrium_Constant_Expressions_involving_solids_and_liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/12%3A_Cycloalkanes_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkynes/12.03%3A_Conformations_of_Cycloalkanes#12-3D_Cis-Trans_Isomerism_and_Conformational_Equilibria_for_Cyclohexane_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.13%3A_The_Expected_Value_of_a_Function_of_Several_Variables_and_the_Central_Limit_Theorem', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.02%3A_Changing_Reaction_Rates_with_Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/8%3A_Bonding_in_Transition_Metal_Compounds_and_Coordination_Complexes/8.2%3A_Bonding_in_Simple_Molecules_That_Contain_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.E%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/2_Group_2%3A_Physical_Properties_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium/Characteristics_Of_The_Equilibrium_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Ion_-_Induced_Dipole_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.2%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneity_-_A_Molecular_Statistical_Interpretation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Substitution_reactions_of_alkyl_halides%3A_two_mechanisms/Substituion_reaction_PP/Substituion_reaction_PP_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.10%3A_Electronic_Spectra_of_Organic_Molecules#9-9B_Effects_of_Conjugation_on_Electronic_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/12%3A_Thermodynamic_Processes_and_Thermochemistry/12.4%3A_Illustrations_of_the_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics_in_Ideal_Gas_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/8%3A_Bonding_in_Transition_Metal_Compounds_and_Coordination_Complexes/8.5%3A_Crystal_Field_Theory%3A_Optical_and_Magnetic_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/17%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_II-_Enols_and_Enolate_Anions._Unsaturated_and_Polycarbonyl_Compounds/17.02%3A_Enolization_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones#17-1D_Stabilities_of_Enols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/IR11._Appendix%3A_IR_Table_of_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/20%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy_and_Photochemistry/20.3%3A_Excited_Electronic_States%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/1Group_17%3A_General_Reactions/Oxidizing_Ability_of_the_Group_17_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.04%3A_Electrophilic_Additions_to_Alkenes#10-3A_The_Stepwise_Ionic_Mechanism.2C_Halogen_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Metallurgy/An_Introduction_to_the_Chemistry_of_Metal_Extraction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z004_Chemistry_of_Beryllium_(Z4)/Beryllium_Fluoride', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/6%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Molecular_Structure/6.5%3A_Comparison_of_Linear_Combination_of_Atomic_Orbitals_and_Valence_Bond_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/Number_of_Vibrational_Modes_in_a_Molecule#Calculate_Number_of_Vibrational_Modes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.05%3A_Typical_Carbonyl-Addition_Reactions#16-4C_Nitrogen_Nucleophiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.05%3A_Forces_and_Potential_Energy_in_Molecules%3A_Formation_of_Chemical_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.09%3A_The_Shapes_of_Molecules%3A_Valence_Shell_Electron-Pair_Repulsion_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z020_Chemistry_of_Calcium_(Z20)/Calcium_Hydroxide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.01%3A_Experimental_Determination_of_Kinetics/2.1.04%3A_Relaxation_Methods/2.1.4.01%3A_Flash_Photolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.13%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_Estimates_from_an_Electrostatic_Model/6.13A%3A_Coulombic_Attraction_Within_an_Isolated_Ion-Pair', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibria/Dynamic_equilibrium#Comparison_between_Dynamic_and_Static_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/19%3A_The_Distribution_of_Outcomes_for_Multiple_Trials/19.03%3A_Distribution_of_Results_for_Multiple_Trials_with_Many_Possible_Outcomes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/1Group_14%3A_General_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Aqueous_Lead(II)_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.03%3A_The_Packing_of_Spheres_Model_Applied_to_the_Structures_of_Elements/6.3A%3A_Group_18_Elements_in_the_Solid_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/17%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_II-_Enols_and_Enolate_Anions._Unsaturated_and_Polycarbonyl_Compounds/17.06%3A_-Unsaturated_Aldehydes_and_Ketones#17-5B_Addition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/1Group_14%3A_General_Chemistry/Oxidation_State_Trends_in_Group_4', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z056_Chemistry_of_Barium_(Z56)/Barium_Hydroxide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z020_Chemistry_of_Calcium_(Z20)/Calcium_Sulfide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z020_Chemistry_of_Calcium_(Z20)/Calcium_Sulfate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_An_Equilibrium_Concentrations/Calculating_an_Equilibrium_Constant_Using_Partial_Pressures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/1Group_18%3A_Properties_of_Nobel_Gases/Noble_Gas_(Group_18)_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Dipole-Dipole_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.11%3A_General_Methods_for_the_Preparation_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.16%3A_Application_of_Lattice_Energies/6.16C%3A_Estimation_of_Standard_Enthalpies_of_Formation_and_Disproportionation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Selection_Rules_for_Electronic_Spectra_of_Transition_Metal_Complexes/Derivation_of_Laporte_Rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/8%3A_Bonding_in_Transition_Metal_Compounds_and_Coordination_Complexes/8.6%3A_Optical_Properties_and_the_Spectrochemical_Series', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z011_Chemistry_of_Sodium_(Z11)/Sodium_Carbonate#Leblanc_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.01%3A_Experimental_Determination_of_Kinetics/2.1.04%3A_Relaxation_Methods/2.1.4.02%3A_Pressure_Jump', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Ion_-_Dipole_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Atomic_Theory/Electrons_in_Atoms/Connecting_Electronic_Configurations_to_the_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z056_Chemistry_of_Barium_(Z56)/Barium_Sulfate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z011_Chemistry_of_Sodium_(Z11)/Sodium_Carbonate#Solvay_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/09%3A_The_Electronic_States_of_the_Multielectron_Atoms/9.07%3A_The_Self-Consistent_Field_Approximation_(Hartree-Fock_Method)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z019_Chemistry_of_Potassium_(Z19)/Potassium_Carbonate_(Potash)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/12%3A_Thermodynamic_Processes_and_Thermochemistry/12.2%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics_-_Internal_Energy_Work_and_Heat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/14.8%3A_Distribution_of_a_Single_Species_between_Immiscible_Phases_-_Extraction_and_Separation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z014_Chemistry_of_Silicon_(Z14)/Silicon_and_Group_14_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/1Group_17%3A_General_Reactions/The_Acidity_of_the_Hydrogen_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Lennard-Jones_Potential', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/1Group_14%3A_General_Chemistry/Chlorides_of_Group_4_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Ion_-_Ion_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.13%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_Estimates_from_an_Electrostatic_Model/6.13B%3A_Coulombic_Interactions_in_an_Ionic_Lattice', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.01%3A_Experimental_Determination_of_Kinetics/2.1.03%3A_Rate_vs._Concentration_Proportionalities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Structural_Isomers%3A_Coordination_Isomerism_in_Transition_Metal_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.04%3A_Electronegativity%3A_The_Tendency_of_Atoms_to_Attract_Electrons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/IR3._Subtle_Points_of_IR_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Monoprotic_Versus_Polyprotic_Acids_And_Bases/Calculating_the_pH_of_the_Solution_of_a_Polyprotic_Base%2F%2FAcid', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/1Group_14%3A_General_Chemistry/Oxides_of_Group_4_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases/Basics_of_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Colligative_Properties/Anomalous_Colligative_Properties_(Real_Solutions)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/1%3A_The_Atom_in_Modern_Chemistry/1.3%3A_Indirect_Evidence_for_the_Existence_of_Atoms%3A_Laws_of_Chemical_Combination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/IR10._More_Practice_with_IR_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/1Group_17%3A_General_Reactions/Halide_Ions_as_Reducing_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases/Kinetic_Molecular_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Ionization_Energy/Decomposing_the_Standard_Reduction_Potential', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.03%3A_Comparison_of_the_Resonance_and_Molecular-Orbital_Methods#21-2B_What_is_the_Glue_in_These_Bonds.3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Statistical_Mechanical_Ensembles/The_Canonical_Ensemble/Helmholtz_Energy_within_the_Canonical_Ensemble', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.13%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_Estimates_from_an_Electrostatic_Model/6.13F%3A_Refinements_to_the_Born-Lande_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Structural_Isomers_-_Ionization_Isomerism_in_Transition_Metal_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/What_Does_an_IR_Spectrum_Look_Like', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/Z017_Chemistry_of_Chlorine_(Z17)/The_Manufacture_of_Chlorine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/18%3A_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Their_Derivatives/18.10%3A_Reactions_of_Unsaturated_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Their_Derivatives#18-9D_More_on_the_Michael_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.06%3A_Molecules_with_More_Than_One_Chiral_Center._Diastereomers#5-5A_Meso_Compounds_(Achiral_Diastereomers)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation/RO8._Electron_Transfer_Mechanisms%3A_Outer_Sphere', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/IR4._Carbon_Carbon_Multiple_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/1Group_17%3A_General_Reactions/Halogens_as_Oxidizing_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.01%3A_Activation_Parameters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Hydrogen_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Metallurgy/The_Extraction_of_Iron/Iron_Production', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Structural_Isomers%3A_Linkage_Isomerism_in_Transition_Metal_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/IR8._More_Complicated_IR_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes/4.05%3A_The_Transition_Dipole_Moment_and_Spectroscopic_Selection_Rules', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/06%3A_Equilibrium_States_and_Reversible_Processes/6.10%3A_Duhem's_Theorem_-_Specifying_Reversible_Change_in_A_Closed_System\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.05%3A_Orientation_in_Addition_to_Alkenes#10-4A_Addition_of_.5C(.5Cce.7BHX.7D.5C)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.11%3A_Pericyclic_Reactions#21-10A_Why_are_.5B4_.2B_2.5D_and_.5B2_.2B_2.5D_Cycloadditions_Different.3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/Z116_Chemistry_of_Livermorium_(Z116)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z056_Chemistry_of_Barium_(Z56)/Borax', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_An_Equilibrium_Concentrations/Effect_Of_Volume_Changes_On_Gas-phase_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.03%3A_Cycloaddition_Reactions#13-3D_Some_.5B2_.2B_2.5D_Cycloadditions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Statistical_Mechanical_Ensembles/The_Canonical_Ensemble/Heat_Capacity_within_the_Canonical_Ensemble', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid_Base_Reactions/The_Fall_of_the_Proton_-_Viewing_Acid_Base_Chemistry_from_a_Thermodynamic_Perspective', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/IR5._Carbon_Oxygen_Single_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/IR6._Carbon_Oxygen_Double_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/8%3A_Bonding_in_Transition_Metal_Compounds_and_Coordination_Complexes/8.3%3A_Introduction_to_Coordination_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.01%3A_The_Distribution_Function_as_a_Summary_of_Experimental_Results', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/1Group_17%3A_General_Reactions/More_Reactions_of_Halogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z005_Chemistry_of_Boron_(Z5)/Boranes_and_Borohydrides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z013_Chemistry_of_Aluminum_(Z13)/Aluminium_Metallurgy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Polarizability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases/Common_Ideal_Gas_Difficulties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.02%3A_The_Carbonyl_Bond#16-1B_Structure_and_Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Dipole_moments', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/d-orbital_Occupation_and_Electronic_Configurations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/2Reactions_of_the_Group_1_Elements/Group_1_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.03%3A_The_Packing_of_Spheres_Model_Applied_to_the_Structures_of_Elements/6.3C%3A_Solid_Metallic_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.17%3A_Defects_in_Solid_State_Lattices/6.17C%3A_Experimental_Observations_of_Schottky_and_Frenkel_Defects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy_Basics/What_Causes_Molecules_to_Absorb_UV_and_Visible_Light', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_II%3A_Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates/Appendix_I%3A_Hydrogen-Atom_Donors/IV._Compounds_with_Phosphorous%E2%80%93Hydrogen_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Stereoisomers%3A_Geometric_Isomers_in_Transition_Metal_Complexes_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/2%3A_Chemical_Formulas_Chemical_Equations_and_Reaction_Yields/2.1%3A_The_Mole%3A_Weighing_and_Counting_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/2%3A_Chemical_Formulas_Chemical_Equations_and_Reaction_Yields/2.3%3A_Chemical_Formula_and_Percentage_Composition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.03%3A_Chemical_Potential_of_Each_Component_Has_the_Same_Value_in_Each_Phase_in_Which_the_Component_Appears', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.02%3A_Nonequilibrium_Isolated_Systems_Evolve_in_a_Direction_That_Increases_Their_Probability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle/Effect_Of_Temperature_On_Equilibrium_Composition/Exothermic_Versus_Endothermic_And_K', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Case_Study%3A_Electron_Configuration_of_Mn_vs._Cu', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Dipole_Moment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Hydrogen_Bonding/Hydrogen_Bonding_I', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.04%3A_Electrophilic_Additions_to_Alkenes#10-3G_A_Biological_Hydration_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.07%3A_General_Aspects_of_the_Chemistry_of_Dioxygen#Geometry_and_Electronic_Structure_of_Coordinated_Dioxygen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/8%3A_Bonding_in_Transition_Metal_Compounds_and_Coordination_Complexes/8.4%3A_Structures_of_Coordination_Complexes', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/02._Fundamental_Concepts_of_Quantum_Mechanics/Deriving_the_Wien's_Displacement_Law_from_Planck's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z012_Chemistry_of_Magnesium_(Z12)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z038_Chemistry_of_Strontium_(Z38)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.02%3A_13-_or_Conjugated_Dienes._Electrophilic_and_Radical_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/Z052_Chemistry_of_Tellurium_(Z52)', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/02._Fundamental_Concepts_of_Quantum_Mechanics/Heisenberg's_Uncertainty_Principle/Commuting_Operators\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes/4.0E%3A_4.E%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.02%3A_Equations_and_Mass_Relationships/3.2.02%3A_Environment-_Atom_Efficiency_and_the_2006_Presidential_Green_Chemistry_Award', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.10%3A_Standard_Enthalpies_of_Formation/3.10.03%3A_Geology-_Calculating_the_Heat_Released_by_Serpentinization_in_the_Lost_City', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.06%3A_Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions_of_Alkynes#10-5A_Hydration_of_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications_of_Nuclear_Chemistry/Radiation_in_Biology_and_Medicine%3A_Positron_Emission_Tomography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/1Group_17%3A_General_Reactions/Testing_for_Halide_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_An_Equilibrium_Concentrations/Balanced_Equations_And_Equilibrium_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/Z034_Chemistry_of_Selenium_(Z34)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/Z084_Chemistry_of_Polonium_(Z84)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.03%3A_Reaction_Profiles/6.3.01%3A_A_Look_at_Energy_Profiles_for_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Solids/Crystal_Lattice/Crystal_Planes_and_Miller_Indices', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Overview_of_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z001_Chemistry_of_Hydrogen_(Z1)/Hydrogen_Peroxide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z001_Chemistry_of_Hydrogen_(Z1)/Hydrogen_Chloride', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/aLanthanides%3A_Properties_and_Reactions/Lanthanide_Contraction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/09%3A_The_Electronic_States_of_the_Multielectron_Atoms/9.09%3A_Chemical_Applications_of_Atomic_Structure_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/8%3A_Bonding_in_Transition_Metal_Compounds_and_Coordination_Complexes/8.1%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/2%3A_Chemical_Formulas_Chemical_Equations_and_Reaction_Yields/2.5%3A_Mass_Relationships_in_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.13%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_Estimates_from_an_Electrostatic_Model/6.13E%3A_Madelung_Constants#NaCl+Lattice', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/A_Brief_Survey_of_Transition-Metal_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.15%3A_Role_of_the_Protein_in_Effecting_Biological_Oxygen_Transport#Protection_of_the_Metal-Dioxygen_Moiety', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.15%3A_Role_of_the_Protein_in_Effecting_Biological_Oxygen_Transport#Modulation_of_Ligand-binding_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.03%3A_Cycloaddition_Reactions#13-3A_.5B4_.2B_2.5D_Cycloadditions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.04%3A_Electrophilic_Additions_to_Alkenes#10-3B_Why_Antarafacial_Addition.3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Solution_Basics/Intermolecular_Forces_In_Mixtures_And_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy_Basics/Bonding_Theory_for_UV-visible_Absorption_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/5%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/5.4%3A_Shells_and_the_Periodic_Table%3A_Photoelectron_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.09%3A_The_Statistical_Definition_of_Entropy_is_Analogous_to_the_Thermodynamic_Definition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Electron_Configuration_of_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes/4.0S%3A_4.S%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/8%3A_Bonding_in_Transition_Metal_Compounds_and_Coordination_Complexes/8.7%3A_Bonding_in_Coordination_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.07%3A_Oxidation_Reactions#11-7C_Hydroxylation_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z088_Chemistry_of_Radium_(Z88)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/Z016_Chemistry_of_Sulfur_(Z16)', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws/Dalton's_Law_(Law_of_Partial_Pressures)\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Statistical_Mechanical_Ensembles/The_Canonical_Ensemble/Entropy_within_the_Canonical_Ensemble', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.03%3A_Ionization_Energies_and_the_Shell_Model_of_the_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/2%3A_Chemical_Formulas_Chemical_Equations_and_Reaction_Yields/2.6%3A_Limiting_Reactant_and_Percentage_Yield', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/General_Trends_among_the_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.02%3A_Equations_and_Mass_Relationships/3.2.01%3A_Cultural_Connections-_Berthollides-_A_Challenge_to_Chemical_Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_II%3A_Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates/Appendix_I%3A_Hydrogen-Atom_Donors/VI._Compounds_with_Carbon%E2%80%93Hydrogen_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.08%3A_A_Heuristic_View_of_the_Cumulative_Distribution_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.10%3A_Statistics_-_the_Mean_and_the_Variance_of_a_Distribution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z013_Chemistry_of_Aluminum_(Z13)/Aluminum_Oxide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Nonideal_Solutions/Activities_and_their_Effects_on_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Statistical_Mechanical_Ensembles/The_Canonical_Ensemble/Energy_within_the_Canonical_Ensemble', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Fundamentals_of_Statistical_Mechanics/09._Classical_and_quantum_dynamics_of_density_matrices', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.02%3A_Classification_of_Reagents_as_Electrophiles_and_Nucleophiles._Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/2Reactions_of_the_Group_1_Elements/Flame_Tests', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.09%3A_Standard_Entropies_Can_Be_Used_to_Calculate_Entropy_Changes_of_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.4%3A_Entropy_Changes_in_Reversible_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.12%3A_Polarity_in_Polyatomic_Molecules/7.12.01%3A_Biology-_The_Hydrophobic_Effect_and_Properties_of_Small_Polyatomic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/IR2._Hydrocarbon_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/20%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy_and_Photochemistry/20.5%3A_Introduction_to_Atmospheric_Photochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.08%3A_General_Aspects_of_the_Chemistry_of_Iron#Spectroscopy_of_the_FeIII.E2.80.94O.E2.80.94FeIII_moiety', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.07%3A_Some_Examples_of_the_Importance_of_Stereoisomerism_to_Biology._Biological_Stereospeciflcity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_07%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Manganese/Chemistry_of_Manganese', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Chemical_Energetics/Some_Applications_of_Enthalpy_and_The_First_Law/Thermodynamics_and_the_weather', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.06%3A_Practical_Absolute_Entropies_of_Gases_Can_Be_Calculated_from_Partition_Functions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.04%3A_Macroscopic_and_Microscopic_Views_of_a_Chemical_Reaction/2.4.01%3A_Foods-_The_Mineral_Nutrients_Potassium_and_Iodine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/20%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy_and_Photochemistry/20.1%3A_General_Aspects_of_Molecular_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_II%3A_Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates/Appendix_I%3A_Hydrogen-Atom_Donors/V._Compounds_with_Boron%E2%80%93Hydrogen_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.11%3A_The_Variance_of_the_Average-_The_Central_Limit_Theorem', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/1Group_13%3A_General_Properties_and_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acids_and_Bases_in_Aqueous_Solutions/The_pH_Scale/Temperature_Dependence_of_the_pH_of_pure_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation/RO9._Electron_Transfer%3A_Inner_Sphere', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/2%3A_Chemical_Formulas_Chemical_Equations_and_Reaction_Yields/2.4%3A_Writing_Balanced_Chemical_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.06%3A_Measurements_Quantities_and_Unity_Factors/1.6.01%3A_Measurements_Quantities_and_Unity_Factors_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.05%3A_Halogenation_of_Alkanes._Energies_and_Rates_of_Reactions#4-4E_Can_We_Predict_Whether_Reactions_Will_Be_Fast_or_Slow.3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO12._Approximations_in_Complicated_Structures', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Ideal_Solutions/Dissolving_Gases_In_Liquids%2C_Henry's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.01%3A_Experimental_Determination_of_Kinetics/2.1.02%3A_Measuring_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Supercritical_Fluids/Case_Study%3A_Removing_caffeine_from_Coffee', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Chemical_Bonds/Valence_Bond_Theory_and_Hybrid_Atomic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Electronegativity/Allred-Rochow_Electronegativity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.03%3A_The_Packing_of_Spheres_Model_Applied_to_the_Structures_of_Elements/6.3B%3A_H_and_F_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/17%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_II-_Enols_and_Enolate_Anions._Unsaturated_and_Polycarbonyl_Compounds/17.03%3A_Halogenation_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/16%3A_Solubility_and_Precipitation_Equilibria/16.6%3A_A_Deeper_Look%3A_Selective_Precipitation_of_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/Carbon_Nitrogen_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Interpreting_Infrared_Spectra/IR9._Misleading_Peaks', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation/RO13._Solutions_for_Selected_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.07%3A_A_Heuristic_View_of_the_Probability_Density_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.09%3A_Random_Variables_Expected_Values_and_Population_Sets', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/20%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy_and_Photochemistry/20.4%3A_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z082_Chemistry_of_Lead_(Z82)/Lead_Plumbate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Oxidation_States_of_Transition_Metals', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Ideal_Solutions/Changes_In_Vapor_Pressure%2C_Raoult's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.8%3A_Carnot_Cycle_Efficiency_and_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes/4.07%3A_Using_Symmetry_to_Identify_Integrals_that_are_Zero', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.1%3A_The_Nature_of_Spontaneous_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.02%3A_Equations_and_Mass_Relationships/3.2.07%3A_Sports_Physiology_and_Health-_Hydrogen_Powered_Bicycles_Run_on_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/06%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/6.04%3A_The_Influence_of_Temperature_Pressure_and_Catalysts_on_the_Equilibrium_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z014_Chemistry_of_Silicon_(Z14)/Silicates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z082_Chemistry_of_Lead_(Z82)/Lead_Acetate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.01%3A_Gas_Phase_Kinetics/3.1.01%3A_Bimolecular_Reactions/3.1.1.01%3A_SN2_reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Introduction_to_Transition_Metals_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/The_Order_of_Filling_3d_and_4s_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.13%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_Estimates_from_an_Electrostatic_Model/6.13D%3A_The_Born-Lande_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.08%3A_Polyhalogenated_Alkanes_and_Alkenes#14-7B_.5C(.5Calpha.5C)_Elimination._Carbenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.06%3A_Application_of_MO_Theory_to_Other_Systems#21-5C_Electronic_Spectra_by_the_MO_Method', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/2%3A_Chemical_Formulas_Chemical_Equations_and_Reaction_Yields/2.2%3A_Empirical_and_Molecular_Formulas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/14.5%3A_Equilibrium_Calculations_for_Gas-Phase_and_Heterogenous_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.06%3A_Approaches_to_Planning_Practical_Organic_Syntheses', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Lewis_Structures/Lewis_Structures%3A_Resonance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.02%3A_A_Bit_of_History#1-1I_Reactivity.2C_Saturation.2C_Unsaturation.2C_and_Reaction_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy_Basics/Using_UV-visible_Absorption_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Metallurgy/The_Extraction_of_Copper', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Hydrophobic_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.E%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/16%3A_Solubility_and_Precipitation_Equilibria/16.2%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_between_Solids_and_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/Pericyclic_Reactions/PR1._Introduction_to_Pericyclic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/1Group_17%3A_General_Reactions/Interhalogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Solids/Crystal_Lattice/Closest_Pack_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Covalent_Bond_Distance%2C_Radius_and_van_der_Waals_Radius', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.05%3A_Halogenation_of_Alkanes._Energies_and_Rates_of_Reactions#4-4D_Why_Does_Light_Induce_the_Chlorination_of_Methane.3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acids_and_Bases_in_Aqueous_Solutions/The_pH_Scale/Temperature_Dependence_of_pH_in_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gases_(Waterloo)/Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Nonideal_Solutions/Introduction_to_Non-ideal_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.17%3A_Defects_in_Solid_State_Lattices/6.17.E%3A_Defects_in_Solid_State_Lattices_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.02%3A_Physical_and_Spectroscopic_Properties_of_Alkenes_and_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/Combination_Bands%2C_Overtones_and_Fermi_Resonances', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_the_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Bader)/03%3A_The_Hydrogen_Atom/3.04%3A_Angular_Momentum_of_an_Electron_in_a_Hydrogen_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Determining_the_Equilibrium_Constant/Determining_the_Equilibrium_Constant_2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Entropy/The_Molecular_Basis_for_Understanding_Simple_Entropy_Change', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws/Charles's_Law_(Law_of_Volumes)\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Electronegativity/Mulliken_Electronegativity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.08%3A_Bonding_in_Metals_and_Semicondoctors/6.8A%3A_Electrical_Conductivity_and_Resistivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.11%3A_The_Generation_of_Energy_from_Carbohydrate_Metabolism#20-10C_Alternative_Routes_in_Carbohydrate_Metabolism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_the_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Bader)/03%3A_The_Hydrogen_Atom/3.03%3A_The_Probability_Distribution_of_the_Hydrogen_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.6%3A_The_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.5%3A_Entropy_Changes_and_Spontaneity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/14.4%3A_The_Law_of_Mass_Action_for_Related_and_Simultaneous_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation/RO11._Redox_in_Organic_Carbonyls', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.10%3A_Relative_Enthalpies_Can_Be_Determined_from_Heat_Capacity_Data_and_Heats_of_Transition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.05%3A_Cumulated_Alkadienes#13-5B_Chemistry_of_Allenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/02._Fundamental_Concepts_of_Quantum_Mechanics/Deriving_the_Rayleigh-Jeans_Radiation_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.04%3A_Hydrogenation_with_Homogeneous_Catalysts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.01%3A_Oxidation-Reduction_of_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.01%3A_Collision_Theory/6.1.02%3A_Collisions_and_Concentration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Basic_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.03%3A_Reaction_Profiles/6.3.02%3A_Basics_of_Reaction_Profiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Electronegativity/Pauling_Electronegativity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.03%3A_The_Structure_and_Properties_of_D-Glucose#20-3D_Aldose_.5C(.5Cleftrightharpoons.5C)_Ketose_Rearrangements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.02%3A_Packing_of_Spheres/6.2D%3A_Non-closed_Packing-_Simple_Cubic_and_Body_Centered_Cubic', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy_Basics/A_Double_Beam_Absorption_Spectrometer', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/12%3A_Thermodynamic_Processes_and_Thermochemistry/12.3%3A_Heat_Capacity_Enthalpy_and_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Identifying_the_Presence_of_Particular_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.06%3A_We_Must_Always_Devise_a_Reversible_Process_to_Calculate_Entropy_Changes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.03%3A_The_Energy_of_a_Diatomic_Molecule_Can_Be_Approximated_as_a_Sum_of_Separate_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/06%3A_Equilibrium_States_and_Reversible_Processes/6.03%3A_Equilibrium_and_Reversibility_-_Phase_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/03%3A_Conformations_and_Configurations_-_the_consequences_of_the_three-dimensional_nature_of_carbon_compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_12%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Cadmium/Cadmium_Sulfide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family/Z115_Chemistry_of_Moscovium_(Z115)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Van_der_Waals_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.01%3A_Experimental_Determination_of_Kinetics/2.1.05%3A_Spectrophotometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibria/Kinetically_vs_Thermodynamically_Stable', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/23%3A_Organonitrogen_Compounds_I_-_Amines/23.10%3A_Amines_with_Nitrous_Acid#23-10B_Arenamines_with_Nitrous_Acid._Arenediazonium_Salts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.01%3A_Prelude_to_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/06%3A_Vibrational_States/6.01%3A_Spatial_Degrees_of_Freedom%2C_Normal_Coordinates_and_Normal_Modes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.11%3A_Solution_Concentrations/3.11.02%3A_Environment-_Determining_Safe_Mercury_Concentrations_in_Drinking_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/18%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_II-_Reactions_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones__More_Reactions_of_Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives__Reactions_of__-_Unsaturated_Carbonyl_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.04%3A_Polymerization_Reactions_of_Conjugated_Dienes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_11%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Silver/Silver_Chloride', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.09%3A_Construction_of_Ring_Systems_by_Cycloaddition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO11._Polyatomic_Geometry_and_Symmetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gases_(Waterloo)/The_Simple_Gas_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/2Group_18%3A_Reactions_of_Nobel_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Chemical_Bonds/Electron_Density_of_Sigma_and_Pi_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.06%3A_Application_of_MO_Theory_to_Other_Systems#21-5B_The_2-Propenyl_(Allyl)_Cation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/Multi-Electron_Atoms/Wave_Function_of_Multi-electron_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Electronic_Structure_and_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.17%3A_Defects_in_Solid_State_Lattices/6.17F%3A_Thermodynamic_Effects_of_Crystal_Defects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Multipole_Expansion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.08%3A_Bonding_in_Metals_and_Semicondoctors/6.8B%3A_Band_Theory_of_Metals_and_Insulators', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.08%3A_Oxidation_of_Carbonyl_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.E%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/24%3A_Organonitrogen_Compounds_II_-_Amides_Nitriles_and_Nitro_Compounds/24.07%3A_Some_Compounds_with_N-N_Bonds#24-7C_Diazo_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Optical_Isomers_in_Inorganic_Complexes/Polarimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/16%3A_Solubility_and_Precipitation_Equilibria/16.3%3A_Precipitation_and_the_Solubility_Product', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/16%3A_Solubility_and_Precipitation_Equilibria/16.E%3A_Solubility_and_Precipitation_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/4%3A_Introduction_to_Quantum_Mechanics/4.3%3A_The_Bohr_Model%3A_Predicting_Discrete_Energy_Levels', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.07%3A_Thermodynamics_Provides_Insight_into_the_Conversion_of_Heat_into_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/Pericyclic_Reactions/PR2._Cope_and_Claisen_Rearrangements', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.02%3A_Equations_and_Mass_Relationships/3.2.03%3A_Everyday_Life-_Why_Fats_Don't_Add_Up_on_Food_Nutrition_Labels\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes/4.04%3A_Spectroscopy_of_the_Particle-in-a-Box_Model', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/16%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Acids_and_Bases/16.09%3A__Molecular_Structure_Bonding_and_Acid-Base_Behavior', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_11%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Silver/Silver_Nitrate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.07%3A_Oxidation_Reactions#11-7A_Ozonization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z114_Chemistry_of_Flerovium_(Z114)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family/Z051_Chemistry_of_Antimony_(Z51)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO13._Building_MO_from_Smaller_Pieces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.01%3A_Collision_Theory/6.1.01%3A_Collisional_Cross_Section', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.01%3A_Experimental_Determination_of_Kinetics/2.1.01%3A_Continuous_Flow', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.03%3A_Reaction_Profiles/6.3.03%3A_RK3._Activation_Barriers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/First_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Gadolinium/Gadolinium(III)_Chloride', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Coordination_Numbers_and_Geometry/Jahn-Teller_Distortions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/1General_Properties_and_Reactions_of_The_Actinides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.08%3A_Spectroscopic_Entropies_sometimes_disgree_with_Calorimetric_Entropies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/12%3A_Thermodynamic_Processes_and_Thermochemistry/12.E%3A_Thermodynamic_Processes_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation/RO6._Reduction_of_Metal_Ores', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/12%3A_Thermodynamic_Processes_and_Thermochemistry/12.6%3A_Reversible_Processes_in_Ideal_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/PC._Photochemistry/PC3._Fluorescence_and_Phosphorescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_of_Main_Group_Elements_with_Oxygen/Acid-Base_Character_of_Oxides_and_Hydroxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z032_Chemistry_of_Germanium_(Z32)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family/Z083_Chemistry_of_Bismuth_(Z83)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family/Z007_Chemistry_of_Nitrogen_(Z7)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family/Z033_Chemistry_of_Arsenic_(Z33)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO19._Solutions_to_Selected_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO9._Bonding_Between_Different_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gases_(Waterloo)/The_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/1b_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/Transition_Metals_in_Biology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.09%3A_Polymerization_of_Alkenes#10-8C_Radical_Polymerization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.09%3A_Protection_of_Carbonyl_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Electronic_Configurations_Intro', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.10%3A_The_Schrodinger_Wave_Equation_for_the_Hydrogen_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Colligative_Properties/Freezing_Point_Depression', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Stereoisomers%3A_Geometric_Isomers_in_cis-platin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/1Group_1%3A_Properties_of_Alkali_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/2Group_1%3A_Reactivity_of_Alkali_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes/4.08%3A_Other_Properties_of_the_Particle-in-a-Box', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/10.2%3A_Intermolecular_Forces_-_Origins_in_Molecular_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/6%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Molecular_Structure/6.4%3A_Localized_Bonds%3A_The_Valence_Bond_Model', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/5%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/5.5%3A_Periodic_Properties_and_Electronic_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/5%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/5.3%3A_Aufbau_Principle_and_Electron_Configurations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes/4.06%3A_Selection_Rules_for_the_Particle-in-a-Box', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.08%3A_General_Aspects_of_the_Chemistry_of_Iron#Oxidation_and_Spin_State_of_Iron_Porphyrins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_08%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Iron/Iron_in_Humans', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z037_Chemistry_of_Rubidium_(Z37)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z087_Chemistry_of_Francium_(Z87)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z113_Chemistry_of_Nihonium_(Z113)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.07%3A_The_Strategy_of_Peptide_Bond_Synthesis%3A_N-Protection_and_C-Activation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/07%3A_Acids_bases_and_ions_in_aqueous_solution/7.07%3A_Aquated_Cations_-_Formation_and_Acidic_Properties/7.7B%3A_Aquated_Cations_as_Bronstead_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Chemical_Energetics/Free_Energy_and_Equilibrium/Composition_of_an_Equilibrium_Mixture', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.04%3A_Polymorphism_in_Metals/6.4A%3A_Polymorphism_-_Phase_Changes_in_the_Solid_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Raman_Spectroscopy/Resonant_vs._Nonresonant_Raman_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gases_(Waterloo)/Gases_-_A_Review', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes/4.09%3A_Properties_of_Quantum_Mechanical_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/10.1%3A_Bulk_Properties_of_Liquids_-_Molecular_Interpretation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/6%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Molecular_Structure/6.3%3A_Photoelectron_Spectroscopy_for_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.02%3A_Forces_and_Potential_Energy_in_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/17%3A_Electrochemistry/17.7%3A_A_Deeper_Look%3A_Electrolysis_of_Water_and_Aqueous_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/PC._Photochemistry/PC2._Rules_of_Electronic_Excitation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.11%3A_Solution_Concentrations/3.11.03%3A_Environment-_Determining_Water_Purity_via_Biological_Oxygen_Demand', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.02%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/3.2.04%3A_Rate_of_Diffusion_through_a_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.11%3A_Pericyclic_Reactions#21-10B_How_Mr._Mobius_Beat_the_.5C(4n_.2B_2.5C)_Rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family/Z015_Chemistry_of_Phosphorous', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/1Group_13%3A_Chemical_Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.04%3A_Transition_State_Theory/6.4.01%3A_Eyring_equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO4._Sigma_Bonding_with_P_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Ionization_Energy/Ionization_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.01%3A_Experimental_Determination_of_Kinetics/2.1.06%3A_Stopped_Flow', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.06%3A_Practical_Halogenations_and_Problems_of_Selectivity#4-5B_Chemical_Initiation_of_Radical-Chain_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Stereoselectivity_in_Addition_Reactions_to_Double_Bonds/Addition_Reactions_involving_other_Cyclic_Onium_Intermediates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Fundamentals_of_Statistical_Mechanics/10._Postulates_of_statistical_mechanics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Predicting_the_Bond-Order_of_Oxides_based_Acid_Radicals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.02%3A_Packing_of_Spheres/6.2B%3A_The_Unit_Cell_of_HPC_and_CCP/1.01%3A_The_Unit_Cell', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.E%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.01%3A_Prelude_to_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Colligative_Properties/Vapor_Pressure_Lowering', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Colligative_Properties/Boiling_Point_Elevation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation/RO3._Reduction_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.07%3A_Covalent_and_Polar_Covalent_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/Isotope_effects_in_Vibrational_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.09%3A_Gibbs_Energy_of_Mixing_of_Binary_Solutions_in_Terms_of_the_Activity_Coefficient', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/02._Fundamental_Concepts_of_Quantum_Mechanics/Deriving_the_de_Broglie_Wavelength', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.E%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z003_Chemistry_of_Lithium_(Z3)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z055_Chemistry_of_Cesium_(Z55)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/02%3A_Structural_Organic_Chemistry/2.02%3A_The_Sizes_and_Shapes_of_Organic_Molecules#2-2B_Bond_Lengths_and_Space-Filling_Models', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z031_Chemistry_of_Gallium_(Z31)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z081_Chemistry_of_Thalium_(Z81)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Entropy/Statistical_Entropy_-_Mass%2C_Energy%2C_and_Freedom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Simple_Measurement_of_Enthalpy_Changes_of_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Fundamentals_of_Phase_Transitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Chemical_Reactions_in_Gas_Phase', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.11%3A_Pericyclic_Reactions#21-10D_Electrocyclic_and_Sigmatropic_Rearrangements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Advanced_Thermodynamics/4._General_Extremum_Principles_and_Thermodynamic_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation/RO10._Cyclic_Voltammetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/16%3A_Solubility_and_Precipitation_Equilibria/16.1%3A_The_Nature_of_Solubility_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.9%3A_A_Deeper_Look_-_Exact_Treatment_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.07%3A_Geology-_Using_the_Acid_Test_to_Distinguish_the_Minerals_in_Calomine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/16%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Acids_and_Bases/16.01%3A__The_Bronsted-Lowry_Concept_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Atomic_Theory/Electrons_in_Atoms/Wave-Particle_Duality_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z006_Chemistry_of_Carbon_(Z6)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z049_Chemistry_of_Indium_(Z49)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.01%3A_Collision_Theory/6.1.06%3A_The_Collision_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.08%3A_Second-Order_Reactions/2.8.01%3A_Pseudo-1st-order_reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.01%3A_Collision_Theory/6.1.03%3A_Collisions_and_Phase', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Coordination_Numbers_and_Geometry/Molecular_Examples', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Cohesive_and_Adhesive_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/Conservation_of_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.13%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_Estimates_from_an_Electrostatic_Model/6.13C%3A_Born_Forces', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.04%3A_Bohr's_Theory_of_the_Hydrogen_Emission_Spectrum\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.08%3A_Dependence_of_Gibbs_Energy_on_Temperature_and_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Solution_Basics/Formation_of_Ionic_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_04%3A_Transition_Metals/1Group_4_Elemental_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/4%3A_Introduction_to_Quantum_Mechanics/4.6%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_of_Particle-in-a-Box_Models', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.11%3A_Solution_Concentrations/3.11.04%3A_Foods-_Low_Glycemic_Index_Foods_and_Blood_Glucose_Concentration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Reactivity_of_Alkyl_Halides/Alkyl_Halide_Reactions/Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides/E1_Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/10%3A_Some_Mathematical_Consequences_of_the_Fundamental_Equation/10.14%3A_The_Joule-Thomson_Effect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.17%3A_Stereochemical_Changes_Upon_Ligation#Structural_Changes_in_High-affinity_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Reactivity_of_Alkyl_Halides/Alkyl_Halide_Reactions/Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides/E2_Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.01%3A_Collision_Theory/6.1.7%3A_The_Collision_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.01%3A_Collision_Theory/6.1.04%3A_Collision_Frequency', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws/Gas_Laws%3A_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.10%3A_Protecting_Groups_in_Organic_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acids_and_Bases_in_Aqueous_Solutions/The_pH_Scale/Determining_and_Calculating_pH', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Unusual_Properties_of_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Fundamentals_of_Spectroscopy/The_Power_of_the_Fourier_Transform_for_Spectroscopists', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.08%3A_Bonding_in_Metals_and_Semicondoctors/6.8D%3A_Band_Theory_of_Semiconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.16%3A_Application_of_Lattice_Energies/6.16A%3A_Estimation_of_Electron_Affinities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_05%3A_Transition_Metals/Group_5_Elemental_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/13%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium/13.7%3A_The_Gibbs_Free_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.05%3A_Practical_Absolute_Entropies_Can_Be_Determined_Calorimetrically', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/Pericyclic_Reactions/PR3._The_Diels_Alder_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/6%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Molecular_Structure/6.1%3A_Quantum_Picture_of_the_Chemical_Bond', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.06%3A_Long-range_Electron_Transfer_in_Proteins_(Part_1)#1._Binding_Sites_on_the_Plastocyanin_Molecular_Surface', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.17%3A_Stereochemical_Changes_Upon_Ligation#Structural_Changes_in_Low-affinity_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.05%3A_An_Adiabatic_Process_is_a_Process_in_which_No_Energy_as_Heat_is_Transferred', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/Z086_Chemistry_of_Radon_(Z86)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z050_Chemistry_of_Tin_(Z50)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/Z085_Chemistry_of_Astatine_(Z85)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/Z018_Chemistry_of_Argon_(Z18)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Pauli_Exclusion_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/Z002_Chemistry_of_Helium_(Z2)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/Z019_Chemistry_of_Potassium_(Z19)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.12%3A_Formulas_and_Composition/2.12.02%3A_Environment-_Fertilizers_Formulas_and_Ecological_Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/12%3A_Thermodynamic_Processes_and_Thermochemistry/12.1%3A_Systems_States_and_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/10.E%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/1%3A_The_Atom_in_Modern_Chemistry/1.5%3A_Imaging_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.10%3A_Standard_Enthalpies_of_Formation/3.10.04%3A_Sports_Physiology_and_Health-_Muscle_Energy_from_ATP', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.02%3A_Physical_Properties_of_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Atomic_Theory/Electrons_in_Atoms/Uncertainty_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/Z54_Chemistry_of_Xenon_(Z54)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/Z009_Chemistry_of_Fluorine_(Z9)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/Z035_Chemistry_of_Bromine_(Z35)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.05%3A_Reaction_Rate/2.5.01%3A_The_Speed_of_a_Chemical_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/Z010_Chemistry_of_Neon_(Z10)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Valence-Shell_Electron-Pair_Repulsion_Models', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.13%3A_Biosynthesis_of_Proteins#25-13B_Genetic_Control_and_the_Replication_of_DNA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/09%3A_The_Electronic_States_of_the_Multielectron_Atoms/9.08%3A_Configuration_Interaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.13%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_Estimates_from_an_Electrostatic_Model/6.13G%3A_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/20%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements/20.E%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/22%3A_Arenes_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/22.03%3A_Spectral_Properties_of_Arenes#22-3B_Electronic_Absorption_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Metal_to_Ligand_and_Ligand_to_Metal_Charge_Transfer_Bands', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family/1Group_16%3A_General_Properties_and_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/Z087_Chemistry_of_Francium_(Z87)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_04%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Rutherfordium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/Z037_Chemistry_of_Rubidium_(Z37)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation/RO1._Oxidation_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/16%3A_Solubility_and_Precipitation_Equilibria/16.4%3A_The_Effects_of_pH_on_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/14.3%3A_Thermodynamic_Description_of_the_Equilibrium_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/RO._Reduction_and_Oxidation/RO2._Redox_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.03%3A_Some_Important_Properties_of_Events', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/16%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Acids_and_Bases/16.03%3A__Equilibrium_Constants_for_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications_of_Nuclear_Chemistry/Radiocarbon_Dating%3A_The_Shroud_of_Turin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_3_Elements/Structures_and_Physical_Properties_of_Period_3_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.05%3A_Reaction_Rate/2.5.02%3A_The_Rate_of_a_Chemical_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/Z053_Chemistry_of_Iodine_(Z53)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.01%3A_Gas_Phase_Kinetics/3.1.02%3A_Maxwell-Boltzmann_Distributions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws/The_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO3._Lessons_from_Dihydrogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/19%3A_d-Block_Metal_Chemistry_-_General_Considerations/19.05%3A_Characteristic_Properties_-_A_General_Perspective/19.5C%3A_Complex_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy_Basics/Electromagnetic_Radiation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.03%3A_The_Reactivity_of_Multiple_Carbon-Carbon_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/05%3A_Bonding_in_Polyatomic_Molecules/5.07%3A_MO_Theory_-_Learning_to_Use_the_Theory_Objectively/5.7E%3A_A_More_Advanced_Problem_-_(B_2_H_6)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Spin-orbit_Coupling/The_Russell_Saunders_Coupling_Scheme', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Atomic_Theory/Electrons_in_Atoms/Multi-electron_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Isomers/Stereoisomers_of_Complex_Metal_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/Z001_Chemistry_of_Hydrogen_(Z1)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.2%3A_Properties_of_Acids_and_Bases_in_Aqueous_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.8%3A_Organic_Acids_and_Bases_-_Structure_and_Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/4%3A_Introduction_to_Quantum_Mechanics/4.2%3A_Evidence_for_Energy_Quantization_in_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/How_an_FTIR_Spectrometer_Operates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Physical_Chemistry/1.03%3A_Atomic_Mass_Molecular_Mass_and_the_Chemical_Mole', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/05%3A_An_Introduction_to_Organic_Reactions_using_Free_Radical_Halogenation_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.05%3A_Atomic-Orbital_Models#6-4E_More_on_Hybrid_Bond_Orbitals_and_Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.02%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/3.2.02%3A_Pre-equilibrium_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_an_Equilibrium_Constant_Kp_with_Partial_Pressures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_12%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Copernicium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_11%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Roentgenium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Clausius-Clapeyron_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Chemical_Bonds/Chemical_Bonding_-_A_Review', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.04%3A_The_Benzene_Problem#21-3C_The_Molecular_Orbital_Method_for_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Atomic_Theory/Electrons_in_Atoms/Electronic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Predicting_the_Hybridization_of_Simple_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.11%3A_Many-Electron_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/Symmetry_Adapted_Linear_Combinations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Colligative_Properties/Osmotic_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/Z055_Chemistry_of_Cesium_(Z55)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/Z003_Chemistry_of_Lithium_(Z3)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.07%3A_Standard_Entropies_Depend_Upon_Molecular_Mass_and_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/Z011_Chemistry_of_Sodium_(Z11)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/23%3A_Polymeric_Materials_and_Soft_Condensed_Matter/23.1%3A_Polymerization_Reactions_for_Synthetic_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/5%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/5.2%3A_Shell_Model_for_Many-Electron_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.08%3A_Lewis_Diagrams_for_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Covalent_Bonding_Models/9.05%3A__Polyatomic_Systems_Multiple_Bonds_Resonance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Statistical_analyses_of_flash_point_and_boiling_point_data_for_organic_compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.12%3A_Other_Ligands_for_Biological_Oxygen_Carriers#Isocyanide_and_Nitroso_Species', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/28%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I_-_Rate_Laws/28.08%3A_Transition-State_Theory_Can_Be_Used_to_Estimate_Reaction_Rate_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_09%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Meitnerium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_07%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Technetium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.05%3A_Hydrogenation_with_Diimide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Solids/Network_Covalent_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO10._S_and_P_Mixing_in_HF', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO7._Experimental_Evidence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Solution_Basics/Units_Of_Concentration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Fundamentals_of_Statistical_Mechanics/11._The_Microcanonical_Ensemble', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Stereoselectivity_in_Addition_Reactions_to_Double_Bonds/Addition_Reactions_Initiated_by_Electrophilic_Halogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.09%3A_Effects_of_Temperature_and_Pressure_on_Equilibrium_Position', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.17%3A_Defects_in_Solid_State_Lattices/6.17D%3A_Non-Stoichiometric_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/17%3A_Solubility_and_Complexation_Equilibria/17.06%3A_Qualitative_Analysis_Using_Selective_Precipitation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/27%3A_More_about_Spectroscopy/27.03%3A_Use_of_the_Uncertainty_Principle_to_Measure_the_Rates_of_Chemical_Transformations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.03%3A_Physical_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/Multi-Electron_Atoms/Penetration_and_Shielding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Solution_Basics/Interionic_Attractions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.06%3A_Alkanes/8.6.02%3A_Boiling_Points_of_Some_Organic_Compounds_Whose_Molecules_Contain_32_or_34_Electrons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.02%3A_Solvent_Chemical_Potentials_from_Phase_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/14.7%3A_Reaction_Directions_(Thermodynamic_Explanation)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/1%3A_The_Atom_in_Modern_Chemistry/1.2%3A_Macroscopic_Methods_for_Classifying_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.08%3A_Entropy_Can_Be_Expressed_in_Terms_of_a_Partition_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.10%3A_Sports_Physiology_and_Health-_Sodium_Silicide_Fueled_Bicycles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Azeotropic_composition_for_cyclohexane_and_ethanol_from_gas_chromatography_data', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Investigating_molecular_structure_and_the_1-octanol-water_partition_coefficient', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.04%3A_Applying_the_Laws_of_Probability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.09%3A_General_Structural_Features_that_Modulate_Ligand_Activity#Proximal_Effects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.06%3A_The_Temperature_of_a_Gas_Decreases_in_a_Reversible_Adiabatic_Expansion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.12%3A_Heats_of_Reactions_Can_Be_Calculated_from_Tabulated_Heats_of_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.08%3A_Terminal_Alkynes_as_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_08%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Ruthenium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_10%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Palladium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/12%3A_Cycloalkanes_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkynes/12.03%3A_Conformations_of_Cycloalkanes#12-3A_Cyclohexane_Conformations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.08%3A_Radical-Chain_Addition_Reactions_to_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/Z036_Chemistry_of_Kryton', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/05%3A_Experimental_Methods/5.07%3A_Using_Graphs_to_Determine_Integrated_Rate_Laws', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws/Avogadro's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Chemical_Bonds/Bond_Lengths_and_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.09%3A_Determining_the_Primary_Structure_of_a_Polypeptide_or_Protein', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.11%3A_The_Generation_of_Energy_from_Carbohydrate_Metabolism#20-10B_The_Citric_Acid_(Krebs)_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Formal_Charges/Formal_Charge', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Solution_Basics/Electrolyte_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_04%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Zirconium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.02%3A_Exceptions_to_the_Octet_Rule/7.2.01%3A_Biology-_Biologically_Active_Exceptions_to_the_Octet_Rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.05%3A_Using_Graphs_to_Determine_Rate_Laws_Rate_Constants_and_Reaction_Orders', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/16%3A_Solubility_and_Precipitation_Equilibria/16.5%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/4%3A_Introduction_to_Quantum_Mechanics/4.1%3A_Preliminaries%3A_Wave_Motion_and_Light', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.12%3A_The_Common-Ion_Effect/14.12.01%3A_Foods-_Calcium_Tartrate_and_Treatment_of_Wine_Waster-Waters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.01%3A_Cultural_Connections-_Anthropology_and_Protein_Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Covalent_Bonding_Models/9.04%3A_Delocalized_Bonding_and_Molecular_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Determination_of_partial_molar_volumes_in_aqueous_solutions_of_ionic_compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.08%3A_Freezing-Point_Depression_and_Boiling-Point_Elevation_of_Nonelectrolyte_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.02%3A_Outcomes_Events_and_Probability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_10%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Platinum', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.10%3A_The_E1_Reaction#8-9B_Rearrangement_of_Carbon_Cations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.02%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/3.2.06%3A_Steady_State_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO6._Electron_Population', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO8._Symmetry_and_Mixing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Fractional_Distillation_of_Non-ideal_Mixtures_(Azeotropes)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/19%3A_d-Block_Metal_Chemistry_-_General_Considerations/19.05%3A_Characteristic_Properties_-_A_General_Perspective/19.5B%3A_Paramagnetism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Monoprotic_Versus_Polyprotic_Acids_And_Bases/Polyprotic_Acids_and_Bases_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.01%3A_Collision_Theory/6.1.05%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Chemical_Bonds/Molecular_Orbitals_of_H2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Nonideal_Solutions/Debye-H%C3%BCckel', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/A_System_and_Its_Surroundings#Closed_System', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Advanced_Thermodynamics/3._Basic_properties_of_U_S_and_their_differentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Spin_Pairing_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/07%3A_Acids_bases_and_ions_in_aqueous_solution/7.08%3A_Amphoteric_Oxides_and_Hydroxides/7.8B%3A_Periodic_Trends_in_Amphoteric_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Spin_Quantum_Number', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Predicting_the_Bond-Order_of_Diatomic_Species', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.09%3A_Semiconductors/6.9B%3A_Extrinsic_(n-type_and_p-type)_Semiconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_05%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Vanadium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_06%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Chromium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_II%3A_Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates/Appendix_I%3A_Hydrogen-Atom_Donors/II._Organotin_Hydrides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Solution_Basics/Enthalpy_of_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_05%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Tantalum', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_04%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Titanium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.E%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/Pericyclic_Reactions/PR6._Olefin_Metathesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.04%3A_The_Wave_Nature_of_the_Electron/5.4.03%3A_Sports_Physiology_and_Health-_Sea_Kayaking_and_Clapotis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.03%3A_Binary_Mixture_in_Equilibrium_with_a_Pure_Phase', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/11%3A_Solutions/11.4%3A_Reaction_Stoichiometry_in_Solutions%3A_Oxidation-Reduction_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.05%3A_Most_Molecules_are_Rotationally_Excited_at_Ordinary_Temperatures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.14%3A_Where_Does_the_N_-_1_Come_from', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.11%3A_Nature_of_the_Metal-Dioxygen_Linkage_in_Biological_Systems#Oxyhemoglobin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.09%3A_General_Structural_Features_that_Modulate_Ligand_Activity#Distal_Effects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.03%3A_Work_and_Heat_are_not_State_Functions_but_Energy_is_a_State_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/16%3A_Terrorism_Toxicity_and_Vulnerability-_Green_Chemistry_and_Technology_in_Defense_of_Human_Welfare', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_09%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Rhodium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/16%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Acids_and_Bases/16.10%3A__The_Lewis_Concept_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/17%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Other_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.2%3A__Controlling_pH%3A_Buffer_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_09%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Iridium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_08%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Hassium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO18._Frontier_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_12%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Mercury', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy_Basics/The_Beer-Lambert_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/Radial_and_Angular_Parts_of_Atomic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Chemical_Bonds/Enthalpies_of_Reactions', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.10%3A_Huckel's_4n__2_Rule#21-9A_Cyclobutadiene_and_Cyclooctatetraene\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.01%3A_General_Comments_on_Alkadienes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_07%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Bohrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/The_Aufbau_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.02%3A_The_Equations_of_Enzyme_Kinetics#Lineweaver.E2.80.93Burk_plot', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.07%3A_Alloys_and_Intermetallic_Compounds/6.7C%3A_Intermetallic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.16%3A_Application_of_Lattice_Energies/6.16D%3A_The_Kapustinskii_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.17%3A_Defects_in_Solid_State_Lattices/6.17E%3A_Color_Centers_(F-Centers)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_07%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Rhenium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_05%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Dubnium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_05%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Niobium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_04%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Hafnium', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.09%3A_Hess'_Law/3.9.06%3A_Sports_Physiology_and_Health-_Aerobic_vs_Anaerobic_Energy_in_Exercise\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.02%3A_Environment-_TSP_Ecological_Stoichiometry_and_Algal_Blooms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Fundamentals_of_Spectroscopy/Selection_rules_and_transition_moment_integral', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_08%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Osmium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Advanced_Statistical_Mechanics_(Tuckerman)/09%3A_Review_of_the_basic_postulates_of_quantum_mechanics/9.05%3A_The_Heisenberg_Uncertainty_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_10%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Nickel', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_11%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Copper', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.03%3A_Heats_of_Hydrogenation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Monoprotic_Versus_Polyprotic_Acids_And_Bases/Polyprotic_Acids_And_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle/Case_Study%3A_The_Manufacture_of_Ethanol_from_Ethene', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Laws/Boyle's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/9%3A_Atomic_Structure_and_The_Periodic_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/17%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Other_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.6%3A__Equilibria_Involving_Complex_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Phases_and_Their_Transitions/Phase_Transition_-_A_Review', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Nuclear_Decay_Pathways#Beta_Decay_.2f_Negatron_Emission', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.04%3A_The_Benzene_Problem#21-3D_The_Valence_Bond_Method_for_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices/6.11I%3A_Structure_-_Layers_((CdI_2)_and_(CdCl_2))', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/04%3A_Electronic_Spectroscopy_of_Cyanine_Dyes/4.03%3A_The_Particle-in-a-Box_Model', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_09%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Cobalt', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.E%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/18%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/18.5%3A_Effect_of_Temperature_on_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/14.6%3A_Reaction_Directions_(Empirical_Explanation)', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/19%3A_The_Distribution_of_Outcomes_for_Multiple_Trials/19.04%3A_Stirling's_Approximation\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Ligands/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.07%3A_Building_the_Carbon_Skeleton', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.05%3A_The_D_L_Convention_for_Designating_Stereochemical_Configurations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.02%3A_The_Equations_of_Enzyme_Kinetics#Eadie.E2.80.93Hofstee_Plot', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO17._Heteroaromatics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Aufbau_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Coordinate_(Dative_Covalent)_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.11%3A_Building_the_Carbon_Skeleton', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.05%3A_Atomic_Energy_States_and_Line_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Simple_Kinetic_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Atomic_Theory/Electrons_in_Atoms/Electron_Spin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.05%3A_Mechanisms_of_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.08%3A_Infrared_(Rovibrational)_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.07%3A_Alloys_and_Intermetallic_Compounds/6.7A%3A_Substitutional_Alloys', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/17%3A_Solubility_and_Complexation_Equilibria/17.02%3A_Determining_the_Solubility_of_Ionic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.06%3A_The_Heisenberg_Uncertainty_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.03%3A_Chromatographic_Separation_Procedures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.12%3A_Formulas_and_Composition/2.12.01%3A_Biology-_Formula_and_Composition_of_Water_and_Glucose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/7%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/7.1%3A_Petroleum_Refining_and_the_Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/7%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/7.6%3A_Functional_Groups_and_Organic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/4%3A_Introduction_to_Quantum_Mechanics/4.4%3A_Evidence_for_Wave-Particle_Duality', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.11%3A_Inorganic_Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Ligands/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Infrared%3A_Interpretation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/IR_Spectroscopy_Background', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/20%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy_and_Photochemistry/20.6%3A_Photosynthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.04%3A_Percent_Yield/3.4.02%3A_Foods-_Vegetable_Oil_Hydrogenation_Trans_Fats_and_Percent_Yield', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.13%3A_Organomagnesium_and_Organolithium_Compounds_in_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.10%3A_Chemiluminescence_detection_in_high_performance_liquid_chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/02._Fundamental_Concepts_of_Quantum_Mechanics/Wave-Particle_Duality', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications_of_Nuclear_Chemistry/Nuclear_Reactors%3A_Nuclear_Waste', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_12%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Zinc', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.05%3A_Halogenation_of_Alkanes._Energies_and_Rates_of_Reactions#4-4B_Entropy_and_Molecular_Disorder', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_11%3A_Transition_Metals/Chemistry_of_Gold', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.02%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/3.2.05%3A_Reaction_Intermediates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.03%3A_The_Rate_Law/3.3.01%3A_Order_of_Reaction_Experiments', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO14._Delocalization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Chemical_Bonds/Lewis_Dot_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibria/Equilibrium_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Capillary_Action', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_II%3A_Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates/Appendix_I%3A_Hydrogen-Atom_Donors/III._Organosilanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.08%3A_A_Catalyst_Affects_the_Mechanism_and_Activation_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Atomic_and_Ionic_Radius', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.06%3A_Melting_Points_and_Standard_Enthalpies_of_Atomization_of_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.08%3A_Structure_and_Function_of_Proteins#25-8B_Myoglobin_and_Hemoglobin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.04%3A_General_Considerations_of_Substitution_Reactions', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.09%3A_Hess'_Law/3.9.01%3A_Biology-_Anaerobic_Fermentation_in_Beer_and_Lactic_Acid_in_Muscles\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family/Z116_Chemistry_of_Livermorium_(Z116)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.15%3A_Writing_Lewis_Structures_for_Molecules/6.15.02%3A_Deciding_on_a_Skeleton_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.04%3A_Colligative_Properties_of_a_Dilute_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/17%3A_Electrochemistry/17.3%3A_Concentration_Effects_and_the_Nernst_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Background_and_a_Look_Ahead/1.10%3A_A_Few_Ideas_from_Formal_Logic', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Equilibria/15.5%3A__More_about_Balanced_Equations_and_Equilibrium_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.02%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/3.2.03%3A_Rate_Determining_Step', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.06%3A_Practical_Halogenations_and_Problems_of_Selectivity#4-5A_Selectivity_in_Alkane_Halogenation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_of_Main_Group_Elements_with_Oxygen/Main_Group_Oxides_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Properties_of_Gas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Basics_Thermodynamics_(General_Chemistry)/Temperature_and_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Surface_Tension', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/The_Octet_Rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.07%3A_Alloys_and_Intermetallic_Compounds/6.7B%3A_Interstitial_Alloys', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermochemistry/Hess's_Law%3A_The_Principle_of_Conservation_of_Energy\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.4%3A_Equilibria_Involving_Weak_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.05%3A_Bar_Graphs_and_Histograms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/13%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_Alkadienes_and_Approaches_to_Organic_Synthesis/13.08%3A_Introducing_Functionality', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.02%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/3.2.01%3A_Elementary_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Fission_and_Fusion/Contrasting_Nuclear_Fission_and_Nuclear_Fusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Wetting_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Case_Studies/RECRYSTALLIZATION', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Introduction_to_Coordination_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Stereoselectivity_in_Addition_Reactions_to_Double_Bonds/Oxidations/Oxidative_Cleavage_of_Double_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Statistical_Mechanical_Ensembles/The_Grand_Canonical_Ensemble', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.07%3A_Standard_Molar_Gibbs_Energy_of_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Contact_Angles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Vapor_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spectrometers_(Instrumentation)/Electrospray_Ionization_Mass_Spectrometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.02%3A_Packing_of_Spheres/6.2A%3A_Cubic_and_Hexagonal_Closed_Packing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.08%3A_Particle_in_a_One-Dimensional_Box', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid_Base_Reactions/Predicting_the_Direction_of_Acid_Base_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.1%3A_Mass-Energy_Relationships_in_Nuclei', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/09%3A_The_Gaseous_State/9.8%3A_A_Deeper_Look%3A_Molecular_Collisions_and_Rate_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Infrared%3A_Application', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.05%3A_The_Famous_Equation_of_Statistical_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.07%3A_Long-range_Electron_Transfer_in_Proteins_(Part_2)#Bacterial_Photosynthetic_Reaction_Centers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.E%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_the_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Bader)/03%3A_The_Hydrogen_Atom/3.02%3A_The_Quantization_of_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.E%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.01%3A_Prelude_to_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.09%3A_Organometallic_Compounds_from_Organohalogen_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Nuclear_Energetics_and_Stability/Energetics_of_Nuclear_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.12%3A_Evidence_Bearing_on_the_Mechanism_of_2__2_Cycloadditions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.04%3A_Representation_of_Organic_Structure#5-3C_Projection_Formulas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO1._Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Differential_Forms_of_Fundamental_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Supercritical_Fluids/Critical_Point', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Hund's_Rules\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Valence_Bond_Theory/d-orbital_Hybridization_is_a_Useful_Falsehood', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Nonideal_Solutions/Azeotropes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.02%3A_Packing_of_Spheres/6.2C%3A_Interstitial_Holes_in_HCP_and_CCP', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.08%3A_Bonding_in_Metals_and_Semicondoctors/6.8C%3A_The_Fermi_Level', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.16%3A_Application_of_Lattice_Energies/6.16B%3A_Fluoride_Affinities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Ligands/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.09%3A_The_Michaelis-Menten_Mechanism_for_Enzyme_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.04%3A_London_Forces/8.4.04%3A_Ionization_Energies/8.4.4.01%3A_pic_IonizationEnergyAtomicWeight.PNG', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family/Z052_Chemistry_of_Tellurium_(Z52)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.6%3A_Nuclear_Fusion_and_Nucleosynthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/18%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/18.6%3A_A_Deeper_Look%3A_Reaction_Dynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/12%3A_Thermodynamic_Processes_and_Thermochemistry/12.5%3A_Thermochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.01%3A_The_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/09%3A_The_Gaseous_State/9.6%3A_A_Deeper_Look%3A_Distribution_of_Energy_among_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/The_Fingerprint_Region', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/Introduction_to_Vibrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.03%3A_Everyday_Life-_Grilled_Cheese_Sandwiches_and_Omelets', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Bartender's_Conundrum_-_Partial_Molar_Volume_in_Water-Ethanol_Mixtures\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Enzyme_Kinetics_-_Alcohol_Dehydrogenase_Catalyzed_Oxidation_of_Ethanol', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/16%3A_Aqueous_AcidBase_Equilibriums/16.02%3A_A_Qualitative_Description_of__Acid-Base_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy/19.4%3A_Criteria_for_Spontaneous_Change%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/06%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/6.05%3A_Binding_of_Ligands_and_Metal_Ions_to_Macromolecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.12%3A_The_Normal_Distribution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications_of_Nuclear_Chemistry/Nuclear_Reactors%3A_Chernobyl', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle/Le_Chatelier's_Principle_and_Dynamic_Equilbria\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Magnetic_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Enthalpy_Change_of_Neutralization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/17%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Other_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.7%3A__Solubility_and_Complex_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/05%3A_Experimental_Methods/5.02%3A_Methods_of_Determining_Reaction_Order', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/19%3A_d-Block_Metal_Chemistry_-_General_Considerations/19.05%3A_Characteristic_Properties_-_A_General_Perspective/19.5A%3A_Color', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/12%3A_Cycloalkanes_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkynes/12.01%3A_Nomenclature_and_Physical_Properties_of_Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Conjugation/Electrophilic_Attack_on_Conjugated_Dienes/Electrophilic_Attack_on_Conjugated_Dienes-Kinetic_and_Thermodynamic_Control', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.05%3A_Evaluating_Entropy_and_Entropy_Changes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/25%3A_Solutions_II_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes/25.05%3A_Electrolytes_Solutions_are_Nonideal_at_Low_Concentrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Magnetic_Behavior_of_Diatomic_Species', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/06._One_Dimensional_Harmonic_Oscillator/Kinetic_Isotope_Effects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices/6.11B%3A_Structure_-_Caesium_Chloride_(CsCl)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.04%3A_Conventions_for_Indicating_Ring_Size_and_Anomer_Configurations_of_Monosaccharides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/22%3A_Arenes_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/22.04%3A_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution#22-4E_Alkylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family/Z084_Chemistry_of_Polonium_(Z84)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family/Z034_Chemistry_of_Selenium_(Z34)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.04%3A_The_Wave_Nature_of_the_Electron/5.4.01%3A_Biology-_The_Wave_Model_for_Light_and_Electrons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.10%3A_Evaluation_of_Standard_Molar_Quantities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.4%3A_Radiation_in_Biology_and_Medicine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.10%3A_Oxidation_Numbers', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/Hesss_Law#Standard_Gibb's_Energy_of_Formation\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/00%3A_Front_Matter/03%3A_Table_of_Contents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions/17.E%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/TD7._Solutions_to_Selected_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO16._Aromatics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO2._Dihydrogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Nonideal_Solutions/Activity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Entropy/Disorder_in_Thermodynamic_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Entropy/Simple_Entropy_Changes_-_Examples', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Solids/Ionic_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Molecular_Polarity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Where_is_the_electron_in_a_hydrogen_atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Chemical_Bonds/Ionic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Statistical_Mechanical_Ensembles/Introduction_to_Ensembles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Advanced_Thermodynamics/6._The_solution_of_thermodynamic_problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices/6.11J%3A_Structure_-_Perovskite_((CaTiO_3))', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/22%3A_Arenes_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/22.04%3A_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution#22-4F_Acylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/PC._Photochemistry/PC1._Absorbance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/23%3A_Polymeric_Materials_and_Soft_Condensed_Matter/23.2%3A_Applications_for_Synthetic_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/1%3A_The_Atom_in_Modern_Chemistry/1.4%3A_The_Physical_Structure_of_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Part_V%3A__Reactivity_in_Organic%2C_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_3/PC._Photochemistry/PC4._Photolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.07%3A_Vibrational_Partition_Functions_of_Polyatomic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/09%3A_The_Periodic_Table_and_Some_Atomic_Properties/9.1%3A_Classifying_the_Elements%3A_The_Periodic_Law_and_the_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.01%3A_A_Mechanism_is_a_Sequence_of_Elementary_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Raman_Spectroscopy/Raman%3A_Interpretation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_the_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Bader)/03%3A_The_Hydrogen_Atom/3.05%3A_Some_Useful_Expressions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions/17.07%3A_Partition_Functions_of_Indistinguishable_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/Unique_Features_of_Aqueous_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Electron_Affinity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.E%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/21%3A_Binding_and_Association/21.02%3A_Statistical_Thermodynamics_of_Biomolecular_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO._Molecular_Orbitals/MO15._Polyenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Gas_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Covalent_Bonds_vs_Ionic_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibria/Basic_Concepts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Vapor_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acids_and_Bases_in_Aqueous_Solutions/Aqueous_Solutions_Of_Salts', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Hydrogen's_Atomic_Emission_Spectrum\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Praseodymium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/06._One_Dimensional_Harmonic_Oscillator/Anharmonic_Oscillator', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.07%3A_The_Schrodinger_Wave_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.07%3A_Microwave_(Rotational)_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Spin-orbit_Coupling/Molecular_Term_Symbols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Rotational_Spectroscopy/Microwave_Rotational_Spectroscopy#_ENREF_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Rotational_Spectroscopy/Microwave_Rotational_Spectroscopy#_ENREF_3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Rotational_Spectroscopy/Microwave_Rotational_Spectroscopy#_ENREF_4', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Rotational_Spectroscopy/Microwave_Rotational_Spectroscopy#_ENREF_2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.07%3A_Some_Reaction_Mechanisms_Involve_Chain_Reactions', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.06%3A_Deriving_the_Ideal_Gas_Law_from_Boyle's_and_Charles'_Laws\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Ligands/The_Irving-Williams_Series', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family/Z016_Chemistry_of_Sulfur_(Z16)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.08%3A_Thermochemical_Equations/3.8.01%3A_Biology-_Weight_of_Food_and_Energy_Production', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.01%3A_Prelude_to_Electronic_Structure/5.1.01%3A_Biology-_Applications_of_Electronic_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/11%3A_Solutions/11.3%3A_Reaction_Stoichiometry_in_Solutions%3A_Acid-Base_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/10.3%3A_Intermolecular_Forces_in_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/4%3A_Introduction_to_Quantum_Mechanics/4.7%3A_Quantum_Harmonic_Oscillator', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_1%3A_Introduction_to_Modern_Chemistry/1%3A_The_Atom_in_Modern_Chemistry/1.1%3A_The_Nature_of_Modern_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.08%3A_Rotational_Partition_Functions_of_Polyatomic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.13%3A_Including_the_Surroundings#Table_of_Some_Standard_Enthalpies_of_Formation_at_25.C2.B0C', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.06%3A_Magnetic_Properties_of_Coordination_Compounds_and_Crystal_Field_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Viscosity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/3%3A_Enhancement_of_Chemiluminescence/3.3%3A_Enhancement_of_Chemiluminescence_by_Ultrasound', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.07%3A_Nucleophilic_Addition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_3_Elements/Physical_Properties_of_Period_3_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Contrasting_MO_and_VB_theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Electrostatic_Potential_maps', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Ionization_Constants/Calculating_A_Ka_Value_From_A_Measured_Ph', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/Hesss_Law_and_Simple_Enthalpy_Calculations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/05%3A_Experimental_Methods/5.04%3A_Resolving_Kinetics-_Faster_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/25%3A_Solutions_II_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes/25.07%3A_Extending_Debye-Huckel_Theory_to_Higher_Concentrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/20%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements/20.05%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals_(Group_2)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Protoactinium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.17%3A_Defects_in_Solid_State_Lattices/6.17A%3A_Schottky_Defect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.09%3A_Quantum-Mechanical_Tunneling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.03%3A_Thermochemistry_of_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.06%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Equilibrium_Constants_-_the_van_t_Hoff_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.10%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Rubber_Elasticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family/Z008_Chemistry_of_Oxygen_(Z8)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/23%3A_Phase_Equilibria/23.03%3A_The_Chemical_Potentials_of_a_Pure_Substance_in_Two_Phases_in_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.01%3A_Entropy_Increases_With_Increasing_Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/14.1%3A_The_Nature_of_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.03%3A_Multiple_Mechanisms_are_Often_Indistinguishable', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.01%3A_Catalase_and_Peroxidase#Comparisons_of_Catalase.2C_Peroxidase.2C_and_Cytochrome_P-450', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/17%3A_Electrochemistry/17.2%3A_The_Gibbs_Free_Energy_and_Cell_Voltage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/Enthalpy_Changes_in_Reactions_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.14%3A_Requirements_for_Effective_Oxygen_Carriers#Dioxygen_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions/17.06%3A_Partition_Functions_of_Distinguishable_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/16%3A_Conjugated_Systems_Orbital_Symmetry_and_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.04%3A_Alkyl_Halides#14-3A_Allylic_(2-Propenyl)_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/17%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Other_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.5%3A__Precipitation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Classification_of_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Solids/Unit_Cell', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Real_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Non-Singular_Covalent_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/Gen_Chem_Quantum_Theory/Quantum_Numbers_and_Atomic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/06._One_Dimensional_Harmonic_Oscillator/Harmonic_Oscillator', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Dysprosium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Promethium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices/6.11F%3A_Structure_-_-Cristobalite_(SiO)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.17%3A_Defects_in_Solid_State_Lattices/6.17B%3A_Frenkel_Defect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/08%3A_Multielectron_Atoms/8.06%3A_Antisymmetric_Wavefunctions_can_be_Represented_by_Slater_Determinants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.05%3A_Reactions_of_Amino_Acids#25-5C_Amino_Acids_with_Aldehydes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.07%3A_Peptides_and_Proteins#25-7D_Solid-Phase_Peptide_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/23%3A_Organonitrogen_Compounds_I_-_Amines/23.11%3A_Oxidation_of_Amines#23-11D_Oxidation_of_Aromatic_Amines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy_-_Interpretation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Introduction_and_History_of_Coordination_Compounds/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.02%3A_The_Advancement_and_Molar_Reaction_Quantities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.01%3A_Prelude_to_Organic_Compounds/8.1.01%3A_Astronomy-_Mars_Meteor_and_Extraterrestrial_Life', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Alkyl_halide_practice_problems/Substitution_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/23%3A_Phase_Equilibria/23.01%3A_A_Phase_Diagram_Summarizes_the_Solid-Liquid-Gas_Behavior_of_a_Substance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.1%3A_Classifications_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.3%3A_Kinetics_of_Radioactive_Decay', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/7%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/7.7%3A_Pesticides_and_Pharmaceuticals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/3%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_The_Classical_Description/3.06%3A_Ionic_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.08%3A_Activities_are_Calculated_with_Respect_to_Standard_States', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.05%3A_Analysis_of_Compounds/3.5.01%3A_Foods-_Burning_or_Metabolizing_Fats_and_Sugars', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.01%3A_Translational_Partition_Functions_of_Monotonic_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.01%3A_General_Characteristics_of_Organic_Molecules', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Dalton's_Atomic_Theory/Lavoisier's_Law_of_Conservation_of_Mass\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_3_Elements/Physical_Properties_of_Period_3_Oxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.01%3A_Gas_Phase_Kinetics/3.1.03%3A_Mean_Free_Path', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/Pictorial_Molecular_Orbital_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Liquid-Solid_Phase_Diagrams%3A_Salt_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/05%3A_Experimental_Methods/5.06%3A_Resolving_Kinetics-_Slow_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/Electronic_Angular_Wavefunction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/05%3A_Experimental_Methods/5.05%3A_Resolving_Kinetics-_Fast_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Polarizability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.E%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Dipole_Moments', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Real_(Non-Ideal)_Systems/Real_Gases_-_Joule-Thomson_Expansion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Intro_to_Coordination_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/12%3A_Cycloalkanes_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkynes/12.06%3A_The_Larger_Cycloalkanes_and_their_Conformations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spectrometers_(Instrumentation)/Mass_Analyzers_(Mass_Spectrometry)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Neodymium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Ytterbium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/25%3A_Solutions_II_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes/25.03%3A_Colligative_Properties_Depend_only_on_Number_Density', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Spin-orbit_Coupling/Atomic_Term_Symbols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.01%3A_Prelude_to_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Introduction_and_History_of_Coordination_Compounds/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.09%3A_Polarizability/7.9.01%3A_Biology-_Polarizability_of_Biologically_Significant_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Californium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Einsteinium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Mendelevium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Alkyl_halide_practice_problems/Elimination_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Introduction_and_History_of_Coordination_Compounds/History_of_Coordination_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/18%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/18.4%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms_and_Rate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/4%3A_Introduction_to_Quantum_Mechanics/4.5%3A_The_Schrodinger_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/14.2%3A_The_Empirical_Law_of_Mass_Action', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/Hesss_Law#Standard_Enthalpy_of_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.03%3A_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_(TLC)/2.3E%3A_Step-by-Step_Procedures_for_Thin_Layer_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.02%3A_Equations_and_Mass_Relationships/3.2.05%3A_Foods-_Metabolism_of_Dietary_Sugar', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.04%3A_Everyday_Life-_Sodium_Silicide_Fueled_Bicycles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.11%3A_Solution_Concentrations/3.11.01%3A_Biology-_Solution_Concentrations_and_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.10%3A_Polar_Covalent_Bonds/7.10.01%3A_Biology-_Nonpolar_Iodine_and_Polar_Hydrogen_Iodide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/16%3A_Aqueous_AcidBase_Equilibriums/16.04%3A_Quantitative_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.07%3A_Long-range_Electron_Transfer_in_Proteins_(Part_2)#1._Ruthenium-modified_Cytochrome_c', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/17%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Other_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.1%3A__The_Common_Ion_Effect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/05%3A_Population_Community_and_Ecosystem_Ecotoxicology/5.08%3A_Structure_versus_function_incl._ecosystem_services', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/05%3A_Orbital_Picture_of_Bonding-_Orbital_Combinations_Hybridization_Theory_and_Molecular_Orbitals/5.02%3A_Orbital_Hybridization_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/02._Fundamental_Concepts_of_Quantum_Mechanics/Quantum_FAQ', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.E%3A_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/05.5%3A_Particle_in_Boxes/Particle_in_a_1-Dimensional_box', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Balanced_Equations_and_Equilibrium_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/Gen_Chem_Quantum_Theory/Trivialities_of_Chemical_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Bohr_Diagrams_of_Atoms_and_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Enthalpy_Change_of_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Ionization_Constants/Calculating_Equilibrium_Concentrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/28%3A_Photochemistry/28.02%3A_Light_Absorption_Flourescence_and_Phosphorescence#28-1A_The_Carbonyl_Group', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.04%3A_Why_Can't_We_See_Molecules\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.06%3A_Energy_States_of_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Colloid/Tyndall_Effect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Europium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Lutetium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Samarium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices/6.11E%3A_Structure_-_Zinc_Blende_(ZnS)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy%3A_Application', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.03%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Lawrencium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.01%3A_Classification_and_Nomenclature_of_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.08%3A_Orbitals/5.8.01%3A_Cultural_Connections-_Tones_on_a_Drum_and_Orbital_Wave_Functions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/IV._Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions/C._Substitution_Reactions_Involving_Hydroxide_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.E%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/14%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/14.E%3A_Chemical_Equilibria_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/18%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/18.1%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.04%3A_Most_Molecules_are_in_the_Ground_Vibrational_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/05%3A_Introduction_To_Reactions_In_Aqueous_Solutions/5.7%3A_Stoichiometry_of_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions%3A_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.14%3A_Requirements_for_Effective_Oxygen_Carriers#Kinetic_Factors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.12%3A_Evidence_for_the_Mechanism_of_Electrophilic_Additions_-_Carbocation_Rearrangements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/17%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Other_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.3%3A__Acid-Base_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Atomic_Radii', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/07%3A_Case_Studies-_Kinetics/7.03%3A_Depletion_of_the_Ozone_Layer', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Equilibria/15.2%3A_The_Equilibrium_Constant_and_Reaction_Quotient', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/Bonding_and_antibonding_orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Liquid-Solid_Phase_Diagrams%3A_Tin_and_Lead', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Free_Energy/Helmholtz_(Free)_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Phases_and_Their_Transitions/Heating_Curves', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Case_Studies/Dialysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermochemistry/Calorimetry%3A_Measuring_Heats_of_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Advanced_Thermodynamics/2._The_Postulates_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Holmium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Terbium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Thulium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Yttrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions/5.01%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/20%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements/20.06%3A_The_s-Block_Elements_in_Biology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.10%3A_Size_of_Ions/6.10B%3A_Periodic_Trends_in_Ionic_Radii', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices/6.11A%3A_Structure_-_Rock_Salt_(NaCl)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Plutonium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.01%3A_The_Wave_Theory_of_Light', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.03%3A_The_Photoelectric_Effect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Phases_and_Their_Transitions/Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.04%3A_The_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Americium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Berkelium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Neptunium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/21%3A_Structure_and_Bonding_in_Solids/21.E%3A_Structure_and_Bonding_in_Solids_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/5%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/5.1%3A_The_Hydrogen_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.10%3A_Standard_Enthalpies_of_Formation/3.10.01%3A_Biology-_Muscle_Energy_from_ATP', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/13%3A_The_Phase_Rule_and_Phase_Diagrams/13.01%3A_The_Gibbs_Phase_Rule_for_Multicomponent_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Liquid-vapor_Equilibria_-_%CE%94H_and_%CE%94S_for_Vaporization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/16%3A_Aqueous_AcidBase_Equilibriums/16.03%3A_Molecular_Structure_and_Acid-Base_Strength', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.05%3A_Condensation_of_Gases_and_the_Critical_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_II%3A_Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates/24%3A_Redox_Couples/IV._Reaction_Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/Entropy_Changes_in_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.12%3A_Other_Ligands_for_Biological_Oxygen_Carriers#Nitric_Oxide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Covalent_Bonding_Models/9.02%3A_VSEPR_-_Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/02._Fundamental_Concepts_of_Quantum_Mechanics/Tunneling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.06%3A_Reactions_Involving_the_C-O_Bond_of_Alcohols#15-5F_Phosphate_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.S%3A_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/17%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Other_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.4%3A__Solubility_of_Salts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Effect_of_Pressure_on_Gas-Phase_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acids_and_Bases_in_Aqueous_Solutions/Water_Autoionization', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Dalton's_Atomic_Theory/Postulates_of_Dalton's_Atomic_Theory\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Free_Energy/What_are_Free_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Ionization_Constants/Fundamentals_of_Ionization_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/Chemistry_of_Cerium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.15%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_Calculated_vs._Experimental_Values', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.02%3A_Planck's_Quantum_Theory\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.02%3A_Combining_the_First_and_Second_Laws_-_Maxwell's_Relations\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/IV._Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions/E._Substitution_Reactions_Involving_Cyanide_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Nobelium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/10%3A_Electrolyte_Solutions/10.06%3A_Mean_Ionic_Activity_Coefficients_from_Osmotic_Coefficients', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.02%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.03%3A_Unlike_heat_Entropy_Is_a_State_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.10%3A_Standard_Enthalpies_of_Formation/3.10.02%3A_Foods-_Energy_in_a_Marshmallow', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.06%3A_Rotational_Partition_Functions_of_Diatomic_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.08%3A_Molecular_Collisions_and_the_Mean_Free_Path', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.18%3A_Structural_Basis_of_Ligand_Affinities_of_Oxygen_Carriers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.07%3A_Work_and_Heat_Have_a_Simple_Molecular_Interpretation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.11%3A_Enthalpy_Changes_for_Chemical_Equations_are_Additive', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.11%3A_Chemiluminescence_Detection_in_Capillary_Electrophoresis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/23%3A_Alpha_Substitutions_and_Condensations_of_Carbonyl_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Nuclear_Energetics_and_Stability/Nuclear_Magic_Numbers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Uranium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.06%3A_Reaction_Rates-_A_Microscopic_View', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.07%3A_Reaction_Rates-_Building_Intuition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Raoults_Law_and_Ideal_Mixtures_of_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Fractional_Distillation_of_Ideal_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Immiscible_Liquids_and_Steam_Distillation', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle/Le_Chatelier's_Principle_Fundamentals\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Bond_Order_and_Lengths', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.02%3A_Factors_That_Affect_Reaction_Rates', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Dalton's_Atomic_Theory/Gay-Lussac's_Law_of_Gaseous_Volumes\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Dalton's_Atomic_Theory/Proust's_Law_of_Constant_Proportion\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/The_Four_Laws_of_Thermodynamics/0th_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Nuclear_Decay_Pathways#Positron_Emission', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Introduction_and_History_of_Coordination_Compounds/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Boiling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Evaluating_Spin_Multiplicity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Thorium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions/5.08%3A_Energy_Sources_and_the_Environment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices/6.11C%3A_Structure_-_Fluorite_(CaF)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/05%3A_Population_Community_and_Ecosystem_Ecotoxicology/5.02%3A_Population_ecotoxicology_in_laboratory_settings', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/11%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_Structure/11.05%3A_de_Broglie's_Postulate\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/25%3A_Solutions_II_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes/25.01%3A_Raoult's_and_Henry's_Laws_Define_Standard_States\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.06%3A_Stereochemistry_of_(S_N2)_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Valence_Bond_Theory/Hybrid_Orbitals_in_Carbon_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.03%3A_The_Connection_between_Reaction_Mechanisms_and_Reaction_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Phases_and_Their_Transitions/Liquid_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Fermium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Competition_between_substitution_and_elimination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/21.06%3A_The_Visible_and_Ultraviolet_Spectra_of_Molecules-_Molecular_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/11%3A_Solutions/11.5%3A_Phase_Equilibrium_in_Solutions_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Raman_Spectroscopy/Raman%3A_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.07%3A_Errors_in_Measurement/1.7.01%3A_Errors_in_Measurement_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.10%3A_Enthalpy_of_Fusion_and_Enthalpy_of_Vaporization/10.10.01%3A_Astronomy-_Water_on_Mars', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/02._Fundamental_Concepts_of_Quantum_Mechanics/Photons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Equilibria/15.4%3A_Using_Equilibrium_Constants_in_Calculations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/Molecular_Orbitals_of_Li_to_F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_an_Equilibrium_Concentration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Examples/Examples_of_Catalysis/5._Examples_of_Other_Catalytic_Reactions_in_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.08%3A_The_Effect_of_Temperature_on_Enzyme_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.05%3A_The_Effect_of_Temperature_on_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties/Property_Implications', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Boltzmann_Average/Proof_that_%CE%B2_%3D_1%2F%2FkT', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Free_Radical_Reactions_of_Alkenes/Radical_Additions%3A_Anti-Markovnikov_Product_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.11%3A_The_Generation_of_Energy_from_Carbohydrate_Metabolism#20-10A_Glycolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/17%3A_Solubility_and_Complexation_Equilibria/17.03%3A_Factors_That_Affect_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/25%3A_Solutions_II_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes/25.04%3A_Osmotic_Pressure_can_Determine_Molecular_Masses', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.04%3A_Electron_Repulsion_and_Bond_Angles._Orbital_Hybridization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Actinides/Chemistry_of_Curium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.15%3A_Writing_Lewis_Structures_for_Molecules/6.15.01%3A_An_Excess_of_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.2%3A_Nuclear_Decay_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Ideal_Systems/Thermodynamics_of_Mixing#Entropy_of_mixing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.01%3A_Energy_Does_not_Determine_Spontaneity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Osmotic_Pressure_and_Polymer_Molecular_Weight_Determination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.E%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Determination_of_Virial_Coefficients_for_Argon_Gas_at_323_K', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/19%3A_The_Distribution_of_Outcomes_for_Multiple_Trials/19.05%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/07%3A_Delocalized_Electrons_and_Their_Effect_on_Stability_Reactivity_and_pKa_(Ultraviolet_and_Visible_Spectroscopy)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/16%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Acids_and_Bases/16.02%3A__Water_and_pH_Scale', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/05%3A_Orbital_Picture_of_Bonding-_Orbital_Combinations_Hybridization_Theory_and_Molecular_Orbitals/5.04%3A_Hybridization_of_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_3_Elements/Acid-base_Behavior_of_the_Oxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.03%3A_The_Rate_Law/3.3.03%3A_Reaction_Order', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Free_Energy/Gibbs_(Free)_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/05%3A_Experimental_Methods/5.01%3A_Determining_Reaction_Order', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acids_and_Bases_in_Aqueous_Solutions/The_Hydronium_Ion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/Quantum_Numbers_for_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/Quantum_Mechanical_H_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.08%3A_The_Thermodynamic_Equilibrium_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.05%3A_Application_of_the_MO_Method_to_13-Butadiene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Advanced_Thermodynamics/1._Introduction_and_Definitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/13%3A_Intermolecular_Forces/13.05%3A_The_Structure_and_Properties_of_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/20%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements/20.04%3A_The_Alkali_Metals_(Group_1)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/17%3A_Solubility_and_Complexation_Equilibria/17.04%3A_The_Formation_of_Complex_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/20%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements/20.02%3A_Overview_of_Periodic_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices/6.11D%3A_Structure_-_Antifluorite', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.11%3A_Ionic_Lattices/6.11H%3A_Structure_-_Rutile_(TiO)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/22%3A_Arenes_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/22.11%3A_Sources_and_Uses_of_Aromatic_Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Radiative_Decay/Chemiluminescence', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.14%3A_Gas_Mixtures_-_Dalton's_Law_of_Partial_Pressures\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Nucleophilic_Addition_Reactions/The_Addition_of_Hydrogen_Cyanide_to_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.03%3A_Lewis_Diagrams/5.3.01%3A_Lewis_Diagrams_and_Biological_and_Chemical_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/7%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/7.3%3A_The_Alkenes_and_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.05%3A_Rate_Laws_Do_Not_Imply_Unique_Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.07%3A_Bond_Energies_and_Enthalpies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.10%3A_Enthalpy_of_Fusion_and_Enthalpy_of_Vaporization/10.10.02%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.02%3A_Most_Atoms_are_in_the_Ground_Electronic_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/06%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/6.01%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium_in_Gaseous_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.02%3A_An_Operational_Definition_of_Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.16%3A_Selected_Chemistry_of_Dioxygen_Iron_Copper_and_Cobalt', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/State_vs._Path_Functions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions/17.05%3A_Pressure_in_Terms_of_Partition_Functions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/02%3A_Spectroscopy-_how_we_know_what_we_know_about_the_structure_of_matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/07%3A_Alkyl_Halides-_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.03%3A_Sequential_Injection_Analysis_(SIA)%3A_lab_on_a_valve', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_3_Elements/Hydroxides_of_Period_3_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.E%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Examples/Examples_of_Catalysis/2._Examples_of_Catalysis_in_the_Inorganic_Chemical_Industry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.12%3A_Steady-State_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Lewis_Theory_of_Bonding/Violations_of_the_Octet_Rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/12%3A_Cycloalkanes_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkynes/12.02%3A_Spectroscopic_Properties_of_Cyclohexanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.07%3A_Gibbs_Energy_and_Reaction_Equilibrium', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.07%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Constant_and_Boltzmann's_Constant\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Introductory_Mass_Spectrometry/High_Resolution_vs_Low_Resolution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Introductory_Mass_Spectrometry/Introduction_to_Mass_Spectrometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.09%3A_Semiconductors/6.9A%3A_Intrinsic_Semiconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Fluorescence_and_Phosphorescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Basics_Thermodynamics_(General_Chemistry)/Gibbs_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/22%3A_Inorganic_Materials/22.1%3A_Minerals%3A_Naturally_Occurring_Inorganic_Minerals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.6%3A_Acid-Base_Titration_Curves', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/18%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/18.7%3A_Kinetics_of_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/11%3A_Solutions/11.6%3A_Phase_Equilibrium_in_Solutions_-_Volatile_Solutes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.05%3A_Dioxygen_Toxicity#Systems_for_the_Repair_or_Replacement_of_Damaged_Materials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/Mode_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution_Reactions/H._Some_Substitution_Reactions_of_Methylbenzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Adsorption_Isotherms_-_Methylene_Blue_on_Activated_Carbon', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.09%3A_Graham's_Laws_of_Diffusion_and_Effusion\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.03%3A_Detailed_Structures_of_Hemoglobins_and_Model_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_the_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Bader)/03%3A_The_Hydrogen_Atom/3.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.11%3A_Preparation_of_Organometallic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.10%3A_Alkylation_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_3_Elements/Chlorides_of_Period_3_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_3_Elements/Reactions_of_Period_3_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/21%3A_Binding_and_Association/21.01%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Biomolecular_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle/The_Effect_of_Changing_Conditions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Heat_of_Vaporization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Assorted_Definitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.08%3A_Second-Order_Reactions#Case+2a', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Valence_Bond_Theory/Overview_of_Valence_Bond_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Boltzmann_Average/Ideal_Gas_Partition_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/17%3A_Directed_and_Active_Transport/17.4%3A_Polymerization_Ratchet_and_Translocation_Ratchet', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/07%3A_Acids_bases_and_ions_in_aqueous_solution/7.08%3A_Amphoteric_Oxides_and_Hydroxides/7.8A%3A_Amphoteric_Behavior', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.03%3A_The_Acid-Base_Properties_of_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/IV._Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions/F._Substitution_Reactions_Involving_Ammonia', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.05%3A_Atomic-Orbital_Models#6-4C_Compounds_with_Double_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Introductory_Mass_Spectrometry/The_Mass_Spectrometry_Experiment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/20%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements/20.03%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Hydrogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.04%3A_The_Interaction_of_Nuclear_Radiation_with_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/3_d-Block_Elements/Group_03/Chemistry_of_Scandium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Radiative_Decay/Phosphorescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.04%3A__Enthalpies_of_Solution_and_Dilution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.08%3A_Thermochemical_Equations/3.8.03%3A_Foods-_Energy_from_Fats_and_Sugars', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.21%3A_Periodic_Variation_of_IE_and_EA/6.21.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/7%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/7.4%3A_Aromatic_Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Modes/Normal_Modes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/01%3A_Matter-_Its_Properties_And_Measurement/1.5%3A_Density_and_Percent_Composition_-_Their_Use_in_Problem_Solving', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/17%3A_Electrochemistry/17.5%3A_Corrosion_and_Its_Prevention', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/12%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_II%3A_Reactions_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones__More_Reactions_of_Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/05%3A_Orbital_Picture_of_Bonding-_Orbital_Combinations_Hybridization_Theory_and_Molecular_Orbitals/5.01%3A_Orbital_Combinations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.10%3A_Properties_of_Organometallic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/04%3A_Lewis_Formulas_Structural_Isomerism_and_Resonance_Structures/4.02%3A_Common_Bonding_Patterns_for_1st_and_2nd_Row_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/23%3A_Barrier_Crossing_and_Activated_Processes/23.01%3A_Transition_State_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Fundamentals_of_Spectroscopy/Electromagnetic_Radiation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.02%3A_Configurational_Isomers#5-1C_Optical_Activity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications_of_Nuclear_Chemistry/Nuclear_Weapons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Compounds/Oxides/Physical_Properties_of_Period_3_Oxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/Electron_Configuration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Temperature_Effects_on_the_Solubility_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Dynamic_Equilibria/Reversible_vs._Irreversible_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Heat_of_Sublimation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.07%3A_Limits_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.08%3A_Rates_and_Concentrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.10%3A_Rate_Laws_-_Differential', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Plasma', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Dynamic_Equilibria/Reversible_and_irreversible_reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Basics_Thermodynamics_(General_Chemistry)/Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Advanced_Thermodynamics/7._Thermodynamic_equilibrium', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.15%3A_Gas_Mixtures_-_Amagat's_Law_of_Partial_Volums\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.09%3A_Raman_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions/5.07%3A_Thermochemistry_and_Nutrition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.04%3A_Polymorphism_in_Metals/6.4B%3A_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.E%3A_Solutions_I-_Liquid-Liquid_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.09%3A_Colligative_Properties_of_Electrolyte_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.08%3A_Thermochemical_Equations/3.8.04%3A_Geology-_Heat_Engine_at_Lost_City', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Basics_Thermodynamics_(General_Chemistry)/Energetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.15%3A_Writing_Lewis_Structures_for_Molecules/6.15.03%3A_Multiple_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/23%3A_Phase_Equilibria/23.05%3A_Chemical_Potential_Can_be_Evaluated_From_a_Partition_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.03%3A_Temperatures_at_a_Phase_Transition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/18%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/18.3%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.06%3A_Thermochemistry#section_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/14%3A_The_Group_14_Elements/14.04%3A_Allotropes_of_Carbon/14.4A%3A_Graphite_and_Diamond_-_Structure_and_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.5%3A_The_Reaction_Quotient_Q_-_Predicting_The_Direction_of_Net_Change', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.10%3A_Deriving_Boyle's_Law_from_Newtonian_Mechanics\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/03%3A_Distributions_Probability_and_Expected_Values/3.15%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.06%3A_Long-range_Electron_Transfer_in_Proteins_(Part_1)#Protein-protein_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.S%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions/17.08%3A_Partition_Functions_can_be_Decomposed', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/06%3A_Alcohols_and_an_introduction_to_thiols_amines_ethers_and_sulfides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/Precipitation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Metallic_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Periodic_Trends_of_Elemental_Properties/Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Irreversible_Addition_Reactions_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/07%3A_Case_Studies-_Kinetics/7.01%3A_Catalytic_Converters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria/Solubility_of_Metal_Hydroxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Covalent_Bonding', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Dalton's_Atomic_Theory/Law_of_Reciprocal_Proportions\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Phases_and_Their_Transitions/Phases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Stereoselectivity_in_Addition_Reactions_to_Double_Bonds/Br%C3%B8nsted_Acid_Additions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Chemical_Energetics/Thermochemistry_and_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Chemical_Energetics/The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Nuclear_Decay_Pathways#Alpha_Decay', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/What_is_a_Complex_Ion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.02%3A_Characteristics_of_Simple_Covalent_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.12%3A_Mass_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/12%3A_The_Chemical_Bond/12.07%3A_Resonance_and_Electron_Delocalization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/01%3A_The_Dawn_of_the_Quantum_Theory/1.07%3A_de_Broglie_Waves_can_be_Experimentally_Observed', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/05%3A_Translational_States/5.02%3A_The_Uncertainty_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.07%3A_The_Dumas_Bulb_Method_for_Measuring_Decomposition_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/Effects_of_Solvent_Leaving_Group_and_Nucleophile_on_Unimolecular_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.10%3A_The_General_Mechanism_for_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/IV._Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions/D._Substitution_Reactions_Involving_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.06%3A_Liquid-Liquid_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.05%3A_Dioxygen_Toxicity#3._Systems_for_Sequestration_of_Redox-active_Metal_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/The_Effects_of_Radiation_on_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Strain_Energy_in_Organic_Compounds_-__Bomb_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects/11.6%3A_Delocalized_Electrons%3A_Bonding_in_the_Benzene_Molecule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.06%3A_Long-range_Electron_Transfer_in_Proteins_(Part_1)#Modified_Metalloproteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.02%3A_Biological_Oxygen_Carriers#The_Hemerythrin_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Artificially_Induced_Radioactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Covalent_Bonding_Models/9.01%3A_Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/03%3A_An_Introduction_to_Organic_Compounds%3A_Nomenclature_Physical_Properties_and_Representation_of_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.09%3A_Chemiluminescence_detection_in_gas_chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_02_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/21%3A_Binding_and_Association/21.08%3A_Specificity_in_Recognition_and_Binding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.03%3A_The_Rate_Law/3.3.02%3A_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reduction_of_Carbonyls_to_Alcohols_Using_Metal_Hydrides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO_bonding_in_F2_and_O2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Phase_Diagrams_for_Pure_Substances', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid_and_Base_Indicators/Acid_and_Base_Indicators', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.01%3A_Activation_Energy_-_Ea', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.11%3A_Rate_Laws_-_Integrated', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/H_Atom_Energy_Levels', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/8%3A_The_Helium_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.08%3A_An_Introduction_to_Protein_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/28%3A_Photochemistry/28.03%3A_Organic_Photochemistry#28-2D_Photochemical_Cyclization_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Balance_Reduction_and_Oxidation_(Redox)_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Advanced_Thermodynamics/5._Thermodynamic_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/The_Scientific_Method/Science_vs._Pseudo-science%3A_Limitations_of_the_Scientific_Method', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/13%3A_Intermolecular_Forces/13.E%3A_Intermolecular_Forces_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.08%3A_Isotope_Effects_in_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.05%3A_Thermodynamic_Stability_of_the_Atomic_Nucleus', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.05%3A_Derivatives_of_Glucose#20-4A_Determination_of_the_Oxide_Ring_Size', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Radiative_Decay/Fluorescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Chapter_7.__Hydrogen_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties/Biological_Data', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.02%3A_The_Configuration_of_the_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.12%3A_The_Quaternary_Structure_of_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/AR1._Introduction_to_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties/Organizing_Data', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.05%3A_Solid-Liquid_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/21%3A_Structure_and_Bonding_in_Solids/21.1%3A_Crystal_Symmetry_and_the_Unit_Cell', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.3%3A_Acid_and_Base_Strength', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.07%3A_Measuring_the_Enthalpy_Change/15.7.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Viscosities_of_Simple_Liquids_-_Temperature_Variation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.02%3A_Biological_Oxygen_Carriers#The_Hemocyanin_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.21%3A_Ch._4_References_and_Abbreviations#Abbreviations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/04%3A_Structure_Determination_I-_UV-Vis_and_Infrared_Spectroscopy_Mass_Spectrometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications_of_Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Equilibria/15.3%3A__Determining_an_Equilibrium_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reversible_Addition_Reactions_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.03%3A_Fractional_Distillation/5.3D%3A_Step-by-Step_Procedures_for_Fractional_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Pressure_Effects_On_the_Solubility_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Solubility_and_Factors_Affecting_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Band_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Examples/Examples_of_Catalysis/3._Examples_of_Catalysis_in_the_Petrochemical_Industry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Reactions_of_the_Hexaaqua_Ions_with_Carbonate_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Reactions_of_the_Hexaaqua_Ions_with_Hydroxide_Ions', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Dalton's_Atomic_Theory/Law_of_Multiple_Proportions\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Heat_of_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.09%3A_Bond_Lengths_and_Double-Bond_Character', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Valence_Bond_Theory/Delocalization_of_Electrons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Lewis_Theory_of_Bonding/Lewis_Theory_of_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria/Metal_Coordination_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.E%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.01%3A_Spontaneous_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.10____The_Secondary_Structure_of_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Basics_Thermodynamics_(General_Chemistry)/Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/22.05%3A_Thermodynamic_Functions_have_Natural_Variables', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.04%3A_The_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution_Reactions/C._The_Friedel-Crafts_Acylation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.03%3A_Transferring_Methods/1.3C%3A_Transferring_Methods_-_Inert_Atmospheric_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Reactivity_of_Alkyl_Halides/Alkyl_Halide_Reactions/Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides_with_Reducing_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.01%3A_Effects_of_Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/10.4%3A_Phase_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/10.5%3A_Phase_Transitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.02%3A_Chemistry_of_Dioxygen#How_do_Enzymes_Overcome_These_Kinetic_Barriers.3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.02%3A_The_Principle_of_Detailed_Balance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.06%3A_Vapor_Pressures_of_Volatile_Binary_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/08%3A_Substitution_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides/8.07%3A_Benzylic_Halides_Allylic_Halides_Vinylic_Halides_and_Aryl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.02%3A_Equations_and_Mass_Relationships/3.2.06%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.06%3A_Forensics-_Gunpowder_Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/14%3A_The_Group_14_Elements/14.13%3A_Aqueous_Solution_Chemistry_and_Salts_of_Oxoacids_of_Germanium_Tin_and_Lead', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Background_and_a_Look_Ahead/1.11%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.01%3A_A_Molecular_Comparison_of_Gases_Liquids_and_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/17%3A_Electrochemistry/17.4%3A_Batteries_and_Fuel_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Reactions_of_alkyl_halides_-_an_overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/11%3A_Gases_and_Their_Properties/11.4%3A_Dipole-Induced_Dipole_Forces_and_London_Dispersion_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/12%3A_The_Biosphere_and_the_Role_of_Green_Chemistry_in_Feeding_a_Hungry_World', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/09%3A_Supplementary_Notes_for_Stereochemistry/9.06%3A_Molecules_With_2_or_More_Chiral_Centers-_Diastereomers_and_Meso_Forms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.06%3A_Compounds_with_a_Carbonyl_Group', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Bond_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Calculations_Involving_Solubility_Products', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.09%3A_Rates_and_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Bond_Enthalpies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.06%3A_Resonance#6-5A_An_Atomic-Orbital_Model_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/17%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Other_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.E%3A__Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.E%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/13%3A_Intermolecular_Forces/13.03%3A_Types_of_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/Gen_Chem_Quantum_Theory/Electromagnetic_Waves', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Purifying_Radioactive_Materials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Ladder_Operators_(Creation_Annihilation_Operators)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties/Physical_Data', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.16%3A_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/8.16.02%3A_Cultural_Connections-_The_Cinnamon_Trade', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.11%3A_The_Tertiary_Structure_of_Proteins', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.09%3A_Hess'_Law/3.9.02%3A_Environment-_Heating_Values_of_Various_Fuels\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties/Chemical_Data', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties/Engineer_Data', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.08%3A_Liquid-Gas_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.5%3A_Nuclear_Fission', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.04%3A_Percent_Yield/3.4.01%3A_Environment-_Synthesis_of_Biodiesel_Fuel', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.E%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy/19.1%3A_Spontaneity%3A_The_Meaning_of_Spontaneous_Change', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects/11.E%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.09%3A_Temperature_and_the_Ideal_Gas_Thermometer', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.06%3A_Long-range_Electron_Transfer_in_Proteins_(Part_1)#2._Hybrid_Hemoglobins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.13%3A_Requirements_for_a_Model_System_for_Hemoglobin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Covalent_Bonding_Models/9.03%3A_Hybrid_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.10%3A_Entropy_Changes_in_Gaseous_Reactions#Table_of_Standard_Molar_Entropies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/28%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I_-_Rate_Laws/28.E%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I_-_Rate_Laws_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_the_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Bader)/02%3A_The_New_Physics/2.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions/17.02%3A_The_Thermal_Boltzman_Distribution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/14%3A_Feeding_the_Anthrosphere-_Utilizing_Renewable_and_Biological_Materials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.07%3A_Chirality_in_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Equilibria/15.6%3A__Disturbing_a_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/23%3A_Chemistry_of_Coordination_Chemistry/23.E%3A_Chemistry_of_Coordination_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Addition_of_Alcohols_to_form_Hemiacetals_and_Acetals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Boltzmann_Average/Boltzmann_distribution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Acid-Base_Equilibria/1._Theories_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Acid-Base_Equilibria/3._The_Ionic_Product_for_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Relating_Solubility_to_Solubility_Product', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Heat_of_Fusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.07%3A_The_Effect_of_pH_on_Enzyme_Kinetics', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/Koopmans'_Theorem\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Lewis_Theory_of_Bonding/Geometry_of_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Boltzmann_Average/The_Boltzmann_constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Liquid_Crystals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/03%3A_The_Langmuir_Isotherm/3.02%3A_Langmuir_Isotherm_-_derivation_from_equilibrium_considerations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Stereoselectivity_in_Addition_Reactions_to_Double_Bonds/Hydrogenation_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Stereoselectivity_in_Addition_Reactions_to_Double_Bonds/Oxidations/Hydroxylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Introductory_Mass_Spectrometry/Molecular_Ion_and_Nitrogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/05.5%3A_Particle_in_Boxes/Particle_on_a_Ring', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties/Nuclear_Data', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution_Reactions/The_Friedel-Crafts_Alkylation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/09%3A_The_Gaseous_State/9.7%3A_Real_Gases%3A_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/Hesss_Law#Standard_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Group_Theory/Understanding_Character_Tables_of_Symmetry_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/08%3A_Phase_Transitions_and_Equilibria_of_Pure_Substances/8.05%3A_Chapter_8_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/06%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/6.E%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_II%3A_Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates/24%3A_Redox_Couples/V._Summary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/08%3A_Phase_Transitions_and_Equilibria_of_Pure_Substances/8.04%3A_Coexistence_Curves', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions/17.04%3A_Heat_Capacity_at_Constant_Volume', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/01._Waves_and_Particles/Blackbody_Radiation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Applications_of_Nuclear_Chemistry/Radiology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Periodic_Trends_of_Elemental_Properties/Periodic_Trends_in_Ionic_Radii', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.06%3A_Peptide_Bond_and_Disulfide_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Kirchhoff_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Ionic_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid/Graphical_Treatment_of_Acid-Base_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Chemical_Energetics/Energy%2C_Heat%2C_and_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/Zeeman_Effect/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/04%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.10%3A__Oxidation-Reduction_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/25%3A_Solutions_II_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes/25.02%3A_The_Activities_of_Nonvolatile_Solutes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/06%3A_Overlayer_Structures_and_Surface_Diffraction/6.01%3A_Classification_of_Overlayer_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Calorimetry/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Revealing_the_Dates_of_Buffalo_Nickels_(Demo)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.11%3A_Hydrogen_Bonding-_Water/8.11.02%3A_H-Bonding_Between_2_HF_Molecules.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/13%3A_Solutions/13.04%3A_Effects_of_Temperature_and_Pressure_on_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.06%3A_Half_Lives_and_Radioactive_Decay_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.04%3A_The_Steady-State_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.07%3A_Group_VIA-_Chalcogens/12.7.01%3A_Cultural_Connections-_Sulfur', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/IV._Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions/B._What_is_Nucleophilic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.07%3A_Membrane_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.09%3A_Reaction_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/12%3A_Equilibrium_Conditions_in_Multicomponent_Systems/12.11%3A_Chapter_12_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.14%3A_Average_Atomic_Weights/4.14.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstration-_Model_Mass_Spectrometer', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.04%3A_Macroscopic_and_Microscopic_Views_of_a_Chemical_Reaction#Plate 3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Specific_Heat_Capacities_and_the_Dulong-Petit_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/23%3A_Polymeric_Materials_and_Soft_Condensed_Matter/23.4%3A_Natural_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/22%3A_Inorganic_Materials/22.8%3A_Pigments_and_Phosphors%3A_Optical_Displays', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/17%3A_Electrochemistry/17.1%3A_Electrochemical_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Phase_Transitions/10.6%3A_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Transmutation_of_the_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.07%3A_A_Molecular_Orbital_Description_of_Aromaticity_and_Antiaromaticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And_Solids/12.7%3A_Energy_Changes_in_the_Formation_of_Ionic_Crystals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/07%3A_State_Functions_and_The_First_Law/7.09%3A_Measuring_Heat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.04%3A_Dioxygen_Carriers_and_Bioinorganic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.E%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.02%3A_General_Theory_of_Column_Chromatography#equation12.2.5', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.02%3A_General_Theory_of_Column_Chromatography#equation12.2.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.02%3A_General_Theory_of_Column_Chromatography#equation12.2.8', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.02%3A_General_Theory_of_Column_Chromatography#equation12.2.9', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.04%3A_Separating_the_Analyte_From_Interferents#equation7.4.4', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.04%3A_Separating_the_Analyte_From_Interferents#equation7.4.3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/05%3A_Structure_Determination_Part_II_-_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.02%3A_Introduction_to_Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.08%3A_Introduction_to_Biochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/05%3A_Orbital_Picture_of_Bonding-_Orbital_Combinations_Hybridization_Theory_and_Molecular_Orbitals/5.03%3A_Sigma_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_of_Main_Group_Elements_with_Carbonates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.02%3A_A_Bit_of_History#1-1G_The_Benzene_Problem', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/22%3A_Biophysical_Reaction_Dynamics/22.03%3A_Representations_of_Dynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Equilibria/15.1%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium%3A_A_Review', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Physical_Equilibria/Non-Ideal_Mixtures_of_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Examples/Examples_of_Catalysis/4._Examples_of_Acid_Catalysis_in_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.03%3A_Chain_Reactions_I', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/Gen_Chem_Quantum_Theory/The_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Dynamic_Equilibria/Explaining_Chemical_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Stereoselectivity_in_Addition_Reactions_to_Double_Bonds/Oxidations/Epoxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties/Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Calorimetry/Differential_Scanning_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions/5.02%3A_Enthalpy_and_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions/5.05%3A_Enthalpies_of_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/07._Angular_Momentum/6%3A_Angular_Momentum', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/13%3A_Intermolecular_Forces/13.01%3A_Intermolecular_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Addition_Reactions_of_Alkenes/Addition_of_Lewis_Acids_(Electrophilic_Reagents)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/07%3A_Acids_bases_and_ions_in_aqueous_solution/7.01%3A_Introduction/7.1A%3A_Acid-Base_Theories_and_Concepts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/18%3A_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Their_Derivatives/18.05%3A_Decarboxylation_of_Carboxylic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.09%3A_Unsaturated_Alcohols_-_Alkenols#15-8A_Acidity_of_Enols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Calorimetry/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.01%3A_Prelude_to_Organic_Compounds/8.1.02%3A_Geology-_Earth's_Oldest_Fossils\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.12%3A_Polarity_in_Polyatomic_Molecules/7.12.02%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.08%3A_The_Collision_Model_of_Chemical_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution_Reactions/E._An_Industrial_Alkylation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.06%3A_Controlling_the_Products_of_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/23%3A_Polymeric_Materials_and_Soft_Condensed_Matter/23.3%3A_Liquid_Crystals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/09%3A_The_Gaseous_State/9.2%3A_Pressure_and_Temperature_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.E%3A_Properties_of_Gases_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/08%3A_Substitution_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides/8.06%3A_More_About_the_Stereochemistry_of_(S_N2)_and_(S_N1)_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.6%3A_Altering_Equilibrium_Conditions_-_Le_Chateliers_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/05%3A_Introduction_To_Reactions_In_Aqueous_Solutions/5.4%3A_Oxidation-Reduction%3A_Some_General_Principles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.19%3A_Structures_Relevant_to_Liganded_Hemoglobins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Fleming/6.E%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.18%3A_It_Is_Important_to_Have_More_Than_One_Way_to_Carry_Out_a_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.03%3A_Optimizing_Chromatographic_Separations#equation12.3.7', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/07%3A_Delocalized_Electrons_and_Their_Effect_on_Stability_Reactivity_and_pKa_(More_About_Molecular_Orbital_Theory)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Buffers/Henderson-Hasselbalch_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/22%3A_Biophysical_Reaction_Dynamics/22.05%3A_Time-Correlation_Functions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.02%3A_A_Bit_of_History#1-1D_Tetrahedral_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.03%3A_First-Order_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.09%3A_Third_Order_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/An_Introduction_to_Solubility_Products', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.04%3A_Ea_and_Catalysts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.05%3A_Elementary_Steps', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Fission_and_Fusion/Fission_Chain_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Atomic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Ionization_Constants/Acid_and_Base_Strength', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Ionization_Constants/Weak_Acids_and_Bases_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/03%3A_The_Langmuir_Isotherm/3.04%3A_Variation_of_Surface_Coverage_with_Temperature_and_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Advanced_Thermodynamics/8._Phase_Transitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/Bond_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.14%3A_Lattice_Energy_-_The_Born-Haber_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.09%3A_Phase_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.06%3A_Adiabatic_Flame_Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/22.06%3A_The_Standard_State_for_a_Gas_is_Ideal_Gas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/21%3A_Structure_and_Bonding_in_Solids/21.4%3A_Defects_and_Amorphous_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/21%3A_Structure_and_Bonding_in_Solids/21.5%3A_Lattice_Energies_of_Crystals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.5%3A_Buffer_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/15%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria/15.7%3A_Polyprotic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/Troutons_rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/16%3A_Aqueous_AcidBase_Equilibriums/16.01%3A_The_Autoionization_of_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.07%3A_The_Maxwell_Distribution_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.06%3A_General_Aspects_of_the_Chemistry_of_Copper', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.05%3A_General_Aspects_of_the_Chemistry_of_Cobalt', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.S%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Ions/2.01%3A_The_Atomic_Theory_of_Matter#Law_2:_Definite_Proportions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.02%3A_Glassware_and_Equipment/1.2.01%3A_Storing_Samples_(Parafilm_Teflon_Tape)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.02%3A_General_Theory_of_Column_Chromatography#figure12.2.7', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/03._Reactions_of_Alkanes%3A_Bond-Dissociation_Energies_Radical_Halogenation_and_Relative_Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/02%3A_Structure_and_Properties_of_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/23%3A_Barrier_Crossing_and_Activated_Processes/23.02%3A_Kramers_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/12%3A_Cycloalkanes_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkynes/12.07%3A_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.07%3A_Advanced_Quantum_Theory_of_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Nuclear_Kinetics/Radioactive_Decay_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.11%3A_Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_of_Main_Group_Elements_with_Halogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_of_Main_Group_Elements_with_Hydrogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_of_Main_Group_Elements_with_Nitrogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/21%3A_Binding_and_Association/21.06%3A_Protein_Recognition_and_Binding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.10%3A_Zero-Order_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/07%3A_Case_Studies-_Kinetics/7.02%3A_Chymotrypsin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Entropy/Microstates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.01%3A_General_Principles_of_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.02%3A_Chain_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/05%3A_Translational_States/5.01%3A_The_Free_Particle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/17%3A_Solubility_and_Complexation_Equilibria/17.05%3A_Solubility_and_pH', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/05%3A_Population_Community_and_Ecosystem_Ecotoxicology/5.03%3A_Wildlife_population_ecotoxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/07._Angular_Momentum/Spherical_Harmonics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Two-photon_absorption', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Voltaic_Cells/Electrochemical_Cells_under_Nonstandard_Conditions/Concentration_Cell', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Radioactivity/Discovery_of_Radioactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.05%3A_Organic_Compounds-_Hydrocarbons/8.5.01%3A_Crude_Oil_Distillation.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.01%3A_The_Concept_of_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/7%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/7.2%3A_The_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.03%3A_Copper-zinc_Superoxide_Dismutase#Enzymatic_Activity_and_Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Group_Theory/Group_Theory_and_its_Application_to_Chemistry', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.02%3A_Equations_and_Mass_Relationships/3.2.04%3A_Food-_Let's_Cook\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/13%3A_The_Phase_Rule_and_Phase_Diagrams/13.02%3A__Phase_Diagrams-_Binary_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/13%3A_The_Phase_Rule_and_Phase_Diagrams/13.03%3A_Phase_Diagrams-_Ternary_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Analysis_of_the_IR_Spectrum_of_Carbon_Monoxide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.04%3A_The_Change_of_Concentration_with_Time_(Integrated_Rate_Laws)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/17%3A_Additional_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria/17.6%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibrium_Calculations%3A_A_Summary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/10.3%3A_Polar_Covalent_Bonds_and_Electrostatic_Potential_Maps', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/13%3A_The_Group_13_Elements/13.11%3A_Electron-Deficient_Borane_and_Carbaborane_Clusters_-_An_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.E%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.03%3A_Optimizing_Chromatographic_Separations#figure12.3.3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/08%3A_Milestones_in_the_Development_of_Chemistry_and_the_Modern_View_of_Atoms_and_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/22%3A_Biophysical_Reaction_Dynamics/22.01%3A_Concepts_and_Definitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Reactions_of_the_Hexaaqua_Ions_with_Ammonia', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Difference_Between_K_And_Q', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.11%3A_Bond_Enthalpies_and_Exothermic_or_Endothermic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Hydration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid/Arrhenius_Concept_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermochemistry/Thermochemistry_-_A_Review', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/Gen_Chem_Quantum_Theory/Atomic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/07._Angular_Momentum/7.5%3A_Rigid_Rotor', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Equilibria/Stability_of_Metal_Complexes_and_Chelation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Introductory_Mass_Spectrometry/Isotopes%3A_Br_and_Cl', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spec/Mass_Spectrometry_-_Fragmentation_Patterns', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spectrometers_(Instrumentation)/Injection_Stage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions/5.04%3A__Heats_of_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions/5.09%3A__Essential_Skills_4', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.12%3A_Crystal_Structure_of_Semiconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/12%3A_The_Chemical_Bond/12.E%3A_The_Chemical_Bond_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.E%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work_(Exercises)', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.04%3A_Pressure_Dependence_of_Kp_-_Le_Chatelier's_Principle\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/22.E%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.04%3A_Methods_of_Determining_Reaction_Order', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Aromaticity/Aromaticity/Aromatic_Systems_and_Factors_Required_for_Aromaticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_5%3A_Rates_of_Chemical_and_Physical_Processes/18%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/18.2%3A_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_2%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Structure/7%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/7.5%3A_Fullerenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Structure_and_Nomenclature_of_Coordination_Compounds/Ligands/EDTA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.03%3A_Heat_Capacities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.01%3A_Partial_Molar_Quantities_in_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/CX9._Peptides_and_Proteins%3A_Laboratory_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.09%3A_Physics-_Rocket_Propellants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.07%3A_Ionization_of_Transition_and_Inner_Transition_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Fundamentals_of_Thermodynamics/Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_4%3A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions/17%3A_Electrochemistry/17.6%3A_Electrometallurgy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Fundamentals_of_Spectroscopy/Selection_Rules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.01%3A_Overview_of_Classical_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.03%3A_Molecular_Shape_and_Molecular_Polarity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/08%3A_Basic_Concepts_of_Chemical_Bonding/8.S%3A_Basic_Concepts_of_Chemical_Bonding_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/CX7._Enolates%3A__Substitution_and_Decarboxylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.02%3A_Techniques_Methods_Procedures_and_Protocols#figure3.2.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions/17.03%3A_The_Average_Ensemble_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Fleming/3.E%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/06%3A_he_Wonderful_World_of_Carbon-_Organic_Chemistry_and_Biochemicals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.05%3A_Alkenyl_and_Alkynyl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/11%3A_Infrared_Spectroscopy_and_Mass_Spectrometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.04%3A_Unsaturated_Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/16%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Acids_and_Bases/16.E_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.06%3A_Resonance#6-5B_Representation_of_Resonance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/03%3A_Ionic_Bonding_and_Simple_Ionic_Compounds/3.01%3A_Two_Types_of_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_6_Elements%3A_The_Lanthanides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Addition_of_Water_to_form_Hydrates_(Gem-Diols)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Acid-Base_Equilibria/2._Strong_and_Weak_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Acid-Base_Equilibria/4._Strong_and_Weak_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid/Bronsted_Concept_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.E%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.04%3A_Vacuum_Distillation/5.4C%3A_Step-by-Step_Procedures_for_Vacuum_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Ligand_Exchange_Reactions_(Thermodynamics)', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Dalton's_Atomic_Theory/Early_Atomic_Theory\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/12%3A_Cycloalkanes_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkynes/12.04%3A_Strain_in_Cycloalkane_Rings', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/13%3A_Intermolecular_Forces/13.06%3A_Hydrophobic_Interaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions/Reactions_of_Alkenes_with_Hydrogen_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Calorimetry/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Calorimetry/Constant_Pressure_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.08%3A_More_on_Stabilization_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.02%3A_Concentration_Profiles_for_Some_Simple_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/22.08%3A_Fugacity_Measures_Nonideality_of_a_Gas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.12%3A_Formulas_and_Composition/2.12.03%3A_Foods-_Iron_Supplements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.01%3A_Prelude_to_Electronic_Structure/5.1.02%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.04%3A_The_Wave_Nature_of_the_Electron/5.4.02%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.11%3A_Physical_Properties/6.11.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/Interconversion_of_Carboxyloids%3A_Going_Downhill', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.09%3A_Hess'_Law/3.9.05%3A_Lecture_Demonstration-_Carbide_Cannon\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Fluorescence_Lifetimes_and_Dynamic_Quenching', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Hydrogen_Ion_Activities_from_pH_Measurements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.05%3A_Bonding_in_Complex_Ions%3A_Crystal_Field_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/17%3A_Additional_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria/17.4%3A_Neutralization_Reactions_and_Titration_Curves', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.7%3A_Equilibrium_Calculations_-_Some_Illustrative_Examples', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Comparing_Strengths_of_Oxidants_and_Reductants#Learning_Objective', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.S%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/08%3A_Ionic_versus_Covalent_Bonding/8.11%3A_Molecular_Representations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/08%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases/8.00%3A_Prelude_to_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Compounds/Aluminosilicates/Aluminosilicates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Reactions_of_Main_Group_Elements_with_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/22%3A_Biophysical_Reaction_Dynamics/22.04%3A_Analyzing_Trajectories', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Addition_of_Secondary_Amines_to_Form_Enamines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/The_Equilibrium_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/08%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases/8.E%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Acid-Base_Equilibria/6._Acid-Base_Indicators', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Solubility_Product_Constant%2C_Ksp', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Equilibrium_Calculations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Nuclear_Chemistry/Fission_and_Fusion/Fission_and_Fusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms/4.06%3A_Gas_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Potential_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.06%3A_Gibbs_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Conjugate_Acids_of_Bases_-_Ka_Kb_and_Kw', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/01%3A_The_Dawn_of_the_Quantum_Theory/1.08%3A_The_Bohr_Theory_of_the_Hydrogen_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.07%3A_Oxidation_of_Alcohols#15-6C_Biological_Oxidations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/20%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements/20.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.10%3A_Size_of_Ions/6.10A%3A_Ionic_Radii', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Colinergic_Drugs_II_-_Anticholinesterase_Agents_and_Acetylcholine_Antagonists', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.07%3A_Oxidation_of_Alcohols#15-6B_Oxidation_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Circular_Dichroism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/01%3A_The_Dawn_of_the_Quantum_Theory/1.09%3A_The_Heisenberg_Uncertainty_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/Gen_Chem_Quantum_Theory/Light_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.S%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.01%3A_Prelude_to_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.E%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.03%3A_Molar_Reaction_Enthalpy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/B._Elimination_from_Unsymmetrical_Halogenoalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids/12.02%3A_The_Arrangement_of_Atoms_in_Crystalline_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.07%3A_Reaction_Rates_-_A_Microscopic_View', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.12%3A_Formulas_and_Composition/2.12.04%3A_Foods_-_Salt_Additives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.12%3A_Formulas_and_Composition/2.12.05%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Elimination_by_the_E1_mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Elimination_by_the_E2_mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.04%3A_Binary_Mixtures_of_Volatile_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Field_Theory/Thermodynamics_and_Structural_Consequences_of_d-Orbital_Splitting', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.01%3A_Work_and_Heat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.04%3A_Gas_Expansion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.11%3A_Solution_Concentrations/3.11.05%3A_Lecture_Demonstration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO21._Carbonyl_Addition_Summary%3A_Mechanistic_Steps', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.03%3A_Intermolecular_Forces_and_the_Solution_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/06%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/6.03%3A_Heterogeneous_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/Esters_can_be_converted_aldehydes_using_diisobutylaluminum_hydride_(DIBAH).', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.04%3A_Covalent_Bonding_and_Orbital_Overlap', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/08._Hydroxy_of_Functional_Group%3A_Alcohols%3A_Properties_Preparation_and_Strategy_of_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/26%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_Proteins_and_Nucleic_Acids%3A_Nitrogen-Containing_Polymers_in_Nature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/06%3A_Risk_Assessment_and_Regulation/6.03%3A_Predictive_risk_assessment_approaches_and_tools', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/06%3A_Risk_Assessment_and_Regulation/6.04%3A_Diagnostic_risk_assessment_approaches_and_tools', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.02%3A_Physical_Properties_of_Alcohols_Hydrogen_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.12%3A_Organomagnesium_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_7_Elements%3A_The_Actinides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/21%3A_Binding_and_Association/21.05%3A_Diffusion-Limited_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid_and_Base_Indicators/PH_Indicators', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Temperature_Effects_on_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle/The_Contact_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Internal_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria/Special_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Ligand_Exchange_Reactions_(Introduction)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Ionization_Energies_of_Diatomic_Molecule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Chemical_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Calorimetry/Constant_Volume_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Lewis_Theory_of_Bonding/Lewis_Symbols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/28%3A_Photochemistry/28.03%3A_Organic_Photochemistry#28-2E_Singlet_Oxygen_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.03%3A_Molecularity_of_a_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.07%3A_Theories_of_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.10%3A_Fast_Reactions_in_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.05%3A_Steam_Distillation/5.5D%3A_Step-by-Step_Procedures_for_Steam_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Electronic_Spectroscopy/Jablonski_diagram', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Potentials/Using_Redox_Potentials_to_Predict_the_Feasibility_of_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.02%3A_Factors_that_Affect_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.06%3A_The_Lindemann_Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/Introduction_to_Carboxyloids_(Acid_Derivatives)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.05%3A_Factors_That_Affect_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/09%3A_The_Gaseous_State/9.5%3A_The_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Material_Properties/MSDS', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.05%3A_Foods-_Protein_Nutrition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/18%3A_Representative_Metals_Metalloids_and_Nonmetals/18.E%3A_Representative_Metals_Metalloids_and_Nonmetals_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/14%3A_The_Group_14_Elements/14.04%3A_Allotropes_of_Carbon/14.4B%3A_Graphite_-_Intercalation_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.01%3A_Biological_Dioxygen_Transport_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Ligand_Substitution_in_Coordination_Complexes/LS8._Solutions_to_Selected_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.02%3A_Glassware_and_Equipment/1.2A%3A_Pictures_of_Glassware_and_Equipment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/INTERCHAPTER%3A_Retrosynthetic_analysis_and_metabolic_pathway_prediction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/02%3A_An_Introduction_to_Organic_Compounds-_Nomenclature_Physical_Properties_and_Representation_of_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.03%3A_Spectroscopic_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/04%3A_Structure_and_Stereochemistry_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/22%3A_Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives_and_Nitriles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.E%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reaction_with_Primary_Amines_to_form_Imines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid/Lewis_Concept_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Balancing_Redox_reactions/Balancing_Redox_Reactions_-_Examples', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria/Common_Ion_Effect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/08%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases/8.S%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.03%3A_Chymotrypsin-_A_Case_Study', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Thermodynamics_of_Lattices/Lattice_Enthalpies_and_Born_Haber_Cycles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Nuclide%2C_Atomic_Number%2C_mass_number', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/THERMAL_ENERGY', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions/Reactions_of_Alkenes_with_Sulfuric_Acid', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Properties_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Natural_Occurrence_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.06%3A_Resonance#6-5C_Resonance_and_Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/02%3A_Structural_Organic_Chemistry/2.E%3A_Structural_Organic_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.11%3A_Hydrogen_Bonding-_Water/8.11.01%3A_Atomic_Radii_and_Ionic_Radii', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Valence_Bond_Theory/Hybridization_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Buffers/How_Does_A_Buffer_Maintain_Ph', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.06%3A_Potential_Energy_Surfaces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/17%3A_Solubility_and_Complexation_Equilibria/17.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/08%3A_Acids_and_Bases/8.08%3A_Maintaining_the_pH_of_Blood', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/04%3A_UHV_and_Effects_of_Gas_Pressure/4.02%3A_Why_is_UHV_required_for_surface_studies_%3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.04%3A_Volume_Dependence_of_Helmholtz_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.S%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.08%3A_Properties_of_Alkanes/8.8.03%3A_Table_of_Straight_Chain_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Addition_to_Alkenes/EA3._Solvent_Effects_in_Electrophilic_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.05%3A_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.02%3A_Shielding_and_Effective_Nuclear_Charge', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.04%3A_Ideal_Solutions_obey_Raoult's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Oxidative_Addition_and_Reductive_Elimination/OA2._Overview_of_Oxidative_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures/9.05%3A_Activity_Coefficients_in_Mixtures_of_Nonelectrolytes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria/18.5%3A_Criteria_for_Precipitation_and_its_Completeness', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy/19.3%3A_Evaluating_Entropy_and_Entropy_Changes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/05%3A_Introduction_To_Reactions_In_Aqueous_Solutions/5.5%3A_Balancing_Oxidation-Reduction_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/06%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/6.02%3A_Reactions_in_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.06%3A_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.09%3A_Heat_Capacity_is_a_Path_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/22%3A_Inorganic_Materials/22.5%3A_Electrical_Conduction_in_Materials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/08%3A_Substitution_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides/8.09%3A_The_Role_of_the_Solvent_in_(S_N2)_and_(S_N1)_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/18%3A_Representative_Metals_Metalloids_and_Nonmetals/18.12%3A_Occurrence_Preparation_and_Properties_of_the_Noble_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/07._Further_Reactions_of_Haloalkanes%3A_Unimolecular_Substitution_and_Pathways_of_Elimination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/16%3A_Electrophilic_Attack_on_Derivatives_of_Benzene%3A_Substituents_Control_Regioselectivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/06%3A_Risk_Assessment_and_Regulation/6.01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Essence_of_Risk_Assessment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/12%3A_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/03._The_Tools_of_Quantum_Mechanics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions/8.09%3A_The_E2_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Boltzmann_Average/Fluctuations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/The_Reaction_Quotient', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions/The_Generalized_Electrophilic_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Dissociation_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle/The_Haber_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/09._The_Hydrogen_Atom/Radial_Nodes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/02%3A_Adsorption_of_Molecules_on_Surfaces/2.04%3A_PE_Curves_and_Energetics_of_Adsorption', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/04%3A_UHV_and_Effects_of_Gas_Pressure/4.E%3A_UHV_and_Effects_of_Gas_Pressure_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.07%3A_Lattice_Energy_and_the_Born-Haber_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.05%3A_Reaction_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/IV._Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions/A._Types_of_Halogenoalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/10%3A_Electrolyte_Solutions/10.05%3A_Derivation_of_the_Debye-Huckel_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/10%3A_Electrolyte_Solutions/10.02%3A_Solution_of_a_Symmetrical_Electrolyte', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.04%3A_Molecules_with_Lone_Pairs/7.4.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.09%3A_Orientation_of_Electrophilic_Additions_-_Markovnikov's_Rule\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.05%3A_Dioxygen_Toxicity#Molecular_Mechanisms_of_Dioxygen_Toxicity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.06%3A_Monooxygenases#Other_Metal-containing_Monooxygenase_Enzymes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.07%3A_Activities_of_Nonideal_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/Standard_Molar_Entropy_of_Aluminum_Oxide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Oxidative_Addition_and_Reductive_Elimination/OA1%3A_Intro_to_Oxidative_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO20._Conjugate_Addition-Elimination_in_Aromatics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Ligand_Substitution_in_Coordination_Complexes/LS1._Intro_to_Ligand_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.03%3A_The_Limiting_Reagent/3.3.08%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.11%3A_The_Equipartition_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Fleming/7.E%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/16%3A_Aqueous_AcidBase_Equilibriums/16.05%3A_Acid-Base_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/17%3A_Additional_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria/17.1%3A_Common-Ion_Effect_in_Acid-Base_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And_Solids/12.5%3A_Network_Covalent_Solids_and_Ionic_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Compounds/3.4%3A_Oxidation_States%3A_A_Useful_Tool_in_Describing_Chemical_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.13%3A_The_Temperature_Dependence_of_H', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS13._Regiochem._in_Elimination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS14._Stereochem_in_Elimination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Ligand_Substitution_in_Coordination_Complexes/LS3._Kinetics_of_Assoc._Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/05%3A_Chemical_Reactions-_Making_Materials_Safely_and_Sustainable', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/17%3A_The_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_and_Sensible_Measure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/09%3A_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure%3A_Orbital_Hybridization_and_Molecular_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/06%3A_Stereochemistry_at_Tetrahedral_Centers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/22%3A_Biophysical_Reaction_Dynamics/22.02%3A_Computing_Dynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.02%3A_Physical_Properties_of_Alkanes_and_The_Concept_of_Homology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.04%3A_Why_Is_Organic_Chemistry_Special', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.05%3A_Separating_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Acid-Base_Equilibria/7._Buffer_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Acid-Base_Equilibria/pH_Titration_Curves', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Molecular_Orbital_Theory/MO_for_HF', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.03%3A_What_Preparation_Should_You_Have', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.05%3A_The_Breadth_of_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/21%3A_Resonance_and_Molecular_Orbital_Methods/21.07%3A_Which_Is_Better-_MO_or_VB', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria/Insoluble_Salts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Thermodynamics_of_Lattices/Lattice_Energy%3A_The_Born-Haber_cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Real_(Non-Ideal)_Systems/Salting_Out', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Introductory_Mass_Spectrometry/Isotopes%3A_13C', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO11._Addition_of_Neutral%2C_Protic_Nucleophiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Fluorescence_Resonance_Energy_Transfer', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.05%3A_Pressure_Dependence_of_Gibbs_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.06%3A_Useful_Definitions_and_Relationships', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.E%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.08%3A_Real_Gases_Versus_Ideal_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.10%3A_Chapter_11_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Nucleophilic_Addition_Reactions/The_Reduction_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/13%3A_Solutions/13.07%3A_Aggregate_Particles_in_Aqueous_Solution', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.03%3A_The_Atomic_Theory#Postulates of Dalton's Atomic Theory\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.03%3A_The_Atomic_Theory#Postulates+of+Dalton's+Atomic+Theory\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Oxidative_Addition_and_Reductive_Elimination/OA4._Concerted_Oxidative_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.03%3A_Solving_Equilibrium_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/19%3A_Transition_Metals_and_Coordination_Chemistry/19.3%3A_Optical_and_Magnetic_Properties_of_Coordination_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.02%3A_Heat_Capacities/15.2.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.4%3A_First-Row_Transition_Metal_Elements_-_Scandium_to_Manganese', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./22.E%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Nonmetals_(Exercises)/Alkali_Alkali_Earth_and_Noble_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/07%3A_Case_Studies-_Kinetics/7.04%3A_Smog', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Examples/Examples_of_Catalysis/1._An_Introduction_to_Types_of_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.06%3A_Allosteric_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.06%3A_Some_Philosophical_Observations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Matter_and_Measurement/1.E%3A_Matter_and_Measurement_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.04%3A_The_Isoelectric_Point', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Buffers/Preparing_Buffer_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.03%3A_Bond_Formation_Using_Atomic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.04%3A_More_Complex_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Introductory_Mass_Spectrometry/Molecular_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria/Ion_Separation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/02%3A_Adsorption_of_Molecules_on_Surfaces/2.01%3A_Introduction_to_Molecular_Adsorption', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/02%3A_Adsorption_of_Molecules_on_Surfaces/2.02%3A_How_do_Molecules_Bond_to_Surfaces%3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Addition_Reactions_of_Alkenes/Addition_of_Strong_Br%C3%B8nsted_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/30%3A_Natural_Products_and_Biosynthesis/30.05%3A_Biosynthesis#30-5A_Fatty_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid_Base_Reactions/Neutralization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/04%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/4.02%3A_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/03%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.08%3A_Properties_of_Alkanes/8.8.02%3A_Table_of_Electronegativities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Addition_to_Alkenes/EA1._Introduction_to_Electrophilic_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.03%3A_The_Shapes_of_Molecules/7.3.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.01%3A_Preview_to_Chemical_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.08%3A_Thermochemical_Equations/3.8.02%3A_Environment-_Gas', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.09%3A_Hess'_Law/3.9.03%3A_Foods-_Fat_vs._Sugar_Metabolism\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/19%3A_Transition_Metals_and_Coordination_Chemistry/19.E%3A_Transition_Metals_and_Coordination_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.04%3A_Cytochrome_c_Oxidase#2._Mechanistic_Studies_of_the_Enzyme', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.05_Calculating_the_pH_of_Weak_Acid_Solutions#Find_the_pH_of_a_polyprotic_acid', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy/19.6%3A_Gibbs_Energy_Change_and_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy/19.7%3A_G_and_K_as_Functions_of_Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy/19.E%3A_Chemical_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases/6.3%3A_Combining_the_Gas_Laws%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Equation_and_the_General_Gas_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.08%3A_Interpreting_and_Representing_the_Orbitals_of_the_Hydrogen_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.05%3A_The_Kelvin_Temperature_Scale', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.08%3A_Group_Trends_for_Selected_Nonmetals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/EXPLAINING_THE_%22PEROXIDE_EFFECT%22_IN_THE_REACTION_BETWEEN_HYDROGEN_BROMIDE_AND_ALKENES', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS15._Elim._Mechanism_Factors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Boltzmann_Factor_and_Partition_Functions/17.01%3A_The_Boltzmann_Factor', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance%3A_Applications_to_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts)/05%3A_Nuclear_Quadrupole_Relaxation_Effects_and_Double_Resonance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.05%3A_Functional_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/04_Additional_SPM_Methods/02_Chemical_Force_Microscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/04_Additional_SPM_Methods/03_Magnetic_Force_Microscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/03_Basic_Theory/01_Scanning_Tunneling_Microscopy_(STM)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/09%3A_Food_to_energy_metabolic_pathways/9.03%3A_Oxidation_of_glucose_-the_glycolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/23%3A__Carbon%3A__Not_Just_Another_Element/23.4%3A__Compounds_with_a_Carbonyl_Group', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/02%3A_Structural_Organic_Chemistry/2.03%3A_Classification_by_Functional_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.04%3A_Combustion._Heats_of_Reaction._Bond_Energies?action=edit', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/21%3A_Binding_and_Association/21.07%3A_Forces_Guiding_Binding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Law_of_Mass_Action', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.04%3A_Multisubstrate_Systems', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Synthesis_of_Alkenes/Alkanes_from_Reduction_of_Carboxylates_-_Kolbe's_Electrolytic_method\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.10%3A_Unsaturated_Hydrocarbons/8.10.01%3A_Chapter_7_page_19-2.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/Brayton_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/02%3A_Adsorption_of_Molecules_on_Surfaces/2.05%3A_Adsorbate_Geometries_and_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.09%3A_Reactions_in_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.11%3A_Oscillating_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Introductory_Mass_Spectrometry/Fragmentation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Synthesis_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones#Oxidation_of_2o_alcohols_to_form_ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions/5.06%3A_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/04%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.11%3A_Essential_Skills_3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.02%3A_The_Components_of_the_Nucleus', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/13%3A_Intermolecular_Forces/13.04%3A_Hydrogen_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.06%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_A_and_G', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.07%3A_When_Two_Variables_Change_at_Once', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.S%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.03%3A_Reversible_and_Irreversible_Pathways', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Acids_and_Bases_-_Conjugate_Pairs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.04%3A_London_Forces/8.4.06%3A_Polarizability_on_London_Forces.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.02%3A_Absolute_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution_Reactions/The_Halogenation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/16.13%3A_Protein_Denaturation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.04%3A_Non-equilibrium_Conditions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/21%3A_Structure_and_Bonding_in_Solids/21.3%3A_Cohesion_in_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/09%3A_The_Gaseous_State/9.1%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Gases', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.16%3A_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases_-_Graham's_Law_of_Diffusion/9.16.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures/9.08%3A_Mixtures_in_Gravitational_and_Centrifugal_Fields', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.05%3A_Applications_of_the_Ideal_Gas_Law-_Molar_Volume_Density_and_Molar_Mass_of_a_Gas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.01%3A_Werners_Theory_of_Coordination_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/17%3A_Additional_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria/17.5%3A_Solutions_of_Salts_of_Polyprotic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects/11.2%3A_Introduction_to_the_Valence-Bond_Method', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.03%3A_Electron-transfer_Rates#Self-exchange_and_Cross_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.07%3A_Group_Trends_for_the_Active_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/04%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.E%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS16._Solutions_for_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.03%3A_Classifying_Analytical_Techniques#equation3.3.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.03%3A_Classifying_Analytical_Techniques#equation3.3.2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/15%3A_Sustainable_Energy-_The_Essential_Basis_of_Green_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/05%3A_Population_Community_and_Ecosystem_Ecotoxicology/5.09%3A_Landscape_ecotoxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/04%3A_Lewis_Formulas_Structural_Isomerism_and_Resonance_Structures/4.01%3A_Characteristics_of_Lewis_Formulas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/13%3A_Structure_and_Synthesis_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/04_Additional_SPM_Methods/01_Lateral_Force_Microscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.E%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/05%3A_Population_Community_and_Ecosystem_Ecotoxicology/5.07%3A_Community_ecotoxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Compounds/Aluminosilicates/Silicates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_03%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_04%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_05%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_06%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_07%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_08%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_09%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_10%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_11%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_12%3A_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.01%3A_Prelude_to_Stereoisomerism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/21%3A_Binding_and_Association/21.04%3A_Biomolecular_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/01%3A_Introduction_to_Reaction_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/The_Triiodomethane_(Iodoform)_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/02%3A_Reaction_Rates/2.04%3A_Half-lives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid/Overview_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Dynamic_Equilibria/Dynamic_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Cycles/Carnot_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/02%3A_Structural_Organic_Chemistry/2.04%3A_Isomerization_in_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/12%3A_Cycloalkanes_Cycloalkenes_and_Cycloalkynes/12.05%3A_Chemical_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Path_Functions/Work/Gas_Expansion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Matter_and_Measurement/1.S%3A_Matter_and_Measurement_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/11%3A_Angular_Momenta_Coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/17%3A_Directed_and_Active_Transport/17.02%3A_Passive_vs_Active_Transport', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/05%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions/5.03%3A_Hess's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.03%3A_Nuclear_Reactions#Table_20.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/16%3A_Targeted_Diffusion/16.02%3A_Diffusion_to_Capture_with_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/23%3A_Organonitrogen_Compounds_I_-_Amines/23.02%3A_Naturally_Occurring_Amines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Chemical_Change_vs._Physical_Change', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.08%3A_The_Difference_between_Cp_and_Cv', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.10%3A_Polar_Covalent_Bonds/7.10.02%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Ideal_Systems/Ideal_Gas_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/11%3A_Reactions_and_Other_Chemical_Processes/11.01%3A_Mixing_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.04%3A_London_Forces/8.4.03%3A_Atomic_sizes_on_periodic_table.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.11%3A_Hydrogen_Bonding-_Water/8.11.03%3A_Nonmetal_hydride_bp.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/13%3A_Solutions/13.01%3A_Factors_Affecting_Solution_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution_Reactions/The_Sulfonation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/Cycloalkanes/Rings%3A_cis_trans_and_axial_equatorial_relationships', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.03%3A_Reaction_Rates_and_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/21%3A_Structure_and_Bonding_in_Solids/21.2%3A_Crystal_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.03%3A_The_Thermodynamics_of_Mixing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.05%3A_Most_Solutions_are_Not_Ideal', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.08%3A_Second-Row_Diatomic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.10%3A_Ortho_and_Para_Hydrogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/11%3A_Gases_and_Their_Properties/11.3%3A_Dipole-Dipole_Forces_and_Hydrogen_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/28%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Living_State/28.1%3A_Chemical_Structure_of_Living_Matter%3A_An_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria/18.3%3A_Common-Ion_Effect_in_Solubility_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.3%3A_Relationships_Involving_Equilibrium_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/09%3A_The_Periodic_Table_and_Some_Atomic_Properties/9.7%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/09%3A_The_Periodic_Table_and_Some_Atomic_Properties/9.2%3A_Metals_and_Nonmetals_and_their_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.01%3A_Development_of_the_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Metabolic_Pathways/MP4._Regulation_of_Metabolic_Pathways%3A_How_Is_It_Regulated', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS12._Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO23._Solutions_to_Selected_Problems%2C_CO1-9', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/03%3A_The_Elements_-_Basic_Building_Blocks_of_Green_Chemicals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/08%3A_The_Five_Environmental_Spheres_and_Biogeochemical_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/13%3A_The_Anthrosphere_Industrial_Ecology_and_Green_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.06%3A_Cycloalkyl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/03%3A_Functional_Groups_and_Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/08%3A_Structure_and_Synthesis_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Capillary_Electrophoresis/Ionic_Mobility_and_Electrophoresis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.08%3A_Photo-induced_chemiluminescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/08%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases/8.01%3A_Intermolecular_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Compounds/Aluminosilicates/Aluminas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Periodic_Trends_of_Elemental_Properties/The_Periodic_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Carbonyl_Group-Mechanisms_of_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/25%3A_Solutions_II_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes/25.06%3A_The_Debye-Huckel_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions/Reactions_of_Alkenes_with_Bromine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions/What_is_Electrophilic_Addition%3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Properties_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Introduction_to_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/03%3A_The_Langmuir_Isotherm/3.03%3A_Langmuir_Isotherm_from_a_Kinetics_Consideration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Free_Radical_Reactions_of_Alkenes/Addition_of_Radicals_to_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Buffers/Introduction_to_Buffers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.05%3A_Filtering_Methods/1.5D%3A_Suction_Filtration#Water_Aspirator', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Organic_Compounds_Containing_Halogen_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry/1.01%3A_Prelude_to_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/05%3A_Population_Community_and_Ecosystem_Ecotoxicology/5.04%3A_Trait-based_approaches', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/13%3A_Intermolecular_Forces/13.02%3A_The_Ionic_Bond', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/10%3A_Electrochemistry/10.03%3A_Half_Cells_and_Standard_Reduction_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.05%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Enthalpy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Thermodynamics_of_Lattices/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/13%3A_Solutions/13.05%3A_Colligative_Properties_of_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.03%3A_The_Atomic_Theory/2.3.01%3A_Foods-_Elemental_Diets', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.05%3A_Testing_the_Atomic_Theory/2.5.01%3A_Biology-_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4A%3A_Methods_and_Flammability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4H%3A_Water_Sand_and_Oil_Baths', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.02%3A_The_Equilibrium_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/11%3A_Solutions/11.2%3A_Nature_of_Dissolved_Species', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Oxidative_Addition_and_Reductive_Elimination/OA3._Polar_Oxidative_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Ligand_Substitution_in_Coordination_Complexes/LS2._Mechanism_of_Ligand_Sub', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.06%3A_Measurements_Quantities_and_Unity_Factors#Example 3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.06%3A_Measurements_Quantities_and_Unity_Factors#Example 4', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS8._Nucleophilicity_in_NS', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/04%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.S%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.01%3A_Types_of_Solutions%3A_Some_Terminology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.17%3A_Miscibility/10.17.01%3A_Cultural_Connections-_Oil_and_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/The_Golden_Rules_of_Organic_Chemistry/Everything_You_Need_to_Know_About_Mechanisms', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.04%3A_Finding_Avogadro's_Number\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/06%3A_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/6.S%3A_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/21%3A_The_p-Block_Elements/21.01%3A_The_Elements_of_Group_13', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/01%3A_Matter-_Its_Properties_And_Measurement/1.4%3A_Measurement_of_Matter_-_SI_(Metric)_Units', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.04%3A_Energy_is_a_State_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS7._Solvent_Effects_in_NS', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS11._NA_to_Strained_Rings', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.05%3A_General_Theory_of_Separation_Effiiciency', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.01%3A_The_Importance_of_Sampling#equation7.1.2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.07%3A_Liquid-Liquid_Extractions#equation7.7.12', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/16%3A_The_Properties_of_Gases/16.E%3A_The_Properties_of_Gases_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/18%3A_Enols_Enolates_and_the_Aldol_Condensation%3A_ab-Unsaturated_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/06%3A_Risk_Assessment_and_Regulation/6.02%3A_Ecosystem_services_and_protection_goals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.01%3A_Detection_of_chemiluminescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Olefin_Polymerization_with_Ziegler-Natta_Catalyst', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.03%3A_Fractional_Distillation/5.3A%3A_Theory_of_Fractional_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Valence_Bond_Theory/Resonance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Mass_Action_Law', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/The_Mole_and_Avogadro's_Constant\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/03%3A_The_Langmuir_Isotherm/3.05%3A_Applications_-_Kinetics_of_Catalytic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Thermodynamics_of_Lattices/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid_Base_Reactions/Hydrolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Ideal_Systems/Entropy_of_Mixing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.07%3A_The_Origin_of_the_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/15%3A_Passive_Transport/15.03%3A_Search_Times_in_Facilitated_Diffusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.02%3A_Classification_and_Occurrence_of_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.04%3A_The_Rate_Determining_Step_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.03%3A_Compressibility_and_Expansivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.09%3A_Binary_Ionic_Compounds_and_Their_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.09%3A_Molar_Heat_Capacities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermochemistry/Chemical_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.12%3A_Ice_and_Water/8.12.01%3A_pic_Ice_a_hexagonal_crystal.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.23%3A_Synthetic_Macromolecules-_Some_Applied_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/22.04%3A_The_Enthalpy_of_an_Ideal_Gas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/13%3A_Solutions/13.02%3A_Solubility_and_Molecular_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/22.07%3A_The_Gibbs-Helmholtz_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids/12.03%3A_Structures_of_Simple_Binary_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Electrophilic_Substitution_Reactions/The_Nitration_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.03%3A_Transferring_Methods/1.3B%3A_Transferring_Methods_-_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.03%3A_Copper-zinc_Superoxide_Dismutase#Anions_as_Inhibitors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS9._Enolate_Nucleophiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/13%3A_The_Phase_Rule_and_Phase_Diagrams/13.04%3A_Chapter_13_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.13%3A_Transmutation_and_Radioactivity/4.13.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/08%3A_Substitution_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides/8.08%3A_Competition_Between_(S_N2)_and_(S_N1)_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.03%3A_Concentration_and_Rates_(Differential_Rate_Laws)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/26%3A_Structure_of_Organic_Compounds/26.1%3A_Organic_Compounds_and_Structures%3A_An_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.5%3A_Batteries%3A_Producing_Electricity_Through_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.01%3A_Some_Definitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Metabolic_Pathways/MP5._Regulation_of_Metabolic_Pathways%3A_Which_Are_Optimal', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.10%3A_Hazards_of_Life_with_Dioxygen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.06%3A_Metals_Nonmetals_and_Metalloids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/01%3A_Matter-_Its_Properties_And_Measurement/1.6%3A_Uncertainties_in_Scientific_Measurements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.02%3A_Designing_a_Sampling_Plan#equation7.2.2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.02%3A_Designing_a_Sampling_Plan#equation7.2.3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.07%3A_Liquid-Liquid_Extractions#equation7.7.6', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.04%3A_The_Distribution_of_Measurements_and_Results#example4.4.2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/03%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_Nomenclature_and_an_Introduction_to_Reactivity__Thermodynamics_and_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_(Binkley)/Radical_Reactions_of_Carbohydrates_I%3A_Structure_and_Reactivity_of_Carbohydrate_Radicals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/06%3A_Risk_Assessment_and_Regulation/6.06%3A_Risk_management_and_risk_communication', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.10%3A_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.11%3A_Nucleic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.02%3A_Flow_Injection_Analysis_(FIA)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.03%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkanes._Combustion_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Heterogeneous_Equilibria/The_Bends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Properties_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Properties_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Synthesis_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Preparation_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Le_Chateliers_Principle/Ice_Tables', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Origin_of_Color_in_Complex_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Stereoisomerism_in_complex_ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Simple_View_of_Atomic_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/All_About_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/19%3A_d-Block_Metal_Chemistry_-_General_Considerations/19.04%3A_The_Reactivity_of_the_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Diffraction_Scattering_Techniques/Powder_X-ray_Diffraction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spectra_Interpretation%3A_ALDEHYDES', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.06%3A_Applied_Nuclear_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/19%3A_More_on_Stereochemistry/19.05%3A_Absolute_And_Relative_Configuration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.06%3A_Synthesis_of_-Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Spectrometer/How_an_FTIR_instrument_works/FTIR%3A_Hardware', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Features_of_Chemical_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Addition_to_Alkenes/EA2._Cations_in_Electrophilic_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.18%3A_Ionic_Compounds_Containing_Polyatomic_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.02%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Solutions/8.2.2A%3A_8.2.2A%3A_Solutions_of_Gaseous_Solutes_in_Gaseous_Solvents', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.09%3A_Hess'_Law/3.9.04%3A_Geology-_Iron_and_its_Ores\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.05%3A_Dioxygen_Toxicity#1._Nonenzymatic_Oxidant_Scavengers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.20%3A_Substances_Which_Are_Both_Oxidizing_and_Reducing_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.03%3A_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_(TLC)/2.3F%3A_Visualizing_TLC_Plates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.03%3A_Transferring_Methods/1.3A%3A_Transferring_Methods_-_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.05%3A_Ions_and_Noble-Gas_Electron_Configurations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures/9.04%3A_Liquid_and_Solid_Mixtures_of_Nonelectrolytes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.02%3A_Chromatography_Generalities/2.2A%3A_Overview_of_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/19%3A_Transition_Metals_and_Coordination_Chemistry/19.1%3A_Properties_of_Transition_Metals_and_Their_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria/18.2%3A_Relationship_Between_Solubility_and_Ksp', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy/19.5%3A_Standard_Gibbs_Energy_Change_G', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/05%3A_Introduction_To_Reactions_In_Aqueous_Solutions/5.1%3A_The_Nature_of_Aqueous_Solutions', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.12%3A_Van_der_Waals'_Equation\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.08%3A_Marcus_Theory#Cross_Reactions_of_Blue_Copper_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/26%3A_Structure_of_Organic_Compounds/26.7%3A_Organic_Compounds_Containing_Functional_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Nucleophilic_Substitution_at_Tetrahedral_Carbon/NS1._Introduction_to_ANS', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.05%3A_High-Performance_Liquid_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Zielinski/8._The_Hydrogen_Atom_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/02%3A_The_Key_Role_of_Chemistry_and_Making_Chemistry_Green', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)/03%3A_GETTING_YOUR_HANDS_DIRTY_-_CHEMICAL_HANDLING_WASHING_WASTE_AND_SAFETY', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/14%3A_Delocalized_Pi_Systems%3A_Investigation_by_Ultraviolet_and_Visible_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/22%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Benzene_Substituents%3A_Alkylbenzenes_Phenols_and_Benzenamines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/07%3A_Nucleophilic_attack_at_the_carbonyl_carbon-', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/18%3A_Reactions_of_Aromatic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/10%3A_Using_logarithms_-_Log_vs._Ln', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/05%3A_Cooperativity/19%3A_Self-Assembly/19.04%3A_Shape_of_Self-Assembled_Amphiphiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/23%3A__Carbon%3A__Not_Just_Another_Element/23.3%3A__Alcohols_Ethers_and_Amines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.03%3A_Conformational_Isomers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/21%3A_Binding_and_Association/21.03%3A_DNA_Hybridization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Synthesis_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Grignard_and_Organolithium_Reagents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Oxidation_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reduction_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.03%3A_Fractional_Distillation/5.3C%3A_Uses_of_Fractional_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.05%3A_Enzyme_Inhibition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Acidity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens_and_Keto-enol_Tautomerism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.10%3A_Formation_of_Carbohydrates_by_Photosynthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Free_Radical_Reactions_of_Alkenes/Radical_Allylic_Halogenation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Equilibria/Hard_and_Soft_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/32%3A_Math_Chapters/32.01%3A_Complex_Numbers#Euler%25252525252BFormula', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.08%3A_Non-ideality_-_Henry's_Law_and_Azeotropes\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.08%3A_Non-ideality_in_Solutions_-_Activity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.02%3A_Total_and_Exact_Differentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.08%3A_Properties_of_Alkanes/8.8.01%3A_pic_boiling_points.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/AR6._Solutions_to_Selected_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.02%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Solutions/8.2.2B%3A_8.2.2B%3A_Solutions_of_Gaseous_Solutes_in_Liquid_Solvents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.09%3A_Density/1.9.01%3A_Density_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/11%3A_Solutions/11.1%3A_Composition_of_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/09%3A_The_Gaseous_State/9.3%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/09%3A_The_Gaseous_State/9.4%3A_Mixtures_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.02%3A_Partial_Molar_Quantities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/CX12._Solutions_For_Selected_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.02%3A_The_Gibbs-Duhem_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.05%3A_Applications_of_the_Ideal_Gas_Law-_Molar_Volume_Density_and_Molar_Mass_of_a_Gas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.02%3A_Chromatography_Generalities/2.2B%3A_General_Separation_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.04%3A_Selecting_an_Analytical_Method#figure3.4.2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/22%3A_Inorganic_Materials/22.6%3A_Band_Theory_of_Conduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/26%3A_Structure_of_Organic_Compounds/26.8%3A_From_Molecular_Formula_to_Molecular_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.09%3A_Acid-Base_Reactions_of_Complex_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.03%3A_Effect_of_Concentration_on_Reaction_Rates%3A_The_Rate_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory/2.2%3A_Electrons_and_Other_Discoveries_in_Atomic_Physics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/06%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/6.06%3A_Bioenergetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.11%3A_The_Barometric_Formula', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.02%3A_Coupling_Electron_Transfers_and_Substrate_Activation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Simons_and_Nichols/3%3A_Trapped_Particles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.07%3A_Liquid-Liquid_Extractions#figure7.7.5', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/05%3A_Stereochemistry-_The_Arrangement_of_Atoms_in_Space_The_Stereochemistry_of_Addition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/06._Properties_and_Reactions_of_Haloalkanes%3A_Bimolecular_Nucleophilic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/15%3A_Ethers_Epoxides_and_Thioethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/03_Basic_Theory/02_Atomic_Force_Microscopy_(AFM)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Chromatography/V._Chromatography/E._Paper_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/The_s-Block_Elements_in_Biology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Periodic_Trends_of_Elemental_Properties/Table_Basics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/20%3A_Protein_Folding/20.02%3A_Two-State_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Synthesis_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Synthesis_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.04%3A_Vacuum_Distillation/5.4B%3A_Predicting_the_Boiling_Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/The_Atom/Sub-Atomic_Particles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Matter_and_Measurement/1.05%3A_Uncertainty_in_Measurement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Chemical_Reactions_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/03%3A_Diffusion/13%3A_Friction_and_the_Langevin_Equation/13.02%3A_Brownian_Dynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Fragmentation_Patterns_in_Mass_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spec/Interpreting_a_Mass_Spectrum', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/03%3A_Diffusion/13%3A_Friction_and_the_Langevin_Equation/13.01%3A_Langevin_Equation', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.03%3A_Avogadro's_Hypothesis\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/Comparative_Energies%3A_The_Ski_Hill', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Addition_to_Alkenes/EA8._Solutions_for_Selected_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4C%3A_Adjustable_Platforms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.02%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Solutions/8.2.2C%3A_8.2.2C%3A_Solutions_of_Liquid_Solutes_in_Liquid_Solvents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/21.02%3A_The_Nature_of_Electromagnetic_Radiation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.04%3A_Cytochrome_c_Oxidase#2._Spectroscopy_of_the_Enzyme', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.16%3A_The_Alkylation_of_Benzene_by_Acylation-Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.03%3A_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_(TLC)/2.3C%3A_The_Retention_Factor', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.04%3A_The_International_System_of_Units_(SI)#SI Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/21%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_I/21.3%3A_Group_2%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.4%3A_The_Magnitude_of_an_Equilibrium_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.04%3A_Solution_Formation_and_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory/2.1%3A_Early_Chemical_Discoveries_and_the_Atomic_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/05%3A_Introduction_To_Reactions_In_Aqueous_Solutions/5.6%3A_Oxidizing_and_Reducing_Agents', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/20%3A_Environmental_Chemistry-_Earth's_Environment_Energy_and_Sustainability\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.03%3A_Spectroscopic_Properties_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.11%3A_Types_and_Reactions_of_Simple_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/08%3A_Review_of_Chemical_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/05%3A_Population_Community_and_Ecosystem_Ecotoxicology/5.05%3A_Population_models', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactions_with_Grignard_Reagents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Nomenclature_of_Complex_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Acidity_of_the_Hexaaqua_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid/Dissociation_Fraction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.02%3A_Hydrogenlike_Atomic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid/Exact_pH_Calculations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Diffraction_Scattering_Techniques/X-ray_Crystallography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.01%3A_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/09%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/9.02%3A_Reaction_Order', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spec/Mass_Spectroscopy%3A_Quizes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/De_Broglie_thermal_wavelength', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Substitution_Reactions_of_Benzene_and_Other_Aromatic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.02%3A_Macroscopic_Properties_and_Microscopic_Models', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids/11.06%3A_Critical_Temperature_and_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.02%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Solutions/8.2.2D%3A_8.2.2D%3A_Solutions_of_Solid_Solutes_in_Liquid_Solvents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/18%3A_The_Group_18_Elements/18.04%3A_Compounds_of_Xenon/18.4E%3A_Other_Compounds_of_Xenon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.06%3A_Colligative_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.07%3A_Color_and_the_Colors_of_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.08%3A_Aspects_of_Complex-Ion_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.7%3A_Electrolysis%3A_Causing_Nonspontaneous_Reactions_to_Occur', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects/11.3%3A_Hybridization_of_Atomic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/16%3A_The_Properties_of_Gases/16.05%3A_The_Second_Virial_Coefficient', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.07%3A_The_Importance_of_Analytical_Methodology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/11%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I%3A_Reactions_of_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Carboxylic_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/14%3A_Organohalogen_and_Organometallic_Compounds/14.07%3A_Aryl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.05%3A_Chemiluminescence_Sensors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.06%3A_Chemiluminescence_Imaging', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/05%3A_Cooperativity/19%3A_Self-Assembly/19.03%3A_Why_Are_Micelles_Uniform_in_Size', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO9._Enolate_Addition_and_Homologation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Buffers/Blood_as_a_Buffer', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Matter_and_Measurement/1.02%3A_Classification_of_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_Spectrometry%3A_Isotope_Effects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/03%3A_Organic_Nomenclature/3.04%3A_Alkenes_Cycloalkenes_and_Alkadienes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Addition_Reactions_of_Alkenes/Rearrangement_of_Carbocations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Conjugation/Electrophilic_Attack_on_Conjugated_Dienes_-_Kinetic_and_Thermodynamic_Control', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/23%3A_Organic_Compounds/23.07%3A_The_Molecules_of_Life', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/25%3A_Solutions_II_-_Nonvolatile_Solutes/25.08%3A_Homework_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.09%3A_Solid-Liquid_Systems_-_Eutectic_Points', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.E%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.05%3A_Comparing_the_System_and_the_Surroundings', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.07%3A_Electrolyte_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.12%3A_Ice_and_Water/8.12.02%3A_Boiling_Points_of_Hydrides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/AR4._Activation_and_Deactivation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids/12.01%3A_Crystalline_and_Amorphous_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids/12.05%3A_Bonding_and_Properties_of_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/11%3A_Solutions/11.E%3A_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Oxidative_Addition_and_Reductive_Elimination/OA5._Coupling_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4B%3A_Controlled_Boiling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_3%3A_The_States_of_Matter/11%3A_Solutions/11.7%3A_Colloidal_Suspensions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.07%3A_Essential_Skills_7', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/14%3A_The_Group_14_Elements/14.03%3A_Physical_Properties/14.3D%3A_Mossbauer_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.03%3A_Copper-zinc_Superoxide_Dismutase#1._SOD_Activity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.03%3A_Copper-zinc_Superoxide_Dismutase#2._Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.25%3A_Boiling-Point_Elevation_and_Freezing-Point_Depression', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/22%3A_Inorganic_Materials/22.2%3A_Properties_of_Ceramics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/21%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_I/21.1%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_Charge_Density', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects/11.1%3A_What_a_Bonding_Theory_Should_Do', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.03%3A_Ideal_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.02%3A_Pressure-Volume_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.08%3A_Pressure-Volume_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.04%3A_Column_Chromatography/2.4B%3A_Microscale_(Pipette)_Columns', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.01%3A_Overview_of_Analytical_Separations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.08%3A_Separation_Versus_Preconcentration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/09%3A_Elimination_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides_(Competition_between_Substitution_and_Elimination)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.09%3A_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.07%3A_Electrochemiluminescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/05%3A_Population_Community_and_Ecosystem_Ecotoxicology/5.06%3A_Metapopulations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Addition-Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Chromatography/High_Performance_Liquid_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.04%3A_Vacuum_Distillation/5.4A%3A_Overview_of_Vacuum_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Compounds/Case_Study%3A_Non-Stoichometric_Bonding_in_Materials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.05%3A_Non-ideality_in_Gases_-_Fugacity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Fleming/1.E%3A_The_Basics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/A._Elimination_from_2-Bromopropane', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/Cycloalkanes/Ring_Strain_and_the_Structure_of_Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/AR3._Formation_of_Electrophiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.14%3A_Covalent_Molecules_and_the_Octet_Rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Aromaticity/Aromaticity/Benzene_and_Other_Aromatic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.10%3A_Biological_Membranes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.E%3A_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.02%3A_Chemistry_of_Dioxygen#Free-Radical_Autoxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/The_Golden_Rules_of_Organic_Chemistry/Base_Equivalents_in_enolate_reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Addition_to_Alkenes/EA5._Addition_to_Alkene_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/Enthalpy_is_a_State_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.03%3A_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_(TLC)/2.3D%3A_Separation_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.02%3A_Spontaneous_Processes_and_Molecular_Probability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/10.2%3A_Covalent_Bonding%3A_An_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory/2.7%3A_The_Concept_of_Mole_and_the_Avogadro_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/18%3A_The_Group_18_Elements/18.02%3A_Occurrence_Extraction_and_Uses/18.2A%3A_Occurrence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/02%3A_Properties_of_Gases/2.04%3A_Real_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Amides/Reactivity_of_Amides/General_Mechanism_of_Amide_Reactions?action=edit§ionId=2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Amides/Reactivity_of_Amides/General_Mechanism_of_Amide_Reactions?action=edit§ionId=3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/The_Golden_Rules_of_Organic_Chemistry/Keys_to_Carbonyl_Chemistry_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.03%3A_Some_Properties_of_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.01%3A_Analysis_Determination_and_Measurement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.06%3A_Classifying_Separation_Techniques', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/05%3A_The_Reactions_of_Alkenes_and_Alkynes%3A_An_Introduction_to_Multistep_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance%3A_Applications_to_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts)/04%3A_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_and_Reaction_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/09%3A_Food_to_energy_metabolic_pathways/9.07%3A_Degradation_of_amino_acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/24%3A_Chemistry_of_Life-_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/24.03%3A_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/06%3A_Dynamics_and_Kinetics/20%3A_Protein_Folding/20.01%3A_HelixCoil_Transition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/22.03%3A_The_Maxwell_Relations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/27%3A_More_about_Spectroscopy/27.02%3A_Line-Width_Differences_in_NMR', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/16%3A_Aqueous_AcidBase_Equilibriums/16.06%3A_Buffers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Photoelectron_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Photoacoustic_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.S%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.05%3A_The_Joule-Thomson_Effect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.16%3A_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/8.16.01%3A_Biology-_Ketosis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/D._The_Dehydration_of_Propan-2-ol', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/23%3A_Phase_Equilibria/23.02%3A_Gibbs_Energies_and_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Reactivity_of_Alkyl_Halides/Alkyl_Halide_Reactions/Reactions_of_Dihalides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.09%3A_The_Electron/4.9.01%3A_The_Electron_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.01%3A_Concentration_Units', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.05%3A_Dioxygen_Toxicity#Summary_of_Dioxygen_Toxicity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.08%3A_The_Nomenclature_of_Monosubstituted_Benzenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.03%3A_Heat_Capacity_and_Microscopic_Changes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Analytical_Chemistry/1.01%3A_What_is_Analytical_Chemistry#figure1.1.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/07%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Geometry/7.E%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Geometry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria/18.8%3A_Equilibria_Involving_Complex_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/22%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_II/22.5%3A_Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/CX2._General_Reactivity_Patterns', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/15%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Chemical_Equilibria/15.07%3A_Some_Applications_of_Entropy_and_Free_Energy#3__Bioenergetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/22%3A_Inorganic_Materials/22.4%3A_Nonsilicate_Ceramics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Analytical_Chemistry/1.01%3A_What_is_Analytical_Chemistry#figure1.1.2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance%3A_Applications_to_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Nuclear_Resonance_Phenomenon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/04%3A_Stoichiometry%3A_Quantitative_Information_About_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/05%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Energy_and_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/09%3A_Food_to_energy_metabolic_pathways/9.05%3A_Oxidative_phosphorylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/08%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases/8.02%3A_Solids_and_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Z20_The_Lanthanides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/08%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases/8.03%3A_Gases_and_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Conjugate_Addition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Common_Ion_Effect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Chemistry/Geometry_of_Complex_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids/Reactions_of_Amino_Acids/Acid-base_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids/Reactions_of_Amino_Acids/Acid-Base_Reactions_of_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/F._The_Dehydration_of_Butan-2-ol', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.14%3A_Chemical_Evolution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.05%3A_Steam_Distillation/5.5A%3A_Overview_of_Steam_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Diffraction_Scattering_Techniques/X-ray_Diffraction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Chirality_and_Symmetry/Enantiomorphism/Resolution_of_Racemates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/27%3A_More_about_Spectroscopy/27.01%3A_Prelude_to_More_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.E%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.01%3A_Prelude_to_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Solution_Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/15%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Chemical_Equilibria/15.08%3A_Quantum_states_Microstates_and_Energy_spreading_in_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Metal_Lattices/1._Structure_and_Properties_of_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.17%3A_Electron_Configurations_and_the_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4G%3A_Heating_Mantles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/10%3A_Electrolyte_Solutions/10.03%3A_Electrolytes_in_General', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/10%3A_Electrolyte_Solutions/10.04%3A_The_Debye-Huckel_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/21.03%3A_Atomic_Spectra_and_the_Bohr_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/21.05%3A_The_Spectra_of_Molecules-_Infrared', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Leaving_groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.03%3A_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_(TLC)/2.3A%3A_Overview_of_TLC', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases/10.01%3A_Gaseous_Elements_and_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.17%3A_sing_Coupling_Reactions_to_Alkylate_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.2%3A_The_Equilibrium_Constant_Expression', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And_Solids/12.2%3A_Some_Properties_of_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.03%3A_Sizes_of_Atoms_and_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/04%3A_Biological_and_Synthetic_Dioxygen_Carriers/4.20%3A_Thermodynamic_Factors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.13%3A_Virial_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Carboxylic_Acids/Reactivity_of_Carboxylic_Acids/Making_Acyl_Chlorides_(Acid_Chlorides)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/04%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.04%3A_Oxidation-Reduction_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/27%3A_Reactions_of_Organic_Compounds/27.02%3A_Introduction_to_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/13%3A_Properties_of_Solutions/13.02%3A_Saturated_Solutions_and_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/13%3A_Properties_of_Solutions/13.E%3A_Properties_of_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.02%3A_Glassware_and_Equipment/1.2B%3A_Ground_Glass_Joints', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.04%3A_Gas_Chromatography#method12.4.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/08%3A_Conjugated_compounds_and_aromaticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/04_Additional_SPM_Methods/04_Phase_Imaging', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Equilibria/15.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/09%3A_Food_to_energy_metabolic_pathways/9.06%3A_Oxidation_of_fatty_acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty/Solubility_Rules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Matter_and_Measurement/1.06%3A_Dimensional_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Isomerism_in_Organic_Compounds/Structural_Isomerism_in_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/03%3A_Organic_Nomenclature/3.01%3A_Prelude_to_Organic_Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/17%3A_Directed_and_Active_Transport/17.03%3A_Brownian_Ratchet', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Matter_and_Measurement/1.04%3A_Units_of_Measurement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Matter_and_Measurement/1.03%3A_Properties_of_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Equilibria/Complex-Ion_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.12%3A_Enzyme_Technology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Hydration_of_Alkenes/Formation_of_alcohols_from_alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Electrophilic_Substitution_of_Disubstituted_Benzene_Rings', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Thermodynamics_of_Lattices/The_Born-Lande'_equation\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Basics_of_Electrochemistry/Electrochemistry/Half-Cell_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/04%3A_UHV_and_Effects_of_Gas_Pressure/4.01%3A_What_is_UltraHigh_Vacuum%3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO7._What_is_a_Good_Nucleophile%3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.11%3A_Enzyme_Regulation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.06%3A_Phase_Diagrams_for_Binary_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.07%3A_Liquid-Vapor_Systems_-_Raoults_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.05%3A_The_Steady-State_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.08%3A_The_Michaelis-Menten_Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.01%3A_Free_Energy_Functions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.10%3A_Ions_and_Electrolytes/8.10.9E%3A_8.10.9E%3A_Some_applications_of_electrolytic_conduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.04%3A_London_Forces/8.4.01%3A_picChapter_8_page_3.jpg', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.06%3A_Alkanes/8.6.03%3A_Cultural_Connections-_Rockets', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.17%3A_Carboxylic_Acids/8.17.01%3A_Biology-_Entomology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/C._Elimination_vs._Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Electrophiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Aromaticity/Aromaticity/Aromatic_Ions_and_Antiaromaticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/23%3A_Phase_Equilibria/23.04%3A_The_Clausius-Clapeyron_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.11%3A_The_Molar_Mass/2.11.01%3A_Biology-_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Basics/How_to_Decide_What_Type_of_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4D%3A_Bunsen_Burners', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids/11.03%3A_Unique_Properties_of_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Metal_Lattices/3._Metal_Packing%3A_Three_Dimensions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.09%3A_Density#Densities of a Several Substances', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Thermochemistry/Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/Chlorination_of_Methane_and_the_Radical_Chain_Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases/10.06%3A_Stoichiometry_Involving_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.05%3A_Thermodynamic_Terms_and_Conventions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.02%3A_Equations_and_Mass_Relationships#Ex. 4', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.02%3A_Glassware_and_Equipment/1.2E%3A_Cleaning_Glassware', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/19%3A_Transition_Metals_and_Coordination_Chemistry/19.2%3A_Coordination_Chemistry_of_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.07%3A_Molecular_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria/18.1%3A_Solubility_Product_Constant_Ksp', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/22%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_II/22.4%3A_Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy/19.2%3A_The_Concept_of_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And_Solids/12.3%3A_Some_Properties_of_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.06%3A_Vapor_Pressures_of_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/05%3A_Introduction_To_Reactions_In_Aqueous_Solutions/5.2%3A_Precipitation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Metabolic_Pathways/MP1._Overview_of_Metabolic_Pathways%3A_Catabolism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/27%3A_Reactions_of_Organic_Compounds/27.08%3A_Polymers_and_Polymerization_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/04%3A_Chemical_Reactions_and_Aqueous_Reactions/4.08%3A_Acid-Base_and_Gas-Evolution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.03%3A_Implementing_the_Sampling_Plan', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/04%3A_Compounds-_Safer_Materials_for_a_Safer_World', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/Appendix_II%3A_Review_of_laboratory_synthesis_reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/19%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Electron_Transfer_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.01%3A_Prelude_to_Alcohols_and_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.E%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/09%3A_Supplementary_Notes_for_Stereochemistry/9.01%3A_Some_Important_Concepts_in_Stereochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/01%3A_Introduction_and_Review', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Z21_The_Actinides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.02%3A_Simple_Distillation/5.2A%3A_Uses_of_Simple_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid_Base_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.E%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/05%3A_Cooperativity/19%3A_Self-Assembly/19.02%3A_Classical_Nucleation_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/02%3A_Adsorption_of_Molecules_on_Surfaces/2.06%3A_The_Desorption_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Free_Radical_Reactions_of_Alkenes/Allylic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.12%3A_Fossil_Fuels_and_the_Energy_Crisis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Stirlings_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/How_the_Mass_Spectrometer_Works', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.05%3A_Metallic_Radii', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/E1_Reactions/Electrophilic_Alkene_Addition_Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/02%3A_Adsorption_of_Molecules_on_Surfaces/2.03%3A_Kinetics_of_Adsorption', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.06%3A_The_Equilibrium_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.S%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/06%3A_Putting_the_Second_Law_to_Work/6.03%3A_A_G_and_Maximum_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Simons_and_Nichols/Extra_Credit_0', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.13%3A_The_Solubilities_of_Salts_of_Weak_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Metathesis_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4J%3A_Cooling_Baths', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.08%3A_Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/10%3A_Electrolyte_Solutions/10.01%3A_Single-ion_Quantities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.05%3A_Dioxygen_Toxicity#2._Detoxification_Enzymes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.11%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures/9.06%3A_Evaluation_of_Activity_Coefficients', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Introduction_to_Alkyl_Halides/Nucleophiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/22%3A_Inorganic_Materials/22.3%3A_Silicate_Ceramics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/13%3A_Properties_of_Solutions/13.S%3A_Properties_of_Solutions_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/27%3A_Reactions_of_Organic_Compounds/27.01%3A_Organic_Reactions%3A_An_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.10%3A_Some_Kinetic_Considerations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria/18.4%3A_Limitations_of_the_Ksp_Concept', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/21%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_I/21.5%3A_Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/22%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_II/22.6%3A_Hydrogen%3A_A_Unique_Element', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/09%3A_The_Periodic_Table_and_Some_Atomic_Properties/9.3%3A_Sizes_of_Atoms_and_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Group_Theory/Woodward-Hoffmann_rules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Metabolic_Pathways/MP2._Overview_of_Metabolic_Pathways%3A_Anabolism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/06%3A_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/6.04%3A_The_Wave_Behavior_of_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/13%3A_Properties_of_Solutions/13.04%3A_Ways_of_Expressing_Concentration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.06%3A_Photochemical_Smog-_Making_Haze_While_the_Sun_Shines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.10%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.06%3A_Other_Forms_of_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/02%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Structure_and_Bonding_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/02._Structure_and_Reactivity%3A_Acids_and_Bases_Polar_and_Nonpolar_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/04%3A_Lewis_Formulas_Structural_Isomerism_and_Resonance_Structures/4.03%3A_Resonance_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.10%3A_Protection_of_Hydroxyl_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Mossbauer_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Simple_Addition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/10%3A_Enzyme_Kinetics/10.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids/Properties_of_Amino_Acids/Stereochemistry_of_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_Matter_and_Measurement/1.01%3A_Studying_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/17%3A_Directed_and_Active_Transport/17.01%3A_Motor_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Batteries%3A_Electricity_though_chemical_reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/01%3A_Structure_of_Solid_Surfaces/1.09%3A_Other_Single_Crystal_Surfaces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/01%3A_Structure_of_Solid_Surfaces/1.07%3A_Relaxation_and_Reconstruction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Dexter_Energy_Transfer', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/10%3A_Electrochemistry/10.04%3A_Entropy_of_Electrochemical_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.01%3A_Prelude_to_Chemical_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.E%3A_Chemical_Equilibria_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.04%3A_The_Joule_Experiment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/08%3A_Advanced_Theories_of_Covalent_Bonding/8.E%3A_Advanced_Theories_of_Covalent_Bonding_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/E._The_Dehydration_of_Ethanol', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO2._General_Reactivity_Patterns', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.15%3A_The_Friedel-Crafts_Alkylation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.06%3A_Mixtures_of_Gases_and_Partial_Pressures#Mole_Fractions_of_Gas_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Group_Theory/Group_Theory%3A_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/Grignard_Reagents_Convert_Esters_into_Tertiary_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.03%3A_Copper-zinc_Superoxide_Dismutase#Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.02%3A_Glassware_and_Equipment/1.2F%3A_Drying_Glassware', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases/10.07%3A_The_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.03%3A_Energy_and_the_Formation_of_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions/Oxidation_of_Organic_Molecules_by_KMnO4', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/21%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_I/21.2%3A_Group_1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/21%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_I/21.4%3A_Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/04%3A_Chemical_Reactions/4.5%3A_Other_Practical_Matters_in_Reaction_Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Carboxylic_Acids/Reactivity_of_Carboxylic_Acids/Making_Esters_From_Carboxylic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.02%3A_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.01%3A_Molecular_Shapes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/08%3A_Substitution_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides/8.05%3A_Factors_That_Affect_(S_N1)_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Fleming/2.E%3A_Gases_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Structure_and_Bonding_I', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/Appendix_I%3A_Index_of_enzymatic_reactions_by_pathway', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/04%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Part_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/14%3A_Reactions_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/19%3A_Ketones_and_Aldehydes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Carbonyl_Group_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.03%3A_Fractional_Distillation/5.3B%3A_Fractionating_Columns', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Path_Functions/Heat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Isotopes/Isotopes_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids/Properties_of_Amino_Acids/1._Backgrounds_of_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids/Properties_of_Amino_Acids/Charged_Nature_of_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Potentials/Factors_that_Influence_Reduction_Potential', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.08%3A_Ionic_Activity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.S%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Equilibria/Complex_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/26%3A_More_on_Aromatic_Compounds/26.01%3A_Aryl_Oxygen_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Basics_of_Electrochemistry/Electrochemistry/Nernst_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/Accelerator_Mass_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/06%3A_Structures_and_Energetics_of_Metallic_and_Ionic_solids/6.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Cholinergic_Drugs_I_-_Nicotinic_and_Muscarinic_Receptors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.05%3A_Steam_Distillation/5.5B%3A_Uses_of_Steam_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Isomerism_in_Organic_Compounds/Optical_Isomerism_in_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.02%3A_Single_Component_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.03%3A_Criterion_for_Phase_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.05%3A_The_Clausius-Clapeyron_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.10%3A_Solubility_of_Ionic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/10%3A_Electrolyte_Solutions/10.07%3A_Chapter_10_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.02%3A_Covalent_Compounds_and_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/13%3A_Solutions/13.03%3A_Units_of_Concentration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/22.01%3A_Helmholtz_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids/12.06%3A_Metals_and_Semiconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Metal_Lattices/S._Solutions_to_Selected_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.14%3A_The_Friedel-Crafts_Acylation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4F%3A_Steam_Baths', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/CX11._Protein_Modifications', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/05%3A_Solutions/5.05%3A_Real_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.03%3A_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_(TLC)/2.3B%3A_Uses_of_TLC', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/15%3A_Equilibria_of_Other_Reaction_Classes/15.E%3A_Equilibria_of_Other_Reaction_Classes_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/22%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_II/22.1%3A_Periodic_Trends_in_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/22%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_II/22.2%3A_Group_18_-_The_Noble_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects/11.5%3A_Molecular_Orbital_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.09%3A_Solutions_of_Electrolytes', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.02%3A_Charles'_Law\", \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/26%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/26.07%3A_The_Van_'t_Hoff_Equation\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.05%3A_Electron_Affinities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.02%3A_The_VSEPR_Model', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.05%3A_Hybrid_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.02%3A_Glassware_and_Equipment/1.2D%3A_Greasing_Joints', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.02%3A_Characterizing_Experimental_Errors#table4.2.8', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/09%3A_Reactions_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/09%3A_Food_to_energy_metabolic_pathways/9.01%3A_Basics_of_metabolism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/02%3A_Structural_Organic_Chemistry/2.01%3A_Structural_Formulas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Wolff-Kishner_Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Kc', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Kp', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Michael_Additions_and_Robinson_Annulation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/05%3A_Cooperativity/18%3A_Cooperativity/18.02%3A_Two-State_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.07%3A_The_Method_of_Initial_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reaction_Fundamentals/Reaction_Coordinates_in_Potential_Energy_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO8._Semi-Anionic_Nucleophiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/16%3A_Targeted_Diffusion/16.03%3A_Mean_First_Passage_Time', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/The_Mass_Spectra_of_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Synthesis_of_Alkenes/Alkenes_from_Aldehydes_and_Ketones_-_Wittig_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Benzene/Substitution_Reactions_of_Benzene_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/15%3A_Passive_Transport/15.01%3A_Dimensionality_Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/27%3A_More_about_Spectroscopy/27.04%3A_Why_Spin-Spin_Splitting', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/11%3A_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.S%3A_Chemical_Equilibria_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.02%3A_Heat_Engines_and_the_Carnot_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/23%3A_Phase_Equilibria/23.E%3A_Phase_Equilibria_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.08%3A_Orbitals/5.8.02%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/Unit_6%3A_Materials/22%3A_Inorganic_Materials/22.7%3A_Semiconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures/9.07%3A_Activity_of_an_Uncharged_Species', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/CX8._Condensation_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria/18.9%3A_Qualitative_Cation_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects/11.4%3A_Multiple_Covalent_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And_Solids/12.1%3A_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/10.6%3A_Exceptions_to_the_Octet_Rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.12%3A_Electron_Configurations_and_the_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory/2.8%3A_Using_the_Mole_Concept_in_Calculations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/05%3A_Introduction_To_Reactions_In_Aqueous_Solutions/5.3%3A_Acid-Base_Reactions', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.01%3A_Boyle's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.07%3A_Structure_of_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.06%3A_Multiple_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.06%3A_Statistical_Methods_for_Normal_Distributions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/18%3A_Introduction_to_Carbonyl_Chemistry_Organometallic_Reagents_Oxidation_and_Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/18%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Reactivity%3A_Entropy_and_Free_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Compounds/Carbonates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Alpha-carbon_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.02%3A_Simple_Distillation/5.2D%3A_Microscale_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.02%3A_Simple_Distillation/5.2C%3A_Step-by-Step_Procedures', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Diffraction_Scattering_Techniques/Bragg's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Kinetics_of_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/06%3A_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules/6.01%3A_Prelude_to_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO10._Activation_of_Carbonyls', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/The_Molecular_Ion_(M_)_Peak', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Isomerism_in_Organic_Compounds/Diastereomers_and_Optical_Resolution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/05%3A_Surface_Analytical_Techniques/5.04%3A_Vibrational_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Units_of_Measure/Metric%2F%2FImperial_Conversion_Errors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.01%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Mixing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.04%3A_The_Gibbs-Duhem_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.06%3A_Reaction_Enthalpies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Oxidation_States', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Peptides_and_Proteins/Peptide_Bonds/Peptide_Bonds_Graphic_Answers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.01%3A_Prelude_to_Descriptive_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4I%3A_Heat_Guns', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4E%3A_Hotplates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.10%3A_Ions_and_Electrolytes/8.10.9A%3A_8.10.9A%3A_Electrolytes_and_Electrolytic_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.07%3A_Orbital_Descriptions_of_Multiple_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.05%3A_Thermodynamic_Probability_W_and_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.03%3A_The_Simple_Gas_Laws-_Boyles_Law_Charless_Law_and_Avogadros_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.01%3A_Factors_that_Affect_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.5%3A_The_Iron_Triad%3A_Iron_Cobalt_and_Nickel', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/22%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_II/22.3%3A_Group_17%3A_The_Halogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/19%3A_Spontaneous_Change%3A_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy/19.8%3A_Coupled_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects/11.8%3A_Some_Unresolved_Issues', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/10.1%3A_Lewis_Theory%3A_An_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/09%3A_The_Periodic_Table_and_Some_Atomic_Properties/9.6%3A_Magnetic_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Compounds/3.1%3A_Types_of_Chemical_Compounds_and_their_Formulas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/Carboxyl_Substitution/CX5._Getting_Towed_Uphill', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.04%3A_Ionization_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/13%3A_Properties_of_Solutions/13.03%3A_Factors_Affecting_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/1._Acid-Base_Chemistry_of_Natural_Aquatic_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/17%3A_Aromatic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry/Theoretical_and_Actual_Yields', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Acid/Indicators', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/RR._Radical_Reactions/RR3._Initiation%3A_Radical_Stability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.03%3A_Cell_potentials_and_Thermodynamics#Cell_potentials_and_Free_(Gibbs)_energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/19%3A_d-Block_Metal_Chemistry_-_General_Considerations/19.01%3A_Topic_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/The_Atom#Isotopes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Units_of_Measure/Metric_Prefixes_-_from_yotta_to_yocto', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Affinity_Chromatography/03_Practice_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/23%3A__Carbon%3A__Not_Just_Another_Element/23.1%3A__Why_Carbon%3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alcohols/Synthesis_of_Alcohols/Alcohols_from_Hydroboration-Oxidation_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/19%3A_Electrochemistry/19.08%3A_Electrolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Affinity_Chromatography/02_Theory/03_Reading', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.05%3A_Filtering_Methods/1.5C%3A_Gravity_Filtration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/14%3A_Hydrodynamics/14.03%3A_Laminar_and_Turbulent_Flow', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.08%3A_Polysaccharides#20-7A_Cellulose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Compounds/Formulas_of_Inorganic_and_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/X-ray_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.01%3A_Prelude_to_Phase_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.E%3A_Phase_Equilibrium_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.07%3A_The_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.13%3A_Organic_Compounds-Some_Additional_Classes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Reducing_Alkynes-The_Reactivity_of_the_Two__Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/13%3A_Solutions/13.06%3A_Aggregate_Particles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.16%3A_Examples_of_Lewis_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/AR5._Directing_Effects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.10%3A_Ions_and_Electrolytes/8.10.9B%3A_8.10.9B%3A_The_nature_of_ions_in_aqueous_solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Modifying_the_Influence_of_Strong_Activating_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Addition_to_Alkenes/EA6._Concerted_Additions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.08%3A_Dependence_of_S_on_Molecular_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.1%3A_General_Properties_of_Transition_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/17%3A_Additional_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria/17.3%3A_Acid-Base_Indicators', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.4%3A_Cell_Potential_as_a_Function_of_Concentrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.02%3A_Solution_Concentration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.05%3A_Two_Ideas_Leading_to_a_New_Quantum_Mechanics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/Esters_can_be_reduced_to_1_alcohols_using_(LiAlH_4)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.08%3A_Bonding_in_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.04%3A_Column_Chromatography/2.4A%3A_Macroscale_Columns', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.10%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/10%3A_Using_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy_to_Deduce_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/108%3A_Bond_Order_and_Bond_Lengths', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/Nicotinamide_Adenine_Dinucleotide_(NAD)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/09%3A_Food_to_energy_metabolic_pathways/9.02%3A_Digestion_of_food', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/09%3A_Food_to_energy_metabolic_pathways/9.04%3A_Citric_acid_cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Compounds/Hydrides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./21.E%3A_Periodic_Trends_and_the_s-Block_Elements_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Clemmensen_Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Atomic_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/WKB_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/Pyranose_and_Furanose_Forms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/Carbonyls_are_Electrophiles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.08%3A_The_Method_of_Half-Lives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.02%3A_Measuring_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Diazomethane_Carbenes_and_Cyclopropane_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/23%3A__Carbon%3A__Not_Just_Another_Element/23.2%3A__Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/18.E%3A_Representative_Metals_Metalloids_and_Nonmetals_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Lasers/Semiconductor_and_Solid-state_lasers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Thermodynamics_of_Lattices/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/16%3A_Targeted_Diffusion/16.01%3A_Diffusion_to_Capture', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/15%3A_Passive_Transport/15.02%3A_Facilitated_Diffusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Quantum_Tunneling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/10%3A_Electrochemistry/10.E%3A_Electrochemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.06%3A_Colligative_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.07%3A_The_Lindemann_Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.01%3A_Introduction_to_the_Second_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.03%3A_Activities_and_Fugacities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/02%3A_Gas_Laws/2.16%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Half_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/22.02%3A_Gibbs_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/Cycloalkanes/Physical_Properties_of_Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry/Excess_and_Limiting_Reagents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO12._Proton_Transfer_Steps', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/AR2._Mechanism_of_EAS', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids/11.02%3A_Intermolecular_forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Physical_Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Electrophilic_Addition_to_Alkenes/EA4._Stabilized_Cations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.01%3A_Prelude_to_Chemical_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.07%3A_Viscosity/10.7.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/27%3A_Reactions_of_Organic_Compounds/27.09%3A_Synthesis_of_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria/18.6%3A_Fractional_Precipitation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.09%3A_The_Effect_of_Temperature_on_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And_Solids/12.6%3A_Crystal_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.05%3A_Solubilities_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/09%3A_The_Periodic_Table_and_Some_Atomic_Properties/9.4%3A_Ionization_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/09%3A_The_Periodic_Table_and_Some_Atomic_Properties/9.5%3A_Electron_Affinity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/01%3A_Matter-_Its_Properties_And_Measurement/1.3%3A_Classification_of_Matter', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.12%3A_Dalton's_Law_of_Partial_Pressures/9.12.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstration\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.04%3A_The_pH_of_Solutions_of_Weak_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.05%3A_The_pH_of_Solutions_of_Weak_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/07%3A_Chemistry_of_Life_and_Green_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/17%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Reactions_of_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Carboxylic_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.04%3A_Preparation_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/21%3A_Carboxylic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Chemiluminescence/4%3A_Instrumentation/4.04%3A_Lab_on_a_Chip', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reductive_Amination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/The_Wittig_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Definitions_of_Oxidation_and_Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.11%3A_Transition_State_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Haloalkanes/Alkyl_Halide_Occurrence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/05%3A_Cooperativity/18%3A_Cooperativity/18.01%3A_HelixCoil_Transition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids/Properties_of_Amino_Acids/Structure_of_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.10%3A_Coenzymes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Friedel-Crafts_Acylation/Friedel-Crafts_Reactions', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.06%3A_Le_Chatelier's_Principle\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/26%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Metabolic_Pathways/26.11%3A_Oxidative_Phosphorylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Field_Theory/Tetrahedral_vs._Square_Planar_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.S%3A_Phase_Equilibrium_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.17%3A_Calculating_Heat_of_Reaction_from_Heat_of_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Structure_of_Organic_Molecules/The_E-Z_system_for_naming_alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO16._Biological_Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Nucleophilic_Reactivity_of_Deprotonated_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.04%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_Methods/1.4K%3A_Reflux', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.13%3A_Formal_Charge_and_Oxidation_Numbers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.09%3A_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.03%3A_The_Atomic_Theory#Atomic+Weights', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.05%3A_Multiple_Bonds_and_Molecular_Shapes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.12%3A_Electron_Density_and_Potential_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.03%3A_The_Atomic_Theory#Atomic Weights', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.05%3A_Dioxygen_Toxicity#Biological_Targets', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/11%3A_Gases_and_Their_Properties/11.2%3A_Ion-Dipole_Attractions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/04%3A_Chemical_Reactions_and_Aqueous_Reactions/4.09%3A_Oxidation-Reduction_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/10.4%3A_Writing_Lewis_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory/2.6%3A_Introduction_to_the_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Carboxylic_Acids/Reactivity_of_Carboxylic_Acids/Reactions_of_Carboxylic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/10%3A_Gases/10.09%3A_Real_Gases_-_Deviations_from_Ideal_Behavior', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Data-Driven_Exercises/zz%3A_Back_Matter', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.02%3A_Earth's_Atmosphere-_Divisions_and_Composition\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.03%3A_Propagation_of_Uncertainty#exercise4.3.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/04%3A_Alkenes%3A_Structure_Nomenclature_and_an_Introduction_to_Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./17.E%3A_Additional_Aspects_of_Aqueous_Equilibria_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/06%3A_Risk_Assessment_and_Regulation/6.05%3A_Regulatory_Frameworks', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/08%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases/8.04%3A_Gas_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Properties_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/The_Carbonyl_Group', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Writing_Equations_for_Redox_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Trigonal_Planar_______Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.09%3A_Temperature_Dependence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Protein_Structure/Secondary_Structure%3A_%CE%B1-Pleated_Sheet', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/RR._Radical_Reactions/RR2._Initiation%3A_Bond_Homolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Structure_of_Organic_Molecules/Cis_and_Trans_Isomers_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/10%3A_Electrochemistry/10.S%3A_Electrochemistry_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy/Supplemental_NMR_Topics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.03%3A_The_Dissolution_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.04%3A_Properties_of_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/19.E%3A_Transition_Metals_and_Coordination_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Synthesis_of_Alkenes/Alkenes_from_Dehydrohalogenation_of_Haloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.02%3A_Partial_Molar_Volume', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.11%3A_Oscillating_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/01%3A_The_Basics/1.04%3A_The_Zeroth_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.03%3A_The_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/13%3A_Phase_Equilibrium_and_Intermolecular_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Electrolytes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/06%3A_Properties_of_Gases/6.06%3A_Real_Gases_and_Critical_Phenomena#The_van_der_Waals_Equation_of_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/Introduction_to_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO15._The_Anomeric_Center', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO13._(pi)_Donation_Steps', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids/12.04%3A_Defects_in_Crystals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.10%3A_Conversion_Factors_and_Functions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.06%3A_Sequence_Rules_-_The_EZ_Designation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.10%3A_Carbocation_Structure_and_Stability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.05%3A_Vapor_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.03%3A_Handling_Large_and_Small_Numbers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.12%3A_Diluting_and_Mixing_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases/10.04%3A_The_Combined_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.01%3A_Prelude_to_Chemical_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.04%3A_The_Ionic_Crystal_Lattice', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.06%3A_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases/6.8%3A_Gas_Properties_Relating_to_the_Kinetic-Molecular_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.7%3A_Group_12%3A_Zinc_Cadmium_and_Mercury', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/13%3A_Kinetic_Methods/13.01%3A_Kinetic_Techniques_versus__Equilibrium_Techniques', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/11%3A_Electrochemical_Methods/11.01%3A_Overview_of_Electrochemistry#figure11.1.5', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/11%3A_Electrochemical_Methods/11.01%3A_Overview_of_Electrochemistry#figure11.1.4', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.01%3A_Characterizing_Measurements_and_Results', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/10%3A_Nucleophilic_Carbonyl_Addition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/11%3A_Nucleophilic_Acyl_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/10%3A_Reactions_of_Alcohols_Ethers_Epoxides_Amine_and_Sulfur-_Containing_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/13%3A_Mass_Spectrometry_Infrared_Spectroscopy_and_Ultraviolet_Visible_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/15%3A_Benzene_and_Aromaticity%3A_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/03%3A_Hazards/3.04%3A_Green_Technologies_for_Safer_Chemical_Production', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Oxidation_States_(Oxidation_Numbers)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Trigonal_Bipyramidal_Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Atomic_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Sizes_of_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Electrophilic_Addition_of_Hydrogen_Halides_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Oxidation_of_Alkenes_with_Potassium_Manganate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Electrophilic_Addition_of_Halogens_to_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photoreceptors/Chemistry_of_Vision/Cis-Trans_Isomerization_of_Retinal', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.05%3A_Filtering_Methods/1.5E%3A_Hot_Filtration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.09%3A_Enzymes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.04%3A_Calculating_Entropy_Changes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.05%3A_Degree_of_Dissociation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/01%3A_The_Basics/1.01%3A_The_System_and_the_Surroundings', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Cross-Dehydrogenative_Coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.01%3A_Prelude_to_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids/11.09%3A_Essential_Skills_6', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Nucleophilic_Addition_Reactions_and_Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.07%3A_The_Amount_of_Substance-_Moles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.01%3A_Prelude_to_Atoms_and_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Metal_Lattices/2._Metal_Packing%3A_Layers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO19._Conjugate_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.07%3A_Electron_Waves_in_the_Hydrogen_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.13%3A_Atoms_Having_More_Than_One_Electron', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/21.04%3A_Bohr_Theory_of_the_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/21.01%3A_Prelude_to_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/Complete_vs._Incomplete_Combustion_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/SN1_Reaction/Knowledge_Base?v=featured', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.18%3A_Measuring_the_Composition_of_a_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.01%3A_Prelude_to_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Halogenation_of_Benzene-The_Need_for_a_Catalyst', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.16%3A_Oxidation_Numbers_and_Redox_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.10%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/11%3A_Gases_and_Their_Properties/11.1%3A_van_der_Waals_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.01%3A_Prelude_to_Ionization_of_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN2/Leaving_Groups?action=edit§ionId=3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.03%3A_The_Simple_Gas_Laws-_Boyles_Law_Charless_Law_and_Avogadros_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories/9.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.04%3A_Phase_Changes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.2%3A_Principles_of_Extractive_Metallurgy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/17%3A_Additional_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria/17.2%3A_Buffer_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.1%3A_Electrode_Potentials_and_their_Measurement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.08%3A_Theoretical_Models_for_Chemical_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/11%3A_Chemical_Bonding_II%3A_Additional_Aspects/11.7%3A_Bonding_in_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.10%3A_Colloidal_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Compounds/3.6%3A_Names_and_Formulas_of_Inorganic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/04%3A_Chemical_Reactions/4.1%3A_Chemical_Reactions_and_Chemical_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.09%3A_Electron_Spin%3A_A_Fourth_Quantum_Number', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/17%3A_Equilibrium_and_the_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/01%3A_Matter-_Its_Properties_And_Measurement/1.1%3A_The_Scientific_Method', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/01%3A_Matter-_Its_Properties_And_Measurement/1.2%3A__Properties_of_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystallography/Physical_Properties_of_Crystals/Curie_laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/25%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/25.02%3A_Naturally_Occurring_Radioactive_Isotopes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.11%3A_Real_Gases-_The_Effects_of_Size_and_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/17%3A_Solutions/17.5%3A_Boiling-Point_Elevation_and_Freezing-Point_Depression', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.02%3A_Glassware_and_Equipment/1.2C%3A_Clamping', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/02%3A_Basic_Tools_of_Analytical_Chemistry/2.10%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.09%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/01%3A_Sustainability_and_the_Environment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/09%3A_Water_the_Ultimate_Green_Substance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/10%3A_Blue_Skies_for_a_Green_Environment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/24%3A_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/27%3A_Nucleic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/23%3A__Carbon%3A__Not_Just_Another_Element/23.5%3A__Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/08%3A_Chocolate/8.01%3A_From_the_Cocoa_Bean_to_the_Finished_Chocolate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./02.E%3A_Molecules_Ions_and_Chemical_Formulas_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./05.E%3A_Energy_Changes_in_Chemical_Reactions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Synthesis_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Grignard_Reagents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/Carbohydrate_Classification', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Oxidation_State/Oxidation_States_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.02%3A_Simple_Distillation/5.2B%3A_Separation_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Conjugation/Electrophilic_Attack_on_Conjugated_Dienes/Markovnikov_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/05%3A_Cooperativity/19%3A_Self-Assembly/19.01%3A_Micelle_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Acids_and_Bases/Buffers_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/28%3A_Photochemistry/28.01%3A_Prelude_to_Photochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.07%3A_Osmosis_and_Diffusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/06%3A_Electronic_Structure_and_Periodic_Properties_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Homolytic_C-H_Bond_Dissociation_Energies_of_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.03%3A_Chemical_Potential', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.01%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.02%3A_Work_and_Heat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.09%3A_Stoichiometric_Calculations_and_Enthalpy_Changes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/18%3A_The_Group_18_Elements/18.05%3A_Compounds_of_Argon_Krypton_and_Radon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.04%3A_London_Forces/8.4.02%3A_Atomic_Radii', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/E1_Reactions/Wagner-Meerwein_Rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry/Stoichiometry_-_A_Review', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases/10.09%3A_Essential_Skills_5', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.04%3A_Colligative_Properties-_Boiling_Point_Elevation_and_Freezing_Point_Depression', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.06%3A_Implications_of_Periodicity_for_Atomic_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.02%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.01%3A_Catalase_and_Peroxidase#Mechanism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.16%3A_Saturated_and_Supersaturated_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.10%3A_Strong_Acid_Solutions_that_Water_Contributes_pH', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.6%3A_Group_11%3A_Copper_Silver_and_Gold', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/12%3A_Intermolecular_Forces%3A_Liquids_And_Solids/12.4%3A_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases/16.8%3A_Molecular_Structure_and_Acid-Base_Behavior', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/13%3A_Properties_of_Solutions/13.05%3A_Colligative_Properties', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_Earth/12.04%3A_Earth's_Dwindling_Resources\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.05%3A_Developing_the_Procedure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)/01%3A_HOW_TO_PREPARE_FOR_AN_ORGANIC_CHEMISTRY_EXPERIMENT', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/09%3A_A_return_to_the_carbonyl', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.08%3A_Polyhydric_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry_and_Balancing_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/Vitamin_B%3A_Cobalamin/Cobalamin_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/Vitamin_B%3A_Cobalamin/Cobalamin_3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Atomic_Mass', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Trigonal_Pyramidal_Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Properties_of_Alkenes/Structure_and_Bonding_in_Ethene-The_Pi_Bond', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.06%3A_2nd_order_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Significant_Digits/Uncertainties_in_Measurements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.00%3A_Prelude_to_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.05%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.E%3A_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Chromatography/Chromatographic_Columns', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions_of_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.05%3A_Steam_Distillation/5.5C%3A_Separation_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Properties_of_Alkenes/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_(NMR)_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.04%3A_The_Clapeyron_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.08%3A_Adiabatic_Compressibility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.E%3A_The_Second_Law_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.08%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/SN1_Reaction/Known_Issues?v=featured', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Synthesis_of_Alkynes/Preparation_of_Alkynes_by_Double_Elimination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids/12.09%3A_Modern_Materials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Substitution_Reactions_of_Benzene_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.03%3A_Group_II-_Alkaline_Earths', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.13%3A_Balancing_Chemical_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/21.08%3A_Delocalized_Electrons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids/11.05%3A_Changes_of_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/Tetrahedral_and_Octahedral_Sites', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.17%3A_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases-_The_Distribution_of_Molecular_Speeds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.04%3A_Cytochrome_c_Oxidase#1._Models_2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.05%3A_The_Equilibrium_Constant_in_Terms_of_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases/10.03%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures/9.02%3A_Partial_Molar_Quantities', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.08%3A_Stratospheric_Ozone-_Earth's_Vital_Shield\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties/13.07%3A_Osmotic_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases/16.3%3A_Self-Ionization_of_Water_and_the_pH_Scale', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Compounds/3.2%3A_The_Mole_Concept_and_Chemical_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Compounds/3.7%3A__Names_of_Formulas_of_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/01%3A_Matter-_Its_Properties_And_Measurement/1.7%3A_Significant_Figures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.07%3A_A_Particulate_Model_for_Gases-_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Analytical_Chemistry/1.02%3A_The_Analytical_Perspective', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/17%3A_How_Enzymes_Catalyze_Reactions_The_Organic_Chemisty_of_Vitamins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics%3A_The_Rates_of_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/Flavin_Adenine_Dinucleotide_(FAD)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/09%3A_Diffusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./07.E%3A_Periodic_Table_and_Periodic_Trands_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids/Reactions_of_Amino_Acids/Amino_Acid_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Coordination_Chemistry/Complex_Ion_Equilibria/Chelation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.04%3A_0th_order_Rate_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.05%3A_1st_order_rate_law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Fatty_Acids/Hydrogenation_of_Unsaturated_Fats_and_Trans_Fat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.E%3A_Carbohydrates_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Field_Theory/Crystal_Field_Stabilization_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.04%3A_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.06%3A_Alkanes/8.6.01%3A_Astronomy-_Titan', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/RR._Radical_Reactions/RR1._Introduction_to_Radicals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry/Chemical_Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Anti-Markovnikov_Additions_to_Triple_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids/12.07%3A_Superconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids/11.08%3A_Liquid_Crystals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.02%3A_Group_IA_-_Alkali_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Basics/Covalent_Network_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Other_Reactions_of_Benzene_and_Methylbenzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.09%3A_Group_VIIIA-_Noble_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.01%3A_Prelude_to_Aqueous_Phase_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.03%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Probability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.06%3A_Getting_Acquainted_with_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.11%3A_Entropy_Randomness_and_Disorder', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.16%3A_Equilibrium_Constants_Revisited', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.S%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.9%3A_High_Temperature_Superconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/10.7%3A_Shapes_of_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.07%3A_Quantum_Numbers_and_Electron_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/13%3A_Properties_of_Solutions/13.01%3A_The_Solution_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.07%3A_Acid_Rain-_Air_Pollution_Water_Pollution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/11%3A_Electrochemical_Methods/11.04%3A_Voltammetric_and_Amperometric_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/11%3A_The_Geosphere_and_a_Green_Earth', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/2._Carbonate_Equilibria_in_Natural_Waters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/23%3A__Carbon%3A__Not_Just_Another_Element/23.E_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/08%3A_Chocolate/8.02%3A_Chocolate_Produced_for_the_Baking_Industry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Compounds/Nomenclature_of_Inorganic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/The_Effect_of_a_Catalyst_on_Rate_of_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Synthesis_of_Enols_and_Enolates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Buchwald-Hartwig_Amination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/28%3A_Photochemistry/28.05%3A_Color_and_Constitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/E1_Reactions/Carbocation_Rearrangements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.S%3A_Solutions_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Chromatography/Liquid_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alcohols/Synthesis_of_Alcohols/Electrophilic_Hydration_to_Make_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photoreceptors/Chemistry_of_Vision/Photochemical_Changes_in_Opsin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/28%3A_Photochemistry/28.06%3A_The_Sensation_of_Color', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Molecular_and_Atomic_Spectroscopy_(Wenzel)/1%3A_General_Background_on_Molecular_Spectroscopy/1.2%3A_Beers_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.S%3A_The_Second_Law_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.02%3A_Chemical_Potential', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry/Amounts_of_Substances', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Hydrocarbons/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Aromaticity/H%C3%BCckel's_Rule\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids/11.07%3A_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids/11.04%3A_Vapor_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.24%3A_Colligative_Properties_of_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/SN1_Reaction/Knowledge_Base?v=tags', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.14%3A_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases-_The_Total_Molecular_Kinetic_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.02%3A_Chemistry_of_Dioxygen#Kinetics', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry/7.7%3A_Indirect_Determination_of_H_-_Hess's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.04%3A_Rates_of_Spontaneous_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/18%3A_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria/18.7%3A_Solubility_and_pH', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases/16.2%3A_Brnsted-Lowry_Theory_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.05%3A_Cis-Trans_Isomerism_in_Alkenes', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.15%3A_Diffusion_and_Effusion_and_Graham's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides-_Nucleophilic_Substitutions_and_Eliminations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/08%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/06%3A_Risk_Assessment_and_Regulation/6.07%3A_Risk_perception', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/4._Solids_in_Contact_With_Natural_Waters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Main_Group_Reactions/Hard_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Cyanohydrins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Reactivity_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Tollens_Test', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.10%3A_Collision_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Protein_Structure/Secondary_Structure%3A_-Pleated_Sheet', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Field_Theory/Colors_of_Coordination_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.09%3A_Chain_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/10%3A_Electrochemistry/10.02%3A_The_connection_to_G', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/10%3A_Electrochemistry/10.05%3A_Concentration_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.06%3A_Collisions_with_Other_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Metabolic_Pathways/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/09%3A_Gases/9.2%3A_Relating_Pressure_Volume_Amount_and_Temperature%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Case_Study%3A_Industrial_Electrolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/21.07%3A_Molecular_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.11%3A_The_Halogenation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Aromaticity/What_does_aromatic_really_mean', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.10%3A_Ions_and_Electrolytes/8.10.9C%3A_8.10.9C%3A__Weak_and_Strong_Electrolytes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis/Photosystem_II/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.12%3A_Chemical_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/21%3A_Spectra_and_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/21.09%3A_Conjugated_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.19%3A_Solubility_and_Molecular_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/SN1_Reaction/Knowledge_Base?v=all', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.03%3A_The_Building_Blocks_of_Biochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.08%3A_Electron_Affinities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.06%3A_Ionization_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.03%3A_Volatilization_Gravimetry#repmethod8.3.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.09%3A_Some_Trends_In_Entropy_Values', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures/9.01%3A_Composition_Variables', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.10%3A_Real_Gases-_The_Effects_of_Size_and_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/15%3A_Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.1%3A_Dynamic_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/04%3A_Chemical_Reactions/4.2%3A_Chemical_Equations_and_Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Exercises%3A_Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_McQuarrie_and_Simon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Phases_and_Intermolecular_Forces/Intro_to_Phases_and_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.10%3A_Gases_in_Chemical_Reactions-_Stoichiometry_Revisited', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.09%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.07%3A_Electrophoresis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.08%3A_Using_Excel_and_R_to_Analyze_Data', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/05%3A_Standardizing_Analytical_Methods/5.03%3A_Determining_the_Sensitivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)/02%3A_COMMON_ORGANIC_CHEMISTRY_LABORATORY_TECHNIQUES', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)/04%3A_HOW_TO_SURVIVE_AN_ORGANIC_CHEMISTRY_EXPERIMENT', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/08%3A_Aromaticity%3A_Reactions_of_Benzene_and_Substituted_Benzenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./11.E%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/11%3A_Bronsted_Acid-Base_Chemistry/11.01%3A_Electron_Movement_in_Ionic_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.07%3A_Introduction_to_Spices_and_Other_Flavorings', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Bent_Molecular_Geometry/Nonlinear', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Ligand_Field_Theory/Ligand_Field_Theory_Fundamentals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/03%3A_Composition_of_Substances_and_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Halogenation_of_Benzene_and_Methylbenzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/14%3A_Hydrodynamics/14.01%3A_Newtonian_Fluids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/26%3A_More_on_Aromatic_Compounds/26.02%3A_Quinones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/01%3A_The_Basics/1.02%3A_Pressure_and_Molar_Volume', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Metabolic_Pathways/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/SN1_Reaction/Known_Issues?v=tags', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Potentials/Reduction_Potential_Intuition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Stereoisomerism_in_Disubstituted_Cyclohexanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.01%3A_Prelude_to_Covalent_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.13%3A_The_Sulfonation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Basics/Molecular_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis/Photosystem_II/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/11%3A_Fluids/11.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Free_Radical_Reactions/What_is_Free_Radical_Substitution%3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/07_Molecular_Geometry_and_Electron_Domain_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.13%3A_Critical_Temperature_and_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.02%3A_Precipitation_Gravimetry#equation8.2.10', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.02%3A_Precipitation_Gravimetry#equation8.2.11', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.02%3A_Ions_in_Solution_(Electrolytes)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.13%3A_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases-_Postulates_of_the_Kinetic_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/17%3A_Solutions/17.7%3A_Colligative_Properties_of_Electrolyte_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.E%3A_Thermochemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.03%3A_Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/12%3A_Structure_Determination_-_Mass_Spectrometry_and_Infrared_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/21%3A_Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives-_Nucleophilic_Acyl_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/03%3A_Conformations_and_Stereochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/15%3A_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/17%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Vitamins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/09._Further_Reactions_of_Alcohols_and_the_Chemistry_of_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/25%3A_Heterocycles%3A_Heteroatoms_in_Cyclic_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/05%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./25.E%3A_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/03%3A_Hazards/3.03%3A_Case_Study_-_Badger_Army_Ammunition_Plant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/10%3A_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Solutions_Solvation_and_Dissociation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./04.E%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Oxidizing_and_Reducing_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Oxidation-Reduction_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Nonstandard_Conditions%3A_The_Nernst_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Chromatography/Gas_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Lewis_Structures/Drawing_XeF6_without_an_expanded_octet', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/Carbohydrate_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Conjugation/Electrophilic_Attack_on_Conjugated_Dienes/Regioselective', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Compounds/Introduction_to_Chemical_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Suzuki-Miyaura_Coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/15.E%3A_Equilibria_of_Other_Reaction_Classes_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.06%3A_Entropy_and_Disorder', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.13%3A_The_Covalent_Bond', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/09_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Energy_Levels', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/SN1_Reaction/Known_Issues?v=all', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry/Reaction_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.08%3A_Group_VIIA-_Halogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/15%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Chemical_Equilibria/15.01%3A_Energy_Spreading_Drives_Spontaneous_Change', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.09%3A_The_Amount_of_Substance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Basics/Metallic_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.09%3A_Quantum_Numbers_(Electronic)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Hydroboration_Reactions_and_Oxidations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases/10.02%3A_Gas_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases/10.05%3A_Gas_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.02%3A_Precipitation_Gravimetry#equation8.2.3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.02%3A_Precipitation_Gravimetry#equation8.2.4', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.02%3A_Precipitation_Gravimetry#equation8.2.5', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.02%3A_Precipitation_Gravimetry#equation8.2.7', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.13%3A_Gas_Collection_by_Water_Displacement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.3%3A_Metallurgy_of_Iron_and_Steel', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/17%3A_Additional_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria/17.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.6%3A_Corrosion%3A_Unwanted_Voltaic_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/Acid_Catalyzed_Hydrolysis_of_Esters_(II)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.01%3A_Supersonic_Skydiving_and_the_Risk_of_Decompression', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.04%3A_Measurement_of_Pressure/9.4.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/07%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Geometry/7.6%3A_Molecular_Structure_and_Polarity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/13%3A_Reactions_at_the_-Carbon_Part_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/11%3A_Alkenes%3A_Infrared_Spectroscopy_and_Mass_Spectrometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/20%3A_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Their_Derivatives_Nucleophilic_Acyl_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/01%3A_AcidBase_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/15%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers/15.12%3A_Cyclic_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/3._Redox_Equilibria_in_Natural_Waters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/20%3A_Amines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/26%3A_Lipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./08.E%3A_Ionic_versus_Covalent_Bonding_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Standard_Reduction_Potential', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Linear_Molecular_______Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Acetoacetic_Ester_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/Carbohydrate_Isomers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Catalytic_Hydrogenation_of_Alkenes_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.01%3A_Reaction_Rate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/08%3A_Advanced_Theories_of_Covalent_Bonding_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.12%3A_Multi-Step_Problems_with_Changes_of_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.09%3A_Standard_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry/Chemical_Formulas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Properties_of_Alkynes/Properties_and_Bonding_in_the_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.12%3A_The_Nitration_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures/9.09%3A_Chapter_9_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/08_Molecular_Structure_and_Physical_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.02%3A_Precipitation_Gravimetry#example8.2.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.13%3A_Titrations#Example 3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.S%3A_Thermochemistry_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.04_Calculating_the_pH_of_Strong_Acid_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Compounds/3.3%3A_Composition_of_Chemical_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/04%3A_Chemical_Reactions/4.4%3A_Determining_the_Limiting_Reactant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.01%3A_Biological_Redox_Components', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/11%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids/11.4%3A_Colligative_Properties?action=edit§ionId=11', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.11%3A_The_Solubility_Product', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.09%3A_Calculating_the_Molar_Mass_of_a_Gas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.10%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Equation/9.10.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/The_Effect_of_Changing_Conditions_on_Enzyme_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/12%3A_Reactions_at_the_-Carbon_Part_I', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/01_Goals_and_Objectives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/Fundamental_Characteristics_of_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/02%3A_Life-Cycle_Analysis/2.01%3A_Introduction_to_Life_Cycles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./16.E%3A_Aqueous_Acid_Base_Equilibria_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Tetrahedral_Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/03%3A_Organic_Nomenclature/3.03%3A_Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Conjugation/Overlap_of_Adjacent_p_Orbitals-Electron_Delocalization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/28%3A_Photochemistry/28.04%3A_Chemiluminescence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Addition_of_Sulfuric_acid_to_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Drugs_Acting_Upon_the_Central_Nervous_System', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Nomenclature_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.02%3A_Concentration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Synthesis_of_Alkenes/Alkenes_from_Hydrogenation_of_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.07%3A_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/16%3A_Solutions/16.19%3A_Predicting_Precipitates_Using_Solubility_Rules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.02%3A_Molecules_-_Properties_of_Bonded_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity/Roadmap_Problems_in_Natural_Product_synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/CO17._Oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Nitration_of_Benzene_and_Methylbenzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.17%3A_Polyatomic_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Defects/Schottky_Defects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.10%3A_The_Avogadro_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/10%3A_Gases/10.08%3A_Real_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Hydration_of_Alkynes_and_Tautomerism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry/7.1%3A_Getting_Started%3A_Some_Terminology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.09%3A_Acid_Solutions_that_Water_Contributes_p', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.08%3A_Predicting_the_Direction_of_a_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.12%3A_Effect_of_Adding_a_Reactant_or_Product', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.02%3A_Precipitation_Gravimetry#figure8.2.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.07%3A_Enthalpies_of_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.05%3A_Temperature_and_Rate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.04%3A_Isomerism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.8%3A_Industrial_Electrolysis_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.01%3A_The_Rate_of_a_Chemical_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/10.9%3A_Bond_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases/16.1%3A_Arrhenius_Theory%3A_A_Brief_Review', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/06_Covalent_Bonding_and_Electron_Pair_Sharing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/10%3A_Gases/10.08%3A_Molecular_Effusion_and_Diffusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/07%3A_Electrochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.05%3A_Energy_Storage_and_Release', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Chemical_Reactivity/Balancing_Organic_Redox_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.11%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/06%3A_Overview_of_Organic_Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/08%3A_Chocolate/8.04%3A_Definitions_and_Regulations_(ADD_US)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Addition_Reactions/Addition_to_Carbonyls/Ylide_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Sonogashira_Coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis/Photosystem_II/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.10%3A_Bond_Enthalpies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Metabolic_Pathways/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Nomenclature_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/The_M_1_Peak', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/04%3A_Stoichiometry_of_Chemical_Reactions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Synthesis_of_Alkenes/Alkenes_from_Dehydration_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Analgesics_and_Anti-Inflammatory_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Nomenclature/An_Overview_of_Naming_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/Straight-Chain_and_Branched_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.10%3A_Cooling_Curves', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/01%3A_The_Basics/1.E%3A_The_Basics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/12%3A_Solids/12.08%3A_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.10%3A_The_Octet_Rule', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.06%3A_The_Uncertainty_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Basics/Ionic_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.08%3A_State_Functions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN1/SN1_Reaction/Getting_Started', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry/7.3%3A_Heats_of_Reactions_and_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.07%3A_Gases_in_Chemical_Reactions-_Stoichiometry_Revisited', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.09%3A_Carbon_Dioxide_and_Climate_Change', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.06%3A_Group_VA_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.11%3A_The_Effect_of_a_Change_in_Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells/17.07%3A_Quantitative_Aspects_of_Electrolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.04%3A_Internal_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.07%3A_Standard_Molar_Entropies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.05%3A_Hydrogen_and_Hydroxide_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.06%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/22%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_II/22.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.07%3A_Reaction_Kinetics%3A_A_Summary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.11%3A_Approaches_to_Solve_Acid-Base_Problems', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.14%3A_Dalton's_Law_of_Partial_Pressures\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.02%3A_Spectroscopy_Based_on_Absorption', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.08%3A_Spectroscopy_Based_on_Scattering', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.05%3A_Statistical_Analysis_of_Data', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/13%3A_Structure_Determination_-_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/09%3A_Substitution_and_Elimination_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/24%3A_Carbohydrates%3A_Polyfunctional_Compounds_in_Nature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/14%3A_Highlights_of_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions_Involving_sp3_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis/Photosynthesis_overview/The_Light_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./03.E%3A_Ionic_vs._Covalent_Bonding_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Chromatography/Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Catalytic_Efficiency_of_Enzymes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Bent_Molecular_Geometry/Bent', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Shapes_of_Molecules_and_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Hydroboration-Oxidation_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Reactions_of_Alkenes_with_Halogens', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Protein_Structure/Secondary_Structure%3A_-Helices', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Significant_Digits/Propagation_of_Error', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/13.E%3A_Fundamental_Equilibrium_Concepts_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/12%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II/12.10%3A_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.11%3A_Heats_of_Vaporization_and_Condensation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.08%3A_Amorphous_Materials-_Glasses', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.02%3A_Ionic_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.13%3A_Photosynthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.19%3A_Organic_Nitrogen_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Addition_by_Electrophilic_Reagents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/Nonreducing_Sugar', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Defects/Frenkel_Defect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Nitration_and_Sulfonation_of_Benzene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/07%3A_Technique_Summaries/7.27%3A_Boiling_Points_(Thiele_Tube)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.22%3A_Transcription_and_Translation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/17%3A_The_Group_17_Elements/17.10%3A_Aqueous_Solution_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/14%3A_Reaction_Equilibrium_in_the_Gas_Phase', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/05%3A_Dioxygen_Reactions/5.07%3A_Oxygenases#Dioxygenases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.01%3A_Prelude_to_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.06%3A_Calculating_the_Extent_of_a_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/24%3A_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds/24.02%3A_Ligands', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/21%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_I/21.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/04%3A_Chemical_Reactions/4.3%3A_Chemical_Reactions_in_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/General_mechanism_of_ester_reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/06%3A_Electron_Transfer/6.04%3A_Electron-Transfer_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/25%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/25.11%3A_Applications_of_Radioisotopes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.09%3A_Mean_Free_Path_Diffusion_and_Effusion_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/01%3A_General_Techniques/1.01%3A_Prelude_to_General_Techniques', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.02%3A_Ionization_of_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/11%3A_Electrochemical_Methods/11.07%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.03%3A_Complexation_Titrations#table9.3.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.01%3A_Overview_of_Titrimetry#figure9.1.5', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/03%3A_Environmental_Chemistry_-_From_Fate_to_Exposure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/09%3A_Phosphate_Transfer_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/06%3A_The_Reactions_of_Alkynes-_An_Introduction_to_Multistep_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/21%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Drugs%3A_Discovery_and_Design', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/01%3A_Reactions_using_Chiral_Lewis_Acids_and_Brnsted_Acid', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/16%3A_Electrophilic_Additions_of_Alkenes_as_the_Counterpart_of_Eliminations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Miscellaneous_Microscopy/Microscopy_-_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/06%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Fuels_and_Energy_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/03%3A_Hazards/3.01%3A_Introduction_to_Hazards_of_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./01.E%3A_Introduction_to_Chemistry_(Exerciese)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/The_Fall_of_the_Electron', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Malonic_Ester_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/DNA/Transcription_of_DNA_Into_messenger_RNA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Molecular_Geometry_Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Significant_Digits/Significant_Figures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Ozonolysis_of_Alkenes_and_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/18%3A_The_Group_18_Elements/18.06%3A_Group_18_Elemental_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/11%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_I/11.03%3A_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Synthesis_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Synthesis_of_Alkenes/Alkenes_by_Dehydration_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/06%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/04%3A_Transport/14%3A_Hydrodynamics/14.02%3A_Stokes_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Volumetric_Chemical_Analysis_(Shiundu)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/01%3A_The_Basics/1.S%3A_The_Basics_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.19%3A_Atomic_Sizes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.20%3A_Macromolecular_Substances', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Ozonolysis_of_Alkenes_and_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/15%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Chemical_Equilibria/15.05%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Mixing_and_Dilution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Defects/Solid_Defects', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.16%3A_Electron_Configurations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.14%3A_Hydrogen_Helium_Lithium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry/7.8%3A_Standard_Enthalpies_of_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.01%3A_The_Nature_of_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.13%3A_Conjugate_Acid-Base_Pairs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.01%3A_Prelude_to_Spontaneity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.17%3A_Balancing_Redox_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.04%3A_Enthalpy_of_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/01%3A_Matter-_Its_Properties_And_Measurement/1.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.04%3A_Atomic_Absorption_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.08%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.09%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/06%3A_Structural_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds-_IR_and_NMR_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/21%3A_Substitution_Reactions_of_Carbonyl_Compounds_at_the_Alpha_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/05%3A_Proton_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy_(NMR)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/07%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Periodic_Trends', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Units_of_Measure/SI_Units_-_A_Summary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Olefin_Metathesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.03%3A_Exothermic_and_Endothermic_Processes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Important_High_Energy_Molecules_in_Metabolism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Synthesis_of_Alkanes/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/09%3A_Solutions/9.01%3A_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Mass_Spectrometry/MALDI-TOF', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Antihistamines_and_Local_Anesthetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_for_the_Biosciences_(Chang)/14%3A_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/10%3A_Electrochemistry/10.01%3A_Electricity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.05%3A_Grahams_Law_of_Effusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.06%3A_Thermochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/06%3A_Chemical_Bonding_-_Electron_Pairs_and_Octets/6.20%3A_Ionic_Sizes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrates_Fundamentals/Haworth_Formula', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Synthesis_of_Arenes/Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/17%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_and_Dynamics/17.03%3A_Collision_and_activation-_the_Arrhenius_law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry/7.5%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/1020%3A_Ideal_Solutions-_Raoults_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.21%3A_The_Separation_of_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Lattice_Defects/Metal_Oxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.15%3A_Beryllium_Boron_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/Body_Centered_Packing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.15%3A_Secondary_Protein_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.10%3A_The_Effect_of_a_Change_in_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.12%3A_Measuring_the_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.2%3A_Standard_Electrode_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding_I%3A_Basic_Concepts/10.5%3A_Resonance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.11%3A_The_Hammond_Postulate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(Bertini_et_al.)/03%3A_Calcium_in_Biological_Systems/3.15%3A_Troponin_C', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.02%3A_Factors_Affecting_Gas_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.06%3A_Photoluminescent_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.11%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./12.E._Solids_and_Modern_Materials_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/02%3A_Life-Cycle_Analysis/2.03%3A_Conclusions_and_Review', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./18.E%3A_Chemical_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.07%3A_Nitration_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/03%3A_Organic_Nomenclature/3.02%3A_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Electrodes/Standard_Hydrogen_Electrode', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.12%3A_The_Shared-Electron_Covalent_Bond', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Nomenclature_of_Alkanes/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Units_of_Measure/Physical_Quantities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Voltage_Amperage_and_Resistance_Basics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Countercurrent_Separations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.07%3A_Disaccharides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/03%3A_Organic_Nomenclature/3.05%3A_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Compounds/Coordinative_Unsaturation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.01%3A_The_Empirical_Gas_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.09%3A_Bonding_in_Coordination_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Peptides_and_Proteins/Proteins_and_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.02%3A_Electrons_and_Valence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Inductive_Effects_of_Alkyl_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.09%3A_How_Benzene_Reacts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.07%3A_Stability_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.05%3A_Closest-Packed_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.03%3A_Precipitation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.18%3A_Common_Oxidizing_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.13%3A_The_Molecular_View_of_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.01%3A_Overview_of_Gravimetric_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/08%3A_Advanced_Theories_of_Covalent_Bonding/8.0%3A_Prelude_to_Covalent_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/09%3A_Mixtures/9.03%3A_Gas_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases/16.4%3A_Strong_Acids_and_Strong_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.02%3A_Pressure-_The_Result_of_Particle_Collisions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.07%3A_Atomic_Emission_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/06%3A_Equilibrium_Chemistry/6.14%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/00%3A_Front_Matter/03%3A_Table_of_Contents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.02%3A_AcidBase_Titrations#figure9.2.6', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/Chapter_30%3A_Orbitals_and_Organic_Chemistry_-_Pericyclic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/13%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_III%3A_Reactions_at_the_-_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/08%3A_Asymmetric_Hydrosilylation_and_Related_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/OCLUE%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything_(Copper_and_Klymkowsky)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Biochemical_Cycles/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./02.E%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Ions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/10%3A_Carbon%3A_More_Than_Just_Another_Element', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/22%3A_The_Chemistry_of_the_Transition_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/21%3A_The_Chemistry_of_the_Main_Group_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/10%3A_Intro_to_Theory_of_Chemical_Reactions/10.09%3A_Activation_Energies', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/08%3A_Conformational_Analysis_of_Alkanes/8.02%3A_Conformational_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/08%3A_Nucleic_acids/8.08%3A_Genetic_engineering', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Solubility_and_Precipitation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./06.E%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Michaelis-Menten_Kinetics_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Surface_Science_(Nix)/03%3A_The_Langmuir_Isotherm/3.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Stille_Coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Hydrosilylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Isomerism_in_Organic_Compounds/Racemic_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Properties_of_Alkenes/Physical_Properties_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Corrosion/Sacrificial_Anode', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Lasers/Overview_of_Lasers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Lipids/Properties_and_Classification_of_Lipids/Phospholipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Case_Study%3A_Battery_Types', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/05%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/5.10%3A_Heisenberg_Uncertainty_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Nomenclature_of_Alkanes/Nomenclature_of_Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/09%3A_Chemical_Equilibria/9.09%3A_Buffers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.10%3A_Heats_of_Fusion_and_Solidification', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/09%3A_Gases/9.3%3A_Stoichiometry_of_Gaseous_Substances_Mixtures_and_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.11%3A_Vapor-Liquid_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.08%3A_Sigma_and_Pi_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/Chemical_Properties_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/Physical_Properties_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/17%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_and_Dynamics/17.02%3A_Reaction_Rates_Typically_Change_with_Time', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/17%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_and_Dynamics/17.07%3A_Experimental_methods_of_chemical_kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/15%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Chemical_Equilibria/15.04%3A_Free_Energy_and_the_Gibbs_Function', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Metal_Lattices/E._Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Reactions_of_Fused_Benzene_Rings', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/20%3A_Organic_Chemistry/20.3%3A_Aldehydes_Ketones_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.14%3A_Primary_Protein_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.02%3A_What_Chemists_Do', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Other_Aromatic_Systems/Answers_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.19%3A_Common_Reducing_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.15%3A_Maximum_Useful_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.09%3A_Strong_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Other_Aromatic_Systems/Answers_2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Hydrogen_Bromide_and_Aklenes%3A_The_Peroxide_Effect', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.02%3A_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Compounds/3.5%3A_Importance_of_Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory/2.4%3A_Chemical_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.01%3A_Electromagnetic_Radiation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/13%3A_Properties_of_Solutions/13.06%3A_Colloids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.02%3A_AcidBase_Titrations#table9.2.7', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/06%3A_Equilibrium_Chemistry/6.07%3A_Solving_Equilibrium_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/18%3A_Ancillary_Materials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/31%3A_Transition_Metal_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/02%3A_Asymmetric_Carbon-Carbon_Bond_Forming_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/03%3A_Conjugated_Compounds_and_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./08.E%3A_Chemical_Bonding_Basics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./13.E%3A_Properties_of_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./19.E%3A_Chemical_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/03%3A_Hazards/3.05%3A_Conclusions_and_Review_Questions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.E%3A_Alkanes_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.01%3A_Prelude_to_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics/General_Enzymatic_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aldehydes_and_Ketones/Nomenclature_of_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Corrosion/Corrosion_Basics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/10%3A_Energetics_of_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.11%3A_Electronegativity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Hydroamination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Case_Studies%3A_Proteins/Permanent_Hair_Wave', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Applications_of_Lipids/Lipid_Bilayer_Membranes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry%3A_Principles_Patterns_and_Applications_(Averill)/03%3A_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/01%3A_The_Basics/1.05%3A_Work_and_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.01%3A_Three_Views_of_Chemical_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.09%3A_Aromatic_Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.25%3A_Condensation_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Case_Studies%3A_Proteins/Angiotnesin_Peptide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Peptides_and_Proteins/Hydrolysis_of_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Potentials/Standard_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Stereoisomers%3A_Ring_Conformations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Reactivity_of_Arenes/Reactions_of_Substituent_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.06%3A_Atomic_Weights', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.05%3A_Exceptions_to_the_Periodic_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Free_Radical_Reactions/Methylbenzene_and_Chlorine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry/7.6%3A_Heats_of_Reactions_-_U_and_H', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.03%3A_Lattices_and_Unit_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.04%3A_The_Law_of_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.07%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.14%3A_Lewis_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Eschenmoser-Claisen_rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.01%3A_Water_from_Wells-_Atmospheric_Pressure_at_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.09%3A_Mean_Free_Path_Diffusion_and_Effusion_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.02%3A_Measuring_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases/6.4%3A_Applications_of_the_Ideal_Gas_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory/2.3%3A_The_Nuclear_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.03%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Atmosphere', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.03%3A_UV_Vis_and_IR_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.08%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.06%3A_Protocols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.09%3A_Correcting_Mass_for_the_Buoyancy_of_Air', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/06%3A_Equilibrium_Chemistry/6.09%3A_Activity_Effects#table6.9.1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/14%3A_Electrophilic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/07%3A_Other_Compounds_than_Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance%3A_Applications_to_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts)/03%3A_Spin-Spin_Splitting', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./01.E%3A_Matter_and_Measurement_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/05_Applications', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/04%3A_The_Biosphere/4.01%3A_Chemistry_and_Energetics_of_the_Life_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/03%3A_The_Atmosphere/3.01%3A_Structure_and_Composition_of_the_Atmosphere', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Case_Studies%3A_Proteins/Sickle_Cell_Anemia', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./15.E%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./22.E%3A_The_p-Block_Elements_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Deuterium_Exchange', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Electrochemistry_and_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Alpha_Halogenation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Synthesis_of_Alkanes/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Addition_Reactions_of_Dienes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Commercial_Galvanic_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Protein_Structure/The_Structure_of_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Units_of_Measure/Unit_Conversions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.06%3A_Glycosides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Case_Studies%3A_Proteins/Membrane_Transport', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/01%3A_Essential_Ideas_of_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Catabolism/Pyruvate_Dehydrogenase_Complex', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alcohols/Synthesis_of_Alcohols/The_Manufacture_of_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Glycerides/Phosphoglycerides_or_Phospholipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Field_Theory/Crystal_Field_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/Infrared_spectroscopy_2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Nomenclature/Omitting_numbers_in_Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Nomenclature_of_Alkanes/Nomenclature_of_Alkanes_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalyst_Examples/Heck_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Voltaic_Cells/Discharging_Batteries', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.21%3A_Diamond_and_Graphite', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/15%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Chemical_Equilibria/15.03%3A_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.04%3A_Group_IIIA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.15%3A_Measurement_of_Atomic_Weights', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.11%3A_Atomic_Structure_and_Isotopes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.01%3A_Prelude_to_Biochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/15%3A_Thermodynamics-_Atoms_Molecules_and_Energy/15.06%3A_Enthalpy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/08%3A_Advanced_Theories_of_Covalent_Bonding/8.4%3A_Molecular_Orbital_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.11%3A_Transitional_Metal_Ions_in_Aqueous_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.08%3A_Foods_and_Fuels', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.11%3A_Electron_Configurations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/10%3A_Gases/10.07%3A_Kinetic-Molecular_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_Aromaticity_(Reactions_of_Benzene)/15.06%3A_Antiaromaticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.05%3A_13.4__Automobile_Emissions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells/17.09%3A_Cell_Notation_and_Conventions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.02%3A_Naturally_Occurring_Radioactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/03%3A__The_Vocabulary_of_Analytical_Chemistry/3.08%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/15%3A_Quality_Assurance/15.07%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/16%3A_Chemistry_of_Benzene_-_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/23%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/10%3A_Reactions_of_Alcohols_Amines_Ethers_and_Epoxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance%3A_Applications_to_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts)/02%3A_The_Chemical_Shift', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II_(Wade)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./23.E%3A_Metals_and_Metallurgy_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Enamine_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy/Lost', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.04%3A_Heat_Capacity_and_Specific_Heat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Claisen_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Vicinal_Syn_Dihydroxylation', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/05%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/5.08%3A_Why_Don't_Electrons_Fall_into_the_Nucleus\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/20%3A_Carbohydrates/20.09%3A_Vitamin_C', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Case_Study%3A_Fuel_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Properties_of_Alkynes/Acidity_of_Terminal_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Properties_of_Alkynes/Spectroscopy_of_the_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Reactions_in_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.06%3A_Hybrid_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/12%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Representative_Elements/12.05%3A_Group_IVA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.16%3A_Higher-Order_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.18%3A_Nucleic_Acid_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry/7.9%3A_Fuels_as_Sources_of_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/Metal_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.06%3A_Acid-Base_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.12%3A_Amphiprotic_Species', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.06%3A_Second-Order_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases/16.5%3A_Weak_Acids_and_Weak_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.06%3A_Mixtures_of_Gases_and_Partial_Pressures', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.08%3A_Charles's_Law/9.8.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstration\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.01%3A_Overview_of_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/11%3A_Electrochemical_Methods/11.02%3A_Potentiometric_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.10%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/04%3A_Organic_Compounds-_Cycloalkanes_and_their_Stereochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/23%3A_Ester_Enolates_and_the_Claisen_Condensation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I_(Wade)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./06.E%3A_Electronic_Structure_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./15.E%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/31%3A_Solids_and_Surface_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.02%3A_Introduction_to_Fermentation_and_Microbes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.05%3A_Using_Salt_in_Fermented_Doughs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/02%3A_Life-Cycle_Analysis/2.02%3A_LCA_LCIA_Concepts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/02%3A_The_Hydrosphere/2.03%3A_Chemistry_and_geochemistry_of_the_oceans', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/24%3A__Biochemistry/24.2%3A__Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/24%3A__Biochemistry/24.3%3A__Nucleic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./09.E%3A_Molecular_Geometry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Electrolytic_Cells/Electrolysis_I', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Limitations_of_VSEPR', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Electrolytic_Cells/Electroplating', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/10%3A_Fundamentals_of_Acids_and_Bases/10.02%3A_Aqueous_Solutions-_pH_and_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Alpha_Alkylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/12%3A__The_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Basic_Aspects_of_Drug_Activity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Corrosion/Galvanization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/Alkane_Heats_of_Combustion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.02%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/10.6%3A_Lattice_Structures_in_Crystalline_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Fused_Benzene_Ring_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.11%3A_Potential_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.10%3A_Ions_and_Electrolytes/8.10.9D%3A_8.10.9D%3A_Ionic_migration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Free_Radical_Reactions/Chlorination_of_Methane', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.01%3A_Prelude_to_Atomic_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/16%3A_Entropy_and_Spontaneous_Reactions/16.14%3A_The_Free_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/08%3A_Advanced_Theories_of_Covalent_Bonding/8.2%3A_Hybrid_Atomic_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells/17.01%3A_Prelude_to_Electrochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.02%3A_Pressure-_The_Result_of_Particle_Collisions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.08%3A_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory-_A_Model_for_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.05%3A_First-Order_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases/6.1%3A_Properties_of_Gases%3A_Gas_Pressure', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.07%3A_Boyle's_Law/9.7.01%3A_Lecture_Demonstrations\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/02%3A_Chromatography/2.01%3A_Prelude_to_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/13%3A_Kinetic_Methods/13.07%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_Terms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/21%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/17%3A_Aldehydes_and_Ketones_-_The_Carbonyl_Group', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./16.E%3A_AcidBase_Equilibria_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Catabolism/Calvin-Benson-Bassham_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Catabolism/Electron_Transport_Chain_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Rechargeable_Batteries', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Decomposition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Diels-Alder_Cycloaddition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Voltaic_Cells/The_Cell_Potential', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Polymerization_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Reactivity_of_Alkenes/Oxacyclopropane_Synthesis', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Periodic_Trends/Slater's_Rules_for_Effective_Nuclear_Charge\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/03%3A_Table_of_Contents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.03%3A_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/01%3A_The_Basics/1.03%3A_Temperature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.E%3A_Gases_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Rearrangement_Reactions/Keto-Enol_Tautomerism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.07%3A_The_Hybrid_Orbital_Model_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.24%3A_Addition_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Free_Radical_Reactions/Bromination_of_Methane', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.02%3A_Groups_of_Related_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.02%3A_The_Elements_of_Life', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al)/UNIT_4%3A_EQUILIBRIUM_IN_CHEMICAL_REACTIONS', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.05%3A_SI_Prefixes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/Sphere_Packing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.04%3A_Hydration_of_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Ireland-Claisen_rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Johnson-Claisen_rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Strecker_amino_acid_synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Wagner-Meerwein_rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/16%3A_Thermodynamics/16.3%3A_The_Second_and_Third_Laws_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/03%3A_Table_of_Contents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.07%3A_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.04%3A_Zero-Order_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases/16.7%3A_Ions_as_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.04%3A_Naming_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/6%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/6.9%3A_Equilibria_of_Real_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.08%3A_Temperature_and_Molecular__Velocities', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.03%3A_pH_and_pOH', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.09%3A_Indicators', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/11%3A_Electrochemical_Methods/11.06%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/30%3A_Gas-Phase_Reaction_Dynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/07%3A_Acid-base_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/Glucose_(Dextrose)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Aldol_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Amino_Acids/Nomenclature_of_Amino_acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Synthesis_of_Esters/Acetoacetic_Ester_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Synthesis_of_Esters/Making_Esters_From_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Barbiturates_and_Benzodiazepines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Compounds/Chemical_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Ions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/11.E%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Lasers/Laser_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Units_of_Measure/Non-SI_Units', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Psychoactive_Drugs#Serotonin', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.15%3A_Hess's_Law_of_Heat_Summation\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.03%3A_Models_of_Chemical_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Chemical_Reactions/2.08%3A__The_Mole', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/5.05%3A_Wave_Mechanics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.19%3A_Information_Storage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/07%3A_Technique_Summaries/7.28%3A_Vacuum_Sublimation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkyl_Halides/Properties_of_Alkyl_Halides/Haloalkanes#', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/11%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids/11.E%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/11%3A_Electrochemical_Methods/11.03%3A_Coulometric_Methods', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/07%3A_Technique_Summaries/7.25%3A_Rotary_Evaporation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.10%3A__Who_Pollutes_Who_Pays', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Mitsunobu_Macrolactonization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.05%3A_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.10%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases/6.7%3A_Kinetic-Molecular_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory/2.5%3A_Atomic_Mass', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.10%3A_Multielectron_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/05_Quantum_Energy_Levels_in_Atoms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/26%3A_Structure_of_Organic_Compounds/26.2%3A_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/05%3A_Stereochemistry/5.02%3A_The_Two_Major_Classes_of_Isomers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/07%3A_Technique_Summaries/7.24%3A_Steam_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.05%3A_Emission_Spectroscopy', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.06%3A_Critical_Values_for_Dixon's_Q-Test\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.15%3A_Polarographic_Half-Wave_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.05%3A_Precipitation_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/19%3A_Aldehydes_and_Ketones-_Nucleophilic_Addition_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/14%3A_Determing_the_Structure_of_Organic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/01._Structure_and_Bonding_in_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/03%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Molecules_and_Functional_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./04.E%3A_Aqueous_Reactions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./21.E%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy/02_History', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/11%3A_Intermolecular_Forces_and_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/04%3A_The_Biosphere/4.03%3A_Gaia_-_Bioregulation_of_the_Environment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/03%3A_The_Atmosphere/3.02%3A_Origin_and_Evolution_of_the_Atmosphere', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.04%3A_Functions_of_Salt_in_Baking', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Limiting_Reagents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./20%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Redox_Chemistry/Half-Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Combination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.01%3A_Overview_of_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Ping-pong_mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.11%3A_Bonding_in_Semiconductors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.09%3A_Phase_Transitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Cyclic_Voltammetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Ethers/Synthesis_of_Ethers/Williamson_Ether_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/00%3A_Front_Matter/04%3A_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.S%3A_Gases_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.04%3A_Kinetic_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/03%3A_Using_Chemical_Equations_in_Calculations/3.07%3A_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.22%3A_Silicon_Dioxide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Reactivity_of_Alkynes/Catalytic_Hydrogenation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/15%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Chemical_Equilibria/15.06%3A_Free_energy_and_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.12%3A_Polypeptide_Chains', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/Halogenation_of_Alkanes', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Aromaticity/Huckel's_Rule\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.15%3A_Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases-_Molecular_Speeds', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.06%3A_Hess's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Phases_and_Intermolecular_Forces/London_Dispersion_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.08_Acid-Base_Properties_of_Salts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.01_The_Nature_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.15%3A_Redox_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/13%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria/13.03%3A_Finding_the_pH_of_weak_Acids_Bases_and_Salts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/11%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids/11.0%3A_Prelude_to_Solutions_and_Colloids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/08%3A_Advanced_Theories_of_Covalent_Bonding/8.1%3A_Valence_Bond_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/Simple_Cubic', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases/16.9%3A_Lewis_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory/Homework_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.04%3A_Outdoor_Air_Pollution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.01%3A_Prelude_to_Nuclear_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.10%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.07%3A_Detection_Limits', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Symmetry_(Vallance)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Nonlinear_and_Two-Dimensional_Spectroscopy_(Tokmakoff)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Crystallography_in_a_Nutshell_(Ripoll_and_Cano)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/16%3A_Radical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)/05%3A_HOW_TO_INTERPRET_YOUR_RESULTS', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/31%3A_Introduction_to_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/18%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Metabolic_Pathways', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/04%3A_Carbon-Heteroatom_Bond-Forming_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./09.E%3A_Bonding_Theories_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./20.E%3A_Electrochemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/02%3A_The_Hydrosphere/2.04%3A_Chemical_budgets_of_oceanic_elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Electrolyte_Strength', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Combustion_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Membrane_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Square_Pyramidal', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Introduction_to_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/10%3A_Fundamentals_of_Acids_and_Bases/10.03%3A_Acid-base_reactions_a_la_Brnsted', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.05%3A_Specific_Heat_Calculations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Properties_of_Alkenes/Degree_of_Unsaturation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Anabolism/Pentose_Phosphate_Pathway', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/14.E%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Lasers/Gas_Lasers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Fatty_Acids/Introduction_to_Fatty_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Case_Studies%3A_Proteins/Enkephalines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.16%3A_Standard_Heat_of_Formation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.06%3A_The_Hybrid_Orbital_Model', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.08%3A_Molecular_Orbital_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis/Photosystem_II/Photosystem_II_3', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis/Photosystem_II/Photosystem_II_2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photosynthesis/Photosystem_II/Photosystem_II_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/17%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_and_Dynamics/17.05%3A_Kinetics_of_Reactions_in_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Aromaticity/Aromaticity#', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/The_Hydrolysis_of_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.03%3A_The_Equilibrium_Constant', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.07%3A_Successive_Approximation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.04%3A_Particulate_Gravimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.11%3A_Real_and_Ideal_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.26%3A_Osmotic_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Buchwald-Hartwig_amination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Eschweiler-Clarke_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Sonogashira_cross-coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Williamson_ether_synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/05%3A_Gases/5.06_The_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/25%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/25.E_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/28%3A_Chemistry_of_The_Living_State/28.2%3A_Lipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Solids/Other_Solids%3A_Polymers_Nanomaterials_Foams_etc.', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/15%3A_Equilibria_of_Other_Reaction_Classes/15.3%3A_Coupled_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/13%3A_Air/13.08%3A_Indoor_Air_Pollution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.03%3A_Single-Sided_Normal_Distribution', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.07%3A_Critical_Values_for_Grubb's_Test\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/06%3A_Equilibrium_Chemistry/6.13%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Quantum_Chemistry_with_Applications_in_Spectroscopy_(Fleming)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Time_Dependent_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Spectroscopy_(Tokmakoff)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/03%3A_Organic_Compounds-_Alkanes_and_Their_Stereochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/26%3A_Organometallic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/31%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Drugs-_Discovery_and_Design', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/07%3A_Reactions_in_Nonconventional_Conditions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance%3A_Applications_to_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./05.E%3A_Thermochemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./07.E%3A_Periodic_Trends_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/00%3A_Tools_of_Quantitative_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/10%3A_Intro_to_Theory_of_Chemical_Reactions/10.01%3A_Background', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/24%3A__Biochemistry/24.1%3A__Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Case_Studies/Blood_Glucose_Test', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Acid-Base_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN2/Sterochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/10%3A_Fundamentals_of_Acids_and_Bases/10.01%3A_Introduction_to_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Properties_of_Alkenes/Background_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Solubility_-_What_dissolves_in_What%3F', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Absolute_Configuration_R-S_Sequence_Rules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/05%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/5.07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.01%3A_Chemical_Potential_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.03%3A_Dipole_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.26%3A_Cross-Linking', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/07%3A_Further_Aspects_of_Covalent_Bonding/7.14%3A_Resonance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Standard_Thermodynamic_Properties_for_Selected_Substances', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/17%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_and_Dynamics/17.01%3A_Rates_of_reactions_and_rate_laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.21%3A_Redox_Couples', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.20%3A_The_Double_Helix', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.03%3A_Enthalpy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.09%3A_Le_Chateliers_Principle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.04%3A_Crystal_Systems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Baeyer-Villiger_oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Friedel-Crafts_alkylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Schotten-Baumann_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.8%3A_Lanthanides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Compounds/3.E%3A_Homework_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_Mechanics__in_Chemistry_(Simons_and_Nichols)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/15%3A_Benzene_and_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/30%3A_Cationic_Rearrangements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/01%3A_Electronic_Structure_and_Covalent_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance%3A_Applications_to_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Case_Studies/Starch_and_Iodine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Enzyme_Inhibition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Mass_Spectrometry/Mass_spectrometry_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Units_of_Measure/Prefixes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Heterogeneous_catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Oxidation_States_of_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Regio_and_Stereoisomerization_in_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Organic_Acids_and_Bases/Organic_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Voltaic_Cells/Cell_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Synthesis_of_Alkenes/Prepartion_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Organic_Acids_and_Bases/Organic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/10.E%3A_Liquids_and_Solids_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Basics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/10%3A_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.08%3A_Thermochemical_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.14%3A_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Inorganic_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.07%3A_Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/Halogenation_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.13%3A_The_Amino_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.10%3A_Polysaccharides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.23%3A_Chromatography', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_-_The_Ambit_of_Chemistry/1.08%3A_Volume', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.04%3A_Fats_and_Lipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.05%3A_Nonpolar_Lipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.21%3A_DNA_Replication', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/18%3A_The_Group_18_Elements/18.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al)/05%3A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/510%3A_Coulombs_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/07%3A_Technique_Summaries/7.26%3A_Melting_Points', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.06%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/15%3A_The_Group_15_Elements/15.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Mukaiyama_aldol_addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Bartoli_indole_synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Fischer_indole_synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Friedel-Crafts_acylation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Knoevenagel_condensation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Knorr_pyrazole_synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Pictet-Spengler_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Vilsmeier-Haack_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Yamaguchi_Esterification', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/14%3A_The_Group_14_Elements/14.01%3A_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Lewis_Bonding_Theory/The_Octet_and_Other_Stable_Groups', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.08%3A_Coordinate_Covalent_Bond', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells/17.03%3A_Electrolysis_of_Brine', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/13%3A_States_of_Matter/13.20%3A_Phase_Diagram_for_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/13%3A_Kinetic_Methods/13.04%3A_Flow_Injection_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.18%3A_Atomic_Weights_of_the_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.07%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry_Chemicals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/20%3A_Carboxylic_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/29%3A_Anionic_Rearrangements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/01%3A_Electronic_Structure_and_Bonding_(Acids_and_Bases)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/14%3A_Green_Chemistry_-_Protection-Free_Organic_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/11%3A_Enzyme-Catalyzed_Asymmetric_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./03.E%3A_Stoichiometry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Biochemical_Cycles/Biochemical_Cycles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Biochemical_Cycles/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/04%3A_Molecules_to_Medicines/4.04%3A_Transportation_Dilemmas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/03%3A_Drugs_from_Nature_Then_and_Now/3.05%3A_TestingI_II_III', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.08%3A_Seasoning_and_Flavoring', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./17.6%3A_End-of-Chapter_Material', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Reactive_Intermediates/Carbanions_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/DNA/DNA_Structure/DNA_History', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Square_Planar', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Thermosetting_vs._Thermoplastic_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Sigmoid_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Ethers/Reactivity_of_Ethers/Reactions_of_Epoxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Reactive_Intermediates/Free_Radicals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/20.E%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/21.E%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Intermolecular_Forces/Boiling_Points', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Synthesis_of_Alkanes/Corey-House_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Dynamic_Light_Scattering', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Case_Studies/Horseradish_Peroxidase', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/02%3A_Gases/2.07%3A_Real_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.01%3A_Prelude_to_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/13%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/13.02%3A_The_Equilibrium_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.12%3A_Boiling_Point', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Baylis-Hillman_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Reimer-Tiemann_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Tamao-Fleming_Oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Wolff-Kishner_reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/23%3A_The_Transition_Elements/23.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.02%3A_Atomic_Spectra', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.03%3A_Quantum_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.06%3A_Wave_Mechanics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/16%3A_Solutions/16.17%3A_Molecular_and_Ionic_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/05%3A_Gases/5.08%3A_Collisions_with_Container_Walls', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Phases_and_Intermolecular_Forces/Dipole-dipole_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Pericyclic_Reactions/Cope_Rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.10%3A_Gas_Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.08%3A_Recommended_Primary_Standards', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.13%3A_Standard_Reduction_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/15%3A_Quality_Assurance/15.06%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Structure_and_Reactivity_in_Organic_Biological_and_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Schaller)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/14%3A_Conjugated_Compounds_and_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/01%3A_Structure_and_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/02%3A_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/07%3A_Stereoisomers_Part_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/18%3A_Aldehydes_and_Ketones', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/19%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_III-_Reactions_at_the_-_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/13%3A_Solutions_and_Their_Behavior', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Atmospheric_Chemistry/Photosynthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/Sources_of_Nitrogen_Oxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Vitamins_Cofactors_and_Coenzymes/Vitamin_A', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/The_Wild_Ionists', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Case_Studies/Sugar_and_Teeth', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN2/Nucleophile', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Reactive_Intermediates/Carbocations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Proteins/Protein_Structure/Protein_Folding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Drug_Receptor_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Turnover_Number', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Catabolism/Biological_Oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/17.E%3A_Electrochemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alcohols/Reactivity_of_Alcohols/Thionyl_Chloride', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Overview_of__molecular_spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Properties_of_Alkanes/Alkanes_Background', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Synthesis_of_Esters/Preparation_of_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Substituted_Cyclohexanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.22%3A_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.07%3A_Stress-Strain_Relationships', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Negishi_cross-coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.09%3A_Disaccharides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.07%3A_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.08%3A_Simple_Sugars', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.17%3A_Nucleic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/15%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/08%3A_Advanced_Theories_of_Covalent_Bonding/8.3%3A_Multiple_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells/17.04%3A_Aluminum_Production', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.10%3A_Weak_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.11%3A_Weak_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Beckmann_Rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Dieckmann_condensation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Fischer_esterification', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Kolbe-Schmitt_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Pummerer_Rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/25%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/25.01%3A_Radioactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16%3A_Acids_and_Bases/16.6%3A_Polyprotic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases/6.5%3A_Gases_in_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/08%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/8.04%3A_The_Bohr_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/10%3A_Gases/10.S%3A_Gases_(Summary)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/Polycyclic_Aromatics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/18%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/18.12%3A_Heterogeneous_Catalysis', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.05%3A_Gay-Lussac's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.06%3A_Combined_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.11%3A__Acid_Dissociation_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/05%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/5.02%3A_Quanta_-_A_New_View_of_the_World', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/04%3A_The_Basics_of_Chemistry/4.05%3A_Introduction_to_Chemical_Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Topics_in_Thermodynamics_of_Solutions_and_Liquid_Mixtures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/06%3A_Reaction_Types_Design_and_Efficiency', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/06%3A_Stereoisomers_Part_I', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/27%3A_Pericyclic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/01%3A_Basic_Concepts_in_Chemical_Bonding_and_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/03%3A_Acids_and_Bases-_Organic_Reaction_Mechanism_Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/15%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/01%3A_Thickening_and_Concentrating_Flavors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Atmospheric_Chemistry/Carbon_Oxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./13.E%3A_Solutions_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Redox_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/RNA/Protein-RNA_Recognition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/Nucleic_Acids/Nucleic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Conjugation/Polymerization_of_Conjugated_Dienes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/04%3A_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Index_of_Hydrogen_Deficiency_(IHD)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/05.E%3A_Thermochemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Non-glyceride_Lipids/Sphingolipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/Transesterification', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/21%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/21.4%3A_Transmutation_and_Nuclear_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/14%3A_Thermochemistry/14.03%3A_Molecules_as_Energy_Carriers_and_Converters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.03%3A_The_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.06%3A_Polar_Lipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/04%3A_Licensing', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Thermochemistry/Hess'_Law_and_Enthalpy_of_Formation\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells/17.05%3A_Refining_of_Copper', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Crystal_Lattices/Solids/Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Claisen_rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Curtius_Rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Hofmann_rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Kumada_cross-coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Overman_Rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Pauson-Khand_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Sharpless_epoxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Stille_cross-coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Suzuki_cross-coupling', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/16%3A_Solutions/16.01%3A_Solute-Solvent_Combinations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.01%3A_Compressibility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/13%3A_Kinetic_Methods/13.06%3A_Additional_Resources', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.17%3A_Review_of_Chemical_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/06%3A_Equilibrium_Chemistry/6.06%3A_Ladder_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/26%3A_Biomolecules-_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/03%3A_Chemical_Reactivity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/14%3A_Thiols_and_Sulfides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/02%3A_Rules_and_Guidelines_Governing_Organic_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Atmospheric_Chemistry/Carbon_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/Sources_of_Sulfur_Oxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/04%3A_Molecules_to_Medicines/4.02%3A_21st-Century_Science', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.11%3A_Flavorings_in_Baking', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.02%3A_Introduction_to_Salt', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/02%3A_The_Hydrosphere/2.02%3A_The_hydrosphere_and_the_oceans', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/DNA/The_Replication_of_DNA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymatic_Kinetics/Enzyme_Assays', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/Octahedral', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Macromolecules/Macromolecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Substitution_Reactions/SN2/Substrate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reaction_Fundamentals/Pushing_Arrows', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Narcotic_Analgesic_Drugs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Case_Studies/Fe-only_Hydrogenase', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/07%3A_Chemical_Bonding_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/16.E%3A_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Cardiovascular_Drugs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Basics_of_Catalysts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/10.E%3A_Liquids_and_Solids_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Synthesis_of_Esters/Synthesis_of_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.05%3A_Molecular_Geometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.14%3A_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Synthesis_of_Arenes/Synthesis_of_Arenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/21%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/21.6%3A_Biological_Effects_of_Radiation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.05%3A_Crystallinity_in_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/21%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/21.1%3A_Nuclear_Structure_and_Stability', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Reactivity_of_Alkanes/Cracking_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/13%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria/13.07%3A_Exact_Calculations_and_Approximations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Diels-Alder_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Finkelstein_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Reformatsky_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.3%3A_Ecell_G_and_K', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/DeVoes_Thermodynamics_and_Chemistry/14%3A_Galvanic_Cells', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.07%3A_Avogadro's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.04%3A_Redox_Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.02%3A_Propagation_of_Uncertainty', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.04%3A_Critical_Values_for_t-Test', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.05%3A_Critical_Values_for_F-Test', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.16%3A_Countercurrent_Separations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/05%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/5.06%3A_Atomic_Electron_Configurations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Chemical_Thermodynamics_(Supplement_to_Shepherd_et_al.)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/09%3A_Alkynes_-_An_Introduction_to_Organic_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/17%3A_Carboxylic_Acids_and_the_Acidity_of_the_OH_Bond', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Biochemical_Cycles/Nitrogen_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/Water_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/Water_Treatment', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/04%3A_Molecules_to_Medicines/4.05%3A_Act_Like_a_Membrane', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/Galactose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./11.E%3A_Liquids_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Polysaccharides/Cellulose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Electricity_and_Electrochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/11%3A__The_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/10.0%3A_Prelude_to_Liquids_and_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Discovering_Sub-atomic_Particles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Antimicrobial_Drugs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.10%3A_Bonding_in_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/11%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/11.01%3A_Introduction_to_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/13%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria/13.06%3A_Applications_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Oppenauer_oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.07%3A_The_Nuclear_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.08%3A_Storage_and_Loss_Modulus', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.12%3A_Mole_Fraction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/13%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria/13.01%3A_Introduction_to_Acid_Base_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.15%3A_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.18%3A_Deviations_from_the_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.09%3A_Modulus_Temperature_Time', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Cannizzaro_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Corey-Kim_oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Dakin-West_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Fries_rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Hofmann_Elimination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Robinson_annulation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Staudinger_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Wolff_rearrangement', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Thermochemistry/Calorimetry_and_Reaction_Enthalpy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.15%3A_Nuclear_Power_Plants', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.04%3A_Charles's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.08%3A_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/04%3A_Evaluating_Analytical_Data/4.09%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Map%3A_Fundamentals_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(McMurry_et_al.)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)/06%3A_HOW_TO_WRITE_A_REPORT', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./14.E%3A_Kinetics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Atmospheric_Chemistry/Atmosphere', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.05%3A_Intro_to_Microbial_Metabolism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/Electricity_Generation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/Furanose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Averill_et_al./12.E%3A_Solids_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/10%3A_Fundamentals_of_Acids_and_Bases/10.06%3A_Types_of_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/DNA/The_Structure_of_DNA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/T-shaped', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Reactive_Intermediates/Carbenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Polysaccharides/Glycogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Reactive_Intermediates/Carbynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Rotation_in_Substituted_Ethanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Elimination_Reactions/E2_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Properties_of_Arenes/The_Phenyl_Group', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.14%3A_Heat_of_Combustion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.15%3A_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/08%3A_Properties_of_Organic_Compounds/8.18%3A_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/21%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/21.E%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/Fructose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Alkene_Stereoisomers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/20%3A_Organic_Chemistry/20.E%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Stereogenic_Nitrogen', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.27%3A_Colloids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Biginelli_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Mitsunobu_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.11%3A_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/13%3A_Kinetic_Methods/13.02%3A_Chemical_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/19%3A_Carboxylic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_-_A_Carbonyl_Early_Approach_(McMichael)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/03%3A_Criteria_for_Selection_of_the_Synthetic_Route', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Complex_Molecular_Synthesis_(Salomon)/02%3A_Sugars_-_Biosynthetic_Starting_Materials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Biochemical_Cycles/Carbon_Cycle', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/Natural_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/Water_Biology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Aquatic_Chemistry/Water_Physics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.01%3A_Elements_of_Taste', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photoreceptors/Photoreceptor_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/RNA/RNA_-_Transcription', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/DNA/DNA%3A_Double_Helix', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Valence_and_the_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Recycling_and_Disposal_of_Polymers', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Synthesis_of_Alkenes/Zaitsev's_Rule\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/06%3A_Properties_of_Gases/6.02%3A_Ideal_Gas_Model_-_The_Basic_Gas_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Ethers/Reactivity_of_Ethers/Cleaving_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkanes/Synthesis_of_Alkanes/Wurtz_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Quantifying_Nature/Temperature_Basics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Molecular_Structure/9.04%3A_Polar_Covalence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/20%3A_Molecules_in_Living_Systems/20.11%3A_Proteins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/20%3A_Organic_Chemistry/20.0%3A_Prelude_to_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells/17.06%3A_Electroplating', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.06%3A_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases/6.9%3A_Non-ideal_(Real)_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/11%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids/11.1%3A_The_Dissolution_Process', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Grignard_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells/17.08%3A_Galvanic_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.07%3A_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.08%3A_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Gabriel_synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Lewis_Bonding_Theory/Polarity_of_Chemical_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/25%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/25.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Phases_and_Intermolecular_Forces/Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Thermochemistry/The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.03%3A_Boyle's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/11%3A_Electrochemical_Methods/11.05%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/04%3A_The_Basics_of_Chemistry/4.06%3A_Significant_Figures_and_Rounding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/01%3A_Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_-_A_Carbonyl_Early_Approach_(McMichael)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/07%3A_Two-Dimensional_NMR_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Crystallography_in_a_Nutshell_(Ripoll_and_Cano)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/03%3A_Hazards/3.02%3A_Hazard_Concepts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/04%3A_Molecules_to_Medicines/4.01%3A_Medicine_Hunting', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/Ribose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Catabolism/Beta-Oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Polysaccharides/Starch', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Macromolecules/Catenation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/DNA/DNA%3A_Replication', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/06%3A_Properties_of_Gases/6.04%3A_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory_(Overview)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Anti-Cancer_Drugs_II', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Hallucinogenic_Drugs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/How_to_Draw_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Anabolism/Gluconeogenesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Adrenergic_Drugs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/Anticancer_Drugs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.13%3A_Heat_of_Solution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/Saponification', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/17%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_and_Dynamics/17.06%3A_Catalysts_and_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.06%3A_Microphase_Separation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/10%3A_Solids_Liquids_and_Solutions/10.02%3A_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/13%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria/13.02%3A_Strong_Monoprotic_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Chugaev_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Cope_Elimination', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Mannich_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Michael_addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Schmidt_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Ullmann_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Principles_of_Modern_Chemistry_(Oxtoby_et_al.)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Phases_and_Intermolecular_Forces/Phase_Changes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/05%3A_Stereochemistry/5.01%3A_Starch_and_Cellulose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/20%3A_Electrochemistry/20.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/10%3A_Thermochemistry/10.11%3A_Lattice_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/17%3A_Solutions/17.1%3A_Solution_Composition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Solid_State_Chemistry/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Sciences_Digital_Library', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/25%3A_Macromolecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/28%3A_Photochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/21%3A_Amines_and_Their_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/07%3A_Alkyl_Halides_and_Nucleophilic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Brown_et_al./10.E%3A_Gases_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/Acid_Rain_Transport', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.03%3A_Origins_of_Salt', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/02%3A_The_Hydrosphere/2.01%3A_Water_Water_Everywhere...', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Disaccharides/Sucrose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Disaccharides/Lactose', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/10%3A_Fundamentals_of_Acids_and_Bases/10.05%3A_Lewis_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Molecular_Geometry/VSEPR', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Synthesis_of_Esters/Esterification', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Conjugation/The_Diels-Alder_Cycloaddition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Ethane_Conformers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Butane_Conformers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/10.5%3A_The_Solid_State_of_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Birch_Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Dakin_Oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Jones_oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Luche_reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Perkin_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Ritter_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Swern_oxidation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Wittig_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson)/16%3A_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/18%3A_Kinetics/18.01%3A_Chemical_Reaction_Rate', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/17%3A_Electrochemical_Cells/17.02%3A_Electrolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.09%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/13%3A_Kinetic_Methods/13.03%3A_Radiochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/05%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/5.03%3A_Light_Particles_and_Waves', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/The_Live_Textbook_of_Physical_Chemistry_(Peverati)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/01%3A_Environmental_Toxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/11%3A_Alkyl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/23%3A_Free_Radicals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/21%3A_More_About_Amines_(Heterocylic_Compounds)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/19%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Lipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/20%3A_Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/19%3A_Aldehydes_and_KetonesNucleophilic_Addition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Complex_Molecular_Synthesis_(Salomon)/01%3A_Some_Principles_of_Synthetic_Planning', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/03%3A_Synthesis_via_C-H_Activation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/08%3A_Structure_Elucidation_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Microscopy/Atomic_Force_Microscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Catabolism/Kreb's_Cycle\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Catabolism/Fermentation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/DNA/DNA%3A_Mutations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/DNA/The_Genetic_Code', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Overview', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Data_Analysis/Dimensional_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.05%3A_Applications_of_the_Nernst_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.10%3A_Electrolytic_Cells_and_Electrolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.10%3A_The_Nucleus', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Named_Reagents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Henry_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Appel_Reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Prins_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/TES_protection', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.07_Polyprotic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases/6.2%3A_The_Simple_Gas_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Thermochemistry/Kinetic_and_Potential_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.11%3A_The_Law_of_Combining_Volumes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/16%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/16.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/05%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/5.01%3A_Primer_on_Quantum_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Symmetry_(Vallance)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/05%3A_Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/21%3A_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/22%3A_Biochemicals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/24%3A_Heterocycles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_-_A_Carbonyl_Early_Approach_(McMichael)/01%3A_Chapters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/20%3A_More_About_Oxidation-Reduction_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/20%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Nucleic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/03%3A_Kinetics_and_Thermodynamics_of_Polymerization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Atmospheric_Chemistry/Ozone', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.04%3A_Basic_Metabolic_Pathways', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.06%3A_Acetic_Acid_Fermentation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/04%3A_Molecules_to_Medicines/4.03%3A_Rush_Delivery', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/08%3A_Chocolate/8.03%3A_Couverture', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/19%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/19.17%3A_Nuclear_Fusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/Protein_Synthesis_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Synthesis_of_Addition_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/10%3A_Fundamentals_of_Acids_and_Bases/10.04%3A_Acid-Base_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/06%3A_Properties_of_Gases/6.05%3A_More_on_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Enzyme_Inhibition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Local_Anesthetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Calculations/Dimensional_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Fatty_Acids/Prostaglandins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/15%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Chemical_Equilibria/15.02%3A_Entropy_Rules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/14%3A_Thermochemistry/14.0E%3A_14.E%3A_Thermochemistry_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.05%3A__Colligative_Properties_-_Osmotic_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Named_Reactions/Heck_reaction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/16%3A_Solutions/16.18%3A_Net_Ionic_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.10%3A_Solubility_Products', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.12%3A_Formation_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.14%3A_Random_Number_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/18%3A_Ethers_and_Epoxides_Thiols_and_Sulfides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/04%3A_Aromaticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/03%3A_Chemical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/04%3A_The_Biosphere/4.02%3A_Biogeochemical_Evolution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/04%3A_Molecules_to_Medicines/4.06%3A_The_G_Switch', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.06%3A_Storing_Salt', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Catabolism/Glycolysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Nernst_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/00%3A_Front_Matter/03%3A_Table_of_Contents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Calculations/Significant_Figures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Misc_Antibiotics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Writing_Formulas_for_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/12%3A_Kinetics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/11%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/11.06%3A_Phase_Distribution_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.08%3A_Cubic_Lattices_and_Close_Packing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/17%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_and_Dynamics/17.04%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.08%3A_Radiation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Reactivity_of_Esters/Polyesters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Molecular_Weights_of_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/17%3A_Solutions/17.7%3A_Osmotic_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/08%3A_Gravimetric_Methods/8.05%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/16%3A_Thermodynamics/16.E%3A_Thermodynamics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/06%3A_Gases/6.6%3A_Mixtures_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.10%3A_Chapter_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/09%3A_Titrimetric_Methods/9.06%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics/12.2%3A_Factors_Affecting_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/05%3A_Stereochemistry_at_Tetrahedral_Centers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/00%3A_Front_Matter', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Nomenclature_Workbook_(O'Donnell)/00%3A_Front_Matter\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/17%3A_Phosphines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/22%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/08%3A_Alkyl_Halides_and_Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Photoreceptors/Vision_and_Light', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Calculations/Chemical_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/10.1%3A_Intermolecular_Forces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/10%3A_Fundamentals_of_Acids_and_Bases/10.07%3A_Acid-Base_Gallery', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/The_Polymerization_of_Ethene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/10.2%3A_Properties_of_Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Antidepressants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Glycerides/Triglycerides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Non-glyceride_Lipids/Wax', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Ionic_and_Covalent_Bonds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.07%3A_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.04%3A_Glass_Transition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.01%3A_Molecular_Weight', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.02_Acid_Strength', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.12%3A_Isotopes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Thermochemistry/History_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/05%3A_Gases/5.07_Effusion_and_Diffusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/22%3A_Carbonyl_Alpha-Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Nomenclature_Workbook_(O'Donnell)/zz%3A_Back_Matter\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/32%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/09%3A_Free_Radical_Substitution_Reaction_of_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/06%3A_Isomers_and_Stereochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/10%3A_Strategies_in_Prostaglandins_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/06%3A_Carbon-13_NMR_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Oligosaccharides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalysts', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/RNA/Types_of_RNA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/ATP_ADP-Gutow_Draft', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Meet_the_Periodic_Table', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Faraday's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Properties_of_Alkenes/Dienes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.07%3A_Timeline_of_Battery_Development', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/21%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/21.5%3A_Uses_of_Radioisotopes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/04%3A_The_Structure_of_Atoms/4.04%3A_Valence', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/13%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria/13.04%3A_Conjugate_Pairs_and_Buffers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.08%3A_Coordination_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.03_The_pH_Scale', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Phases_and_Intermolecular_Forces/Liquids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/3._Proteins_as_Enzymes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Phenylamine_and_Diazonium_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/02%3A_Polar_Covalent_Bonds_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/12%3A_Alcohols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/06%3A_Hydrogenation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/09%3A_Carbonylation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/12%3A_Introduction_to_Lewis_Acid-Base_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/15%3A_Relationship_Between_Sn1_and_E1_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_and_Chemical_Reactivity_(Kotz_et_al.)/12%3A_The_Solid_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/00%3A_Front_Matter/03%3A_Table_of_Contents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.01%3A_Open_Access_Readings', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.08%3A_Fermented_Vegetables', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Standard_Electrode_(Half-Cell)_Potentials', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Drug_Activity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/06%3A_Properties_of_Gases/6.01%3A_Observable_Properties_of_Gas', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Fundamentals_of_Chirality', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Mixtures_of_Stereoisomers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Composition_of_Commercial_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/14%3A_Thermochemistry/14.02%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/14%3A_Thermochemistry/14.04%3A_Thermochemistry_and_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/14%3A_Thermochemistry/14.06%3A_Applications_of_Thermochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry/7.4%3A_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/07%3A_Thermochemistry/7.2%3A_Heat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.04%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.09%3A_Geometry_of_Complexes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/13%3A_Kinetic_Methods/13.05%3A_Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/08%3A_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/09%3A_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/10%3A_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/13%3A_Alkynes%3A_The_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/01%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/Playground_1', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.02%3A_Galvanic_cells_and_Electrodes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.06%3A_Enthalpy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.04%3A_Liquids_and_their_Interfaces', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.07%3A_Ionic_and_Ion-Derived_Solids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Stereoisomers/Resolution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/20%3A_Organic_Chemistry/20.2%3A_Alcohols_and_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/03%3A_Table_of_Contents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Non-Equilibrium_Statistical_Mechanics_(Cao)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Mathematical_Methods_in_Chemistry_(Levitus)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/29%3A_Polymers', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_Nomenclature_Workbook_(O'Donnell)/01%3A_Chapters\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/13%3A_Ethers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Virtual_Textbook_of_OChem_(Reusch)_UNDER_CONSTRUCTION/16%3A_Amines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/12%3A_Reactions_to_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/16%3A_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/06%3A_Strategies_in_(-)-Menthol_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Complex_Molecular_Synthesis_(Salomon)/03%3A_Fatty_Acids_and_Prostaglandins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.03%3A_Fermentation_Paper', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.02%3A_Intermolecular_Interactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.01%3A_Matter_under_the_Microscope', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/09%3A_Gases/9.4%3A_Effusion_and_Diffusion_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Sulfa_Drugs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/10.3%3A_Phase_Transitions', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/11%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/11.02%3A_Le_Chatelier's_Principle\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/11%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/11.05%3A_Equilibrium_Calculations', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.03%3A_Colligative_Properties-_Raoult's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Introduction_to_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.05%3A_Reduction_of_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Electron_Paramagnetic_Resonance_(Jenschke)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Molecular_Nature_of_Matter_and_Change_(Silberberg)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/06%3A_Miscellaneous_Techniques', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/04%3A_Conformations_of_Alkanes_and_Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/16%3A_Reactions_of_Substituted_Benzenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/05%3A_Strategies_in_Disparlure_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/07%3A_Strategies_in_Longfolene_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/12%3A_Woodwards_Synthesis_of_Chlorophyll', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/18%3A_Important_Concepts_in_Alkyne_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/02%3A_Synthetic_Methods_in_Polymer_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.09%3A_Cheese_Production', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.16%3A_Distilled_Spirits', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.10%3A_Spices', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Calculations/Stoichiometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.03%3A_Hydrogen-Bonding_and_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Pharmaceuticals/Penicillin', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/11%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/11.04%3A_Equilibrium_Expressions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/21%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/21.2%3A_Nuclear_Equations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/21%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/21.3%3A_Radioactive_Decay', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/20%3A_Organic_Chemistry/20.4%3A_Amines_and_Amides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/11%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids/11.2%3A_Electrolytes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.06%3A_Refining_of_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/05%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/5.05%3A_The_Quantum_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/04%3A_Alternative_Solvents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/05%3A_Alternative_Reagants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/06%3A_An_Overview_of_Organic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/08%3A_Alkenes-_Reactions_and_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/09%3A_Strategies_in_Reserpine_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/05%3A_Oxidation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/06%3A_Electron_Delocalization_and_Resonance', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/04%3A_Infrared_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Solid_State_Chemistry/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.10%3A_Yeast_Metabolism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/Acid_Rain/Acid_Snow', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/09%3A_Spices/9.09%3A_Herbs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Nucleic_Acids/Nucleotides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Properties_of_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzyme_Inhibitors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.01%3A_Solutions_and_their_Concentrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.07%3A_Colligative_Properties_and_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.01%3A_Prelude_to_Metals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/18%3A_The_Representative_Elements', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/23%3A_Carbonyl_Condensation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/12%3A_Radicals_(Reactions_of_Alkanes)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/25%3A_Compounds_Derived_from_Vitamins', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/27%3A_The_Organic_Chemistry_of_Lipids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/14%3A_Conjugation_Resonance_and_Dienes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/11%3A_Strategies_in_Steroids_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/01%3A_Introduction_and_Course_Organization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/00%3A_Front_Matter/04%3A_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Metalloproteases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/09%3A_Gases/9.5%3A_The_Kinetic-Molecular_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Scientific_Method', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Medicinal_Chemistry/GABA', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.02%3A_Heat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/10%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/10.4%3A_Phase_Diagrams', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.06%3A_Introduction_to_Crystals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Formation_Constants_for_Complex_Ions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.01%3A_Chemistry_and_Electricity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.08%3A_Electrochemical_Corrosion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.02%3A_Viscosity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Condensation_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/11%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids/11.3%3A_Solubility', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/17%3A_Solutions/17.8%3A_Colloids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.02%3A_Metallic_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.10%3A_Chelating_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.04%3A_The_Ideal_Gas_Law', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Thermochemistry/Fuels_and_Enthalpy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Advanced_Theoretical_Chemistry_(Simons)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/28%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Nucleic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/19%3A_Carboxylic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/06%3A_Understanding_Organic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/22%3A_Carbonyl_Condensation_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/08%3A_Strategies_in_Cedrene_Synthesis', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Gay-Lussac's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Calculations/Titrations', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Atomic_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_OpenStax/09.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Polymer_Fundamentals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Conjugation/Conjugated_Dienes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.10%3A_Colloids_and_their_Uses', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.06%3A_Batteries_and_Fuel_Cells', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Nomenclature_of_Arenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/04%3A_Polymer_Properties/4.03%3A_Rheology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.02%3A_Property_of_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/05%3A_Gases/5.E%3A_Gases_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/7%3A_Acids_and_Bases/7.06_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Nomenclature_of_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Thermochemistry/Basic_Definitions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.01%3A_Normality', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/05%3A_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/5.04%3A_The_Bohr_Atom', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics/12.1%3A_Chemical_Reaction_Rates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/21%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/20%3A_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Nitriles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/15%3A_Benzene_and_Aromatic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/01%3A_Synthesis_of_Organic_Molecules', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Complex_Molecular_Synthesis_(Salomon)/06%3A_Amino_Acids_and_Alkaloids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.07%3A_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Ancient_History', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Hybrid_Orbitals', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/Resonance_Forms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Ionization_Constants_of_Weak_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Ionization_Constants_of_Weak_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/13%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria/13.05%3A_Acid_Base_Titration', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.01%3A_Prelude_to_Gases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/11%3A_Solutions_and_Colloids/11.5%3A_Colloids', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.09%3A_Gay-Lussac's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Organo-phosphorus_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/28%3A_Biomolecules_-_Nucleic_Acids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/10%3A_Organocatalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/07%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/02%3A_Mass_Spectrometry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/05%3A_Leavening_Agents', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/03%3A_Covalent_Bonding/3.07%3A_Polarity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/00%3A_Front_Matter/04%3A_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Calculations/Molarity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.09%3A_Polymers_and_Plastics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/20%3A_Organic_Chemistry/20.1%3A_Hydrocarbons', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Properties_of_Esters', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.04%3A_Beneficiation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Statistical_Thermodynamics_(Jeschke)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Qualitative_Analysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Environmental_Toxicology_(van_Gestel_et_al.)/04%3A_Toxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/25%3A_Biomolecules-_Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/07%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/09%3A_Alcohols_Ethers_and_Epoxides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/13%3A_Study_Guide_for_Chapters_6_and_7', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Silicone_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Atomic_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Metabolism/Nutrition', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkenes/Naming_the_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alkynes/Naming_the_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Optical_Activity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/11%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/11.03%3A_Reaction_Quotient', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Addition_Polymers', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.06%3A_Avogadro's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Lewis_Bonding_Theory/Magnetism', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/01%3A_TitlePage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/04%3A_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/11%3A_Gases/11.E%3A_Exercises', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics/12.4%3A_Integrated_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics/12.E%3A_Kinetics_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organometallic_Chemistry_(Ghosh_and_Balakrishna)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Quantitative_NMR_(Larive_and_Korir)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/Chapter_31%3A_Synthetic_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/06%3A_Dairy_Products', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Introduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Nomenclature', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPage', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics/12.0%3A_Prelude_to_Kinetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics/12.6%3A_Reaction_Mechanisms', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/02%3A_Fundamental_of_Organic_Structures', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Essential_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/02%3A_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/05._Stereoisomers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Rubber_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Calculations/Moles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.04%3A_The_Nernst_Equation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/09%3A_Gases/9.6%3A_Non-Ideal_Gas_Behavior', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Gases/Diffusion_and_Effusion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Meso_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Fundamental_Physical_Constants', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/14%3A_Thermochemistry/14.01%3A_Energy_Heat_and_Work', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.03%3A_Metallurgy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/16%3A_Thermodynamics/16.4%3A_Gibbs_Energy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/15%3A_Water/15.11%3A_Colloids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/14%3A_Water', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Key_Elements_of_Green_Chemistry_(Lucia)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/03%3A_Crystallization', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/04%3A_The_Reactions_of_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/11%3A_Organometallic_Compounds', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/04._Cycloalkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Chirality/Diastereomers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/16%3A_Thermodynamics/16.1%3A_Spontaneity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/22%3A_Metals/22.07%3A_Corrosion', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Toxicology_MSDT/02%3A_Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Genetics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/15%3A_Benzene_and_Aromaticity', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/24%3A_Amines_and_Heterocycles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Lavoisier', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.05%3A_Changes_of_State', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Units_and_Conversion_Factors', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/16%3A_Electrochemistry/16.09%3A_Corrosion_Gallery', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics/12.5%3A_Collision_Theory', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/12%3A_Oxidation_and_Reduction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Catalytic_Asymmetric_Synthesis_(Punniyamurthy)/12%3A_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/01%3A_The_Earth_and_its_Lithosphere', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.11%3A_Yogurt', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/Enzymes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Lipids/Steroids', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.08%3A_Ideal_vs._Real_Solutions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Polyethylene', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_General_Chemistry_-_An_Atoms_First_Approach_(Halpern)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/01%3A_Structure_and_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/04%3A_The_Logic_of_Synthesis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/13%3A_Synthesis_of_Vitamin_B', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/19%3A_Oxidation_States_of_Carbon', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/20%3A_Common_Synthetic_Sequences', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/zz3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.12%3A_Bread', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.14%3A_Cider', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Hydrocarbons/Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Hydrocarbons/Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Alchemy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Hydrocarbons/Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.03%3A_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/09%3A_Gases/9.05%3A_Gas_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Toxicology_MSDT/03%3A_Principles_of_Genetic_Toxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Thiols_and_Sulfides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/17%3A_Alcohols_and_Phenols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/30%3A_Pericyclic_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/01%3A_Structure_and_Bonding', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/05%3A_Medicines_for_the_Future', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.13%3A_Beer', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Fermentation_in_Food_Chemistry/01%3A_Modules/1.15%3A_Wine', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/06%3A_Properties_of_Gases/6.03%3A_Dalton's_Law\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/09%3A_Gases/9.E%3A_Gases_(Exercises)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/16%3A_Thermodynamics/16.2%3A_Entropy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Copolymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/04%3A_Extraction', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Physical_Methods_in_Chemistry_and_Nano_Science_(Barron)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Qualitative_Analysis_of_Common_Cations_in_Water_(Malik)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Quantum_Chemistry_(Blinder)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/29%3A_Synthetic_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/17%3A_Alkene_Reactions_Part_2', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/zz3A_Back_Matter/01%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Enzymes/HIV', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/24%3A_Synthetic_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/02%3A_Flour', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/04%3A_Sugar', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_General_Chemistry/Exercises%3A_Oxtoby_et_al.', \"https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Non-Isothermal_Kinetic_Methods_(Arhangel'skii_et_al.)\", 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Wikibook)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Quantum_Tutorials_(Rioux)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/14%3A_NMR_Spectroscopy', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/13%3A_Radical_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Complex_Molecular_Synthesis_(Salomon)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/01%3A_Monomers_and_Polymers', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/01%3A_ABCs_of_Pharmacology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/07%3A_Eggs', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Essential_Mathematics', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/14%3A_Thermochemistry/14.05%3A_Calorimetry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/30%3A_Detailed_Licensing', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics/12.3%3A_Rate_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/12%3A_Kinetics/12.7%3A_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Principles_of_Inorganic_Chemistry_II_(Nocera)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Complex_Molecular_Synthesis_(Salomon)/05%3A_Polyketides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Complex_Molecular_Synthesis_(Salomon)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/03%3A_Fat', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/09%3A_Gases/9.1%3A_Gas_Pressure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/06%3A_Thermochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Toxicology_MSDT/04%3A_Applied_Systems_Toxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/02%3A_Acids_and_Bases', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Solubility_Products', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.06%3A__Reverse_Osmosis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Acid_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Aryl_Halides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/10%3A_Organohalides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/08%3A_Elimination_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/02%3A_Body_Heal_Thyself', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/The_Periodic_Table', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/An_Introduction_to_Mass_Spectrometry_(Van_Bramer)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Complex_Molecular_Synthesis_(Salomon)/04%3A_Terpenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/21%3A_Hydride_Reactions', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Toxicology_MSDT/6%3A_Principles_of_Toxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Anhydrides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/02%3A_Atomic_Structure', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Gases/Gas_Laws', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/Appendices/Water_Properties', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_Online_(Young)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/CLUE%3A_Chemistry_Life_the_Universe_and_Everything', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Logic_of_Organic_Synthesis_(Rao)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.09%3A_Distillation', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Toxicology_MSDT/05%3A_Regulatory_Toxicology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Nitriles', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Bruice)/24%3A_Catalysis', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Chemistry_for_Allied_Health_(Soult)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/The_Video_Textbook_of_General_Chemistry_(Farmer)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Phenols', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_the_Main_Group_Elements_(Barron)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Amines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Azides', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/05%3A_Stereochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Book3A_Medicines_by_Design/003A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_General_Chemistry_(Malik)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Inorganic_Coordination_Chemistry_(Landskron)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/04%3A_Alkanes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/10%3A_Alkenes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/11%3A_Alkynes', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/22%3A_Study_Guide', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Polymer_Chemistry_(Schaller)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/20%3A_Glossary', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_1e_(OpenSTAX)/17%3A_Electrochemistry', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Interactive_Chemistry_(Moore_Zhou_and_Garand)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/23%3A_Amines', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Geochemistry_(Lower)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Chemistry_and_Global_Awareness_(Gordon)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Map%3A__Introductory_Chemistry_(Corwin)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Toxicology_MSDT/01%3A_Pathophysiology', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Liu)/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/10%3A_Index', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/12%3A_Solubility_Equilibria', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Toxicology_MSDT/00%3A_Front_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Chemical_Principles_(Dickerson)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Toxicology_MSDT/zz%3A_Back_Matter', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Instrumental_Analysis_(LibreTexts)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Saito)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_-_Atoms_First_1e_(OpenSTAX)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/Problems', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Inorganic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Organometallic_Chemistry_(Evans)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemometrics_Using_R_(Harvey)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Beginning_Chemistry_(Ball)', 'https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chemistry_2e_(OpenSTAX)']\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "output_type": "execute_result",
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "5026"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "execution_count": 52
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "ReYk6vedLkh3"
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "filtered_links = pd.DataFrame(longest_links, columns=['url'])\n",
+ "filtered_links.to_csv('filtered_links.csv')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "len(filtered_links)"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "colab": {
+ "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+ },
+ "id": "qyBK6OgepaQg",
+ "outputId": "15c6f5fa-545a-4986-e122-bf242488771b"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "execute_result",
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "5026"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "execution_count": 64
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": [
+ "## Scrape textbooks"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "FsGMETdLaBDv"
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "Q-7fdysL-wGY"
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "chapter_scraper_spider = \"\"\"\n",
+ "import scrapy\n",
+ "import pandas as pd\n",
+ "from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor\n",
+ "import logging\n",
+ "empty_list = []\n",
+ "\n",
+ "class BookSpider(scrapy.Spider):\n",
+ " name = 'book_spider'\n",
+ " custom_settings = {\n",
+ " \"DEPTH_LIMIT\": 1\n",
+ " }\n",
+ " start_urls = (pd.read_csv('/content/filtered_links.csv'))['url'].values.tolist()\n",
+ " logging.getLogger('scrapy').propagate = False\n",
+ " def parse(self, response):\n",
+ "\n",
+ " # Extract text from the page\n",
+ " text = response.css('p::text').getall()\n",
+ " \n",
+ " # Save the HTML content of the page just once\n",
+ "\n",
+ " yield {'url': response.url, 'html': text}\n",
+ "\"\"\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "-OWFus52_hu7"
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "# Create and write to a spider file\n",
+ "with open('/content/libretextbooks/libretextbooks/spiders/book_spider.py', 'w') as file:\n",
+ " file.write(chapter_scraper_spider)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Verify the content of the file by reading and printing it\n",
+ "# with open('/content/libretextbooks/libretextbooks/spiders/book_spider.py', 'r') as file:\n",
+ "# content = file.read()\n",
+ "# print(content)\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "colab": {
+ "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+ },
+ "id": "_QrWqQs6mj8H",
+ "outputId": "26643121-1e75-47f5-f7d8-d2b2a5b985db"
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "2023-04-13 13:40:16 [asyncio] DEBUG: Using selector: EpollSelector\n",
+ "2023-04-13 13:40:17 [urllib3.connectionpool] DEBUG: Starting new HTTPS connection (1): publicsuffix.org:443\n",
+ "2023-04-13 13:40:17 [urllib3.connectionpool] DEBUG: https://publicsuffix.org:443 \"GET /list/public_suffix_list.dat HTTP/1.1\" 200 78775\n",
+ "2023-04-13 13:40:17 [protego] DEBUG: Malformed rule at line 4 : cannot set request rate using '1/5'. Ignoring this rule.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "!cd libretextbooks && scrapy crawl book_spider -o book_spider.json"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": [
+ "## Clean data"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "9ab8bMczaV-k"
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "# load scraped content\n",
+ "with open('/content/libretextbooks/book_spider.json', 'r') as file:\n",
+ " content = file.read()\n"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "_4NcfdKJpzOX"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "#bug fix to let pandas read the file\n",
+ "content = content.replace('][', ',')"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "nKiTTwz7t78I"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "scraped_content = pd.read_json(content)"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "yNy9AnivuGWv"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "# find the top 1000 sentances\n",
+ "# First split the cell contents by \".\"\n",
+ "df_split = pd.DataFrame()\n",
+ "df_split['split'] = scraped_content['html'].apply(lambda x: x.split('. ') if isinstance(x, str) else x)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Stack the DataFrame and reset the index\n",
+ "df_stacked = df_split.stack().reset_index(drop=True)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Explode the lists into a single column with unique rows\n",
+ "df_exploded = df_stacked.explode()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Remove empty strings from the DataFrame\n",
+ "df_exploded = df_exploded[df_exploded != '']\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Reset the index and rename the column\n",
+ "df_exploded = df_exploded.reset_index(drop=True)\n",
+ "df_exploded = df_exploded.to_frame('Sentences')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Display the new DataFrame\n",
+ "print(df_exploded.value_counts().reset_index().head(1000).to_csv('top_sentances.csv'))\n"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "colab": {
+ "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+ },
+ "id": "KLGCDtZA2TY3",
+ "outputId": "2883bf2d-8a2d-4230-f728-992fec6c66d7"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "None\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "sentances_to_remove = pd.read_excel(\"/content/sentances_to_remove.ods\")\n",
+ "sentances_to_remove = sentances_to_remove[sentances_to_remove['Delete']== 'x']['Sentences'].tolist()"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "rY6qmBQ07_kD"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "df_text_to_remove = pd.read_json('/content/lines_to_remove.jsonl', lines= True)"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "HvMjSxqxoOou"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "text_to_remove = df_text_to_remove[df_text_to_remove['answer']=='reject']['text'].tolist()"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "I4bvK37HoPVV"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "text_to_remove.append('selected template will load here This action is not available.')"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "Xf2K4wS7oTh4"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "text_to_remove = [*text_to_remove + sentances_to_remove ]"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "iw9-Yl8eAEda"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "# Replacement value\n",
+ "replacement_value = ' '\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Function to replace substrings in a cell value\n",
+ "def replace_substrings(cell):\n",
+ " cell = ' '.join(cell)\n",
+ " cell = cell.split('is shared under a')\n",
+ " cell = cell[0]\n",
+ "\n",
+ " for s in text_to_remove:\n",
+ " s = s.strip()\n",
+ " cell = cell.replace(s, replacement_value)\n",
+ " return cell\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Replace all instances of the substrings in the DataFrame\n",
+ "scraped_content['html'] = scraped_content['html'].apply(replace_substrings)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Print the updated DataFrame\n",
+ "print(\"\\nUpdated DataFrame:\")\n",
+ "print(scraped_content)"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "colab": {
+ "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+ },
+ "id": "L3Ha_IgFoXLm",
+ "outputId": "47feb539-0669-46ad-cfd4-3c082897aeed"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "\n",
+ "Updated DataFrame:\n",
+ " url \\\n",
+ "0 https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physic... \n",
+ "1 https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorga... \n",
+ "2 https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorga... \n",
+ "3 https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorga... \n",
+ "4 https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorga... \n",
+ "... ... \n",
+ "5021 https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analyt... \n",
+ "5022 https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organi... \n",
+ "5023 https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introd... \n",
+ "5024 https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorga... \n",
+ "5025 https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genera... \n",
+ "\n",
+ " html \n",
+ "0 \\n\\n\\n\\n \\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n \\n The pre-exponential... \n",
+ "1 \\n\\n \\n This page discusses the solubility o... \n",
+ "2 \\n\\n \\n Group 2 elements (beryllium, magnesi... \n",
+ "3 \\n\\n \\n This page examines at the effect of ... \n",
+ "4 \\n\\n \\n This page discusses the reactions of... \n",
+ "... ... \n",
+ "5021 \\n\\n \\n Instrumental analysis is a field of ... \n",
+ "5022 \\n\\n \\n \\n\\n\\n\\n \n",
+ "5023 \\n\\n\\n\\n \\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n \\n An introductory che... \n",
+ "5024 \\n\\n\\n\\n \\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n \\n Inorganic chemistry... \n",
+ "5025 \\n\\n \\n This text is designed for the two-se... \n",
+ "\n",
+ "[5026 rows x 2 columns]\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "scraped_content['text_length'] = scraped_content.html.str.len()"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "PZadKcgLvWpw"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "scraped_content['text_length'].describe()"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "colab": {
+ "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+ },
+ "id": "WXG30-1JwT7Q",
+ "outputId": "679df361-41c9-4bf2-8b8c-e1aa3df89b4c"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "execute_result",
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "count 5026.000000\n",
+ "mean 5740.119379\n",
+ "std 8094.809836\n",
+ "min 11.000000\n",
+ "25% 566.000000\n",
+ "50% 3002.000000\n",
+ "75% 7715.750000\n",
+ "max 98786.000000\n",
+ "Name: text_length, dtype: float64"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "execution_count": 39
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "# Histogram of text lengths\n",
+ "plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))\n",
+ "plt.hist(scraped_content['text_length'], bins='auto', color='blue', edgecolor='black')\n",
+ "plt.xlabel('Text Length')\n",
+ "plt.ylabel('Frequency')\n",
+ "plt.title('Histogram of Text Lengths')\n",
+ "plt.show()"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "colab": {
+ "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+ "height": 564
+ },
+ "id": "ZhSAaX-Wx9Xb",
+ "outputId": "ad2840fd-8f88-44ca-c313-da1fc0b5a28a"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ ""
+ ],
+ "image/png": "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\n"
+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "## only keep pages with content above 500 characters\n",
+ "scraped_content = scraped_content[scraped_content['text_length'] > 600]"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "8Eo1wqWfBLAH"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "scraped_content"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "3H9cxyLDBvXd"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": [
+ "## Upload to HF"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "LZpOJxSlCOXd"
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "dataset = Dataset.from_pandas(scraped_content)"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "id": "al47wOMtCRUm"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": [
+ "#!huggingface-cli login\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dataset.push_to_hub(\"Hack90/libre_chem_textbooks\") # works fine, no errors\n",
+ "\n",
+ "reloaded_dataset = load_dataset(\"Hack90/libre_chem_textbooks\")"
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "colab": {
+ "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+ "height": 313,
+ "referenced_widgets": [
+ "771c92f66eca475791bf8bc833563127",
+ "0316b84cb8c8477f801401cbcdbdbb1b",
+ "a3260dfe93cb4aaeb0445fef0e13e769",
+ "a538550ef113406198a50b1e984f3f59",
+ "9b1ff643075e4f4ab5adc2b809ea8c1b",
+ "dee0d494a1c741a19d7c0caa6583f72a",
+ "887fa503abce4872a64660ee83df89e5",
+ "30bda02c93044112baece93ab8d2f032",
+ "e0ef063e24b7414ca9429b32c67a5639",
+ "efff0380eee64bd5ac912f6ef146444b",
+ "98d911b2a232476a8787f0418bf40177",
+ "8b93e04f555d458db9220adebc33cc7c",
+ "c2e25369d8b7403e9e2d3383ac308b26",
+ "f71772b4a33144d79b72437091e2c944",
+ "fa34210152a646b282e957599b73a28a",
+ "27078e7ac8c64b20ac526aa17e047403",
+ "a550a100010c4c2487a2c26a1e2c878f",
+ "d083eda07e54477d9de1923cd63f8fd5",
+ "cd7ca6489a724864bace0670d81705a3",
+ "8420a28326fa4a7292cbfccd7a0cdac9",
+ "d150814742ba43ee9a2d00bc3b9519ae",
+ "82d470690e404121988c445153dd36c1",
+ "3b129175b4c44382a4ab4edeb740ae52",
+ "20a11f98b053420aabd0cb864a3ce108",
+ "ef5e5f40061c4962b5c5181313649c38",
+ "f0ab2d9ada914f73be56fed87f0d5f50",
+ "8422516e88af47f3a3d54dd9d7883c12",
+ "1febcf5e78094b67bb3d97e09c84aa4d",
+ "66bfbc145e3b42ea858c5d3754075885",
+ "b1824ab67c774bcab8c3874abf30a055",
+ "356b739e44494cbb86b2680e45b9bd07",
+ "7f4444c7518c47f6a9a56d9d3127d97f",
+ "0dee29a4388b4d31b2a177500470cbd7",
+ "881c306ce990499784ecc0972ad4f479",
+ "12ce28b46a3c47fab3e847c05832e498",
+ "38aa047bf7084b0eaed99d6c6046b411",
+ "64804b6caa3c44cfb7ceef46f1c56ee7",
+ "1b701e5390bb4768b545340d033646ff",
+ "026993e960e146cbb7ea358c504b08bf",
+ "9245e3155c104143b57cc1630e081348",
+ "676deec368434502800bfeb3c3e89518",
+ "a27186bff3ee4a13a952685f7c751c17",
+ "ee0b1644c281431598b0a3a67e4d6fff",
+ "279a0ebca1d040818de664316a909e14",
+ "070503f5ba7540218074856aabb14097",
+ "69250eda1037495b8cc6b474ec0097b2",
+ "44c6e016ed6b4435949ebe3c48bcae1c",
+ "96748ed95b904558b06d5e934fd39cd2",
+ "da3721bfb9b44952999cd29c01af6d58",
+ "2d744ab3d68f453a8fabb526b2becc1d",
+ "2ef5a35d256e42978385c5388d33a170",
+ "1b090110645f49bc9bc99101d4638fd5",
+ "9fc215ffe3314dbab61c91634491c17d",
+ "cbdae5fc8329441ea7e8dd74392d3889",
+ "36fb8c6578e64085824ae430f291ac1a",
+ "58fdd17ab9d843e88a28285e37cc14c9",
+ "5cda5d4658a74e4e9ae428c9ce598410",
+ "510e9484f2234808b2dab158cc29b899",
+ "83d44247aff14931ab04bb546f740d74",
+ "be693420a95b4b5ea1378d6ec324db5e",
+ "d85512a8aceb4d1583fd0e6ca725f947",
+ "ab3dbd826618410aa91088a664a9754f",
+ "8dce16d8e1084ff2af9a64b1b4bc8e2d",
+ "3899c1f294fc459183fd83bac27cea32",
+ "ced955de39e84e27b6d021231e317a4f",
+ "89b901d9dbfe4876abb46270b8a911d4",
+ "12381a7bb8194f2ba12403aa31446017",
+ "207db251d64e4c3285fe391f2228bf86",
+ "11aac93c5c6a4c41bb638d0aeafda5c4",
+ "3b3a23f63d694ef4a2b94722395b00d1",
+ "4bbf158cefb74af6b2aecc15248a19f2",
+ "a8983012c2f241d1bb65828806713946",
+ "f92ddecb1d01483995eff9bee8e85b9e",
+ "5eb9d3852805489caee6bda3af1987ba",
+ "b3ce6e8ef2f74f9a817ea012d77d625c",
+ "23ab75598d8b46d2904dc423e625f06e",
+ "a8cea8b36b724660bf97089567b26cc3",
+ "53c09ef686804f6fa68175b6d1361e66",
+ "a39c32d8a73547a3aeb247a73c5617fd",
+ "f933be6d1a964091b678911d7a297ca9",
+ "966fa634ece3479aab5d64e6c45e4a0a",
+ "c442523661bb49cab9fad20368e305e1",
+ "f8df202404784ec389a7cc400e7147f8",
+ "9519be181cdf4e479579f38b863772e9",
+ "443fa0d32d2f439f8bddaa89fae4ef40",
+ "1f4e236fbd784573b6273c7becda679e",
+ "e74d8cbae6ec41a4848b0770d2439543",
+ "bdd2cc978ba94ea68d4b29427e43f192"
+ ]
+ },
+ "id": "zENeoePwEs7B",
+ "outputId": "21698319-1200-4e26-9dfb-8f9b6fdfc10a"
+ },
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "Pushing dataset shards to the dataset hub: 0%| | 0/1 [00:00
Date: Thu, 13 Apr 2023 18:27:41 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 06/19] version 1
---
data/libre_textbooks/meta.yaml | 20 ++++++++++----------
data/libre_textbooks/transform.py | 11 ++++++-----
2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)
diff --git a/data/libre_textbooks/meta.yaml b/data/libre_textbooks/meta.yaml
index b1fd866dc..4db7e5548 100644
--- a/data/libre_textbooks/meta.yaml
+++ b/data/libre_textbooks/meta.yaml
@@ -1,29 +1,29 @@
name: libre_textbooks
-description: A dataset of pairs of natural language descriptions and SMILEs.
+description: A dataset of scraped articles from libre textbooks
targets:
-- id: text
- description: A line of string from the textbook
+- id: html
+ description: A scraped page from libre textbooks
units: null
type: string
names:
- - natural language description
+ - natural language article
pubchem_aids: []
uris: []
identifiers:
-- id: book
+- id: 'url '
type: string
- description: name of the textbook the string line is from
+ description: url of the page the content is scraped from
+- id: text_length
+ type: int
+ description: text character count
license: CC BY 4.0
links:
- name: Libre Textbooks
url: https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves
description: ''
-- name: Google Drive host
- url: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1iZFXnIw_wnXoR04-hiRmW2ax2b0Nx4qm?usp=sharing
- description: Website hosting textbook pdfs.
- name: Hugging Face dataset upload
url: https://huggingface.co/datasets/Hack90/libre_chem_textbooks
description: Hugging Face dataset uploaded to HF account
benchmarks: []
-num_points: 1229098
+num_points: 3740
bibtex: []
diff --git a/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py b/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
index f2348d861..fe57f62be 100644
--- a/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
+++ b/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
@@ -7,18 +7,20 @@
RAW_DATASET = "Hack90/libre_chem_textbooks"
+
+
META_YAML_PATH = "./data/libre_textbooks/meta.yaml"
META_TEMPLATE = {
"name": "libre_textbooks", # unique identifier, we will also use this for directory names
- "description": "A dataset of pairs of natural language descriptions and SMILEs.",
+ "description": "A dataset of scraped articles from libre textbooks",
"targets": [
{
- "id": "html" #scraped content
+ "id": "html", # name of the column in a tabular dataset
"description": "A scraped page from libre textbooks",
"units": None, # units of the values in this column (leave empty if unitless)
"type": "string", # can be "categorical", "ordinal", "continuous", "string"
"names": [ # names for the property (to sample from for building the prompts)
- "natural language description",
+ "natural language article",
],
"pubchem_aids": [],
"uris": [],
@@ -77,6 +79,5 @@ def create_meta_yaml(num_points: int):
if __name__ == "__main__":
num_samples = 0
raw_df = get_raw_data()
- num_samples += len(clean_df)
-
+ num_samples += len(raw_df)
create_meta_yaml(num_samples)
From 579cc79b452235ed9b3c8d755c96b6f299e7178b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
<66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Apr 2023 18:35:58 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 07/19] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks
for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
data/libre_textbooks/meta.yaml | 41 ++++++++++++++++---------------
data/libre_textbooks/transform.py | 20 ++++++---------
notebooks/libretext_crawler.ipynb | 2 +-
3 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)
diff --git a/data/libre_textbooks/meta.yaml b/data/libre_textbooks/meta.yaml
index 4db7e5548..24b0182f0 100644
--- a/data/libre_textbooks/meta.yaml
+++ b/data/libre_textbooks/meta.yaml
@@ -1,29 +1,30 @@
+---
name: libre_textbooks
description: A dataset of scraped articles from libre textbooks
targets:
-- id: html
- description: A scraped page from libre textbooks
- units: null
- type: string
- names:
- - natural language article
- pubchem_aids: []
- uris: []
+ - id: html
+ description: A scraped page from libre textbooks
+ units:
+ type: string
+ names:
+ - natural language article
+ pubchem_aids: []
+ uris: []
identifiers:
-- id: 'url '
- type: string
- description: url of the page the content is scraped from
-- id: text_length
- type: int
- description: text character count
+ - id: 'url '
+ type: string
+ description: url of the page the content is scraped from
+ - id: text_length
+ type: int
+ description: text character count
license: CC BY 4.0
links:
-- name: Libre Textbooks
- url: https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves
- description: ''
-- name: Hugging Face dataset upload
- url: https://huggingface.co/datasets/Hack90/libre_chem_textbooks
- description: Hugging Face dataset uploaded to HF account
+ - name: Libre Textbooks
+ url: https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves
+ description: ''
+ - name: Hugging Face dataset upload
+ url: https://huggingface.co/datasets/Hack90/libre_chem_textbooks
+ description: Hugging Face dataset uploaded to HF account
benchmarks: []
num_points: 3740
bibtex: []
diff --git a/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py b/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
index fe57f62be..38a06bdfd 100644
--- a/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
+++ b/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
-from datasets import load_dataset
import pandas as pd
-import yaml
-
+import yaml
+from datasets import load_dataset
LINES_TO_REMOVE = "/workspaces/chemnlp/data/libre_textbooks/lines_to_remove.jsonl"
RAW_DATASET = "Hack90/libre_chem_textbooks"
-
-
META_YAML_PATH = "./data/libre_textbooks/meta.yaml"
META_TEMPLATE = {
"name": "libre_textbooks", # unique identifier, we will also use this for directory names
@@ -32,9 +29,9 @@
"type": "string", # can be "SMILES", "SELFIES", "IUPAC", "OTHER"
"description": "url of the page the content is scraped from",
},
- {
- "id": "text_length", # text character count
- "type": "int", # can be "SMILES", "SELFIES", "IUPAC", "OTHER"
+ {
+ "id": "text_length", # text character count
+ "type": "int", # can be "SMILES", "SELFIES", "IUPAC", "OTHER"
"description": "text character count",
},
],
@@ -48,13 +45,13 @@
{
"name": "Hugging Face dataset upload",
"url": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/Hack90/libre_chem_textbooks",
- "description": "Hugging Face dataset uploaded to HF account", # Hopefully will move this to the openbioml space
+ "description": "Hugging Face dataset uploaded to HF account", # Hopefully will move this to the openbioml space
},
],
"benchmarks": [],
"num_points": 3740, # number of datapoints in this dataset
"bibtex": [
- # noqa
+ # noqa
],
}
@@ -62,11 +59,10 @@
def get_raw_data(raw_dataset: str = RAW_DATASET) -> pd.DataFrame:
"""Load the raw dataset into a pandas dataframe"""
dataset = load_dataset(raw_dataset)
- df_raw = pd.DataFrame(dataset['train'].to_pandas())
+ df_raw = pd.DataFrame(dataset["train"].to_pandas())
return df_raw
-
def create_meta_yaml(num_points: int):
"""Create meta configuration file for the dataset"""
# create meta yaml
diff --git a/notebooks/libretext_crawler.ipynb b/notebooks/libretext_crawler.ipynb
index 16d06de3a..06cec7c7b 100644
--- a/notebooks/libretext_crawler.ipynb
+++ b/notebooks/libretext_crawler.ipynb
@@ -7992,4 +7992,4 @@
},
"nbformat": 4,
"nbformat_minor": 0
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
From 41fd8168f86adc02875bde5df9e67150495f7c73 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hssn-20 <69965978+hssn-20@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Apr 2023 19:40:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 08/19] fixing linting issues
---
data/libre_textbooks/transform.py | 3 ++-
1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py b/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
index 38a06bdfd..78c1c1f6d 100644
--- a/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
+++ b/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
@@ -45,7 +45,8 @@
{
"name": "Hugging Face dataset upload",
"url": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/Hack90/libre_chem_textbooks",
- "description": "Hugging Face dataset uploaded to HF account", # Hopefully will move this to the openbioml space
+ "description": "Hugging Face dataset uploaded to HF account", # Hopefully will move
+ #this to the openbioml space soon
},
],
"benchmarks": [],
From 41b5dfc5b2a48d1ea55e66341079d35e64484d57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hssn-20 <69965978+hssn-20@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Apr 2023 19:47:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 09/19] Update transform.py
---
data/libre_textbooks/transform.py | 7 ++++---
1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
diff --git a/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py b/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
index 78c1c1f6d..b0d152e39 100644
--- a/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
+++ b/data/libre_textbooks/transform.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+from datasets import load_dataset
import pandas as pd
import yaml
-from datasets import load_dataset
+
LINES_TO_REMOVE = "/workspaces/chemnlp/data/libre_textbooks/lines_to_remove.jsonl"
RAW_DATASET = "Hack90/libre_chem_textbooks"
@@ -45,8 +46,8 @@
{
"name": "Hugging Face dataset upload",
"url": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/Hack90/libre_chem_textbooks",
- "description": "Hugging Face dataset uploaded to HF account", # Hopefully will move
- #this to the openbioml space soon
+ "description": "Hugging Face dataset uploaded to HF account", # Hopefully will move this
+ # to the openbioml space
},
],
"benchmarks": [],
From bfcdb4c1f1eddee9ab1cb707d73328fa40b3cc9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hssn-20 <69965978+hssn-20@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Apr 2023 01:09:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 10/19] Add files via upload
---
notebooks/top_sentances.ods | Bin 0 -> 37093 bytes
1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 notebooks/top_sentances.ods
diff --git a/notebooks/top_sentances.ods b/notebooks/top_sentances.ods
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67e286bc5e8a7584175b7e9089b9c1e6e99c9097
GIT binary patch
literal 37093
zcmb5U1yp4}voCmXcR#o_4vo9JyEX36xVyVI?$Ef?xVt-zySuyFs|#RlVQu2%Zf9a(XJ=($
zWZ-0BYs27TV@z*r;Ar7UZ);~_V{B{WY;9uWMDJ+lU}9kGXl`QSr0{>6^J|*_E_h#*
zu&s@$g_*O%f6V5{#9&}#WMXCV)wFeB_@9x4{{m@YZD3~N$RK3lWNl#Q_;0|#e*t!~
zwY9P{uraavH@JVruAPIenS+U=qoKjSWA|UJ=;&nN-XsAQ*1aQ8zkc64Vq6%1(0TcB{mgH)HBE&JFN}
zBWp`~R9K9t$VVm28;)tX+UQ#fSGiV}8fggA@vnad7Uod5y4p~4>Lmx$vBO(U)#XvT
zrQh<%x0CeDbJ$D357x&(!w^IZS={e=0XZjkU`*8&olbxMa(^V^ja=s{{ap)d(5TcA
z+DH`VFAxnQGaBR+h}SA7J;0oNtH{}td%iQI-!U7Q$D@Bm6En565e8qhue;SzeW4w=
z>6K*eabe`)JUei`Nt&pi$#fxq(#GxndH6v;^@+3dr`|=xN?#`r6k|4oz@oEeirFN4H`PQgi0TlR
z_xzIgx7+^j?WC1Wz4L-l2B&C{D1~-r^!&7ZeF7|{(PcH
z$m@e!=jW_u{D{-#IoH^M=VQGP>KxY&hG=#P$xC^(o}z}EbhF%@p$kJ85Uj;-e~S42OLEME=cWEYVbot1WV
zIB7$a1S6PX>2&&hep=yn{gb?@b48g4q8Y@qL`J5Xt>PLb0hOrSG7KI^)IYkk6z0@Z
zQ{WJ{6EqwQi^)T3k=ts1N;_WP!t=|ah{1{M#70a*UX6g2s*Z7+d4rf-eYo4n>(nnI9IP^d
z)2$)7qM8PC=TWht@*dUmAW9xJO{4PGrl_KvHV3Y>sl(x@b*OS0J5`=mnfK@Fr&l?)ohtV_84ZcpA(+GF
z2^+K{cj{;5?`{DI0{C9%h@U+Oi;H+T3b{Q`1Q3Rrl^P{<6dIMDD{pumfr7VFZB1>a
zSR)!@tc{IV5CNw7DHC`)G^W{icNgFwy`=1|+d4yH+U}`x>n7KGQ5-z1qBXII-+I8B6e_V(Oq--Wl^slJD{x{d_Ea#0H9SD=IU|+uF0Y|@S@kk
z320o%=ey|I#TGiuExS%2LlTzj_Y-Qg(KGNCetg_hw4Vy$YoVQq=}
zb{%rK#uY|(qK*o(q{p=}JFbSlRU4H(@nnl#LUSny!0a43x?c^-FeF5z|v=zqN1WH!gIYl4E
zk|?0)o`Y9e>cSie9fk~UtK1JG&tQg4H{N+Uh~oU-c}K-iQ6Hpkw5Vu1}9hg_
zMsN_a5*+nD@BTa`kxh=zOXc}?lXV_w7wUzceKgZT813X$%NF*in@@0Gk@|-7>g%^2
zLc1&UQnTg0Ma33$r$!w6TUnI29=hebA>~b#dQ-jqu3i}yc7DR0?CY@7YI-=nCi>3H
zSA^mH`FtC5fA_1>O_ojSOlnV~U@6!Zp6d2_TGHJ=R+l_ICN2nE@KE{jSI}FeXzQh1
zt>h>>#*(d&o&6g|Pe13k#kdv%(UHD~g)T@Ckr$Rf@K8vWThYW&XV1O*lB>m-v}odG
z!J&;qF^$>k2-2%Qw!qlm=OC}E6ouAo602uR^}z=~!eLL6P*aTscs60Uim-0y2j$eS3!OfE*u;Ax{-LoAPL68$XB|oSBI!S
z9W2KuiC&#R_@0FS4OO+oC2SWzsS_d{Bnd$gBcb~P7c9D1NK=)_NBTGhCO&r==e+-<
zOP%f9tl8|F>7XfOK(seec;TNF~u;`ok0
ze_p#0He8-#2|%W1HKtBnf`?O0Nx$YAAA;7u5r5|7MX2UJzsJ%E{bXJcDM|wB25Df_
zq}vLpu%j+kx6lf1AeiF59|!Pfxqqawr?p6LiXSXKR$>90-$tnLLMXj_4Sb}F+eS++
zHfQJ6dN|6cQ)4TWZ{1aiQ}9bL6?7m_r=l6=Oz}IF^Fyz`GedvAI
zWSJ>fie%&Gg9ob43L|w)d?O-%ICCE-Uz&{!cR>=T(wZ4Wq_f|K4YDcYs2A&^Y_yz3
zp8xhdm_~!qa_kKXwrybc4!TY`*c3NkM%aB&ZI+
zG1{{tC{ryURI199+im^e9nSEB`mXBoi+@&NBJ#J^U6NYITM(9S3kkwTS~PerQM)(k)5{p(hlI+t_H37$0F_GZrS;0+HAKmOCf$upw&
zh_Lh$?ILA-jbJk}ScFkTGHC-^4_4i|3u9gEqfLnVLGiC`$!458O8yB0JW&^{BRZ4<
zeo$T~-CgEm20*n%Rqxdnr0bNX)eqfUv@4fXfA!(P
zRwv>&a3hT}C>=c+oNr*MD88zumQty-jB0kb&LPyEnMLtBkM`-tQngEJY@8YwUj9+C
zVU(4G>6i4blNX=2tx=1E-IZ1O*`c5^IJHohE{wMr;6)!}C+u-OpFyLT^;ucA3ZBCX
z=re`$e3lLLD;Tup!N2dq=dy>02@PhTP>&jiBT#G+f7fqm2y~?&)y!0qxs}@m$awsc
zzfHoH#MxXF1!oQp!W@ZRJ2IonLR>O_oY^GaRCf@5V&_)UTbVz!@
z`XTwK(#GRukYG>QjwKJ;`nz`SJ)%1@Ycqul$IDf+uxSP(TtKcXsqSu(-gSZ3=NbU>
z^U*Q$OpG?nU{(v!i7y20?+&3Dd~)k#Zd~guYb->XG=eiZ`C4b1KVl!sIFDVUMqyw%v}s{K&A6y(4}k(9t@ut1Xd^$Kog!l5u^{T9P6q(Cl_2
z2t|{ld`)_pX&CjI!5SFi;T|3X8cC2KyMp!!jg%1$cW|QgFDA>-kqe|}sXVt#`rRB3
zQT|1zN`
z1W5@IB>>>d=LP^upugO107qiC5dZ)NP>@j({c3(EfLD-Z{|8
zGr-w5!oxez(^4$uiK(Ex^Y=$loh6z#}ruCoae{Da<=P!Y42w
zFd!r%BrGZ-C?G5(A}TyEG9ofGDk17ucvO5^LS$fkbX00oV0uhsT6|aMR7^_i5dCvnPq8Nd8t{I$vHKdzcZ6_|789y$jmQK
z%&$)bZ!1WS%u7nh%Sg=2N-xVyD9cLC&B-gt&8YbuTbq|yTaZ~_
zn%PpE+*Xp@QIT0tke^pnnqO92SXy3MlwV$2P*zr6P*Im#)mmOvQ&7`USyNkC-&)$-
zRa^YKwk*G{sI!;+xSZ7^hW3OPIpz-Ky}toQ*lpgT~9~rSXcc>
zSIggy^4^~MzMhV;-n!A=*4dsvGktZ7LoM?ojdR28D}(iGBaN$L%{!B=JJX$gef_-y
zqkW^j{ljCU1HEIz17l-j!xJ+DvnvzR^JB9sGh={s7pDj3rze*G4y?|N
zuPsf?&Cbp&tjsU3t}XmsU7BBAUFnFw@p@A~}s{`&0s=HU7E?Dgs5_U`89
z;ragQ;r`|A<>C76`R?Q6BZije5deU5l@t+Faa%cGw^qP4ApqE2$`(^J2>iLGhFX!h
zga2#Q`r93wLrKPd65Mm2+|9yZWgj%RUPVZWD8iyoqX*F+k%Y_8I#7U;;hsdCS+m{c
zm!iNVq5^}u*EW4>qJ*^=(SV)w2iDKavcr_yKz8egWu&&LZ*AP%UGCYRzBy*DX0~9-
z@=e~3CX$&<9+iKml>Cmv0ynTpZ1_=>qzdhyU@dS3k>@Bq0hnTX6u!CwUR3c{50)lv
z7uO9z3I~b62S7!MO7=@&N0g?ex@H?~{fuVmrDDr6SoaIju#I2#o4X6xZ+YJ#2R~mc
zGj@TFHSY#oC_(scU4SRd7zke2xhzrKK49XlhddMFI{>o#>v93p2e^PfnQ0&@q-#yw
z0DpOBuLHX1?Q7fFC0^|?zee~C0Hm+M;C4#Pjm|dgQsp9dlC7hI)Q2bg(ca(#lrfcs
zY=%n@28WJF^`~@w@_HSKSv%vycD~OZ6KPDfb)~CRV5vGfz$^CCm;NG+z=agWMS_a#72L%kMfUw|BZM4pH5t0W5#2tb4dX6W
z@5ogU}ld;W^t7o#y6W}k+(6Ba=iVz
zB%dJS95n+(Ai-AXc#uda!ngXIh6d(B4e{bo>q-pEDO=7UK(lz@1LE47e}WV%`Cx*a
zIUJtP9u@$ho}yh5VI_<-_Lc$N!yKqQ(#Y`8tp^VDaIT*Yk-70KhnYDL{Na3w)^qfF
zOA8d+-1T-lX#_&e4+F?;7Ol)WNfJ_<+#CrGz*az65I#mTUkF$*qr*QkwV)3TOpZVWCwM~R)Z
zIL-vlf!60}0vqZc?xiB5-O>6jur}
zpgis+8r95$I~S<3+B!_me8WLfc*?nbEN?PCJ@X|GJe&9yAKS4k1_iI6AT>NqGHJ*l
zy;Cx`!zVWy%X8%hkZmyzRYgfeV6Dy8gDW0gh*7vWfyW&=kYoDrCMu>p^}
zRnOj3eSn1SBj{Y#*vpN739P9oM~0P`nqL(6ozIO?ZX;iB_DY6w2kaG|{|%yz$Vh~P
zj&lE-I%E3;Ls2r6I9jS<_kJ4q$^wi+>3QqjAQ6HrsXt(8Rn}8{+@+66W+o;E#iQn4
zmgby&;trhc%zd{1F0)5H0GkLJfc|`8@4xp5ukm?{#_P=6x#{L`H;B<=+=m6gxEd+d
z2iYp+Dc9UWlB|95f@C4FRvP&ctrU-*<&CMdlL&9eoTTIsjU9Sl0bV
z?XZbEky%8iu81asj`&j*5o}3CINcBp@k^-YASb1N
z2;(zali}a8=Ubj%P&;+~llD(dGL{dXABon3UZH?hufB_ZYg0oel|br8fNBBCA#ZN3
z%uKXGO0Js9@ULdgA`zgysVecl?)TrbT8bC$0q9`Km`
z`?b_|2fr}T(ErWb=naS1B9
zp-L{~Oi(;DRGnzRytKj4p2^b#AOq{$Ro0r+Wt}DBw|YC3%5HeA9c{{#$Wv$#6O{;t
zYvO-62jV`^p#Q*-l6(Tx({ZHQ(EI={Arb@@l@PBP1H`Qze6>Zv0<2jNir#Qc`#+yfLF234SP9XmJ#mKrx~mJ&!w%dl^_m0P#}^Y<4D=wKnfe
z)gDa~iJ#atq95iPdZEeho!ZX4P^Kf+MBI7|K5O^V-k*QjxRFLN=KODzq)r!lgWjH%
zYAThrerV8^BCi_TwQ5L7_Izd-mtlUHO1o2#<{x0pL-*f(NDF2+sldcC%SudDZDD8?vU*?@$|ORQ>M07xh>E`gKfR%0=?bDp
z*dT*-l-q8@CHk^1Yk)hd`~ZyKGA!^kO3uCRl(GthvM9#(khP@|1ri)|;TSn&CAHZqoLd0x}^r5w|v3ijWbs$@iEr&HSODqQw36HDIf6
zOB%^{g-%3hr7gRA&r2!#t9a@oETN_JGeHXVVjSjRSzk
zA)ajjPLCOlO^UTs4O+L^!$b=@Z|tmpFODsRh60gYtC*FXdhvRxquZf1bL1Z$G>+tf
zb0%R1_qWUe>l~2RC^*xz`epLl44e#eA7cAq5N38oOiF1Dh+z+lG2+?Qr`K}m3!mK%
zgYV=qJ3!LxSij=Ac;joGYif2pv^etRAZts|X{@YKS(u3}@P|lGi(O#nwMEdVq1J__
zFbf}oohsfWKYmq#&ru#Z{-98f0kOhz0q?3}=v0c(cuov_3z+>!W;C_&wR&C#Cho6K7aHZ+S
z#1IOWupG=g;eYN&;h2v@lk>y!BGY?6|1|}NGZtRxS3}=K7mgTDw{E9_6H=U&Ps@PN
zmt2Icnh)snY;m>8wYJ}2T!!G4(_owx)-6th{C%DsBdLW8Mql2rc!F)u)o!g@e2GxB
zSf&LDr6Gp5!5P|D!(oQwta%pNZCiAVQM}9r*C7Yh-T$lUlzFI-`TgC$$cVGA;x4C!
z$jBYJo{<)+8K=k>1iIxAR)_l80q|8MMdd`Qg!BXc=WHIv*C<(06+t>lIWdO+&We6z
zh$<6gZTg6i#U43>2O62`HB~9)FylM|?f`S}h^Pd}@QMzvhBR{8s&R%?+&&?XypT1^
zS)S@yMBh$p3<%${RQ)O!G224C2|G{Z8&|8?I)p5V;xZvsIYW=xtTkdNJEYhoRd~rH
zEAK!QUfCY~$UYaw7?0U9U@Dd|&UrE^Y|i$;nfUV6RLcGc+94vJR~Kg94K88sMScHf
ztv>$_JIGZc?cTlyA>&eo7!iYjhSYH(3$Rv|O#vV%6LYM_2<-%=$MSC7mfxb2P-evd
z`ukCnI>e3I@WefSL{eZViRp56*X^HYR?~X@*j3D+2#}uFg3(C@DS(`Z@}j<^z!XN)
z!7E5HlBTh6n@BkYReZMogT;sE_!&6bN@fnc@mmi>UM)xLuhvsy+u4lW`~dwY%8KOZZ6N&2iqD;8Hhnf{5d%aBk#DNfUr2}eENVT`pj
zQPp9&wVpg>%A(N9O3W(04L$1jPJGI!WOp|pnqYiZ1>-x1tt|1w
z@xls9`=02-Xr3jMrRF?Bq@;})_~J^+z4z&Zd>3aH`HseZ@Z?MzA;6T-|5Dlv)5BcZwZO2XMogN;7cl>~;S21sa0rl`E$O8ipZdCWv
zgHMkN(4|P@d%YU?u02uLt{o-jtza8s#PGgyL#w#A85y|P#j9Lc;Da+%<@?AoeO&G;
z5BBE7=#;5w>+pljbN38iYGiP3%-HBDyG_Nk-fP@FiQ<5G*IbVrwoB=ZTgR*gua@=|
zWa9btezV+SXW;Iuo_3jL?$^y8jE&*4sw)&bCRx7K%524L!Fg)(gaj*<@nmdj>TJ!l
zrbyPOOFkR7EJoE)N1s~ngpBPjUTC-W&IexwGTD2)a+p4s*Gn0${26^P9hlDv+U%@w
zc;nMKKd`afWY`bu{Ap?@mWKX
zU)t`(seclSe@8$oh&x%qptmNj&FnP7!am~WidYbi7g1jO}De
zt6S!dCDk@M!F~+fhYW3E*tmvp?fP(Yo*Cfxneiq9YF4GeT|ni~S_QuNN51dl8dak_
z3^FNs)0vUFWy)yenty5zxH4O56Tqt+`cKhedk!m6gK1HYsyC~u%Y;7YO7W3S
zaKb7lAKZ(U1c_QbJk=;W0P(&4fPha1~e$9moKSLb|nw}g&++Z6Xgo7=U^)F|IsM<@&guOzq4=06R@PuVG6yE9(bs{~$lya!$L;}&W6+g9y%PB3NFeNRVDMbCToi}IR^
z_?yw#AFqN9?s%t$*~4`Q?&;;ZC~(Mbw#fr_g=CvF;){e0jYS9n>un$1v01v8fn$Nd
z2yh0c^EUo!tuj}9e`-n0oN<#FvZ&|X(Mww~>j?TRrQj
z`kTsqwgfG!KW=>2kk$R>(oxll*vU3{fhENq>pd;Ajx+VXxL(0=?pB>8O&
ziQXI3>}{f}n4s;AlefJ0bmPKi!h@aLf;kXwN%BA{8MeFpRggRW%Z+zFlTx#aG+&n$
zIgJ-NT|qzpSc&xAl01zgJJrmpXNrbMWz8!&IMPw5!OjYIDC_rzIFJh;$6gci0;(&@
ze)6Q1tMG&}#MYiAxs@eUpv&K$AyHFvA4KZmN4(x>VC{svGrh5OA{fQg?VO}C+)<`H
zYrbFP%CMw1mL~6L!jz%v6|Vf!-B07d?xUz-6zo($9V|e*hG&VKQrQ}yXvuU2|Hu@l
z4h=nt_>%