m4.cat1

M4(1)                     BSD General Commands Manual                    M4(1)

NNAAMMEE
     mm44 — macro language processor

SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
     mm44 [--ggPPss] [--DD_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e]] [--dd _f_l_a_g_s] [--II _d_i_r_n_a_m_e] [--oo _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e]
        [--tt _m_a_c_r_o] [--UU_n_a_m_e] [_f_i_l_e _._._.]

DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
     The mm44 utility is a macro processor that can be used as a front end to
     any language (e.g., C, ratfor, fortran, lex, and yacc).  If no input
     files are given, mm44 reads from the standard input, otherwise files speci‐
     fied on the command line are processed in the given order.  Input files
     can be regular files, files in the m4 include paths, or a single dash
     (‘-’), denoting standard input.  mm44 writes the processed text to the
     standard output, unless told otherwise.

     Macro calls have the form name(argument1[, argument2, ..., argumentN]).

     There cannot be any space following the macro name and the open parenthe‐
     sis (‘(’).  If the macro name is not followed by an open parenthesis it
     is processed with no arguments.

     Macro names consist of a leading alphabetic or underscore possibly fol‐
     lowed by alphanumeric or underscore characters, e.g., valid macro names
     match the pattern “[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*”.

     In arguments to macros, leading unquoted space, tab, and newline (‘\n’)
     characters are ignored.  To quote strings, use left and right single
     quotes (e.g.,  ‘ this is a string with a leading space’).  You can change
     the quote characters with the cchhaannggeeqquuoottee built-in macro.

     Most built-ins don't make any sense without arguments, and hence are not
     recognized as special when not followed by an open parenthesis.

     The options are as follows:

     --DD_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e]
             Define the symbol _n_a_m_e to have some value (or NULL).

     --dd _f_l_a_g_s
             Set trace flags.  _f_l_a_g_s may hold the following:

             _a       print macro arguments.

             _c       print macro expansion over several lines.

             _e       print result of macro expansion.

             _f       print filename location.

             _l       print line number.

             _q       quote arguments and expansion with the current quotes.

             _t       start with all macros traced.

             _x       number macro expansions.

             _V       turn on all options.

             By default, trace is set to "eq".

     --gg      Activate GNU-m4 compatibility mode.  In this mode, translit han‐
             dles simple character ranges (e.g., a-z), regular expressions
             mimic emacs behavior, multiple m4wrap calls are handled as a
             stack, the number of diversions is unlimited, empty names for
             macro definitions are allowed, and eval understands
             ‘0rbase:value’ numbers.

     --II _d_i_r_n_a_m_e
             Add directory _d_i_r_n_a_m_e to the include path.

     --oo _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
             Send trace output to _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e.

     --PP      Prefix all built-in macros with ‘m4_’.  For example, instead of
             writing ddeeffiinnee, use mm44__ddeeffiinnee.

     --ss      Output line synchronization directives, suitable for cpp(1).

     --tt _m_a_c_r_o
             Turn tracing on for _m_a_c_r_o.

     --UU_n_a_m_e  Undefine the symbol _n_a_m_e.

SSYYNNTTAAXX
     mm44 provides the following built-in macros.  They may be redefined, losing
     their original meaning.  Return values are null unless otherwise stated.

     bbuuiillttiinn(_n_a_m_e)
                  Calls a built-in by its _n_a_m_e, overriding possible redefini‐
                  tions.

     cchhaannggeeccoomm(_s_t_a_r_t_c_o_m_m_e_n_t, _e_n_d_c_o_m_m_e_n_t)
                  Changes the start comment and end comment sequences.  Com‐
                  ment sequences may be up to five characters long.  The
                  default values are the hash sign and the newline character.

                        # This is a comment

                  With no arguments, comments are turned off.  With one single
                  argument, the end comment sequence is set to the newline
                  character.

     cchhaannggeeqquuoottee(_b_e_g_i_n_q_u_o_t_e, _e_n_d_q_u_o_t_e)
                  Defines the open quote and close quote sequences.  Quote
                  sequences may be up to five characters long.  The default
                  values are the backquote character and the quote character.

                        `Here is a quoted string'

                  With no arguments, the default quotes are restored.  With
                  one single argument, the close quote sequence is set to the
                  newline character.

     ddeeccrr(_a_r_g)    Decrements the argument _a_r_g by 1.  The argument _a_r_g must be
                  a valid numeric string.

     ddeeffiinnee(_n_a_m_e, _v_a_l_u_e)
                  Define a new macro named by the first argument _n_a_m_e to have
                  the value of the second argument _v_a_l_u_e.  Each occurrence of
                  ‘$n’ (where _n is 0 through 9) is replaced by the _n'th argu‐
                  ment.  ‘$0’ is the name of the calling macro.  Undefined
                  arguments are replaced by a null string.  ‘$#’ is replaced
                  by the number of arguments; ‘$*’ is replaced by all argu‐
                  ments comma separated; ‘$@’ is the same as ‘$*’ but all
                  arguments are quoted against further expansion.

     ddeeffnn(_n_a_m_e, _._._.)
                  Returns the quoted definition for each argument.  This can
                  be used to rename macro definitions (even for built-in
                  macros).

     ddiivveerrtt(_n_u_m)  There are 10 output queues (numbered 0-9).  At the end of
                  processing mm44 concatenates all the queues in numerical order
                  to produce the final output.  Initially the output queue is
                  0.  The divert macro allows you to select a new output queue
                  (an invalid argument passed to divert causes output to be
                  discarded).

     ddiivvnnuumm       Returns the current output queue number.

     ddnnll          Discard input characters up to and including the next new‐
                  line.

     dduummppddeeff(_n_a_m_e, _._._.)
                  Prints the names and definitions for the named items, or for
                  everything if no arguments are passed.

     eerrrrpprriinntt(_m_s_g)
                  Prints the first argument on the standard error output
                  stream.

     eessyyssccmmdd(_c_m_d)
                  Passes its first argument to a shell and returns the shell's
                  standard output.  Note that the shell shares its standard
                  input and standard error with mm44.

     eevvaall(_e_x_p_r)   Computes the first argument as an arithmetic expression
                  using 32-bit arithmetic.  Operators are the standard C
                  ternary, arithmetic, logical, shift, relational, bitwise,
                  and parentheses operators.  You can specify octal, decimal,
                  and hexadecimal numbers as in C.  The second argument (if
                  any) specifies the radix for the result and the third argu‐
                  ment (if any) specifies the minimum number of digits in the
                  result.

     eexxpprr(_e_x_p_r)   This is an alias for eevvaall.

     ffoorrmmaatt(_f_o_r_m_a_t_s_t_r_i_n_g, _a_r_g_1, _._._.)
                  Returns _f_o_r_m_a_t_s_t_r_i_n_g with escape sequences substituted with
                  _a_r_g_1 and following arguments, in a way similar to printf(3).
                  This built-in is only available in GNU-m4 compatibility
                  mode, and the only parameters implemented are there for
                  autoconf compatibility: left-padding flag, an optional field
                  width, a maximum field width, *-specified field widths, and
                  the %s and %c data type.

     iiffddeeff(_n_a_m_e, _y_e_s, _n_o)
                  If the macro named by the first argument is defined then
                  return the second argument, otherwise the third.  If there
                  is no third argument, the value is NULL.  The word "unix" is
                  predefined.

     iiffeellssee(_a, _b, _y_e_s, _._._.)
                  If the first argument _a matches the second argument _b then
                  iiffeellssee() returns the third argument _y_e_s.  If the match fails
                  the three arguments are discarded and the next three argu‐
                  ments are used until there is zero or one arguments left,
                  either this last argument or NULL is returned if no other
                  matches were found.

     iinncclluuddee(_n_a_m_e)
                  Returns the contents of the file specified in the first
                  argument.  If the file is not found as is, look through the
                  include path: first the directories specified with --II on the
                  command line, then the environment variable M4PATH, as a
                  colon-separated list of directories.  Include aborts with an
                  error message if the file cannot be included.

     iinnccrr(_a_r_g)    Increments the argument by 1.  The argument must be a valid
                  numeric string.

     iinnddeexx(_s_t_r_i_n_g, _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g)
                  Returns the index of the second argument in the first argu‐
                  ment (e.g., iinnddeexx((tthhee qquuiicckk bbrroowwnn ffooxx jjuummppeedd,, ffooxx)) returns
                  16).  If the second argument is not found index returns -1.

     iinnddiirr(_m_a_c_r_o, _a_r_g_1, _._._.)
                  Indirectly calls the macro whose name is passed as the first
                  argument, with the remaining arguments passed as first, ...
                  arguments.

     lleenn(_a_r_g)     Returns the number of characters in the first argument.
                  Extra arguments are ignored.

     mm44eexxiitt(_c_o_d_e)
                  Immediately exits with the return value specified by the
                  first argument, 0 if none.

     mm44wwrraapp(_t_o_d_o)
                  Allows you to define what happens at the final EOF, usually
                  for cleanup purposes (e.g., mm44wwrraapp((""cclleeaannuupp((tteemmppffiillee))""))
                  causes the macro cleanup to be invoked after all other pro‐
                  cessing is done).

                  Multiple calls to mm44wwrraapp() get inserted in sequence at the
                  final EOF.

     mmaakkeetteemmpp(_t_e_m_p_l_a_t_e)
                  Like mmkksstteemmpp.

     mmkksstteemmpp(_t_e_m_p_l_a_t_e)
                  Invokes mkstemp(3) on the first argument, and returns the
                  modified string.  This can be used to create unique tempo‐
                  rary file names.

     ppaassttee(_f_i_l_e)  Includes the contents of the file specified by the first
                  argument without any macro processing.  Aborts with an error
                  message if the file cannot be included.

     ppaattssuubbsstt(_s_t_r_i_n_g, _r_e_g_e_x_p, _r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t)
                  Substitutes a regular expression in a string with a replace‐
                  ment string.  Usual substitution patterns apply: an amper‐
                  sand (‘&’) is replaced by the string matching the regular
                  expression.  The string ‘\#’, where ‘#’ is a digit, is
                  replaced by the corresponding back-reference.

     ppooppddeeff(_a_r_g, _._._.)
                  Restores the ppuusshhddeeffed definition for each argument.

     ppuusshhddeeff(_m_a_c_r_o, _d_e_f)
                  Takes the same arguments as ddeeffiinnee, but it saves the defini‐
                  tion on a stack for later retrieval by ppooppddeeff().

     rreeggeexxpp(_s_t_r_i_n_g, _r_e_g_e_x_p, _r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t)
                  Finds a regular expression in a string.  If no further argu‐
                  ments are given, it returns the first match position or -1
                  if no match.  If a third argument is provided, it returns
                  the replacement string, with sub-patterns replaced.

     sshhiifftt(_a_r_g_1, _._._.)
                  Returns all but the first argument, the remaining arguments
                  are quoted and pushed back with commas in between.  The
                  quoting nullifies the effect of the extra scan that will
                  subsequently be performed.

     ssiinncclluuddee(_f_i_l_e)
                  Similar to iinncclluuddee, except it ignores any errors.

     ssppaassttee(_f_i_l_e)
                  Similar to ppaassttee(), except it ignores any errors.

     ssuubbssttrr(_s_t_r_i_n_g, _o_f_f_s_e_t, _l_e_n_g_t_h)
                  Returns a substring of the first argument starting at the
                  offset specified by the second argument and the length spec‐
                  ified by the third argument.  If no third argument is
                  present it returns the rest of the string.

     ssyyssccmmdd(_c_m_d)  Passes the first argument to the shell.  Nothing is
                  returned.

     ssyyssvvaall       Returns the return value from the last ssyyssccmmdd.

     ttrraacceeoonn(_a_r_g, _._._.)
                  Enables tracing of macro expansions for the given arguments,
                  or for all macros if no argument is given.

     ttrraacceeooffff(_a_r_g, _._._.)
                  Disables tracing of macro expansions for the given argu‐
                  ments, or for all macros if no argument is given.

     ttrraannsslliitt(_s_t_r_i_n_g, _m_a_p_f_r_o_m, _m_a_p_t_o)
                  Transliterate the characters in the first argument from the
                  set given by the second argument to the set given by the
                  third.  You cannot use tr(1) style abbreviations.

     uunnddeeffiinnee(_n_a_m_e_1, _._._.)
                  Removes the definition for the macros specified by its argu‐
                  ments.

     uunnddiivveerrtt(_a_r_g, _._._.)
                  Flushes the named output queues (or all queues if no argu‐
                  ments).

     uunniixx         A pre-defined macro for testing the OS platform.

     ____lliinnee____     Returns the current file's line number.

     ____ffiillee____     Returns the current file's name.

EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS
     The mm44 utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.

     But note that the mm44eexxiitt macro can modify the exit status.

SSTTAANNDDAARRDDSS
     The mm44 utility is mostly compliant with the IEEE Std 1003.1-2008
     (“POSIX.1”) specification.

     The flags [--ddggIIoott] and the macros bbuuiillttiinn, eessyyssccmmdd, eexxpprr, ffoorrmmaatt, iinnddiirr,
     ppaassttee, ppaattssuubbsstt, rreeggeexxpp, ssppaassttee, uunniixx, ____lliinnee____, and ____ffiillee____ are exten‐
     sions to that specification.

     mmaakkeetteemmpp is not supposed to be a synonym for mmkksstteemmpp, but instead to be
     an insecure temporary file name creation function.  The change causes no
     known compatibility issues.

     The output format of tracing and of dduummppddeeff are not specified in any
     standard, are likely to change and should not be relied upon.  The cur‐
     rent format of tracing is closely modelled on ggnnuu--mm44, to allow aauuttooccoonnff
     to work.

     The built-ins ppuusshhddeeff and ppooppddeeff handle macro definitions as a stack.
     However, ddeeffiinnee interacts with the stack in an undefined way.  In this
     implementation, ddeeffiinnee replaces the top-most definition only.  Other
     implementations may erase all definitions on the stack instead.

     All built-ins do expand without arguments in many other mm44.

     Many other mm44 have dire size limitations with respect to buffer sizes.

AAUUTTHHOORRSS
     Ozan Yigit ⟨oz@sis.yorku.ca⟩ and Richard A. O'Keefe
     ⟨ok@goanna.cs.rmit.OZ.AU⟩.

     GNU-m4 compatibility extensions by Marc Espie ⟨espie@cvs.openbsd.org⟩.

BSD                             August 8, 2012                             BSD