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+# Dynamo runtime: Transport Agnostic Dynamo Pipelines
+Status: Draft
+
+Authors: [biswapanda](https://github.com/biswapanda)
+
+Category: Architecture
+
+Reviewers: [Ryan Olson](https://github.com/ryanolson), [Neelay Shah](https://github.com/nnshah1), [Graham King](https://github.com/grahamking), [Maksim Khadkevich](https://github.com/hutm), [Rudy Pei](https://github.com/PeaBrane), [Kyle kranen](https://github.com/kkranen)
+
+
+## Overview
+
+High level goal is to decouple the NATs (transport and object store) from the dynamo runtime. 
+
+- introduce abstractions for current NATs usages (e.g. event plane, request plane & object store, etc) which can be used to plug different implementations.
+
+- deprecate NATs object store and reduce dependencies on NATs.
+
+## Requirements
+- deliver messages across dynamo instances with at least once delivery guarantee.
+- switch between transports at runtime.
+- support long term architecure goals for Dynamo GA
+
+### Transport Agnostic API
+
+Dynamo communication primitives needs to support:
+- peer-to-peer (req/reply: request plane) and scoped broadcasts (event plane)
+- communication regimes: single process, single node (multi process) and multi-node
+- transport options: NATs, Raw TCP, ZMQ, HTTP SSE, GRPC, UCX active messaging
+- cancelation support for request/reply pattern
+- events does not require response back
+
+### Deprecate NATs Object store usage
+ - Router snapshots are stored in NATs object store.
+ - Model files are stored in NATs object store.
+
+### Long term architectural goal support: 
+
+- separation of Frontend (3-in-1 across in-process, same node or remote node)
+
+- HTTP based endpoint for one off usage of a component (KV router, etc)
+
+- batching/pipelining messages for Req/Responses:
+  - we can see a perf benefit by batching multiple requests together over a network round-trip.
+
+- Simplify `dynamo namespace` usage and process heirarchy (namespace, component, etc)
+  - `dynamo namespace` is causing unnecessaary cognitive complexity for end-users. 
+  - Support mapping to more meaningful Grove concepts like PodClique, PodCliqueSet, etc.
+
+## Usage Patterns
+
+More details in [NATs use cases](#nats-use-cases)
+
+| Plane         | Purpose / Protocol                                                                 | Delivery Guarantee / Notes                                                                                 | Current NATs Usage Example                                  |
+|---------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
+| Request Plane | Protocol for request context, control messages, and request cancellation           | At least once (with idempotent handlers); supports request/reply, cancellation, and timeouts               | Service stats collection, direct requests                   |
+| Event Plane   | Delivery of KV events and other system events                                      | At least once (preferred); events are idempotent, redelivered messages are ignored                         | KV router event publishing/consumption                      |
+| Metrics       | Collection and reporting of runtime/service metrics                                | At least once (metrics can be aggregated, duplicate-safe)                                                  | Service stats, health checks                                |
+| Object Store  | Ephemeral storage for model files and artifacts                                    | At least once (object upload/download, may use JetStream Object Store)                                     | Model file storage, file upload/download                    |
+
+**Notes:**
+- All planes should support pluggable transports (NATs, ZMQ, HTTP SSE, GRPC, UCX, etc).
+- At least once delivery is preferred for reliability; consumers must be idempotent.
+- Request Plane requires protocol for cancellation and context propagation.
+- Object Store usage via NATs is being deprecated in favor of more direct or persistent solutions.
+
+
+## Proposal
+![alt text](./dyn_entities.png)
+
+![alt text](./comm.png)
+
+### Transport Agnostic API
+
+![alt text](./generic_event_req.jpg)
+
+Use unique identifiers to identify the target entity.
+
+`DynamoEntity`: uniquely addessible compute unit (engine, instance, component), etc.
+  - dynamo application will use communication primitives: (publish, subscribe, request) will  use Entity to route messages to the target in transport agnostic manner.
+  - An Opaque `u128` identifier that uniquely identifies a single instance or collection of instances (component, namespace, etc)
+  - each dynamo entity has a unique ID and can be used to communicate with other dynamo entities.
+  - can be used to identify the target and establish connection by `DynamoNetworkManager`.
+  - discovery service api can be used to find participating dynamo entities.
+
+`DynamoNetworkManager`: manages communication between dynamo entities.
+ - manages listening ports and client connections to remote peers
+ - responsible for serializing and deserializing messages for different transports
+ - responsible for handling timeout error, retry and cancellation for request/reply pattern
+ - responsible for sending and receiving messages
+ - Handles remote peer connections: in-process, local host or remote host
+
+![alt text](./net_manager.png)
+
+
+High level `DynamoNetworkManager` API:
+
+Following high level network manager interface will be available to dynamo application layer to be used by component authors.
+
+```
+publish(topic: &str, message: InputType, entity: &DynamoEntity) -> Result<(), Error>
+
+subscribe(topic: &str, 
+          handler: fn(message: InputType) -> Result<(), Error>, 
+          entity: &DynamoEntity) -> Result<(), Error>
+
+
+request(topic: &str, message: InputType, entity_id: u128) -> Future<Result<OutputType, Error>>
+```
+
+### PubSub interface:
+Event plane will use pubsub interface to publish and subscribe to events.
+
+#### topics
+Topics are used to group events of same nature for example: "kv_events", "metrics" etc.
+
+#### dynamo entity based filtering / scoping
+Guiding principle: "flat is better than nested".
+Inspired by Kubernetes experience (selectors and labels) and mongo document filter usage.
+
+DynamoEntity can be used to as filtering criteria for events publishing and subscribing. This matching will be done at the network layer and is transparent to the application layer.
+
+For example,  an event published by publisher_entity will be delivered to subscriber_entity if the subscriber_entity's metadata matches (is a subset of) the publisher_entity's metadata.
+
+- metadata is fetched from service discovery layer and wire protocol does not (de)serialize metadata.
+
+- dynamo entity is used as a filter to identify the target entities to publish/subscribe so we can do this in absense of a dedicated broker service. This can be done in network manager layer. 
+
+- perf: matching logic can be cached in network manager layer to avoid re-matching for each message. Service discovery watch can be used to invalidate the cache when the metadata changes.
+
+
+```
+publisher_entity: DynamoEntity{
+    metadata: {"k1": "v1", "k2": "v2"}
+}
+
+// matches: {"k2": "v2"} is subset of publisher_entity's metadata {"k1": "v1", "k2": "v2"}
+subscriber_entity: DynamoEntity{
+    metadata: {"k2": "v2"}
+}
+
+// matches: {"k1": "v1"} is subset of publisher_entity's metadata {"k1": "v1", "k2": "v2"}
+subscriber_entity: DynamoEntity{
+    metadata: {"k1": "v1"}
+}
+
+// does not match
+subscriber_entity: DynamoEntity{
+    metadata: {"k1": "v2"}
+}
+```
+
+### DynamoEntity
+
+#### Current problems: dynamo namespace and heirarchy based addressing scheme
+
+- we can't support multiple models in a single dynamo namespace.
+Currently we use `dynamo_namespace.component.endpoint` as addressing scheme to orchestrate communication (p2p/ pubsub) across pods. This can cause cross-model communication because of lack of scoping.
+
+- current 3 level heirarchy (namespace, component, endpoint) is not capable of addressing pods with Grove.
+  We need extensible way to address specific pods within [grove heirarchy](https://github.com/NVIDIA/grove/blob/bcc412140323d5d781c2d16c9828befa2e965bb8/docs/assets/multinode-disaggregated.excalidraw.png)
+
+- Identify specific instance or a collection of instances within a deployment based on a query / selector.
+
+
+#### Solution
+
+Improve addressing scheme for communication (p2p/ pubsub).
+
+Use proven data model to identify and query entities:
+- Kubernetes labels and selectors 
+- SQL WHERE clause and ORMs (SQLAlchemy, Django, etc)
+- MongoDB document filter
+- Inspired by inodes and (parent) ProcessID from Operating System to represent heirarchy.
+
+DynamoEntity uniquely identifies a single instance or collection of instances (currently component, namespace, etc) across a deployment using a selector. 
+
+1. Each dynamo process registers itself with the discovery service and advertises its metadata (similar to kubernetes labels).
+
+For example, a prefill worker in a deepseek deployment with model deepseek-r1-671b:
+
+Corresponding json serialized dynamo entity:
+```json
+{
+    "id": "123",
+    "entity_type": "instance",
+    "name": "<prefill-pod-name>",
+    "metadata": {
+        "deployment_name": "deepseek",
+        "model_name": "deepseek-r1-671b",
+        "component": "prefill",
+        "role": "leader",
+        "rank": "0",
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Router can query the discovery service to find the prefill leader workers.
+Query `DynamoEntity` in serialized form:
+```rust
+// Create a dynamo entity to get all prefill leader workers
+prefill_leaders = DynamoEntity::from_selector({
+    "deployment_name": "deepseek",
+    "model_name": "deepseek-r1-671b",
+    "component": "prefill",
+    "role": "leader",
+})
+```
+
+Decode can publish KV events to All router workers by specifying the collection entity:
+```rust
+// Create a dynamo entity to get all router workers
+routers = DynamoEntity::from_selector({
+    "deployment_name": "deepseek",
+    "model_name": "deepseek-r1-671b",
+    "component": "router",
+})
+
+// Publish KV events to All router workers
+publish("kv_events", kv_block_removed_event, routers)
+
+```
+![alt text](./dynamo-entity.png)
+
+Collection entity type are useful and can be mapped to [grove heirarchy](https://github.com/NVIDIA/grove/blob/bcc412140323d5d781c2d16c9828befa2e965bb8/docs/assets/multinode-disaggregated.excalidraw.png) like PodClique/PodCliqueSet/PodCliqueSet.
+
+- current `dynamo_namespace`: maps to a PodCliqueSet
+  it's children are components (PodClique)
+
+- current `component`: maps to a PodClique
+  children are instances (Pod)
+
+```rust
+pub struct DynamoEntity {
+    pub id: u128,
+    pub entity_type: EntityType,
+    pub name: Option<Arc<String>>,     // (Optional) human-readable name
+    pub children: Vec<DynamoEntity>, // (Optional) children for collection
+    pub metadata: HashMap<String, String>, // (Optional) metadata for matching
+}
+
+impl DynamoEntity {
+    /// Create from name with automatic hashing
+    pub fn from_name(name: &str, entity_type: EntityType) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: hash_name(name),
+            name: Some(Arc::new(name.to_string())),
+            entity_type: entity_type,
+            children: Vec::new(),
+            metadata: HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+enum EntityType {
+    Instance,
+    Collection,
+}
+```
+
+`EntityType`: single instance or collection of instances (currently component, namespace, etc)
+
+`name`: String (optional)
+- Human-readable identifiers for debugging and logging
+- Configuration files (YAML/JSON)
+- Command-line interfaces
+- Logging and observability
+
+### Object Store Interface
+
+// Todo: add clean interface for object store
+
+### Implementation 
+- Phase 1
+	* degraded feature set
+		* not use KV router if they want. Best effort 
+	* nats
+		* No HA guarantees for router
+		* Operate without high availability w/ single router
+- Phase 2
+   * explore transports 
+	 * durability
+	 * exactly once delivery
+
+## Guiding principles
+
+### Generic Messaging Protocol
+Decouple messaging protocol from the underlying transport like Raw TCP, ZMQ or (HTTP, GRPC, and UCX active message).
+
+Phased approach: start with Nats, ZMQ and HTTP SSE. 
+Later, incrementally expand to support more advanced transports, ensuring that the protocol remains adaptable to requirements.
+
+### Handshake and Closure Protocols: 
+Robust handshake and closure protocols, using sentinels and message headers to signal the end of stream or cancellation.
+A common semantic for closing requests and handling errors, will be generalized across different transports.
+
+### Multipart Message Structure
+Use a multipart message structure, inspired by ZMQ's native multipart support, to encapsulate headers, body, and control signals (such as closure control signals or error notifications). 
+
+### Better Python-Rust Interoperability and Data class generation
+
+Improve Python-Rust interoperability, focusing on auto-generating Python data classes from Rust structs using Pydantic. 
+This way message schemas are aligned and we can reduce manual coding and serialization errors.
+
+
+## Additional notes
+
+## NATs use cases
+
+### 1. NatsQueue python binding
+- **Location**: `lib/bindings/python/rust/llm/nats.rs` (`NatsQueue`)
+- **Functionality**:
+- Deprecated: We don't use `NatsQueue` python binding anymore. We use `NatsQueue` rust binding instead.
+- We can remove the python binding and the associated tests to simplify the codebase.
+
+### 2. JetStream-backed Queue/Event Bus
+- **Location**: `lib/runtime/src/transports/nats.rs` (`NatsQueue`)
+- **Functionality**:
+  - Stream creation per subject pattern `{stream_name}.*`
+  - Publisher-only, worker-group, and broadcast consumer modes
+  - Durable consumers with pull-based consumption
+  - Administrative operations (purge, consumer management)
+
+### 3. Event Publishing for KV Router
+- **Location**: `lib/llm/src/kv_router/publisher.rs`
+- **Functionality**:
+  - Publishes KV cache events from ZMQ or direct sources
+  - Uses `EventPublisher` trait to send events
+
+### 4. Event Consumption for KV Router
+- **Location**: `lib/llm/src/kv_router/subscriber.rs`
+- **Functionality**:
+  - Consumes `RouterEvent` messages via durable consumers
+  - Handles state snapshots and stream purging
+
+### 5. Object Store (JetStream Object Store)
+- **Location**: `lib/runtime/src/transports/nats.rs`
+- **Functionality**:
+  - File upload/download operations
+  - Typed data serialization with bincode
+  - Bucket management and cleanup
+
+### 6. Key-Value Store (JetStream KV)
+- **Location**: `lib/runtime/src/storage/key_value_store/nats.rs`
+- **Functionality**:
+  - Implements `KeyValueStore` trait
+  - CRUD operations with conflict resolution
+  - Watch streams for real-time updates
+
+### 7. Request/Reply Pattern
+- **Location**: `lib/runtime/src/transports/nats.rs`
+- **Functionality**:
+  - Service stats collection via broadcast requests
+  - Each service responds once to stats queries
+
+### 8 KVBM Nats usage (todo)
+
+
+## Message Delivery Guarantees
+
+### At least once delivery (preferred)
+- No message loss is possible.
+- Message is delivered at least once to the consumers
+- consumers should be idempotent and be able to handle duplicate messages.
+
+### Exactly once delivery
+- needs stateful tracking of messages and ack/nack coordination to ensure exactly once delivery.
+
+### At most once delivery
+- Message loss is possible.
\ No newline at end of file
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+
+Chat w/ Graham
+- Replace model deployment cards fields nats:// URLs, with model express
+- Direct call frontend -> backend for critical path of requests, replacing NATS mailbox
+- Metrics fetching, euh, not sure.
+
+
+
+### transports
+ - ZeroMQ
+ - Raw TCP
+ - ZeroRPC
+ - Redis
+ - Kafka
+ - SQS
+ - GCP PubSub
+ - Azure Service Bus
+
+### Object store
+ - S3
+ - Redis
+ - Shared filesystem 
+
+LLM-d KV cache manager:
+https://github.com/llm-d/llm-d-kv-cache-manager/tree/main
+
+
+1. 
+
+
+1. Use RocksDB / local storage to persist messages on producer side to guarantee at least once delivery.
+2. RocksMQ
+
+## KV Router are stateful.
+- kv routers are stateful.
+- Sharding 
+- Replication
+- KV events are broadcasted to all routers.
+
+
+
+# #######################  LLM
+
+Allow mini batching of requests to the LLM.
+
+mini batching
+
+https://github.com/pathwaycom/pathway?tab=readme-ov-file#deployment
+
+
+
+## Rust <> Python interoperability
+
+using pydantic dataclasses to eliminate manual code to match rust structs to python classes
+
+