diff --git a/ai_policy_test.go b/ai_policy_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c3a8f050
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ai_policy_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The casbin Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package casbin
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	fileadapter "github.com/casbin/casbin/v3/persist/file-adapter"
+	"github.com/casbin/casbin/v3/util"
+)
+
+func TestAIPolicyLoad(t *testing.T) {
+	e, err := NewEnforcer("examples/ai_policy_model.conf", "examples/ai_policy.csv")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Test that regular policies are loaded
+	policies, err := e.GetPolicy()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	expectedPolicies := [][]string{
+		{"alice", "data1", "read", "09:00", "18:00"},
+		{"bob", "data2", "write", "13:00", "16:00"},
+	}
+
+	if !util.Array2DEquals(expectedPolicies, policies) {
+		t.Errorf("Policies = %v, want %v", policies, expectedPolicies)
+	}
+
+	// Test that grouping policies are loaded
+	groupingPolicies, err := e.GetGroupingPolicy()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	expectedGrouping := [][]string{
+		{"cathy", "alice"},
+	}
+
+	if !util.Array2DEquals(expectedGrouping, groupingPolicies) {
+		t.Errorf("Grouping policies = %v, want %v", groupingPolicies, expectedGrouping)
+	}
+
+	// Test that AI policies are loaded
+	aiPolicies, err := e.model.GetPolicy("a", "ai")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	expectedAI := [][]string{
+		{`if the request object contains anything like credential/secret leak, then deny`},
+	}
+
+	if !util.Array2DEquals(expectedAI, aiPolicies) {
+		t.Errorf("AI policies = %v, want %v", aiPolicies, expectedAI)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAIPolicySave(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a temporary file for testing
+	tmpFile := t.TempDir() + "/ai_policy_test.csv"
+
+	e, err := NewEnforcer("examples/ai_policy_model.conf", "examples/ai_policy.csv")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Update adapter to save to temp file
+	e.SetAdapter(fileadapter.NewAdapter(tmpFile))
+	// Save to the temporary file
+	err = e.SavePolicy()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Load from the saved file
+	e2, err := NewEnforcer("examples/ai_policy_model.conf", tmpFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Verify AI policies are preserved
+	aiPolicies, err := e2.model.GetPolicy("a", "ai")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	expectedAI := [][]string{
+		{`if the request object contains anything like credential/secret leak, then deny`},
+	}
+
+	if !util.Array2DEquals(expectedAI, aiPolicies) {
+		t.Errorf("AI policies after save/load = %v, want %v", aiPolicies, expectedAI)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/demo_ai_policy b/demo_ai_policy
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0df5d3cc3
Binary files /dev/null and b/demo_ai_policy differ
diff --git a/examples/ai_policy.csv b/examples/ai_policy.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a070ce96f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/ai_policy.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+p, alice, data1, read, 09:00, 18:00
+p, bob, data2, write, 13:00, 16:00
+
+g, cathy, alice
+
+ai, "if the request object contains anything like credential/secret leak, then deny"
diff --git a/examples/ai_policy_model.conf b/examples/ai_policy_model.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3fef53cb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/ai_policy_model.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[request_definition]
+r = sub, obj, act, time
+
+[policy_definition]
+p = sub, obj, act, time_start, time_end
+
+[role_definition]
+g = _, _
+
+[ai_definition]
+ai = rule
+
+[policy_effect]
+e = some(where (p.eft == allow))
+
+[matchers]
+m = g(r.sub, p.sub) && r.obj == p.obj && r.act == p.act && r.time >= p.time_start && r.time <= p.time_end
diff --git a/examples/basic_policy.csv b/examples/basic_policy.csv
index 57aaa9760..60da4b08c 100644
--- a/examples/basic_policy.csv
+++ b/examples/basic_policy.csv
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-p, alice, data1, read
-p, bob, data2, write
\ No newline at end of file
+p,alice,data1,read
+p,bob,data2,write
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/rbac_policy.csv b/examples/rbac_policy.csv
index f93d6df81..0779945d4 100644
--- a/examples/rbac_policy.csv
+++ b/examples/rbac_policy.csv
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-p, alice, data1, read
-p, bob, data2, write
-p, data2_admin, data2, read
-p, data2_admin, data2, write
-g, alice, data2_admin
\ No newline at end of file
+p,alice,data1,read
+p,bob,data2,write
+p,data2_admin,data2,read
+p,data2_admin,data2,write
+g,alice,data2_admin
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/rbac_with_domains_policy.csv b/examples/rbac_with_domains_policy.csv
index 8558d171c..3ccd99bb8 100644
--- a/examples/rbac_with_domains_policy.csv
+++ b/examples/rbac_with_domains_policy.csv
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-p, admin, domain1, data1, read
-p, admin, domain1, data1, write
-p, admin, domain2, data2, read
-p, admin, domain2, data2, write
-g, alice, admin, domain1
-g, bob, admin, domain2
\ No newline at end of file
+p,admin,domain1,data1,read
+p,admin,domain1,data1,write
+p,admin,domain2,data2,read
+p,admin,domain2,data2,write
+g,alice,admin,domain1
+g,bob,admin,domain2
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/model/model.go b/model/model.go
index b541e1b84..e3b100b75 100644
--- a/model/model.go
+++ b/model/model.go
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ var sectionNameMap = map[string]string{
 	"e": "policy_effect",
 	"m": "matchers",
 	"c": "constraint_definition",
+	"a": "ai_definition",
 }
 
 // Minimal required sections for a model to be valid.
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ func (model Model) AddDef(sec string, key string, value string) bool {
 	ast.PolicyMap = make(map[string]int)
 	ast.FieldIndexMap = make(map[string]int)
 
-	if sec == "r" || sec == "p" {
+	if sec == "r" || sec == "p" || sec == "a" {
 		ast.Tokens = strings.Split(ast.Value, ",")
 		for i := range ast.Tokens {
 			ast.Tokens[i] = key + "_" + strings.TrimSpace(ast.Tokens[i])
@@ -187,6 +188,10 @@ func (model Model) LoadModelFromText(text string) error {
 func (model Model) loadModelFromConfig(cfg config.ConfigInterface) error {
 	for s := range sectionNameMap {
 		loadSection(model, cfg, s)
+		// Special handling for AI section to load "ai" key
+		if s == "a" {
+			loadAssertion(model, cfg, s, "ai")
+		}
 	}
 	ms := make([]string, 0)
 	for _, rs := range requiredSections {
diff --git a/model/policy.go b/model/policy.go
index e55bf4105..f3c9fe8c8 100644
--- a/model/policy.go
+++ b/model/policy.go
@@ -105,6 +105,11 @@ func (model Model) ClearPolicy() {
 		ast.Policy = nil
 		ast.PolicyMap = map[string]int{}
 	}
+
+	for _, ast := range model["a"] {
+		ast.Policy = nil
+		ast.PolicyMap = map[string]int{}
+	}
 }
 
 // GetPolicy gets all rules in a policy.
@@ -148,11 +153,11 @@ func (model Model) HasPolicyEx(sec string, ptype string, rule []string) (bool, e
 		return false, err
 	}
 	switch sec {
-	case "p":
+	case "p", "a":
 		if len(rule) != len(assertion.Tokens) {
 			return false, fmt.Errorf(
 				"invalid policy rule size: expected %d, got %d, rule: %v",
-				len(model["p"][ptype].Tokens),
+				len(model[sec][ptype].Tokens),
 				len(rule),
 				rule)
 		}
diff --git a/persist/file-adapter/adapter.go b/persist/file-adapter/adapter.go
index 454b2d13c..f37caf113 100644
--- a/persist/file-adapter/adapter.go
+++ b/persist/file-adapter/adapter.go
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ package fileadapter
 import (
 	"bufio"
 	"bytes"
+	"encoding/csv"
 	"errors"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/casbin/casbin/v3/model"
 	"github.com/casbin/casbin/v3/persist"
-	"github.com/casbin/casbin/v3/util"
 )
 
 // Adapter is the file adapter for Casbin.
@@ -65,23 +65,40 @@ func (a *Adapter) SavePolicy(model model.Model) error {
 	}
 
 	var tmp bytes.Buffer
+	writer := csv.NewWriter(&tmp)
 
 	for ptype, ast := range model["p"] {
 		for _, rule := range ast.Policy {
-			tmp.WriteString(ptype + ", ")
-			tmp.WriteString(util.ArrayToString(rule))
-			tmp.WriteString("\n")
+			record := append([]string{ptype}, rule...)
+			if err := writer.Write(record); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	for ptype, ast := range model["g"] {
 		for _, rule := range ast.Policy {
-			tmp.WriteString(ptype + ", ")
-			tmp.WriteString(util.ArrayToString(rule))
-			tmp.WriteString("\n")
+			record := append([]string{ptype}, rule...)
+			if err := writer.Write(record); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
+	for ptype, ast := range model["a"] {
+		for _, rule := range ast.Policy {
+			record := append([]string{ptype}, rule...)
+			if err := writer.Write(record); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	writer.Flush()
+	if err := writer.Error(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	return a.savePolicyFile(strings.TrimRight(tmp.String(), "\n"))
 }
 
diff --git a/persist/file-adapter/adapter_filtered.go b/persist/file-adapter/adapter_filtered.go
index bf033f98b..edbaefa33 100644
--- a/persist/file-adapter/adapter_filtered.go
+++ b/persist/file-adapter/adapter_filtered.go
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ type Filter struct {
 	G3 []string
 	G4 []string
 	G5 []string
+	AI []string
 }
 
 // NewFilteredAdapter is the constructor for FilteredAdapter.
@@ -137,6 +138,8 @@ func filterLine(line string, filter *Filter) bool {
 		filterSlice = filter.G4
 	case "g5":
 		filterSlice = filter.G5
+	case "ai":
+		filterSlice = filter.AI
 	}
 	return filterWords(p, filterSlice)
 }
diff --git a/persist/string-adapter/adapter.go b/persist/string-adapter/adapter.go
index c9655acbe..7006fd135 100644
--- a/persist/string-adapter/adapter.go
+++ b/persist/string-adapter/adapter.go
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ package stringadapter
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"encoding/csv"
 	"errors"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/casbin/casbin/v3/model"
 	"github.com/casbin/casbin/v3/persist"
-	"github.com/casbin/casbin/v3/util"
 )
 
 // Adapter is the string adapter for Casbin.
@@ -56,21 +56,40 @@ func (a *Adapter) LoadPolicy(model model.Model) error {
 // SavePolicy saves all policy rules to the storage.
 func (a *Adapter) SavePolicy(model model.Model) error {
 	var tmp bytes.Buffer
+	writer := csv.NewWriter(&tmp)
+
 	for ptype, ast := range model["p"] {
 		for _, rule := range ast.Policy {
-			tmp.WriteString(ptype + ", ")
-			tmp.WriteString(util.ArrayToString(rule))
-			tmp.WriteString("\n")
+			record := append([]string{ptype}, rule...)
+			if err := writer.Write(record); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	for ptype, ast := range model["g"] {
 		for _, rule := range ast.Policy {
-			tmp.WriteString(ptype + ", ")
-			tmp.WriteString(util.ArrayToString(rule))
-			tmp.WriteString("\n")
+			record := append([]string{ptype}, rule...)
+			if err := writer.Write(record); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	for ptype, ast := range model["a"] {
+		for _, rule := range ast.Policy {
+			record := append([]string{ptype}, rule...)
+			if err := writer.Write(record); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 		}
 	}
+
+	writer.Flush()
+	if err := writer.Error(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	a.Line = strings.TrimRight(tmp.String(), "\n")
 	return nil
 }