[SPARK-54350][SQL][STS] SparkGetColumnsOperation ORDINAL_POSITION should be 1-based

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

The SparkGetColumnsOperation is mainly used for the JDBC driver, while JDBC uses 1-based ordinal/column-index instead of 0-based.

This is also documented in Hive API.

https://github.com/apache/spark/blob/551b922a53acfdfeb2c065d5dedf35cb8cd30e1d/sql/hive-thriftserver/src/main/java/org/apache/hive/service/cli/operation/GetColumnsOperation.java#L94-L95

Note, the GetColumnsOperation, which is originally copied from the Hive has a correct implementation, the issue only exists in SparkGetColumnsOperation.

For safety, a config `spark.sql.legacy.hive.thriftServer.useZeroBasedColumnOrdinalPosition` is added to allow the user to switch back to the previous behavior.

### Why are the changes needed?

The SparkGetColumnsOperation is mainly used by JDBC [java.sql.DatabaseMetaData#getColumns](https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api/java.sql/java/sql/DatabaseMetaData.html#getColumns(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,java.lang.String,java.lang.String)), this change makes it satisfy the JDBC API specification.

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?

Yes, see the above section.

### How was this patch tested?

UTs are modified.

### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?

No.

Closes #53062 from pan3793/SPARK-54350.

Authored-by: Cheng Pan <chengpan@apache.org>
Signed-off-by: Dongjoon Hyun <dongjoon@apache.org>
(cherry picked from commit 05bc5d4)
Signed-off-by: Dongjoon Hyun <dongjoon@apache.org>

Author: pan3793

docs/sql-migration-guide.md

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ license: |
 ## Upgrading from Spark SQL 4.0 to 4.1
 
 - Since Spark 4.1, the Parquet reader no longer assumes all struct values to be null, if all the requested fields are missing in the parquet file. The new default behavior is to read an additional struct field that is present in the file to determine nullness. To restore the previous behavior, set `spark.sql.legacy.parquet.returnNullStructIfAllFieldsMissing` to `true`.
+- Since Spark 4.1, the Spark Thrift Server returns the corrected 1-based ORDINAL_POSITION in the result of GetColumns operation, instead of the wrongly 0-based. To restore the previous behavior, set `spark.sql.legacy.hive.thriftServer.useZeroBasedColumnOrdinalPosition` to `true`.
 
 ## Upgrading from Spark SQL 3.5 to 4.0
 

sql/hive-thriftserver/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/hive/thriftserver/SparkGetColumnsOperation.scala

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import org.apache.spark.internal.Logging
 import org.apache.spark.internal.LogKeys._
 import org.apache.spark.sql.SparkSession
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.TableIdentifier
+import org.apache.spark.sql.hive.HiveUtils
 import org.apache.spark.sql.types._
 
 /**
@@ -200,6 +201,11 @@ private[hive] class SparkGetColumnsOperation(
     schema.zipWithIndex.foreach { case (column, pos) =>
       if (columnPattern != null && !columnPattern.matcher(column.name).matches()) {
       } else {
+        val ordinal = if (session.conf.get(HiveUtils.LEGACY_STS_ZERO_BASED_COLUMN_ORDINAL)) {
+          pos
+        } else {
+          pos + 1
+        }
         val rowData = Array[AnyRef](
           null, // TABLE_CAT
           dbName, // TABLE_SCHEM
@@ -217,7 +223,7 @@ private[hive] class SparkGetColumnsOperation(
           null, // SQL_DATA_TYPE
           null, // SQL_DATETIME_SUB
           null, // CHAR_OCTET_LENGTH
-          pos.asInstanceOf[AnyRef], // ORDINAL_POSITION
+          ordinal.asInstanceOf[AnyRef], // ORDINAL_POSITION, 1-based
           "YES", // IS_NULLABLE
           null, // SCOPE_CATALOG
           null, // SCOPE_SCHEMA

sql/hive-thriftserver/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/hive/thriftserver/SparkMetadataOperationSuite.scala

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import org.apache.hive.service.cli.HiveSQLException
 
 import org.apache.spark.SPARK_VERSION
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.analysis.FunctionRegistry
+import org.apache.spark.sql.hive.HiveUtils
 import org.apache.spark.sql.internal.SQLConf
 import org.apache.spark.sql.types._
 import org.apache.spark.util.VersionUtils
@@ -341,7 +342,7 @@ class SparkMetadataOperationSuite extends HiveThriftServer2TestBase {
 
         assert(rowSet.getInt("NULLABLE") === 1)
         assert(rowSet.getString("REMARKS") === pos.toString)
-        assert(rowSet.getInt("ORDINAL_POSITION") === pos)
+        assert(rowSet.getInt("ORDINAL_POSITION") === pos + 1)
         assert(rowSet.getString("IS_NULLABLE") === "YES")
         assert(rowSet.getString("IS_AUTO_INCREMENT") === "NO")
         pos += 1
@@ -372,7 +373,7 @@ class SparkMetadataOperationSuite extends HiveThriftServer2TestBase {
         assert(rowSet.getInt("NUM_PREC_RADIX") === 0)
         assert(rowSet.getInt("NULLABLE") === 0)
         assert(rowSet.getString("REMARKS") === "")
-        assert(rowSet.getInt("ORDINAL_POSITION") === 0)
+        assert(rowSet.getInt("ORDINAL_POSITION") === 1)
         assert(rowSet.getString("IS_NULLABLE") === "YES")
         assert(rowSet.getString("IS_AUTO_INCREMENT") === "NO")
       }
@@ -400,7 +401,7 @@ class SparkMetadataOperationSuite extends HiveThriftServer2TestBase {
         assert(rowSet.getInt("NUM_PREC_RADIX") === 0)
         assert(rowSet.getInt("NULLABLE") === 0)
         assert(rowSet.getString("REMARKS") === "")
-        assert(rowSet.getInt("ORDINAL_POSITION") === 0)
+        assert(rowSet.getInt("ORDINAL_POSITION") === 1)
         assert(rowSet.getString("IS_NULLABLE") === "YES")
         assert(rowSet.getString("IS_AUTO_INCREMENT") === "NO")
       }
@@ -426,7 +427,7 @@ class SparkMetadataOperationSuite extends HiveThriftServer2TestBase {
         assert(rowSet.getInt("NUM_PREC_RADIX") === 0)
         assert(rowSet.getInt("NULLABLE") === 0)
         assert(rowSet.getString("REMARKS") === "")
-        assert(rowSet.getInt("ORDINAL_POSITION") === 0)
+        assert(rowSet.getInt("ORDINAL_POSITION") === 1)
         assert(rowSet.getString("IS_NULLABLE") === "YES")
         assert(rowSet.getString("IS_AUTO_INCREMENT") === "NO")
       }
@@ -453,7 +454,7 @@ class SparkMetadataOperationSuite extends HiveThriftServer2TestBase {
         assert(rowSet.getInt("NUM_PREC_RADIX") === 0)
         assert(rowSet.getInt("NULLABLE") === 1)
         assert(rowSet.getString("REMARKS") === "")
-        assert(rowSet.getInt("ORDINAL_POSITION") === 0)
+        assert(rowSet.getInt("ORDINAL_POSITION") === 1)
         assert(rowSet.getString("IS_NULLABLE") === "YES")
         assert(rowSet.getString("IS_AUTO_INCREMENT") === "NO")
       }
@@ -680,9 +681,36 @@ class SparkMetadataOperationSuite extends HiveThriftServer2TestBase {
         assert(rowSet.getInt("DECIMAL_DIGITS") === 6)
         assert(rowSet.getInt("NUM_PREC_RADIX") === 0)
         assert(rowSet.getInt("NULLABLE") === 0)
-        assert(rowSet.getInt("ORDINAL_POSITION") === idx)
+        assert(rowSet.getInt("ORDINAL_POSITION") === idx + 1)
         idx += 1
       }
     }
   }
+
+  test("SPARK-54350: SparkGetColumnsOperation respects useZeroBasedColumnOrdinalPosition config") {
+    Seq(true, false).foreach { zeroBasedOrdinal =>
+      val viewName = "view_column_ordinal_position"
+      val ddl = s"CREATE OR REPLACE GLOBAL TEMPORARY VIEW $viewName AS " +
+        "SELECT 1 AS id, 'foo' AS name"
+
+      withJdbcStatement(viewName) { statement =>
+        statement.execute(
+          s"SET ${HiveUtils.LEGACY_STS_ZERO_BASED_COLUMN_ORDINAL.key}=$zeroBasedOrdinal")
+        statement.execute(ddl)
+        val data = statement.getConnection.getMetaData
+        val rowSet = data.getColumns("", "global_temp", viewName, null)
+        assert(rowSet.next())
+        assert(rowSet.getString("TABLE_SCHEM") === "global_temp")
+        assert(rowSet.getString("TABLE_NAME") === viewName)
+        assert(rowSet.getString("COLUMN_NAME") === "id")
+        assert(rowSet.getInt("ORDINAL_POSITION") === (if (zeroBasedOrdinal) 0 else 1))
+        assert(rowSet.next())
+        assert(rowSet.getString("TABLE_SCHEM") === "global_temp")
+        assert(rowSet.getString("TABLE_NAME") === viewName)
+        assert(rowSet.getString("COLUMN_NAME") === "name")
+        assert(rowSet.getInt("ORDINAL_POSITION") === (if (zeroBasedOrdinal) 1 else 2))
+        assert(!rowSet.next())
+      }
+    }
+  }
 }

sql/hive/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/hive/HiveUtils.scala

@@ -222,6 +222,14 @@ private[spark] object HiveUtils extends Logging {
     .booleanConf
     .createWithDefault(true)
 
+  val LEGACY_STS_ZERO_BASED_COLUMN_ORDINAL =
+    buildConf("spark.sql.legacy.hive.thriftServer.useZeroBasedColumnOrdinalPosition")
+      .doc("When set to true, Hive Thrift server returns 0-based ORDINAL_POSITION in the " +
+        "result of GetColumns operation, instead of the corrected 1-based.")
+      .version("4.1.0")
+      .booleanConf
+      .createWithDefault(false)
+
   val USE_DELEGATE_FOR_SYMLINK_TEXT_INPUT_FORMAT =
     buildConf("spark.sql.hive.useDelegateForSymlinkTextInputFormat")
       .internal()