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+ + + + + ++ An aurora, also known as the + polar lights or aurora polaris, is a + natural light display in Earth's sky, predominantly seen in + high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic). +
++ Auroras display dynamic patterns of brilliant lights that appear as + curtains, rays, spirals, or dynamic flickers covering the entire sky. +
++ Auroras are the result of disturbances in the magnetosphere caused by + the solar wind. Major disturbances result from enhancements in the + speed of the solar wind from coronal holes and coronal mass ejections. + These disturbances alter the trajectories of charged particles in the + magnetospheric plasma. These particles, mainly electrons and protons, + precipitate into the upper atmosphere (thermosphere/exosphere). The + resulting ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents emit + light of varying colour and complexity. The form of the aurora, + occurring within bands around both polar regions, is also dependent on + the amount of acceleration imparted to the precipitating particles. +
++ The official planetary Kp-index is derived + by calculating a weighted average of K-indices from a network of 13 + geomagnetic observatories at mid-latitude locations. Since these + observatories do not report their data in real-time, various + operations centers around the globe estimate the index based on data + available from their local network of observatories. The + Kp-index was introduced by Bartels in 1939. +
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