I do a manual package update on the servers from time to time, but this isn't ideal.
sudo apt-get -y update && sudo apt-get -y upgrade && sudo apt-get -y dist-upgrade && sudo apt-get -y autoremove
I think the chef process ought to do this update itself.
I don't think there should be any concerns about things breaking: Debian/Ubuntu maintenance is pretty good, and their policy is not to have version changes within updates (e.g. Postgres won't suddenly go from 9.3 to 9.6 in the same release series). In any case, if someone were installing things from new, the latest package versions would be found.