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- BUMO Blockchain Development Kit
BUMO Blockchain serializes data with protocol buffer 3, which is a general serialization protocol launched by Google. Click this link to get more information. All the data format we use are under the dir: src\proto. Other data with reference to transaction, block ,account are in the chain.proto file.
Data from http api are in json format, and are transferred automatically by protocol buffer. The text defined as type bytes is hexadecimal in json. It can not be utilized directly.
BUMO Blockchain offers two types of api: websocket and http. These two objects assign the service port, and they can be found in the downloaded dir:/config/bumo.json.
"webserver":
{
"listen_addresses": "0.0.0.0:36002"
},
"wsserver":
{
"listen_address": "0.0.0.0:36003"
}| network type | network ID（network_id） | WebServer | P2P | WebSocket |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mainnet | 10000 | 16002 | 16001 | 16003 |
| testnet | 20000 | 26002 | 26001 | 26003 |
| beta version | 30000 | 36002 | 36001 | 36003 |
- Fill in the transaction →
Transaction - Serializing the transaction (protocol buffer 3) to bytes stream →
transaction_blob - Signing the
transaction_blobwith private keyskey, and get thesign_data. (Public key ispkey) - Submitting transaction. (Refer to Submitting Transactions)
- Querying or subscribe the notification (from websocket API) to confirm the transaction status.
If you have just deployed the blockchain, at the moment there will only be an initial account on the blockchain. You can send the query HTTP GET host:36002/getGenesisAccountto http api, then, you will obtain a response as follow:
{
"error_code" : 0,
"result" : {
"address" : "buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3",
"assets" : null,
"balance" : 100000000000000000,
"metadatas" : null,
"priv" : {
"master_weight" : 1,
"thresholds" : {
"tx_threshold" : 1
}
}
}
}The value of address from the response/return is the initial account.
You can also query other accounts' information from Querying Account api.
HTTP GET host:36002/getAccount?address=buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3
HTTP GET /createKeyPair
Function: This api is only for testing, please DO NOT use this api in the production environment (substitute SDK or Command for api). If the server is malicious, using the api will risk you private key in exposure. This api only create a new public-private key pair which does not write into bumo chain.If you want to write, you can do any transaction of Creating Account, Transferring Assets ,Transferring BU Assets for the new key pair.
return,
{
"error_code" : 0,
"result" : {
"address" : "buQqRgkmtckz3U4kX91F2NmZzJ9rkadjYaa2", //address of the account
"private_key" : "privbtnSGRQ46FF3MaqiGiDNytz2soFw4iNHKahTqszR6mRrmq7qhVYh", //private key
"private_key_aes" : "7594a97bc5e6432704cc5f58ff60727ee9bda10a6117915d025553afec7f81527cb857b882b7c775391fe1fe3f7f3ec198ea69ada138b19cbe169a1a3fa2dec8", //Encrypt the data after the account private key with AES
"public_key" : "b00101da11713eaad86ad8ededfc28e86b8cd619ca2d593a21d8b82da34320a7e63b09c279bc", //public key
"public_key_raw" : "01da11713eaad86ad8ededfc28e86b8cd619ca2d593a21d8b82da34320a7e63b", //public key without prefixes and suffixes
"sign_type" : "ed25519" //encryption type
}
}
HTTP GET /getAccount?address=buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3&key=hello&code=xxx&issuer=xxx
Function: Returning the information, assets and metadata of specific account.
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| address*(required)* | Address of the account. |
| key | Appointed key value of the metadata in the account. Returns will contain complete information of metadata as the key is null. |
| code, issuer,type | Assets code and Assets issuer. The parameters should be specified in pairs. Returns will contain complete information of assets as the code-issuer pair is null. The type defaults to 0 currently, you do not need to change it. |
return,
{
"error_code" : 0,
"result" : {
"address" : "buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3", //address of the account
"assets" : [//all assets of the account
{
"amount" : 1400,
"key" :
{
"code" : "CNY",
"issuer" : "buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3"
}
}, {
"amount" : 1000,
"key" :
{
"code" : "USD",
"issuer" : "buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3"
}
}
],
"assets_hash" : "9696b03e4c3169380882e0217a986717adfc5877b495068152e6aa25370ecf4a",
"contract" : null,
"metadatas" : [//all the metadata of the account
{
"key" : "123",
"value" : "123_value",
"version" : 1
}, {
"key" : "456",
"value" : "456_value",
"version" : 1
}, {
"key" : "abcd",
"value" : "abcd_value",
"version" : 1
}
],
"nonce" : 1, //Count of the transactions from the source account. It would be concealed if the nonce is 0.
"priv" : {
"master_weight" : 1,
"thresholds" : {
"tx_threshold" : 1
}
},
"metadatas_hash" : "82c8407cc7cd77897be3100c47ed9d43ec4097ee1c00e2c13447187e5b1ac66c"
}
}
- If the account does not exist, then return,
{
"error_code" : 4,
"result" : null
}HTTP GET /getAccountBase?address=buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3
- return,
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| address(required) | Address of the account |
return,
{
"error_code" : 0,
"result" : {
"address" : "buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3", //Address of the account
"assets_hash" : "9696b03e4c3169380882e0217a986717adfc5877b495068152e6aa25370ecf4a",
"balance" : 899671600,
"contract" : null,
"nonce" : 1, // Count of the transactions from the source account. It would be concealed if the nonce is 0.
"priv" : {
"master_weight" : 1,
"thresholds" : {
"tx_threshold" : 1
}
},
"metadatas_hash" : "82c8407cc7cd77897be3100c47ed9d43ec4097ee1c00e2c13447187e5b1ac66c"
}
}
- If the account does not exist, then return,
{
"error_code" : 4,
"result" : null
}HTTP GET /getAccountAssets?address=buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3
- Returning the assets of specific account.
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| address*(required)* | Address of the account. |
| code, issuer | Assets code and Assets issuer. The parameters should be specified in pairs. Returns will contain complete information of assets as the code-issuer pair is null. |
| type | The type defaults to 0 currently, you do not need to change it. |
return：
{
"error_code" : 0,
"result": [
{
"amount" : 1400,
"key" :
{
"code" : "CNY",
"issuer" : "buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3"
}
},
{
"amount" : 1000,
"key" :
{
"code" : "USD",
"issuer" : "buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3"
}
}
]
}
- If the account does not exist, then return,
{
"error_code" : 0,
"result" : null
}HTTP GET /getAccountMetaData?address=buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3
- Returning the metadata of specific account.
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| address*(required)* | Address of the account. |
| key | Appointed key value of the metadata in the account. Returns will contain complete information of metadata as the key is null. |
返回内容
{
"error_code" : 0,
"result": {
"123": {
"key" : "123",
"value" : "123_value",
"version" : 1
},
"456": {
"key" : "456",
"value" : "456_value",
"version" : 1
},
"abcd": {
"key" : "abcd",
"value" : "abcd_value",
"version" : 1
}
}
}
- If the account does not exist, then return,
{
"error_code" : 0,
"result" : null
}GET /getTransactionHistory?ledger_seq=6
| Parameters | Description |
|---|---|
| hash | Querying transactions with the unique identification by hash value. |
| ledger_seq | Querying transactions with specified block. |
Note: If you appoint the two parameters at the same time, api will return the specified transaction in the specified block.
return,
{
"error_code": 0,
"result": {
"total_count": 2,
"transactions": [{
"actual_fee": 313000,
"close_time": 1524031260097214,
"error_code": 0,
"error_desc": "",
"hash": "89a9d6e5d2c0e2b5c4fe58045ab2236d12e9449ef232342a48a2e2628e12014d",
"ledger_seq": 6,
"signatures": [{
"public_key": "b00180c2007082d1e2519a0f2d08fd65ba607fe3b8be646192a2f18a5fa0bee8f7a810d011ed",
"sign_data": "27866d70a58fc527b1ff1b4a693b8034b0078fc7ac7591fb05679abe5ca660db5c372922bfa8f26e76511e2c33386306ded7593874a6aec5baeeaddbd2012f06"
}],
"transaction": {
"fee_limit": 10000000000,
"gas_price": 1000,
"nonce": 1,
"operations": [{
"create_account": {
"dest_address": "buQBAfoMfXZVPpg9DaabMmM2EwUnfoVsTSVV",
"init_balance": 10000000,
"priv": {
"master_weight": 1,
"thresholds": {
"tx_threshold": 1
}
}
},
"type": 1
},
{
"create_account": {
"dest_address": "buQj8UyKbN3myVSerLDVXVXH47vWXfqtxKLm",
"init_balance": 10000000,
"priv": {
"master_weight": 1,
"thresholds": {
"tx_threshold": 1
}
}
},
"type": 1
}],
"source_address": "buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3"
},
"tx_size": 313
},
{
"actual_fee": 313000,
"close_time": 1524031260097214,
"error_code": 0,
"error_desc": "",
"hash": "7d7cfc860acfd83865d01bb655ac772113833f0769264d6392c6220024b8f93f",
"ledger_seq": 6,
"signatures": [{
"public_key": "b00180c2007082d1e2519a0f2d08fd65ba607fe3b8be646192a2f18a5fa0bee8f7a810d011ed",
"sign_data": "fb7d9d87f4c9140b6e19a199091c6871e2380ad8e8a8fcada9b42a2911057111dc796d731f3f887e600aa89cc8692300f980723298a93b91db711155670d3e0d"
}],
"transaction": {
"fee_limit": 10000000000,
"gas_price": 1000,
"nonce": 2,
"operations": [{
"create_account": {
"dest_address": "buQntAvayDWkAhPh6CSrTWbiEniAL2ys5m2p",
"init_balance": 10000000,
"priv": {
"master_weight": 1,
"thresholds": {
"tx_threshold": 1
}
}
},
"type": 1
},
{
"create_account": {
"dest_address": "buQX5X9y59zbmqyFgFPQPcyUPcPnvwsLatsq",
"init_balance": 10000000,
"priv": {
"master_weight": 1,
"thresholds": {
"tx_threshold": 1
}
}
},
"type": 1
}],
"source_address": "buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3"
},
"tx_size": 313
}]
}
}If the account does not exist, then return,
{
"error_code": 4,
"result":
{
"total_count": 0,
"transactions": []
}
}GET /getTransactionCache?hash=ad545bfc26c440e324076fbbe1d8affbd8a2277858dc35927d425d0fe644e698&limit=100
| Parameters | Description |
|---|---|
| hash | Querying transactions with the unique identification by hash value. |
| limit | Querying the first N transactions in the buffer queue. |
Note: If you appoint the two parameters at the same time, api will return the query by hash value.
return,
{
"error_code": 0,
"result": {
"total_count": 1,
"transactions": [
{
"hash": "a336c8f4b49c8b2c5a6c68543368ed3b450b6138a9f878892cf982ffb6fe234e",
"incoming_time": 1521013029435154,
"signatures": [
{
"public_key": "b001882b9d1b5e7019f163d001c85194cface61e294483710f5e66ef40a4d387f5fcb0166f4f",
"sign_data": "c5885144ffccb0b434b494271258e846c30a4551036e483822ee2b57400576e9e700e8960eb424764d033a2e73af6e6a2bfa5da390f71161732e13beee206107"
}
],
"status": "processing",
"transaction": {
"fee_limit": 100000,
"gas_price": 1000,
"nonce": 2,
"operations": [
{
"create_account": {
"dest_address": "buQWufKdVicxRAqmQs6m1Z9QuFZG2W7LMsi2",
"init_balance": 300000,
"metadatas": [
{
"key": "key",
"value": "bubinuo"
}
],
"priv": {
"master_weight": 1,
"thresholds": {
"tx_threshold": 2
}
}
},
"type": 1
}
],
"source_address": "buQBDf23WtBBC8GySAZHsoBMVGeENWzSRYqB"
}
}
]
}
}If the account does not exist, then return,
{
"error_code": 4,
"result":
{
"total_count": 0,
"transactions": []
}
}GET /getLedger?seq=xxxx&with_validator=true&with_consvalue=true&with_fee=true&with_block_reward=true
| Parameters | Description |
|---|---|
| seq | Sequence of the ledger. Api will return the current ledger as theseqis null. |
| with_validator | Defaults to false. Concealing the verifier nodes list. |
| with_consvalue | Defaults to false. Concealing the consensus value. |
| with_fee | Defaults to false. Concealing the fee configuration. |
| with_block_reward | Defaults to false. Concealing the block reward and verifier reward. |
- If the ledger exists, then return,
{
"error_code" : 0,
"result" : {
"block_reward" : 800000000,
"consensus_value" : {
"close_time" : 1524031260097214,
"ledger_seq" : 6,
"previous_ledger_hash" : "ef329c7ed761e3065ab08f9e7672fd5f4e3ddd77b0be35598979aff8c21ada9b",
"previous_proof" : "0ac1010a2c080110022a26080310052220432dde2fd32a2a66da77647231821c87958f56c303bd08003633952d384eb0b61290010a4c623030316435363833363735303137666662633332366538666232303738653532316566383435373234363236353339356536383934633835323434656566643262666130386635393862661240deeb9b782410f0f86d897006cac8ad152e56e4f914e5d718706de84044ef98baef25512a337865772641d57090b5c77e9e2149dbd41910e8d6cd85c3387ea708",
"previous_proof_plain" : {
"commits" : [
{
"pbft" : {
"commit" : {
"sequence" : 5,
"value_digest" : "432dde2fd32a2a66da77647231821c87958f56c303bd08003633952d384eb0b6",
"view_number" : 3
},
"round_number" : 1,
"type" : 2
},
"signature" : {
"public_key" : "b001d5683675017ffbc326e8fb2078e521ef8457246265395e6894c85244eefd2bfa08f598bf",
"sign_data" : "deeb9b782410f0f86d897006cac8ad152e56e4f914e5d718706de84044ef98baef25512a337865772641d57090b5c77e9e2149dbd41910e8d6cd85c3387ea708"
}
}
]
},
"txset" : {
"txs" : [
{
"signatures" : [
{
"public_key" : "b00180c2007082d1e2519a0f2d08fd65ba607fe3b8be646192a2f18a5fa0bee8f7a810d011ed",
"sign_data" : "27866d70a58fc527b1ff1b4a693b8034b0078fc7ac7591fb05679abe5ca660db5c372922bfa8f26e76511e2c33386306ded7593874a6aec5baeeaddbd2012f06"
}
],
"transaction" : {
"fee_limit" : 10000000000,
"gas_price" : 1000,
"nonce" : 1,
"operations" : [
{
"create_account" : {
"dest_address" : "buQBAfoMfXZVPpg9DaabMmM2EwUnfoVsTSVV",
"init_balance" : 10000000,
"priv" : {
"master_weight" : 1,
"thresholds" : {
"tx_threshold" : 1
}
}
},
"type" : 1
},
{
"create_account" : {
"dest_address" : "buQj8UyKbN3myVSerLDVXVXH47vWXfqtxKLm",
"init_balance" : 10000000,
"priv" : {
"master_weight" : 1,
"thresholds" : {
"tx_threshold" : 1
}
}
},
"type" : 1
}
],
"source_address" : "buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3"
}
},
{
"signatures" : [
{
"public_key" : "b00180c2007082d1e2519a0f2d08fd65ba607fe3b8be646192a2f18a5fa0bee8f7a810d011ed",
"sign_data" : "fb7d9d87f4c9140b6e19a199091c6871e2380ad8e8a8fcada9b42a2911057111dc796d731f3f887e600aa89cc8692300f980723298a93b91db711155670d3e0d"
}
],
"transaction" : {
"fee_limit" : 10000000000,
"gas_price" : 1000,
"nonce" : 2,
"operations" : [
{
"create_account" : {
"dest_address" : "buQntAvayDWkAhPh6CSrTWbiEniAL2ys5m2p",
"init_balance" : 10000000,
"priv" : {
"master_weight" : 1,
"thresholds" : {
"tx_threshold" : 1
}
}
},
"type" : 1
},
{
"create_account" : {
"dest_address" : "buQX5X9y59zbmqyFgFPQPcyUPcPnvwsLatsq",
"init_balance" : 10000000,
"priv" : {
"master_weight" : 1,
"thresholds" : {
"tx_threshold" : 1
}
}
},
"type" : 1
}
],
"source_address" : "buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3"
}
}
]
}
},
"fees" : {
"base_reserve" : 10000000,
"gas_price" : 1000
},
"header" : {
"account_tree_hash" : "6aca37dfe83f213942b21d02618b989619cfd7c0e67a8a14b0f7599dd4010aad",
"close_time" : 1524031260097214,
"consensus_value_hash" : "14a65d69f619395135da2ff98281d5707494801f12184a4318b9a76383e651a8",
"fees_hash" : "916daa78d264b3e2d9cff8aac84c943a834f49a62b7354d4fa228dab65515313",
"hash" : "2cf378b326ab0026625c8d036813aef89a0b383e75055b80cb7cc25a657a9c5d",
"previous_hash" : "ef329c7ed761e3065ab08f9e7672fd5f4e3ddd77b0be35598979aff8c21ada9b",
"seq" : 6,
"tx_count" : 2,
"validators_hash" : "d857aa40ecdb123415f893159321eb223e4dbc11863daef86f35565dd1633316",
"version" : 1000
},
"validators" : [
{
"address" : "buQhmPKU1xTyC3n7zJ8zLQXtuDJmM2zTrJey"
}
],
"validators_reward" : {
"buQhmPKU1xTyC3n7zJ8zLQXtuDJmM2zTrJey" : 800000000
}
}
}- If the account does not exist, then return,
{
"error_code" : 4,
"result" : null
}POST /submitTransaction
Data Format
{
"items" : [{
"transaction_blob" : "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx",//Serialization of a transaction in the hexadecimal format
"signatures" : [{//first signature
"sign_data" : "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx",//Signature data
"public_key" : "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"//Public key
}, {//second signature
"sign_data" : "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx",//Signature data
"public_key" : "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"//Public key
}
]
}
]
}| Parameters | Description |
|---|---|
| transaction_blob | Serialization of a transaction in hexadecimal format. Please fill in the transaction contents referring to the definition of transactions. |
| sign_data | Signature data in hexadecimal format. You can get this value by signing transaction_blob. Note: Please DO NOT sign the transaction_blob before it is transferred into bytes stream. |
| public_key | Public key in hexadecimal format. |
If you do not have a protocol buffer tool, you may serialize transaction with this api.
| Parameters | Description |
|---|---|
| source_address(required) | Address of the transaction sender |
| nonce(required) | The value must be equal to the present nonce of source address + 1. You can get this value by Querying Account function. |
| ceil_ledger_seq | Block height limitation. If the value is larger than 0, it means the transaction is valid in less or equal block height. Otherwise, it is meaningless if the value is 0. |
| metadata(optional) | User-defined post in hexadecimal format. |
Getting more information of operations data types in json, please refer to Operation.
POST /getTransactionBlob{
"source_address":"xxxxxxxxxxx",//source address, as the sender account of the transaction
"nonce":2, //nonce value
"ceil_ledger_seq": 0, //(selected)
"fee_limit":1000, //transaction fee
"gas_price": 1000, //gas price (must greater or qual to the minimun value)
"metadata":"0123456789abcdef", //user-defined post in hexadecimal format. （selected）
"operations":[
{
//(according to your need)
},
{
//(according to your need)
}
......
]
}return,
{
"error_code": 0,
"error_desc": "",
"result": {
"hash": "474210d69cf0a797a24be65e187eddc7f15de626d38f8b49446b21ddd12247f8",//transaction hash
"transaction_blob": "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx" //serialization of a transaction in hexadecimal format.
}
}For example, we defined a transaction in json format with only one operation. The operation is creating an account.
POST /getTransactionBlob
{
"source_address": "buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3",
"nonce": 1,
"fee_limit": 1000000,
"gas_price": 1000,
"operations": [{
"type": 1,
"create_account": {
"dest_address": "buQgmhhxLwhdUvcWijzxumUHaNqZtJpWvNsf",
"metadatas": [{
"key": "hello",
"value": "setting metadata while creating an account"
}
],
"priv": {
"master_weight": 10,
"signers": [],
"thresholds": {
"tx_threshold": 7
}
},
"contract": {
"payload": "function main(inputStr){\n /*contract entrance function*/ }"
}
}
}
]
}return,
{
"error_code" : 0,
"error_desc" : "",
"result" : {
"hash" : "106345c939250c26495d461957a17cd58d9f69dc5d21c772e20e1ff337c7c2ce",
"transaction_blob" : "0a2462755173396e70614371396d4e465a473138717538385a636d5859716436627170545533100122af0108012aaa010a24627551676d6868784c77686455766357696a7a78756d5548614e715a744a7057764e7366123a123866756e6374696f6e206d61696e28696e707574537472297b0a202f2ae8bf99e698afe59088e7baa6e585a5e58fa3e587bde695b02a2f207d1a06080a1a020807223e0a0568656c6c6f1235e8bf99e698afe5889be5bbbae8b4a6e58fb7e79a84e8bf87e7a88be4b8ade8aebee7bdaee79a84e4b880e4b8aa6d65746164617461"
}
}In the smart contract module, we designed a sandbox for debugging the contract. You won't alter any real status of blockchain or smart contract in the debugging process. BUMO Blockchain offers callContractapi to help developers debug the smart contract. The smart contract can be stored on the blockchain or uploaded from localhost. Calling callContractapi won't send any transactions, so there is no transaction fee to pay.
POST /callContract
- returned post,
{
"contract_address" : "",
"code" : "\"use strict\";log(undefined);function query() { return 1; }",
"input" : "{}",
"contract_balance" : "100009000000",
"fee_limit" : 100000000000000000,
"gas_price": 1000,
"opt_type" : 2,
"source_address" : ""
}-
contract_address: Address of the called smart contract. If it does notexit in the database, it will return false. Otherwise, if you fill in a null value, it will return the content in code section.
-
code：Test code. If contact_address is null, use the code section. If the code section is also null, return to false.
-
input： Pass parameters to the called smart contract
-
fee_limit : Transaction fee
-
gas_price : Gas price
-
contract_balance : Setting an initial BU balance
-
opt_type: 0:call the writer read-only interface of the smart contract
init, 1:call the write/read interface of the smart contractmain,call the read only interface of the smart contractquery. -
source_address：Simulating the address that calls the smart contract.
-
return,
{
"error_code" : 0,
"error_desc" : "",
"result" : {
"logs" : {
"0-buQVkReBYUPUYHBinVDrrb9FQRpo49b9YRXq" : null
},
"query_rets" : [
{
"result" : {
"type" : "bool",
"value" : false
}
}
],
"stat" : {
"apply_time" : 6315,
"memory_usage" : 886176,
"stack_usage": 2564,
"step" : 3
},
"txs" : null
}
} POST /testTransaction
- returned post,
{
"items": [
{
"transaction_json": {
"source_address": "buQBDf23WtBBC8GySAZHsoBMVGeENWzSRYqB",
"metadata":"0123456789abcdef", //(selected)
"nonce": 6,
"operations": [
{
"type": 7,
"pay_coin": {
"dest_address": "buQft4EdxHrtatWUXjTFD7xAbMXACnUyT8vw",
"amount": 10000
}
}
]
},
"signature_number":1
}
]
}Evaluating transaction fee would not alter the account balance. Related sender address and receiver address should exist in the system, except for the address of the initial account.
-
source_address：Source address of the simulated transaction
-
nonce : add 1 on the original basis
-
signature_number : Signature number ( defaults to 1 )
-
metadata : (optional)
-
fee_limit : (set null)
-
gas_price : (set null)
-
operations : (any operating types)
-
return
{
"error_code": 0,
"error_desc": "",
"result": {
"hash": "7f0d9de23d6d8f2964a1efe4a458e02e43e47f60f3c22bb132b676c54a44ba04",
"logs": null,
"query_rets": null,
"stat": null,
"txs": [
{
"actual_fee": 264,
"gas": 264,
"transaction_env": {
"transaction": {
"fee_limit": 99999999700110000,
"gas_price": 1,
"nonce": 1,
"operations": [
{
"pay_coin": {
"amount": 299890000,
"dest_address": "buQkBDTfe4tx2Knw9NDKyntVmsYvYtHmAiE7"
},
"type": 7
}
],
"source_address": "buQBDf23WtBBC8GySAZHsoBMVGeENWzSRYqB"
}
}
}
]
}
}- gas_price: The minimum price in the system
- actual_fee: Actual fee for evaluating transaction fee
- gas: Gas for evaluating transaction fee
-
json format
{ "source_address":"xxxxxxxxxxx",//Source address. As the sender account of the transaction "nonce":2, //Nonce value "fee_limit" : 1000000, //Transaction fee "gas_price": 1000,//Gas price ( no less than the default value ) "ceil_ledger_seq": 100, //(optional) It means The limitation of the block height. As the value is over “0”, it should larger than the present block height. "metadata":"0123456789abcdef", //(optional) User-defined post in hexadecimal format "operations":[ { //(according to your need) }, { //(according to your need) } ...... ] } -
protocol buffer structure
message Transaction { enum Limit{ UNKNOWN = 0; OPERATIONS = 1000; }; string source_address = 1; int64 nonce = 2; int64 fee_limit = 3; int64 gas_price =4; int64 ceil_ledger_seq = 5; bytes metadata = 6; repeated Operation operations = 7; }Seven key-sections in a transaction
-
source_address: Source address, as the sender of the transaction. After the transaction has been completed, 1 will be added to the nonce of the source automatically . The nonce here means the amount of transactions this source address has previously made. "
-
nonce: The value must be equal to the present nonce of source address + 1. It is designed to prevent Replay Attack. ( How to query the nonce of an account. Click Querying Account. If the nonce is NULL, it means the present nonce is “0”.
-
fee_limit: The maximum acceptable transaction fee for the current transaction. As the pledge, the initial transaction fee will be locked at the beginning. If the transaction is completed successfully, the actual transaction fee will be deducted, or else the transaction will be charged according to the current number.
-
gas_price: To calculate the fee of every manipulation, including the fee of transaction bytes.
-
ceil_ledger_seq: Advanced feature. The block height limitation of the** current transaction.
-
operations: Manipulation list. The tasks in this transaction. Click Operation.
-
metadata: (optional)
Every class extends from Operation:
message Operation { enum Type { UNKNOWN = 0; CREATE_ACCOUNT = 1; ISSUE_ASSET = 2; PAY_ASSET = 3; SET_METADATA = 4; SET_SIGNER_WEIGHT = 5; SET_THRESHOLD = 6; PAY_COIN = 7; LOG = 8; }; Type type = 1; string source_address = 2; bytes metadata = 3; OperationCreateAccount create_account = 4; OperationIssueAsset issue_asset = 5; OperationPayAsset pay_asset = 6; OperationSettingMetadata set_metadata = 7; OperationSettingSignerWeight set_signer_weight = 8; OperationSettingThreshold set_threshold = 9; OperationPayCoin pay_coin = 10; OperationLog log = 11; }-
type: operating types. For example, as the value ISSUEE_ASSET, the
issue_assetsection would be utilized. As the value PAY_ASSET, thepay_assetsection would be utilized (refer to Operating Code). -
source_address: The target address of this operation. It defaults to local source address.
-
metadata: Notes for this operation. User-defined, can set null.
-
metadata: (optional)
-
| Code Value | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | CREATE_ACCOUNT | Creating account |
| 2 | ISSUE_ASSET | Issuing asset |
| 3 | PAY_ASSET | Transferring asset |
| 4 | SET_METADATA | Setting metadata |
| 7 | PAY_COIN | Paying with BU COIN |
| 9 | SET_PRIVILEGE | Setting weight and threshold |
| Parameters | Description |
|---|---|
| dest_address | Address of the account, create common account: address, create contract account: null. If create specific contract, refer to Validator Nodes Election and Election Contract of Transaction Fee |
| contract | Setting null as a normal account. Otherwise, it is a contract account. |
| priv | Weight information of the account |
| init_balance | Initializing BU value |
| init_input | Passing initialized parameters to the contract |
-
Function create a new account on the blockchain
-
Conditions
- Valid parameters
- The new account is not an existing one
-
Note: If the target account is a contract account, the
privshould be set like the FOLLOWING: {"master_weight" : 0 , "thresholds": {"tx_threshold":1}}, if the target account is a common account, theprivshould be set like the FOLLOWING: {"master_weight" : 1 , "thresholds": {"tx_threshold":1}} -
json format
Create common account
{
"type": 1,
"create_account": {
"dest_address": "buQgmhhxLwhdUvcWijzxumUHaNqZtJpWvNsf",
"contract": {
"payload": ""
},
"init_balance": 100000, //init_balance to this account
"init_input" : "", // if create contract , then init with this input
"metadatas": [{
"key": "111",
"value": "hello 111!",
"version": 0
}, {
"key": "222",
"value": "hello 222!",
"version": 0
}
],
"priv": {
"master_weight": 1,
"thresholds": {
"tx_threshold": 1
}
}
}
}create contract account
{
"type": 1,
"create_account":
{
"dest_address": "",
"contract":
{
"payload": "
'use strict';
function init(bar)
{
return;
}
function main(input)
{
return;
}
function query()
{
return;
}
"
},
"init_balance": 100000, //init balance to this account
"init_input" : "{\"method\":\"toWen\",\"params\":{\"feeType\":0}}",
"priv": {
"master_weight": 0,
"thresholds": {
"tx_threshold": 1
}
}
}
}Contract account will be created automatically, and store in transaction which can be search by hash：
GET /getTransactionHistory?hash=150dbbf1beaaae23bb3b7148cf65279d7de46a76d7ec8e480ef745f5708beb16
return result
{
"error_code": 0,
"result": {
"total_count": 1,
"transactions":
[
{
"actual_fee": 1000402000,
"close_time": 1528725055019893,
"error_code": 0,
"error_desc": "[{\"contract_address\":\"buQfFcsf1NUGY1o25sp8mQuaP6W8jahwZPmX\",\"operation_index\":0}]", //create contract result with contract address and opration index
"hash": "4cbf50e03645f1075d7e5c450ced93e26e3153cf7b88ea8003b2fda39e618e64",
"ledger_seq": 14671,
"signatures": [{
"public_key": "b00180c2007082d1e2519a0f2d08fd65ba607fe3b8be646192a2f18a5fa0bee8f7a810d011ed",
"sign_data": "87fdcad0d706479e1a3f75fac2238763cd15fd93f81f1b8889fb798cefbe1752c192bbd3b5da6ebdb31ae47d8b62bb1166dcceca8d96020708f3ac5434838604"
}],
"transaction": {
"fee_limit": 20004420000,
"gas_price": 1000,
"nonce": 30,
"operations": [{
"create_account": {
"contract": {
"payload": "\n\t\t \n\t\t \t'use strict';\n\t\t\t\t\tfunction init(bar)\n\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t return;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tfunction main(input)\n\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t return;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t function query()\n\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t return;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t \n\t\t "
},
"init_balance": 10000000,
"priv": {
"thresholds": {
"tx_threshold": 1
}
}
},
"type": 1
}],
"source_address": "buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3"
},
"tx_size": 402
}]
}
}
create contract result
transactions.error_code: 0: sucess; other: error
transactions.error_desc: when error, error description; success, if have create contract, save the
create contract result with json desciption
[
{
"contract_address": "buQm5RazrT9QYjbTPDwMkbVqjkVqa7WinbjM", //contract address
"operation_index": 0 //transaction index, 0 is the first
}
]-
protocol buffer structure
message OperationCreateAccount { string dest_address = 1; Contract contract = 2; AccountPrivilege priv = 3; repeated KeyPair metadatas = 4; int64 init_balance = 5; string init_input = 6; }- dest_address: Address of the new account
- contract: If you would like to create an account with smart contract functions, please refer to Contract. Otherwise, if you would like to create a normal account, you can set the value null.
- priv: Distribute the weight of account. Some related definition as following,
message OperationTypeThreshold { Operation.Type type = 1; int64 threshold = 2; } message AccountPrivilege { int64 master_weight = 1; repeated Signer signers = 2; AccountThreshold thresholds = 3; } message Signer { enum Limit { SIGNER_NONE = 0; SIGNER = 100; }; string address = 1; int64 weight = 2; } message AccountThreshold { int64 tx_threshold = 1; //required, [-1,MAX(INT64)] -1:set null repeated OperationTypeThreshold type_thresholds = 2; // threshold with higher priority }
If you would like to create a joint-management account, please refer to Setting Privilege .
metadatas: Metadata list. You can set a batch of initial metadata in the new account. The format is Key-Pair, as follow:
message KeyPair { string key = 1; string value = 2; int64 version = 3; }This part is for a versioning key-pair database. If you do not have the requirement, please ignore it.
-
init_balance: Initial BU balance for a newly created account
-
init_input: If the newly created account is for contract, then pass the parameter to initialize the contract.
| Parameters | Description |
|---|---|
| amount | issued amount |
| code | codes of asset |
-
Function A source account issues an amount of asset. After successful completion, the asset will be added to your balance
-
Conditions
- Valid parameters
- Does not run out of asset setting(int64）
-
json format
{ "type": 2, "issue_asset": { "amount": 1000, "code": "CNY", } } -
protocol buffer structure
message OperationIssueAsset { string code = 1; int64 amount = 2; }- code: Codes for issuing assets, length [1, 64]
- Amount of the assets, length (0, MAX(int64))
- After you complete successfully, the assets will be added into your source account balance.
| Parameters | Description |
|---|---|
| pay_asset.dest_address | receiver account |
| pay_asset.asset.key.issuer | assets issuer |
| pay_asset.asset.key.code | codes of assets |
| pay_asset.asset.amount | asset amount |
| pay_asset.input | input for tiggering the smart contract (defaults to null) |
-
Function Transfer the asset from sender account to receiver account.
-
Conditions
- valid parameters
- sender account has sufficient balance
-
json format
{ "type": 3, "pay_asset": { "dest_address": "buQgmhhxLwhdUvcWijzxumUHaNqZtJpWvNsf", "asset": { "key": { "issuer": "buQgmhhxLwhdUvcWijzxumUHaNqZtJpWvNsf", "code": "CNY", "type": 0 // 0 or set null }, "amount": 100 }, "input": "{\"bar\":\"foo\"}" } } -
protocol buffer structure
message OperationPayAsset { string dest_address = 1; Asset asset = 2; string input = 3; }- dest_address: address of receive account
- asset: asset for transfer
message Asset { AssetKey key = 1; //asset property int64 amount = 2; //amount } message AssetKey { string issuer = 1; //asset issuer string code = 2; //codes of asset int32 type = 3; //type of asset }- input: The asset is transferred as an input to trigger the smart contract of receiver account.
| Parameters | Description |
|---|---|
| set_metadata.key | required, length:(0, 1024] |
| set_metadata.value | optional, length:[0, 256K] |
| set_metadata.version | optional, default 0, 0:no version limitation; >0:the number should be*** equal to the current version; <0:ilvalid |
-
Function Insert or update metadata to source account metadata database.
-
Conditions
- Valid parameters
-
json format
{ "type": 4, "set_metadata": { "key": "abc", "value": "hello abc!", "version": 0 } } -
protocol buffer structure
message OperationSettingMetadata { string key = 1; string value = 2; int64 version = 3; }- key: Unique for the account, length [1, 1024]
- value: length [0,256K]
- version: Set null. If you would like to get more advanced function, please refer to Control Version.
| Parameters | Description |
|---|---|
| master_weight | optional, string format, defaults to "", set self's master weight; "": do nothing; "0": set the weight of master as 0; ("0", "MAX(UINT32)"]: set the weight as the value, others are invalid. |
| signers | optional, signer address list, default null. null: do nothing; other: set signers |
| address | Signer address ( should be valid ) |
| weight | optional, defaults to 0; 0: delete the signer; (0, MAX(UINT32)]: Set the weight as the value, others are invalid |
| tx_threshold | optional，string format, default to "", denotes the lowest weight of this account. "": do nothing; "0": set the weight 0; (0, MAX(INT64)]: set the weight as the value, others are invalid. |
| type | Type of specific operation (0, 100] |
| threshold | optional，default 0, 0 : delete the operation; (0,MAX(INT64)): Setting the weight as the value, others are invalid. |
-
Function Set the weight of the signer and set the threshold required for each operation.
-
Conditions
- Valid parameters
-
json format
{ "set_privilege": { "master_weight": "10", "signers": [ { "address": "buQqfssWJjyKfFHZYx8WcSgLVUdXPT3VNwJG", "weight": 8 } ], "tx_threshold": "2", "type_thresholds": [ { "type": 1, "threshold": 8 }, { "type": 2, "threshold": 9 } ] }, "type": 9 } -
protocol buffer structure
message OperationSetPrivilege { string master_weight = 1; repeated Signer signers = 2; string tx_threshold = 3; repeated OperationTypeThreshold type_thresholds = 4; } message OperationTypeThreshold { Operation.Type type = 1; int64 threshold = 2; } message Signer { enum Limit { SIGNER_NONE = 0; SIGNER = 100; }; string address = 1; int64 weight = 2; }
| Parameters | Description |
|---|---|
| pay_coin.dest_address | address of receiver account |
| pay_coin.amount | amount |
| pay_coin.input | input for triggering the smart contract (defaults to null) |
-
Function Transferring the asset form sender account to receiver account.
-
Conditions
- Valid parameters
- Sender account has sufficient balance
-
json format
{ "type": 7, "pay_coin": { "dest_address": "buQgmhhxLwhdUvcWijzxumUHaNqZtJpWvNsf", "amount": 100, "input": "{\"bar\":\"foo\"}" } } } -
protocol buffer structure
message OperationPayCoin { string dest_address = 1; int64 amount = 2; string input = 3; }- dest_address: Address of BU receiver account
- amount: Amount of BU
- input: The asset is transfered as an input to trigger the smart contract of receiver account.
| parameters | Description |
|---|---|
| log.topic | log topic, string type, length(0,128] |
| log.datas | log contents, string type in array, length (0,1024] |
-
Function Recording the data on blockchain
-
Conditions
- Valid parameters
-
json format
{ "type": 8, "log": { "topic": "hello", "datas": [ "hello, log 1", "hello, log 2" ] } } -
protocol buffer structure
message OperationLog{ string topic = 1; repeated string datas = 2; }- topic: log topic
- datas: log contents
As you are creating a new account, you can assign the weight for this account from setting the priv. the following is a simple example,
{
"master_weight": "70",// the weight of local address
"signers": [//distribute weight
{
"address": "buQc39cgJDBaFGiiAsRtYKuaiSFdbVGheWWk",
"weight": 55 //the weight value of this address is 55
},
{
"address": "buQts6DfT5KavtV94JgZy75H9piwmb7KoUWg",
"weight": 100 //the weight value of this address is 100
}
],
"tx_threshold": "8",//required thresholds for transaction is 8
"type_thresholds": [
{
"type": 1,//required thresholds for creating account is 11
"threshold": 11
},
{//required thresholds for issuing asset is 21
"type": 2,
"threshold": 21
},
{//required thresholds for transferring assets is 31
"type": 3,
"threshold": 31
},
{//required thresholds for setting metadata is 41
"type": 4,
"threshold": 41
},
{//required thresholds for changing controler's weight is 51
"type": 5,
"threshold": 51
},
{//required thresholds for altering every operations is 51
"type": 6,
"threshold": 61
}
]
}Every metadata of accounts is a micro database. Versioning can prevent the conflictions of altering.
Smart Contract is a section of ECMAScript as specified in ECMA-262. The codes of smart contract should contain two parts of functions. The first is initialization function, init. The other one is entry function, main. When you call the main function you have to assign the input (type string). The following is a simple example,
"use strict";
function init(bar)
{
/*init whatever you want*/
return;
}
function main(input)
{
let para = JSON.parse(input);
if (para.do_foo)
{
let x = {
'hello' : 'world'
};
}
}
function query(input)
{
return input;
}The system offers several global variables for getting the information of blockchain and drive the transactions, except setting thresholds and weight.
Note: Do not duplicate the name of global variables or default variables as the custom fuctions. It will lead to uncontrollable error.
Referenced Documents: Smart Contract Rules ](../src/web/jslint/ContractRules.md)
-
Every functions have a stable read-only or write authority. Read-only means the interface functions which would not write the data on the blockchain, such as
getbalance. Write means the interface functions which would write data on the blockchain, such as transferringpayCoin. While coding the smart contract, please pay attention to the authority for calling different entry functions.initandmainfunctions can call all the default functions, butquerycan only call the read-onlyfunctions. Or the interface will be undefined during debugging or execution. -
For all the default functions, if they fail, then, return false or throw the exceptions directly. Otherwise, they will return other objects.If there is a parameter error, the error description will describe the parameter location, which refers to the index number of the parameter, i.e., counting from 0. e.g.
issueAsset("CNY", 10000); /* error description: Contract execute error,issueAsset parameter 1 should be a string Means that the second argument should be a string */ -
getBalance(address);- address: Address of the account
example,
let balance = getBalance('buQsZNDpqHJZ4g5hz47CqVMk5154w1bHKsHY'); /* Authority: Read-Only return, numbers in stype string '999911110000' */
-
storageStore(metadata_key, metadata_value);- metadata_key: key of metadata
- metadata_value: value of metadata
storageStore('abc', 'values'); /* Authority: Read-Only return, Successfully->true; failed->exceptions */
-
storageLoad(metadata_key);- metadata_key: metadata的key
let value = storageLoad('abc'); /* Authority: Read-Only return, Successfully->value in type string; failed->exceptions */
then, obtain the custom data 'abc' in this contract account.
-
storageDel(metadata_key);- metadata_key: metadata的key
storageDel('abc'); /* Authority: Read-Only return, Successfully->true; failed->exceptions */
then, delete the custom data 'abc' in this contract account.
-
getAccountAsset(account_address, asset_key);- account_address: address of the account
- asset_key: property of the assets
example,
let asset_key = { 'issuer' : 'buQsZNDpqHJZ4g5hz47CqVMk5154w1bHKsHY', 'code' : 'CNY' }; let bar = getAccountAsset('buQsZNDpqHJZ4g5hz47CqVMk5154w1bHKsHY', asset_key); /* Authority: Read-Only return, Successfully->assets amount, such as '10000'; failed->exceptions */
-
getAccountMetadata(account_address, metadata_key);- account_address: account address
- metadata_key: metadata's key
example
let value = getAccountMetadata('buQsZNDpqHJZ4g5hz47CqVMk5154w1bHKsHY', 'abc'); /* Authority: Read-Only return: Successfully to a string, such as 'values', failed to false */
-
getBlockHash(offset_seq);- offset_seq: offset from the latest block,range [0,1024)
example
let ledger = getBlockHash(4); /* Authority: Read-Only return, Successfully->value in type string, such as 'c2f6892eb934d56076a49f8b01aeb3f635df3d51aaed04ca521da3494451afb3'; failed->false */
-
addressCheck(address);- address: address name in type string
example,
let ret = addressCheck('buQgmhhxLwhdUvcWijzxumUHaNqZtJpWvNsf'); /* Authority: Read-Only return, Successfully->true; failed->false */
-
toAddress(public_key);- public_key:Public key，base16 encoded string
- success，return account address; failed to false
example
let ret = toAddress('b0016ebe6191f2eb73a4f62880b2874cae1191183f50e1b18b23fcf40b75b7cd5745d671d1c8'); /* Authority: Read-Only return: Successfully-> "buQi6f36idrKiGrno3RcdjUjGAibUC37FJK6"，failed to false */
-
stoI64Check(strNumber);- strNumber：string number in type string
example,
let ret = stoI64Check('12345678912345'); /* Authority: Read-Only return, Successfully->true; failed->false */
-
int64Add(left_value, right_value);- left_value: left value
- right_value：right value
example,
let ret = int64Add('12345678912345', 1); /* Authority: Read-Only return, Successfully->value in type string, such as'12345678912346'; failed->exceptions */
-
int64Sub(left_value, right_value);- left_value: left value
- right_value：right value
example,
let ret = int64Sub('12345678912345', 1); /* Authority: Read-Only return, Successfully->value in type string, such as'12345678912346'; failed->exceptions */
-
int64Mul(left_value, right_value);- left_value: left value
- right_value：right value
example,
let ret = int64Mul('12345678912345', 2); /* Authority: Read-Only return, Successfully->value in type string as '24691357824690'; failed->exceptions */
-
int64Div(left_value, right_value);- left_value: left value
- right_value：right value
example,
let ret = int64Div('12345678912345', 2); /* Authority: Read-Only return, Successfully->value in type string as'6172839456172'; failed->exceptions */
-
int64Mod(left_value, right_value);- left_value: left value
- right_value：right value
example,
let ret = int64Mod('12345678912345', 2); /* Authority: Read-Only return, Successfully->value in type string, such as'1'; failed->exceptions */
-
int64Compare(left_value, right_value);- left_value: left value
- right_value：right value
example,
let ret = int64Compare('12345678912345', 2); /* Authority: Read-Only return, Successfully-> 1(left is larger than right), 0 (equal), -1 (smaller); failed->exceptions */
-
toBaseUnit(value);- return, Successfully->value multiply 10^start^ in type string; failed->false
- value: only accept string number( including the number with point down to the eighth decimal point )
example,
let ret = toBaseUnit('12345678912'); /* Authority: Read-Only return, Successfully->value in type string as'1234567891200000000'; failed->exceptions */
-
sha256(data[, dataType]);- data: The raw data for the hash to be computed, fill in the data in different formats, depending on the dataType.
- dataType：Data type, integer, optional field, default is 0. 0: base16 encoded string, such as "61626364"; 1: ordinary original string, such as "abcd";2: base64 encoded string, such as "YWJjZA==".Base16 or base64 encoding is recommended for binary data hash calculations.
- return: Success returns the base16-encoded string after the hash, and failure returns false
example
let ret = sha256('61626364'); /* Authority: Read-Only function：sha256 return：Returns a base16 format string of 64 bytes successfully '88d4266fd4e6338d13b845fcf289579d209c897823b9217da3e161936f031589'，Failure to return false */
ecVerify(signedData, publicKey,blobData [, blobDataType]);- signedData: Signature data, base16-encoded string.
- publicKey：Public key, base16-encoded string.
- blobData：The raw data, depending on the blobDataType, is filled in in different formats.
- blobDataType：BlobData's data type, integer, optional field, default is 0.0: base16 encoded string, such as "61626364";1: normal raw string, such as "abcd"; 2: base64 encoded string, such as "YWJjZA==".If you validate binary data, base16 or base64 encoding is recommended.
- return, Successfully->true,Failure to return false
example
let ret = ecVerify('3471aceac411975bb83a22d7a0f0499b4bfcb504e937d29bb11ea263b5f657badb40714850a1209a0940d1ccbcfc095c4b2d38a7160a824a6f9ba11f743ad80a', 'b0014e28b305b56ae3062b2cee32ea5b9f3eccd6d738262c656b56af14a3823b76c2a4adda3c', 'abcd', 1); /* Authority: Read-Only return：Success returns true, failed to false */
delegateCall(contractAddress, input);- contractAddress: The address of the contract invoked.
- input：Call parameters.
delegateCall function triggers the entry to the called contract main function,and assign the execution environment of the current contract to the invoked contract.
example
let ret = delegateCall('buQBwe7LZYCYHfxiEGb1RE9XC9kN2qrGXWCY'，'{}'); /* Authority: Read-Only return：Success returns true, failure to throw exception */
-
log(info);info: log contentsexample,
let ret = log('buQsZNDpqHJZ4g5hz47CqVMk5154w1bHKsHY'); /* Authority: Read-Only return, Successfully->null; failed->exceptions */
-
tlog(topic,args...);tlogwill record a transaction on the block- topic: Log topic, type string, length(0,128]
- args...: At most 5 parameters; type can be string, value, or boolean; length(0,1024]
example,
tlog('transfer',sender +' transfer 1000',true); /* Authority: Read-Only return, Successfully->true; failed->exceptions */
-
issueAsset(code, amount);- code: Codes of assets
- amount: Amount of assets
example,
issueAsset("CNY", "10000"); /* Authority: Read-Only return, Successfully->true; failed->exceptions */
-
payAsset(address, issuer, code, amount[, input]);- address: Address of the receiver account
- issuer: Assets issuer
- code: Codes of assets
- amount: Amount
- input: Optional; defaults to null
example,
payAsset("buQsZNDpqHJZ4g5hz47CqVMk5154w1bHKsHY", "buQgmhhxLwhdUvcWijzxumUHaNqZtJpWvNsf", "CNY", "10000", "{}"); /* Authority: Read-only return, Successfully->true; failed->exceptions */
-
payCoin(address, amount[, input]);- address: Address of BU receiver account
- amount: BU amount
- input: Optional; defaults to null
example,
payCoin("buQsZNDpqHJZ4g5hz47CqVMk5154w1bHKsHY", "10000", "{}"); /* Authority: Writable return, Successfully->true; failed->exceptions */
-
assert(condition[, message]);- condition: Condition variable
- message: Optional
example,
assert(1===1, "Not valid"); /* Authority: Read-only return, Successfully->true; failed->exceptions */
-
thisAddress
Global variable
thisAdressis the address of this contract account. For example, If account X submits a transaction to call contract Y,thisAddressis Y's address.let bar = thisAddress; /* bar is Y's address */ -
thisPayCoinAmount
-
thisPayAsset
format=>{"amount": 1000, "key" : {"issuer": "buQsZNDpqHJZ4g5hz47CqVMk5154w1bHKsHY", "code":"CNY"}}
-
blockNumber
-
blockTimestamp
-
sender
senderis the address of the caller's account. For example, there is an operation (from address X) to call contract Y in a transaction. In this process, address X is thesender.let bar = sender; /* bar is X's address */OOperation
-
triggerIndex
triggerIndexis the operation sequence for triggering the contract. For example, account A submits a transaction tx0, and the 0-th (count from 0) operation is transferring assets to a contract account (calling the contract). ThentriggerIndexis 0.let bar = triggerIndex; /* bar is an int*/
-
JavaScript exceptions
While there is an uncaught JavaScript exception in contract operation,
1.Failed execution, all transactions in this contract operation are failed.
2.The transaction triggrted (TRIGGERED) the contract is failed with error code151.
-
Failure in executing transactions*** Contracts can execute several transactions, but only one fault would lead to failure of all transactions *** and throw exceptions.
Before you create an election contract account, you cannot complete the following operations. The new account should be global and without space repetition.
- Creating a contract account, and the address of this contract should be
buQtxgoaDrVJGtoPT66YnA2S84yE8FbBqQDJ. - Copying all the source codes from
src\ledger\validators_vote.jsas a section in parameterpayloadof the contract account.
example,
"contract" :
{
"contract_id" : "something identify this contract",
"payload" : "copy all the source codes from src\ledger\validators_vote.js and paste here"
},
You can alter the following variables from the contract codes which is assigned by validator_vote.js. As the election account is created, these variables can not be changed any more.
let validatorSettingSize = 100;
let votePassRate = 0.7;
let effectiveVoteInterval = 15 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000 * 1000;
let minPledgeAmount = 50000 * 100000000;
let minSuperadditionAmount = 100 * 100000000;
- validatorSettingSize: The number of validator nodes in appointed network
- votePassRate: Vote passing rate. If votes is larger than or equal to validator nodes number * votePassRate after rounded, the vote is successful. For example, there are 4 validator nodes and the votePassRate is 0.7. Then the votes should be larger than or equal to 3 (4*0.7=2.8). If there are 6 validator nodes and the votePassRate is 0.7. Then the votes should be larger than or equal to 4 (6**0.7=4.2).
- effectiveVoteInterval: Setting the effective interval of the vote (in ms). If the time period is out of the interval, the proposal and vote would be canceled.
- minPledgeAmount: The minimun pledge amount
- minSuperadditionAmount: The minimum superaddition pledge amount
Any account with network nodes may apply as a validator candidate. This is done through transferring an amount of a pledger as deposit to the validator nodes account to formally apply. However, decision on successful application depends on votes from other validators.
- Appliers have to transfer a pledger to election validator nodes account (refer to Transfer BU Asset). The pledge can be taken back by Forfeit the Pledge.
- Fill in the section { "method" : "pledgeCoin"} as the input of transferring coin. Remember to escape characters.
example,
"pay_coin" :
{
"dest_address" : "buQtxgoaDrVJGtoPT66YnA2S84yE8FbBqQDJ",
"amount" :100000,
"input":
"{\"method\":\"pledgeCoin\"}"
}
Validators nodes will vote on the appliers (refer to Vote on the Validator Nodes Appliers). If validator nodes vote for the Applier, they can become a formal candidate of validator nodes.
It depends on the pledge amount for becoming a formal validator nodes. Suppose that the net needs 100 validator nodes (validatorSettingSize= 100), the candidates whose pledge are among top 100 can become the formal validators. The pledge can be added as many times as they want (refer to Candidates of Validator Nodes)
If validator nodes vote for the Appliers, they can become formal candidates of validator nodes. The pledge can be taken back (refer to Forfeit the Pledge ) if the candidates would not vote through becoming formal validator nodes.
- Transfer any number of asset (including 0) to election validator nodes contract account.
- Fill in the section { "method" : "voteForApplicant", "params" : { "address" : "applier's address" } }as the input of transferring asset or coin. Remember to escape characters.
example,
"pay_coin" :
{
"dest_address" : "buQtxgoaDrVJGtoPT66YnA2S84yE8FbBqQDJ",
"amount" :0,
"input":
"{
\"method\":\"voteForApplicant\",
\"params\":
{
\"address\":\"buQtZrMdBQqYzfxvqKX3M8qLZD3LNAuoSKj4\"
}
}"
}
Note: Only the validator nodes have the authority to vote, and only for once. If the time period is out of the interval, the proposal and vote will be cancelled.
Validator nodes, candidates of validator nodes, and Appliers of candidates can forfeit the pledge through this operation.
- Transfer any number of asset (including 0) to election validator nodes contract account.
- Fill in the section { "method":"takebackCoin" } as the input of transferring coin. Remember to escape characters.
example,
"pay_coin" :
{
"dest_address" : "buQtxgoaDrVJGtoPT66YnA2S84yE8FbBqQDJ",
"amount" :0,
"input":"{\"method\":\"takebackCoin\"}"
}
After this operation, election account will return all the pledge to the sender account. If the sender accounts have been validator nodes, they will lose the identity as the validators. Election contract will vote on new validators to replace them.
If a validator node finds a malicious or unqualified node, it can submit banning the malicious nodes. To ban the malicious nodes, all of the validator nodes should vote on the proposal.
- The proposers transfer any number of asset (including 0) to election validator nodes contract account.
- Fill in the section { "method" : "abolishValidator", "params" : { "address" : "address of the malicious node", "proof" : "reasons of this proposal"} } as the input of transferring coin or assets. Remember to escape characters.
example,
"pay_coin" :
{
"dest_address" : "buQtxgoaDrVJGtoPT66YnA2S84yE8FbBqQDJ",
"amount" :0,
"input":
"{
\"method\":\"abolishValidator\",
\"params\":
{
\"address\":\"buQmvKW11Xy1GL9RUXJKrydWuNykfaQr9SKE\"，
\"proof\":\"I_saw_it_uncomfotable.\"
}
}"
}
Note: The proposer nodes and the malicious nodes both are validator nodes.
Operations can be revoked if initiated proposes are found to be wrong. However, once a proposal is passed, it can no longer be revoked.
- The proposers transfer any number of asset (including 0) to election validator nodes contract account.
- Fill in the section { "method" : "quitAbolish", "params" : { "address" : "address of the malicious node" } } as the input of transferring coin or assets. Remember to escape characters.
example,
"pay_coin" :
{
"dest_address" : "buQtxgoaDrVJGtoPT66YnA2S84yE8FbBqQDJ",
"amount" :0,
"input":
"{
\"method\":\"quitAbolish\",
\"params\":
{
\"address\":\"buQmvKW11Xy1GL9RUXJKrydWuNykfaQr9SKE\"
}
}"
}
Note: Only proposers may revoke the proposal.
After voting through banning the malicious nodes, targeted nodes would be banned. The election contract will forfeiture 10% pledge of this malicious node, and dividing the fine equally as the other nodes' pledge. The remainder of the fine obtained by moduling shall be rewarded to the validator node with largest stake.
- The validator nodes transfer any number of asset (including 0) to election validator nodes contract account.
- Fill in the section { "method" : "voteForAbolish", "params" : { "address" : "address of the malicious node"} } as the input of transferring coin or assets. Remember to escape characters.
example,
"pay_coin" :
{
"dest_address" : "buQtxgoaDrVJGtoPT66YnA2S84yE8FbBqQDJ",
"amount" :0,
"input":
"{
\"method\":\"voteForAbolish\",
\"params\":
{
\"address\":\"buQmvKW11Xy1GL9RUXJKrydWuNykfaQr9SKE\"
}
}"
}
Note: Only the validator nodes have voting rights. The proposal would be voided once the effective voting period expires. If the time period is out of the interval, the proposal and vote would be cancelled. The target nodes continue to be validator nodes.
By sending appointed parameters to the query interface (query api), you can obtain the related information. Currently, you can only call the query interface by sending sections callContractand contract_address, filling in address of validator candidates' election account.
example,
{
"contract_address" : "buQtxgoaDrVJGtoPT66YnA2S84yE8FbBqQDJ",
"code" : "",
"input" : "{\"method\": \"getValidators\"}",
"opt_type" : 2,
"source_address" : ""
}
example:
{
"contract_address" : "buQtxgoaDrVJGtoPT66YnA2S84yE8FbBqQDJ",
"code" : "",
"input" : "{\"method\": \"getCandidates\"}",
"opt_type" : 2,
"source_address" : ""
}
Fill in the appliers' address into section address.
example,
{
"contract_address" : "buQtxgoaDrVJGtoPT66YnA2S84yE8FbBqQDJ",
"code" : "",
"input" :
"{
\"method\": \"getApplicantProposal\",
\"params\":
{
\"address\":\"buQmvKW11Xy1GL9RUXJKrydWuNykfaQr9SKE\"
}
}",
"opt_type" : 2,
"source_address" : ""
}
Fill in the address of the malicious nodes into section address.
example,
{
"contract_address" : "buQtxgoaDrVJGtoPT66YnA2S84yE8FbBqQDJ",
"code" : "",
"input" :
"{
\"method\": \"getAbolishProposal\",
\"params\":
{
\"address\":\"buQmvKW11Xy1GL9RUXJKrydWuNykfaQr9SKE\"
}
}",
"opt_type" : 2,
"source_address" : ""
}
This contract is for planning the standard of transaction fee. Every standard of transaction fee is submitted and voted on by validator nodes. The selected one will become the new standard of transaction fee, and deployed on the next block. Once the effective voting period (15 days) expires, the proposal and votes will be voided.
address of this contract: buQiQgRerQM1fUM3GkqUftpNxGzNg2AdJBpe
message FeeConfig
{
enum Type {
UNKNOWN = 0;
GAS_PRICE = 1;
BASE_RESERVE = 2;
};
int64 gas_price = 1;
int64 base_reserve = 2;
}
| Code | Names | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | GAS_PRICE | Minimum gas |
| 2 | BASE_RESERVE | Reserved cost |
GET /getLedger?seq=xxxx&with_fee=true
| Parameters | Description |
|---|---|
| seq | sequence of the ledger. Api will return the current ledger as theseqis null. |
| with_fee | Defaults to false. Concealing the fee list. |
- If the ledger exists, then returns,
{
"error_code": 0,
"result": {
"fees": {
"base_reserve": 5,
"gas_price": 1000
},
"header": {
"account_tree_hash": "c4e74a027e7fb7a96fa2c028a24fd8296df049decf928ee173ec4106ae016b0c",
"consensus_value_hash": "2779905317234108f76cf5d65125cc0e9a3fd58e2140226bf79e8917028c8c9c",
"fees_hash": "d7618678ae72e7154fc4366f0a43154ee6bb786b3cefd46287e608e90e13a651",
"hash": "0c1b9d4b5a72d42f73917114c71672f78a3d951b7f7b89663d10138ea409c308",
"seq": 1,
"validators_hash": "cc4b0517295210c24ab037e3e9e122fd0c71e3c87994b7f913860de0a1930c36",
"version": 1000
}
}
}Call the query interface by sending the section callContract. The format of the input is json.
{
"method":"queryProposal",
"params":""
}JSON format contents should be transmitted into type string, then fill in the callContract.
{
"contract_address" : "buQiQgRerQM1fUM3GkqUftpNxGzNg2AdJBpe",
"code" : "",
"input" : "{\"method\":\"queryProposal\",\"params\":\"\"}",
"opt_type" : 2,
"source_address" : "",
"fee_limit":100000,
"gas_price":1000
}contract_address is the election contract address of transaction fee. opt_type:2 means calling the query interface.
- If the contents exist, then returns,
{
"error_code": 0,
"error_desc": "",
"result": {
"logs": {
"0-buQiQgRerQM1fUM3GkqUftpNxGzNg2AdJBpe": null
},
"query_rets": [
{
"result": {
"type": "string",
"value": "{\"buQft4EdxHrtatWUXjTFD7xAbMXACnUyT8vw1\":{\"accountId\":\"buQft4EdxHrtatWUXjTFD7xAbMXACnUyT8vw\",\"proposalId\":\"buQft4EdxHrtatWUXjTFD7xAbMXACnUyT8vw1\",\"feeType\":1,\"price\":5,\"voteCount\":0,\"time\":1517470155872949}}"
}
}
],
"actual_fee": 0,
"stat": {
"apply_time": 11342,
"memory_usage": 1325072,
"stack_usage": 2564,
"step": 16
},
"txs": null
}
}The contents in the section result is the returns. After deserializing the returns into json format, you can obtain all the proposals of transaction fee.
Call the query interface by sending the section callContract. The format of the input is json. You can query votes by te proposals' ID.
{
"method":"queryVote",
"params":{
"proposalId": "buQft4EdxHrtatWUXjTFD7xAbMXACnUyT8vw1"
}
}JSON format contents should be transmitted into type string, then fill in the callContract.
{
"contract_address" : "buQiQgRerQM1fUM3GkqUftpNxGzNg2AdJBpe",
"code" : "",
"input" :"{\"method\":\"queryVote\",\"params\":{\"proposalId\":\"buQft4EdxHrtatWUXjTFD7xAbMXACnUyT8vw1\"}}",
"opt_type" : 2,
"source_address" : "",
"fee_limit":100000,
"gas_price":1000
}contract_address is the election contract address of transaction fee. opt_type:2 means calling the query interface.
- If the contents exist, then returns,
{
"error_code": 0,
"error_desc": "",
"result": {
"logs": {
"0-buQiQgRerQM1fUM3GkqUftpNxGzNg2AdJBpe": null
},
"query_rets": [
{
"result": {
"type": "string",
"value": "{\"buQft4EdxHrtatWUXjTFD7xAbMXACnUyT8vw\":1}"
}
}
],
"actual_fee": 0,
"stat": {
"apply_time": 18020,
"memory_usage": 1326456,
"stack_usage": 2564,
"step": 19
},
"txs": null
}
}The contents in the section result is the returns. After deserializing the returns into json format, you can obtain all the proposals of transaction fee.
Submitting the transaction fee proposals to the contract by transferring assets or coin. The input format is json. Every account can only submits a proposal of transaction fee. If proposals are submitted repeatedly, the latter replaces the former.
{
"method":"proposalFee",
"params":{
"feeType": 1, //types of fee
"price": 5 //int. >= 0
}
}JSON format contents should be transmitted into type string, then fill in the paycoin.
{
"type" : "PAY_COIN",
"pay_coin" : {
"dest_address" :"buQiQgRerQM1fUM3GkqUftpNxGzNg2AdJBpe",
"amount":0,
"input":"{\"method\":\"proposalFee\",\"params\":{\"feeType\":1,\"price\":5}}"
}
}- rounded, the vote is successful. For example, there are 4 validator nodes and the votePassRate is 0.7. Then the votes should be larger than or equal to 3 (4*0.7=2.8). If there are 6 validator nodes and the votePassRate is 0.7. Then the votes should be larger than or equal to 4 (6*0.7=4.2).
Submitting the transaction fee proposals to the contract by transferring assets or coin. The input format is json.
{
"method":"voteFee",
"params":{
"proposalId": "buQft4EdxHrtatWUXjTFD7xAbMXACnUyT8vw1"
}
}JSON format contents should be transmitted into type string, then fill in the paycoin.
{
"type" : "PAY_COIN",
"pay_coin" : {
"dest_address" :"buQiQgRerQM1fUM3GkqUftpNxGzNg2AdJBpe",
"amount":0,
"input":"{\"method\":\"voteFee\",\"params\":{\"proposalId\":\"buQft4EdxHrtatWUXjTFD7xAbMXACnUyT8vw1\"}}"
}
}Consist of two parts:
- error_code : error code，rough separations of errors
- error_desc : error description，precise error description, including specific error information
error list:
| error_code | Names | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | ERRCODE_SUCCESS | Successful operation |
| 1 | ERRCODE_INTERNAL_ERROR | Inner service defect |
| 2 | ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER | Parameters error |
| 3 | ERRCODE_ALREADY_EXIST | Objects already exist, such as repeated transactions*** |
| 4 | ERRCODE_NOT_EXIST | Objects do not exist, such as null account, transactions and blocks etc. |
| 5 | ERRCODE_TX_TIMEOUT | Transactions expired. It means the transaction has been removed from the buffer, but it still has probability to be executed. |
| 7 | ERRCODE_MATH_OVERFLOW | Math calculation is overflown |
| 20 | ERRCODE_EXPR_CONDITION_RESULT_FALSE | The expression returns false. It means the TX failed to be executed currently, but it still has probability to be executed in the following blocks . |
| 21 | ERRCODE_EXPR_CONDITION_SYNTAX_ERROR | The syntax of the expression returns are false. It means that the TX must fail. |
| 90 | ERRCODE_INVALID_PUBKEY | Invalid public key |
| 91 | ERRCODE_INVALID_PRIKEY | Invalid private key |
| 92 | ERRCODE_ASSET_INVALID | Invalid assets |
| 93 | ERRCODE_INVALID_SIGNATURE | The weight of the signature does not match the threshold of the operation. |
| 94 | ERRCODE_INVALID_ADDRESS | Invalid address |
| 97 | ERRCODE_MISSING_OPERATIONS | Absent operation of TX |
| 98 | ERRCODE_TOO_MANY_OPERATIONS | Over 100 operations in a single transaction |
| 99 | ERRCODE_BAD_SEQUENCE | Invalid sequence or nonce of TX |
| 100 | ERRCODE_ACCOUNT_LOW_RESERVE | Low reserve in the account |
| 101 | ERRCODE_ACCOUNT_SOURCEDEST_EQUAL | Sender and receiver accounts are the same |
| 102 | ERRCODE_ACCOUNT_DEST_EXIST | The target account already exists |
| 103 | ERRCODE_ACCOUNT_NOT_EXIST | Accounts do not exist*** |
| 104 | ERRCODE_ACCOUNT_ASSET_LOW_RESERVE | Low reserve in the account |
| 105 | ERRCODE_ACCOUNT_ASSET_AMOUNT_TOO_LARGE | Amount of assets exceeds the limitation*** ( int64 ) |
| 106 | ERRCODE_ACCOUNT_INIT_LOW_RESERVE | Insufficient initial reserve for account creation*** |
| 111 | ERRCODE_FEE_NOT_ENOUGH | Low transaction fee |
| 114 | ERRCODE_OUT_OF_TXCACHE | TX buffer is full |
| 120 | ERRCODE_WEIGHT_NOT_VALID | Invalid weight |
| 121 | ERRCODE_THRESHOLD_NOT_VALID | Invalid threshold |
| 144 | ERRCODE_INVALID_DATAVERSION | Invalid data version of metadata |
| 146 | ERRCODE_TX_SIZE_TOO_BIG | TX exceeds upper limitation |
| 151 | ERRCODE_CONTRACT_EXECUTE_FAIL | Failure in contract execution |
| 152 | ERRCODE_CONTRACT_SYNTAX_ERROR | Failure in syntax analysis |
| 153 | ERRCODE_CONTRACT_TOO_MANY_RECURSION | The depth of contract recursion exceeds upper limitation |
| 154 | ERRCODE_CONTRACT_TOO_MANY_TRANSACTIONS | the TX submitted from the contract exceeds upper limitation* |
| 155 | ERRCODE_CONTRACT_EXECUTE_EXPIRED | Contract expired |
| 160 | ERRCODE_TX_INSERT_QUEUE_FAIL | Fail to insert the TX into buffer |
We use address: buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3to initiate a transaction with only one operation. The operation is creating an account.
-
Fill in the transaction contents, then, serialize the transaction.
POST getTransactionBlob{ "source_address": "buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3", "nonce": 1, "fee_limit":100000, "gas_price":1000, "operations": [{ "type": 1, "create_account": { "dest_address": "buQts6DfT5KavtV94JgZy75H9piwmb7KoUWg", "metadatas": [{ "key": "hello", "value": "metadata of the account creation process" } ], "priv": { "thresholds": { "tx_threshold": 1 } }, "contract": { "payload": "function main(inputStr){\n /*entry functions*/ }" } } } ] }return,
{ "error_code": 0, "error_desc": "", "result": { "hash": "8e97ab885685d68b8fa8c7682f77ce17a85f1b4f6c8438eda8ec955890919405", "transaction_blob": "0a2e61303032643833343562383964633334613537353734656234393736333566663132356133373939666537376236100122b90108012ab4010a2e61303032663836366337663431356537313934613932363131386363353565346365393939656232396231363461123a123866756e6374696f6e206d61696e28696e707574537472297b0a202f2ae8bf99e698afe59088e7baa6e585a5e58fa3e587bde695b02a2f207d1a06080a1a020807223e0a0568656c6c6f1235e8bf99e698afe5889be5bbbae8b4a6e58fb7e79a84e8bf87e7a88be4b8ade8aebee7bdaee79a84e4b880e4b8aa6d65746164617461" } } -
We use the private key of
buQs9npaCq9mNFZG18qu88ZcmXYqd6bqpTU3to sign thetransaction_blob. Then we obtain the digital signature.2f6612eaefbdadbe792201bb5d1e178aff118dfa0a640edb2a8ee91933efb97c4fb7f97be75195e529609a4de9b890b743124970d6bd7072b7029cfe7683ba2d`。 -
Submitting the digital signature, public key, and the transaction blob.
POST /submitTransaction{ "items" : [{ "transaction_blob" : "0a2e61303032643833343562383964633334613537353734656234393736333566663132356133373939666537376236100122b90108012ab4010a2e61303032663836366337663431356537313934613932363131386363353565346365393939656232396231363461123a123866756e6374696f6e206d61696e28696e707574537472297b0a202f2ae8bf99e698afe59088e7baa6e585a5e58fa3e587bde695b02a2f207d1a06080a1a020807223e0a0568656c6c6f1235e8bf99e698afe5889be5bbbae8b4a6e58fb7e79a84e8bf87e7a88be4b8ade8aebee7bdaee79a84e4b880e4b8aa6d65746164617461", "signatures" : [{ "sign_data" : "2f6612eaefbdadbe792201bb5d1e178aff118dfa0a640edb2a8ee91933efb97c4fb7f97be75195e529609a4de9b890b743124970d6bd7072b7029cfe7683ba2d", "public_key" : "b00204e1c7dddc36d3153adcaa451b0ab525d3def48a0a10fdb492dc3a7263cfb88e80ee974ca4da0e1f322aa84ff9d11340c764ea756ad148e979c121619e9fe52e9054" } ] } ] }