refs/packed: fix BUG when seeking refs with UTF-8 characters

It was reported that using git-pull(1) in a repository whose remote
contains branches with emojis leads to the following bug:

    $ git pull
    remote: Enumerating objects: 161255, done.
    remote: Counting objects: 100% (55884/55884), done.
    remote: Compressing objects: 100% (5518/5518), done.
    remote: Total 161255 (delta 54253), reused 50509 (delta 50364),
    pack-reused 105371 (from 4)
    Receiving objects: 100% (161255/161255), 309.90 MiB | 16.87 MiB/s, done.
    Resolving deltas: 100% (118048/118048), completed with 13416 local objects.
    From github.com:github/github
       97ab7ae3f3745..8fb2f9fa180ed  master -> origin/master
    [...snip many screenfuls of updates to origin remotes...]
    BUG: refs/packed-backend.c:984: packed-refs backend yielded reference
    preceding its prefix
    error: fetch died of signal 6

This issue bisects to 22600c0 (refs/iterator: implement seeking for
packed-ref iterators, 2025-03-12) where we have implemented seeking for
the packed-ref iterator. As part of that change we introduced a check
that verifies that the iterator only returns refnames bigger than the
prefix. In theory, this check should always hold: when a prefix is set
we know that we would've seeked that prefix first, so we should never
see a reference sorting before that prefix.

But in practice the check itself is misbehaving when handling unicode
characters. The particular issue triggered with a branch that got the
"shaved ice" unicode character in its name, which is composed of the
bytes "0xEE 0x90 0xBF". The bug triggers when we compare the refname
"refs/heads/<shaved-ice>" to something like "refs/heads/z", and it
specifically hits when comparing the first byte, "0xEE".

The root cause is that the most-significant bit of 0xEE is set. The
`refname` and `prefix` pointers that we use to compare bytes with one
another are both pointers to signed characters. As such, when we
dereference the 0xEE byte the result is a _negative_ value, and this
value will of course compare smaller than "z".

We can see that this issue is avoided in `cmp_packed_refname()`, where
we explicitly cast each byte to its unsigned form. Fix the bug by doing
the same in `packed_ref_iterator_advance()`.

Reported-by: Elijah Newren <newren@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Patrick Steinhardt <ps@pks.im>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>

Author: pks-t

refs/packed-backend.c

@@ -955,9 +955,9 @@ static int packed_ref_iterator_advance(struct ref_iterator *ref_iterator)
 			continue;
 
 		while (prefix && *prefix) {
-			if (*refname < *prefix)
+			if ((unsigned char)*refname < (unsigned char)*prefix)
 				BUG("packed-refs backend yielded reference preceding its prefix");
-			else if (*refname > *prefix)
+			else if ((unsigned char)*refname > (unsigned char)*prefix)
 				return ITER_DONE;
 			prefix++;
 			refname++;

t/t1408-packed-refs.sh

@@ -42,4 +42,19 @@ test_expect_success 'no error from stale entry in packed-refs' '
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'list packed refs with unicode characters' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf repo" &&
+	git init repo &&
+	(
+		cd repo &&
+		test_commit --no-tag A &&
+		git update-ref refs/heads/ HEAD &&
+		git update-ref refs/heads/z HEAD &&
+		git pack-refs --all &&
+		printf "%s commit\trefs/heads/z\n" $(git rev-parse HEAD) >expect &&
+		git for-each-ref refs/heads/z >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	)
+'
+
 test_done