diff --git a/google-cloud-spanner/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/TransactionRunnerImpl.java b/google-cloud-spanner/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/TransactionRunnerImpl.java
index d28566cef8..3458b04e7a 100644
--- a/google-cloud-spanner/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/TransactionRunnerImpl.java
+++ b/google-cloud-spanner/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/TransactionRunnerImpl.java
@@ -614,6 +614,25 @@ ApiFuture<Empty> rollbackAsync() {
                 getTransactionChannelHint());
         session.markUsed(clock.instant());
         return apiFuture;
+      } else if (transactionIdFuture != null) {
+        ApiFuture<ByteString> transactionIdOrEmptyFuture =
+            ApiFutures.catching(
+                transactionIdFuture,
+                Throwable.class,
+                input -> ByteString.empty(),
+                MoreExecutors.directExecutor());
+        return ApiFutures.transformAsync(
+            transactionIdOrEmptyFuture,
+            transactionId ->
+                transactionId.isEmpty()
+                    ? ApiFutures.immediateFuture(Empty.getDefaultInstance())
+                    : rpc.rollbackAsync(
+                        RollbackRequest.newBuilder()
+                            .setSession(session.getName())
+                            .setTransactionId(transactionId)
+                            .build(),
+                        getTransactionChannelHint()),
+            MoreExecutors.directExecutor());
       } else {
         return ApiFutures.immediateFuture(Empty.getDefaultInstance());
       }
diff --git a/google-cloud-spanner/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/OrphanedTransactionTest.java b/google-cloud-spanner/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/OrphanedTransactionTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e0a72086e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/google-cloud-spanner/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/spanner/OrphanedTransactionTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2026 Google LLC
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.google.cloud.spanner;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+
+import com.google.api.core.ApiFuture;
+import com.google.cloud.NoCredentials;
+import com.google.cloud.spanner.AsyncTransactionManager.TransactionContextFuture;
+import com.google.cloud.spanner.MockSpannerServiceImpl.SimulatedExecutionTime;
+import com.google.cloud.spanner.MockSpannerServiceImpl.StatementResult;
+import com.google.cloud.spanner.connection.AbstractMockServerTest;
+import com.google.cloud.spanner.connection.RandomResultSetGenerator;
+import com.google.common.base.Function;
+import com.google.spanner.v1.ExecuteSqlRequest;
+import com.google.spanner.v1.RollbackRequest;
+import io.grpc.ManagedChannelBuilder;
+import io.grpc.Status;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+import org.threeten.bp.Duration;
+
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public class OrphanedTransactionTest extends AbstractMockServerTest {
+  private static final Statement STATEMENT = Statement.of("SELECT * FROM random");
+
+  @BeforeClass
+  public static void setupReadResult() {
+    com.google.cloud.spanner.connection.RandomResultSetGenerator generator =
+        new RandomResultSetGenerator(10);
+    mockSpanner.putStatementResult(StatementResult.query(STATEMENT, generator.generate()));
+  }
+
+  private Spanner createSpanner() {
+    return SpannerOptions.newBuilder()
+        .setProjectId("fake-project")
+        .setHost("http://localhost:" + getPort())
+        .setCredentials(NoCredentials.getInstance())
+        .setChannelConfigurator(ManagedChannelBuilder::usePlaintext)
+        .setSessionPoolOption(
+            SessionPoolOptions.newBuilder().setWaitForMinSessions(Duration.ofSeconds(5L)).build())
+        .build()
+        .getService();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testOrphanedTransaction() throws Exception {
+    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
+    try (Spanner spanner = createSpanner()) {
+      DatabaseClient client =
+          spanner.getDatabaseClient(
+              DatabaseId.of("fake-project", "fake-instance", "fake-database"));
+      // Freeze the mock server to ensure that the request lands on the mock server before we
+      // proceed.
+      mockSpanner.freeze();
+      AsyncTransactionManager manager = client.transactionManagerAsync();
+      TransactionContextFuture context = manager.beginAsync();
+      context.then(
+          (txn, input) -> {
+            try (AsyncResultSet resultSet = txn.executeQueryAsync(STATEMENT)) {
+              resultSet.toListAsync(
+                  (Function<StructReader, Object>)
+                      row -> Objects.requireNonNull(row).getValue(0).getAsString(),
+                  executor);
+            }
+            return null;
+          },
+          executor);
+      // Wait for the ExecuteSqlRequest to land on the mock server.
+      mockSpanner.waitForRequestsToContain(
+          input ->
+              input instanceof ExecuteSqlRequest
+                  && ((ExecuteSqlRequest) input).getSql().equals(STATEMENT.getSql()),
+          5000L);
+      // Now close the transaction. This should (eventually) trigger a rollback, even though the
+      // client has not yet received a transaction ID.
+      manager.closeAsync();
+      // Unfreeze the mock server and wait for the Rollback request to be received.
+      mockSpanner.unfreeze();
+      mockSpanner.waitForLastRequestToBe(RollbackRequest.class, 5000L);
+    } finally {
+      executor.shutdown();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testOrphanedTransactionWithFailedFirstQuery() throws Exception {
+    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
+    mockSpanner.setExecuteStreamingSqlExecutionTime(
+        SimulatedExecutionTime.ofException(
+            Status.INVALID_ARGUMENT.withDescription("table not found").asRuntimeException()));
+    try (Spanner spanner = createSpanner()) {
+      DatabaseClient client =
+          spanner.getDatabaseClient(
+              DatabaseId.of("fake-project", "fake-instance", "fake-database"));
+      // Freeze the mock server to ensure that the request lands on the mock server before we
+      // proceed.
+      mockSpanner.freeze();
+      AsyncTransactionManager manager = client.transactionManagerAsync();
+      TransactionContextFuture context = manager.beginAsync();
+      context.then(
+          (txn, input) -> {
+            try (AsyncResultSet resultSet = txn.executeQueryAsync(STATEMENT)) {
+              resultSet.toListAsync(
+                  (Function<StructReader, Object>)
+                      row -> Objects.requireNonNull(row).getValue(0).getAsString(),
+                  executor);
+            }
+            return null;
+          },
+          executor);
+      // Wait for the ExecuteSqlRequest to land on the mock server.
+      mockSpanner.waitForRequestsToContain(
+          input ->
+              input instanceof ExecuteSqlRequest
+                  && ((ExecuteSqlRequest) input).getSql().equals(STATEMENT.getSql()),
+          5000L);
+      // Now close the transaction. This will not trigger a Rollback, as the statement failed.
+      // The closeResult will be done when the error for the failed statement is returned to the
+      // client.
+      ApiFuture<Void> closeResult = manager.closeAsync();
+      mockSpanner.unfreeze();
+      assertNull(closeResult.get());
+    } finally {
+      executor.shutdown();
+    }
+  }
+}