mro.py

"""
MRO stands for method resolution order, and it's used by class definitions
to determine which method will be run by a class instance. This module
shows how the MRO is useful for the classic diamond problem where classes
B and C depend on class A, and class D depends on classes B and C.
"""


class BasePlayer:
    """Base player."""

    def ping(self):
        return "ping"

    def pong(self):
        return "pong"


class PongPlayer(BasePlayer):
    """Pong player."""

    def pong(self):
        return "PONG"


class NeutralPlayer(BasePlayer):
    """Neutral player."""


class ConfusedPlayer(PongPlayer, NeutralPlayer):
    """Confused player.

    This is what we call the diamond problem, where `BasePlayer` child classes
    are the same as `ConfusedPlayer` parent classes. Python has the MRO to
    determine which `ping` and `pong` methods are called via the `super()`
    call followed by the respective method.

    The `super()` call is usually used without any parameters, which
    means that we start the MRO process from the current class upwards.

    For more on the subject, please consult this link:

    https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.3/mro/
    """

    def ping(self):
        """Override `ping` method."""
        return "pINg"

    def ping_pong(self):
        """Run `ping` and `pong` in different ways."""
        return [self.ping(), super().ping(), self.pong(), super().pong()]


class IndecisivePlayer(NeutralPlayer, PongPlayer):
    """Indecisive player.

    Notice that this class was created successfully without any conflicts
    even though the MRO of `ConfusedPlayer` is different.

    Notice that one of the `super()` calls uses additional parameters to
    start the MRO process from another class. This is generally discouraged
    as this bypasses the default method resolution process.
    """

    def pong(self):
        """Override `pong` method."""
        return "pONg"

    def ping_pong(self):
        """Run `ping` and `pong` in different ways."""
        return [
            self.ping(),
            super().ping(),
            self.pong(),
            super(PongPlayer, self).pong(),  # bypass MRO to `BasePlayer`
        ]


def main():
    # `ConfusedPlayer` methods are resolved from child to parent like this
    assert ConfusedPlayer.mro() == [ConfusedPlayer, PongPlayer, NeutralPlayer, BasePlayer, object]

    # `IndecisivePlayer` methods are resolved from child to parent like this
    assert IndecisivePlayer.mro() == [IndecisivePlayer, NeutralPlayer, PongPlayer, BasePlayer, object]

    # Show `ConfusedPlayer` method resolution in action
    assert ConfusedPlayer().ping_pong() == ["pINg", "ping", "PONG", "PONG"]

    # Show `IndecisivePlayer` method resolution in action
    assert IndecisivePlayer().ping_pong() == ["ping", "ping", "pONg", "pong"]

    class_creation_failed = False
    try:
        # Creating a new class `ConfusedPlayer` and `IndecisivePlayer`
        # results in a `TypeError` because both classes do not have
        # matching MRO outputs. This means that they cannot be reconciled
        # as one class. Hence, `MissingPlayer` will not be created
        type("MissingPlayer", (ConfusedPlayer, IndecisivePlayer), {})
    except TypeError:
        class_creation_failed = True
    assert class_creation_failed is True


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()