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b/docs/learning/workshops_introduction_to_electronics/index.rst @@ -1,264 +1,298 @@ Introduction to Electronics =============================================================================== -.. note:: - - This is a work in progress. +.. contents:: Contents + :local: + :depth: 2 Introduction -~~~~~~~~~~~~ +------------ This workshop is designed for freshmen and second-year students who are passionate about electronics and electrical engineering. It aims to provide them with a comprehensive overview of the field. The content and structure are tailored to their current level of knowledge, introducing them to the fascinating world of electronics and microchips. -Theoretical content -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Slide Deck and Booklet +---------------------- + +Since this tutorial is also designed to be presented as a live, hands-on workshop, a slide deck is provided here: + +.. admonition:: Download + + :download:`Introduction to Electronics Slide Deck ` + +A complete booklet of the hands-on activity is also provided, as a companion to following the tutorial yourself: + +.. admonition:: Download + + :download:`Introduction to Electronics Booklet ` + +A comma separated values file used for generating the base step voltage needed for the Transistor Characteristic demo is also provided: + +.. admonition:: Download + + :download:`Base Voltage Values ` -- Why choosing Electronics -- What is an IC and what role does it have -- What is a transistor and what role does it have -- ADALM2000 board overview +Theory +------ -**Why Electronics?** +Why Electronics? +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Every Electronics or Electrical Engineering student has received at least once the question: why did you choose electronics? -How can one answer this question better than: Why not? +Every Electronics or Electrical Engineering student has received at least once the question: *why did you choose electronics?* +How can one answer this question better than: *Why not?* -1. It offers diverse career opportunities: +#. It offers diverse career opportunities: -- Wireless Communications Engineer -- Network Engineer -- Electronics Design Engineer -- Embedded Systems Engineer -- Satellite Communications Engineer + * Wireless Communications Engineer + * Network Engineer + * Electronics Design Engineer + * Embedded Systems Engineer + * Satellite Communications Engineer -2. It brings to table inovation and technological advancement +#. It brings to table innovation and technological advancement -3. It offers impactful contribution +#. It offers impactful contribution -4. It offers continuous learning +#. It offers continuous learning -**What is an IC?** +What is an IC? +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ An integrated circuit (IC) is an assembly of electronic components in which hundreds to millions of transistors, resistors, and capacitors are interconnected and built up on a thin substrate of semiconductor material (usually silicon) to form a small chip or wafer. Integrated circuits are the building blocks for most electronic devices and equipment. -`Applications` +**Applications** -- Consumer Electronics: Smartphones, computers, and home appliances. -- Industrial: Automation systems, robotics. -- Medical: Diagnostic equipment, wearable health devices. -- Automotive: Engine control units, infotainment systems. +* Consumer Electronics: Smartphones, computers, and home appliances. +* Industrial: Automation systems, robotics. +* Medical: Diagnostic equipment, wearable health devices. +* Automotive: Engine control units, infotainment systems. -`Importance` +**Importance** -- Miniaturization of circuits. -- Increased reliability and performance. -- Cost efficiency. +* Miniaturization of circuits. +* Increased reliability and performance. +* Cost efficiency. -.. figure:: ic.png +.. figure:: images/theoretical_content/ic.png :align: center - :width: 500 + :width: 30em ICs are everywhere -.. figure:: circuit.png +.. figure:: images/theoretical_content/circuit.png :align: center - :width: 500 + :width: 30em - LSI – Large Scale Integration circuits compared to the corresponding prototype circuit 1970-1972 + LSI - Large Scale Integration circuits compared to the corresponding prototype circuit 1970-1972 **Transistors - what kind of species is that?** -A transistor is a miniature semiconductor that regulates or controls current or voltage flow in addition amplifying and generating these electrical signals and acting as a switch/gate for them +A transistor is a miniature semiconductor that regulates or controls current or voltage flow in addition amplifying and generating these +electrical signals and acting as a switch/gate for them -- why do we need them? -- how do they work? -- what are the commonly used types? +* Why do we need them? +* How do they work? +* What are the commonly used types? -`Applications` +**Applications** -- Analog Circuits: Amplifiers, oscillators. -- Digital Circuits: Logic gates, microprocessors. -- Power Electronics: Power supplies, motor controllers. +* Analog Circuits: Amplifiers, oscillators. +* Digital Circuits: Logic gates, microprocessors. +* Power Electronics: Power supplies, motor controllers. -.. figure:: transistor.png +.. figure:: images/theoretical_content/transistor.png :align: center - :width: 300 + :width: 30em Transistor - the base of Electronics -`Functionality` +**Functionality** -- Cut Off ("off"):  Emitter > Base < Collector -- Saturation ("on"): Emitter < Base > Collector -- Forward Active ("proportional"):  Emitter < Base < Collector -- Reverse Active ("negative proportional"):  Emitter > Base > Collector +* Cut Off ("off"):  Emitter > Base < Collector +* Saturation ("on"): Emitter < Base > Collector +* Forward Active ("proportional"):  Emitter < Base < Collector +* Reverse Active ("negative proportional"):  Emitter > Base > Collector -.. figure:: vce_ib.png +.. figure:: images/theoretical_content/vce_ib.png :align: center - :width: 300 + :width: 30em Output Characteristics - common emitter configuration -`How many transistors are needed to create a logic gate?` +**How many transistors are needed to create a logic gate?** Logic gates built with transistors .. grid:: :widths: 50% 50% - .. image:: and.png - :width: 280 + .. image:: images/theoretical_content/and.png + :width: 30em :alt: AND - .. image:: not.png - :width: 300 + .. image:: images/theoretical_content/not.png + :width: 30em :alt: NOT -`ADALM2000` +**ADALM2000** -The ADALM2000 (M2K) Advanced Active Learning Module is an affordable USB-powered data acquisition module, that can be used to introduce fundamentals of electrical engineering in a self or instructor lead setting. +The ADALM2000 (M2K) Advanced Active Learning Module is an affordable USB-powered data acquisition module, that can be used to introduce fundamentals +of electrical engineering in a self or instructor lead setting. -With 12-bit ADCs and DACs running at 100 MSPS, brings the power of high-performance lab equipment to the palm of your hand, enabling electrical engineering students and hobbyists to explore signals and systems into the tens of MHz without the cost and bulk associated with traditional lab gear. +With 12-bit ADCs and DACs running at 100 MSPS, brings the power of high-performance lab equipment to the palm of your hand, enabling electrical +engineering students and hobbyists to explore signals and systems into the tens of MHz without the cost and bulk associated with traditional lab gear. When coupled with Analog Devices' Scopy™ graphical application software running on a computer, provides the user with high performance instrumentation. -.. figure:: m2k.png - :align: left +.. figure:: images/theoretical_content/m2k.png + :align: center + :width: 30em -.. figure:: scopy.png +.. figure:: images/theoretical_content/scopy.png :align: center + :width: 30em M2k and Scopy software Hands-on activity -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +----------------- By the end of this workshop, you will learn: -- How to use a breadboard -- How to power on an IC -- How to read an IC pinout from datasheet -- How to use a desktop Oscilloscope and Signal generator channels by operating a Network Analyzer -- How to visualize a low pass filter characteristic / transfer function -- How to drive a transistor -- How to create a logic function for performing a specific task  +* How to use a breadboard +* How to power on an IC +* How to read an IC pinout from datasheet +* How to use a desktop Oscilloscope and Signal generator channels by operating a Network Analyzer +* How to visualize a low pass filter characteristic / transfer function +* How to drive a transistor +* How to create a logic function for performing a specific task **Activities** -- Low pass filter transfer function -- Digital demo – traffic lights using logic gates -- Back to the analog world - Transistors -- Home made battery +* Low pass filter transfer function +* Digital demo - traffic lights using logic gates +* Back to the analog world - Transistors +* Home made battery -**Pre-requisites** +**Materials** -- :git-plutosdr-m2k-drivers-win:`ADALM2000 drivers installation ` -- :git-scopy:`Install Scopy software ` +* ADALM2000 Active Learning Module +* Solder-less breadboard, and jumper wire kit +* 2 x 1 KΩ resistors +* 2 x 0.1 uF capacitors (marked 104) -**Hands-on activity 1 - Scope and Signal generator channels – Cascaded LP filters** +**Pre-requisites** -*Materials* +* :doc:`ADALM2000 firmware update ` +* :git-plutosdr-m2k-drivers-win:`ADALM2000 drivers installation ` +* :git-scopy:`Install Scopy software ` -- ADALM2000 Active Learning Module -- Solder-less breadboard, and jumper wire kit -- 2 x 1 KΩ resistors -- 2 x 0.1 uF capacitors (marked 104) +Example 1 - Scope and Signal generator channels - Cascaded LP filters +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -**First Stage Filter** +First Stage Filter +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -*Hardware setup* +**Hardware setup** -.. figure:: demo1hw.png +.. figure:: images/exercises/example1/demo1hw.png :align: center + :width: 30em Schematic for first stage filter -.. figure:: demo1bb.png +.. figure:: images/exercises/example1/demo1bb.png :align: center + :width: 30em Breadboard connections for first stage filter -Steps +**Steps** - 1. Open Network Analyzer - 2. Set the sweep to logarithmic - 3. Set the start frequency to 100Hz and stop to 20kHz - 4. Set the magnitude axis between -50dB and 10dB - 5. Set the phase axis between -180 and 90 degrees +#. Open Network Analyzer +#. Set the sweep to logarithmic +#. Set the start frequency to 100Hz and stop to 20kHz +#. Set the magnitude axis between -50dB and 10dB +#. Set the phase axis between -180 and 90 degrees -.. figure:: demo1waves.png +.. figure:: images/exercises/example1/demo1waves.png :align: center + :width: 30em Results for Bode Diagram -**Second stage filter** +Second stage filter +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -.. figure:: demo1hw1.png - :align: left +.. figure:: images/exercises/example1/demo1hw1.png + :align: center + :width: 30em -.. figure:: demo1bb1.png +.. figure:: images/exercises/example1/demo1bb1.png :align: center + :width: 30em Schematic and Breadboard connections -Steps: +**Steps** -1. Connect the Scope Channel 2 after the first RC group and do a single sweep -2. Take a signal snapshot to preserve the result as a reference -3. Connect the Scope Channel 2 after the second RC stage and perform another sweep +#. Connect the Scope Channel 2 after the first RC group and do a single sweep +#. Take a signal snapshot to preserve the result as a reference +#. Connect the Scope Channel 2 after the second RC stage and perform another sweep -.. figure:: demo1waves1.png +.. figure:: images/exercises/example1/demo1waves1.png :align: center + :width: 30em Results for Bode Diagram -**Hands-on activity 2 - Traffic lights control** +Example 2 - Traffic lights control +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This demo will showcase the usage of logic gates to implement a logic function which describes the functionality of a well-known device: a traffic light. -*Materials* +**Materials** -- ADALM2000 Active Learning Module -- Jumper wires -- 1 SN74HC08N part -- 1 SN74HC32N part -- 1 SN74HC04N part -- 1 Yellow LED -- 1 Red LED -- 1 Green LED +* ADALM2000 Active Learning Module +* Jumper wires +* 1 SN74HC08N part +* 1 SN74HC32N part +* 1 SN74HC04N part +* 1 Yellow LED +* 1 Red LED +* 1 Green LED -*Theory of operation* +**Theory of operation** -Logic sequence of a traffic light is the one bellow: +Logic sequence of a traffic light is the one below: -.. figure:: rgy.png +.. figure:: images/exercises/example2/rgy.png :align: center - :width: 300 + :width: 30em -You will use two logic inputs to control the traffic lights, those inputs are marked A and B, the sequence is the one bellow: +You will use two logic inputs to control the traffic lights, those inputs are marked A and B, the sequence is the one below: -.. figure:: rgy1.png +.. figure:: images/exercises/example2/rgy1.png :align: center - :width: 400 + :width: 30em Flow diagram Truth table for the logic function that describes the traffic lights sequence -.. figure:: demo2.png +.. figure:: images/exercises/example2/demo2.png :align: center - :width: 400 + :width: 30em -*Hardware Setup* +**Hardware Setup** The circuit functionality is represented in the schematic: -.. figure:: demo2hw.png +.. figure:: images/exercises/example2/demo2hw.png :align: center - :width: 300 + :width: 30em Schematic @@ -267,194 +301,180 @@ Components Pinout .. grid:: :widths: 33% 33% 33% - .. figure:: sn74hc04n.png - :width: 300 + .. figure:: images/exercises/example2/sn74hc04n.png + :width: 30em :alt: SN74HC04N SN74HC04N - .. figure:: sn74hc08n.png - :width: 300 + .. figure:: images/exercises/example2/sn74hc08n.png + :width: 30em :alt: SN74HC08N - SN74HC04N + SN74HC08N - .. figure:: led.png - :width: 300 + .. figure:: images/exercises/example2/led.png + :width: 30em :alt: LED LED Terminals -Steps: +**Steps** -1. Place the ICs on the breadboard with each pin row on one side of the breadboard delimitator. -2. Open Scopy application -3. Open the Oscilloscope instrument -4. Open the Power instrument -5. Connect the V+ wire to pins 14 of the both ICs - VCC -6. Connect GND pin of the M2K to pin 7 of both ICs -7. Connect DIO 0 pin to SN74HC04N pin 1 -8. Connect DIO 0 pin to SN74HC08N pin 1 -9. Connect DIO 1 pin to SN74HC04N pin 3 -10. Connect DIO 1 pin to Y LED -11. Connect SN74HC04N pin 2 to R LED -12. Connect SN74HC04N pin 4 to SN74HC08N pin 2 -13. Connect SN74HC08N pin 3 to G LED -14. Set the V+ to 3.3V and press the Enable button +#. Place the ICs on the breadboard with each pin row on one side of the breadboard delimitator. +#. Open Scopy application +#. Open the Oscilloscope instrument +#. Open the Power instrument +#. Connect the V+ wire to pins 14 of the both ICs - VCC +#. Connect GND pin of the M2K to pin 7 of both ICs +#. Connect DIO 0 pin to SN74HC04N pin 1 +#. Connect DIO 0 pin to SN74HC08N pin 1 +#. Connect DIO 1 pin to SN74HC04N pin 3 +#. Connect DIO 1 pin to Y LED +#. Connect SN74HC04N pin 2 to R LED +#. Connect SN74HC04N pin 4 to SN74HC08N pin 2 +#. Connect SN74HC08N pin 3 to G LED +#. Set the V+ to 3.3V and press the Enable button -*Results* +**Results** -• Open the Scopy Digital IO and Power instruments: -• Toggle the DIO0 and DIO1 digital pins according to the logical function truth table and verify the outputs match the table results +* Open the Scopy Digital IO and Power instruments: +* Toggle the DIO0 and DIO1 digital pins according to the logical function truth table and verify the outputs match the table results -.. figure:: demo2scopy.png +.. figure:: images/exercises/example2/demo2scopy.png :align: center - :width: 400 + :width: 30em Scopy setup **Challenge** -• Implement a logical OR function using SN74HC32N part from the kit -• Pinout: +* Implement a logical OR function using SN74HC32N part from the kit +* Pinout: -.. figure:: sn74hc32n.png +.. figure:: images/exercises/example2/sn74hc32n.png :align: center - :width: 300 + :width: 30em Logical OR -**Hands-on activity 3 - NPN transistor characteristics** +Example 3 - NPN transistor characteristics +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The demo will describe the output characteristics of a BJT NPN transistor using modern instrumentation tools. -*Materials* +**Materials** -• ADALM2000 Active Learning Module -• Jumper wires -• 1 - 100KΩResistor -• 1 - 100ΩResistor -• 1 - small signal NPN transistor - 2N3904 -• 1 - small signal PNP transistor - 2N3906 +* ADALM2000 Active Learning Module +* Jumper wires +* 1 - 100KΩ Resistor +* 1 - 100Ω Resistor +* 1 - small signal NPN transistor - 2N3904 +* 1 - small signal PNP transistor - 2N3906 -*Theory of operation* +**Theory of operation** -2N2904 Pinout +2N3904 Pinout .. grid:: :widths: 50% 50% - .. image:: npn.png - :width: 200 + .. image:: images/exercises/example3/npn.png + :width: 30em :alt: pnp - .. image:: npn1.png - :width: 200 + .. image:: images/exercises/example3/npn1.png + :width: 30em :alt: SN74HC08N -*Hardware setup* +**Hardware setup** -• Place the transistor and resistors on the breadboard. -• Make the connections between ADALM2000 and circuit as shown below. +* Place the transistor and resistors on the breadboard. +* Make the connections between ADALM2000 and circuit as shown below. -.. figure:: npn2.png +.. figure:: images/exercises/example3/npn2.png :align: center - :width: 350 + :width: 30em ADALM2000 connections -*Steps* +**Steps** -1. Open Scopy application -2. Create a CSV file with a column having integer values from 0 to 5(0, 1, 2, 3, 4), save it -3. Open the Waveform generator instrument and select Channel 2, load the previously created csv file and make the setup: +#. Open Scopy application +#. Create a CSV file with a column having integer values from 0 to 5(0, 1, 2, 3, 4), save it +#. Open the Waveform generator instrument and select Channel 2, load the previously created csv file and make the setup: -.. figure:: demo2scopy1.png - :align: center - :width: 600 + .. figure:: images/exercises/example3/demo3scopy1.png + :align: center + :width: 30em -4. Select Channel 1, make the setup below: +#. Select Channel 1, make the setup below: -.. figure:: demo2scopy2.png - :align: center - :width: 600 + .. figure:: images/exercises/example3/demo3scopy2.png + :align: center + :width: 30em -5. Open the scope and select the XY view -6. Add a math channel with the following function: M1 = t0/100 - it represents the Ic current, given the 100 ohms collector resistor +#. Open the scope and select the XY view +#. Add a math channel with the following function: M1 = t0/100 - it represents the Ic current, given the 100 ohms collector resistor -`Results` +**Results** -7. Observe the output characteristics of the NPN transistor Ic = f(Vce) +Observe the output characteristics of the NPN transistor Ic = f(Vce) -.. figure:: demo2scopyres.png +.. figure:: images/exercises/example3/demo3scopyres.png :align: center - :width: 600 + :width: 30em **Challenge** -• Obtain the characteristics for a PNP transistor provided. -• The curve trace should look like the one in the image: +* Obtain the characteristics for a PNP transistor provided. +* The curve trace should look like the one in the image: -.. figure:: demo2scopych.png +.. figure:: images/exercises/example3/demo3scopych.png :align: center - :width: 600 + :width: 30em Tips: you need to create another csv file for the base control signal of the transistor. -**Hands-on activity 4 - Home made battery - instructor-led** +Example 4 - Home made battery - instructor-led +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This demo is instructor-led and intends to implement a proof of concept for a battery powered LED using unconventional materials. -*Materials:* - -• ADALM2000 Active Learning Module -• Jumper wires (wires with alligator clips will work best) -• 3 lemons: large, fresh, “juicy” lemons work best. -• Zinc plated screws or nails -• Copper plated coins or copper nails or heavy gauge (14 or 12) copper wire. -• Red LED - -*Hardware Setup* - -1. Insert a copper penny into a small cut or push a copper nail or heavy gauge wire into one side of the lemon. -2. Push a galvanized (zinc coated) screw or nail into the other side of the lemon. The zinc and copper electrodes must not touch. - -.. figure:: demo4.png - :align: center - :width: 150 - +**Materials** -*Results* +* ADALM2000 Active Learning Module +* Jumper wires (wires with alligator clips will work best) +* 3 lemons: large, fresh, “juicy” lemons work best. +* Zinc plated screws or nails +* Copper plated coins or copper nails or heavy gauge (14 or 12) copper wire. +* Red LED -You should be able to observe how the Red LED is lit by the 4 or more lemon-cells battery - -Slide Deck, booklet and additional materials -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +**Hardware Setup** -Since this tutorial is also designed to be presented as a live, hands-on -workshop, a slide deck is provided here: +#. Insert a copper penny into a small cut or push a copper nail or heavy gauge wire into one side of the lemon. +#. Push a galvanized (zinc coated) screw or nail into the other side of the lemon. The zinc and copper electrodes must not touch. -.. admonition:: Download - - :download:`Introduction to Electronics Slide Deck ` +**Steps** -A complete booklet of the hands-on activity is also provided, as a companion to -following the tutorial yourself: +#. Repeat the procedure for all 3 lemons +#. Connect the lemon cells in series by linking the copper electrode of one lemon to the zinc electrode of the next +#. Connect the Red LED across the battery (copper of first lemon to LED anode, zinc of last lemon to LED cathode) -.. admonition:: Download +.. figure:: images/exercises/example4/demo4.png + :align: center + :width: 20em - :download:`Introduction to Electronics Booklet ` -Comma Separated Values file used for generating the base step voltage needed for the Transistor Characteristic demo: +**Results** -.. admonition:: Download +You should be able to observe how the Red LED is lit by the 4 or more lemon-cells battery - :download:`Base Voltage Values ` Takeaways -~~~~~~~~~ +--------- Electronics can be both fun and challenging, but it brings many satisfactions @@ -469,12 +489,12 @@ ADALM2000 is a very versatile tool suited to use in various applications: - Research Resources -~~~~~~~~~ +--------- -* :dokuwiki:`university` -* :dokuwiki:`university/courses/alm1k/intro/real-voltage-sources` -* :dokuwiki:`university/courses/electronics/electronics-lab-4` -* :dokuwiki:`university/courses/engineering_discovery/lab_13` +* :doc:`/university/index` +* `Real Voltage Sources `_ +* `Electronics Lab 4 `_ +* `Engineering Discovery Lab 13 `_ *Specific hardware resources*