Merge branch 'main' into warsaw/pep-772

Author: warsaw

.github/CODEOWNERS

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 peps/pep-0789.rst  @njsmith
 peps/pep-0790.rst  @hugovk
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peps/pep-0791.rst

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+PEP: 791
+Title: imath --- module for integer-specific mathematics functions
+Author: Sergey B Kirpichev <skirpichev@gmail.com>
+Sponsor: Victor Stinner <vstinner@python.org>
+Discussions-To: https://discuss.python.org/t/92548
+Status: Draft
+Type: Standards Track
+Created: 12-May-2025
+Python-Version: 3.15
+Post-History: `12-Jul-2018 <https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-ideas@python.org/thread/YYJ5YJBJNCVXQWK5K3WSVNMPUSV56LOR/>`__,
+              02-Jun-2019,
+              `09-May-2025 <https://discuss.python.org/t/91337>`__,
+              `19-May-2025 <https://discuss.python.org/t/92548>`__,
+
+
+Abstract
+========
+
+This PEP proposes a new module for number-theoretical, combinatorial and other
+functions defined for integer arguments, like
+:external+py3.14:func:`math.gcd` or :external+py3.14:func:`math.isqrt`.
+
+
+Motivation
+==========
+
+The :external+py3.14:mod:`math` documentation says: "This module provides access
+to the mathematical functions defined by the C standard."  But,
+over time the module was populated with functions that aren't related to
+the C standard or floating-point arithmetics.  Now it's much harder to describe
+module scope, content and interfaces (returned values or accepted arguments).
+
+For example, the :external+py3.14:mod:`math` module documentation says: "Except
+when explicitly noted otherwise, all return values are floats."  This is no
+longer true:  *None* of the functions listed in the `Number-theoretic
+functions <https://docs.python.org/3.14/library/math.html#number-theoretic-functions>`_
+subsection of the documentation return a float, but the
+documentation doesn't say so.  In the documentation for the proposed ``imath`` module the sentence "All
+return values are integers." would be accurate.  In a similar way we
+can simplify the description of the accepted arguments for functions in both the
+:external+py3.14:mod:`math` and the new module.
+
+Apparently, the :external+py3.14:mod:`math` module can't serve as a catch-all place
+for mathematical functions since we also have the :external+py3.14:mod:`cmath` and
+:external+py3.14:mod:`statistics` modules.  Let's do the same for integer-related
+functions.  It provides shared context, which reduces verbosity in the
+documentation and conceptual load.  It also aids discoverability through
+grouping related functions and makes IDE suggestions more helpful.
+
+Currently the :external+py3.14:mod:`math` module code in the CPython is around
+4200LOC, from which the new module code is roughly 1/3 (1300LOC).  This is
+comparable with the :external+py3.14:mod:`cmath` (1340LOC), which is *not* a
+simple wrapper to the ``libm``, as most functions in the
+:external+py3.14:mod:`math` module.
+
+
+Specification
+=============
+
+The PEP proposes moving the following integer-related functions to a new
+module, called ``imath``:
+
+* :external+py3.14:func:`~math.comb`
+* :external+py3.14:func:`~math.factorial`
+* :external+py3.14:func:`~math.gcd`
+* :external+py3.14:func:`~math.isqrt`
+* :external+py3.14:func:`~math.lcm`
+* :external+py3.14:func:`~math.perm`
+
+Their aliases in :external+py3.14:mod:`math` will be :term:`soft deprecated`.
+
+Module functions will accept integers and objects that implement the
+:external+py3.14:meth:`~object.__index__` method, which is used to convert the
+object to an integer number.  Suitable functions must be computed exactly,
+given sufficient time and memory.
+
+Possible extensions for the new module and its scope are discussed in the
+`Open Issues <Open Issues_>`_ section.  New functions are not part of this
+proposal.
+
+
+Backwards Compatibility
+=======================
+
+As aliases in :external+py3.14:mod:`math` will be kept for an indefinite time
+(their use would be discouraged), there are no anticipated code breaks.
+
+
+How to Teach This
+=================
+
+The new module will be a place for functions, that 1) accept
+:external+py3.14:class:`int`-like arguments and also return integers, and 2) are
+also in the field of arbitrary-precision integer arithmetic, i.e. have no
+dependency on the platform floating-point format or behaviour and/or on the
+platform math library (``libm``).
+
+For users it would be natural first to look on the
+:external+py3.14:class:`int`'s methods, which cover most basic use-cases (e.g.
+:external+py3.14:meth:`int.bit_length` method), than to some dedicated place in
+the stdlib.
+
+
+Reference Implementation
+========================
+
+`python/cpython#133909 <https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/133909>`_
+
+
+Open Issues
+===========
+
+Module name
+-----------
+
+The chosen name seems consistent with one existing domain-specific mathematical module:
+:external+py3.14:mod:`cmath` (for complex numbers).
+
+We note the `Imath
+<https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/Imath>`_ C++ library includes
+Python bindings with the same name.  There is also an :pypi:`imath` project on
+PyPI, but only with two releases, with the most recent one four years ago.  Its
+repository is no longer accessible.
+
+`Polling showed <https://discuss.python.org/t/91337/35>`_ ``intmath`` as another
+popular name.  The argument made was that the normal mathematical spelling of
+the imaginary unit is ``i``, which makes ``imath`` ambiguous.  It also has no conflict
+with any PyPI module.  On the other hand, ``intmath`` may be confused with
+interval math or numerical integration.
+
+Other proposed names include ``ntheory`` (like SymPy's submodule),
+``integermath`` and ``imaths``.
+
+
+Module scope and possible extensions
+------------------------------------
+
+Unless we can just provide bindings to some well supported mathematical library
+like the GMP, the module scope should be limited.  For example, no primality
+testing and factorization, as production-quality implementatons will require a
+decent mathematical background from contributors and belongs rather to
+specialized libraries.
+
+Some possible additions, among those proposed in the initial discussion thread
+(see also issue
+`python/cpython#81313 <https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/81313>`_):
+
+* ``ceil_div()`` --- for integer ceiling divide, see
+  `relevant discussion thread <https://discuss.python.org/t/91269>`_.
+* ``gcdext()`` --- to solve linear `Diophantine equation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diophantine_equation>`_ in two variables (the
+  :external+py3.14:class:`int` implementation actually includes an extended
+  Euclidean algorithm)
+* ``isqrt_rem()`` --- to return both an integer square root and a remainder (which is non-zero only if
+  the integer isn't a perfect square)
+* ``ilog()`` --- integer logarithm, :external+py3.14:func:`math.log`
+  has special handling for integer arguments.  It's unique (with respect to other module
+  functions) and not documented so far, see issue
+  `python/cpython#120950 <https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/120950>`_.
+* ``fibonacci()`` --- `Fibonacci sequence <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_sequence>`_.
+
+
+Rejected ideas
+==============
+
+There was a brief discussion about exposing :external+py3.14:func:`math.isqrt`
+as ``imath.sqrt`` in the same way that :external+py3.14:func:`cmath.sqrt` is
+the complex version of :external+py3.14:func:`math.sqrt`.  However, ``isqrt``
+is ultimately a different function: it is the floor of the square root.  It
+would be confusing to give it the same name (under a different module).
+
+
+Acknowledgements
+================
+
+Thanks to Tim Peters for reviving the idea of splitting the :external+py3.14:mod:`math`
+module.  Thanks to Neil Girdhar for substantial improvements of
+the initial draft.
+
+
+Copyright
+=========
+
+This document is placed in the public domain or under the
+CC0-1.0-Universal license, whichever is more permissive.