Add Python linter to GitHub Actions

[davidgantman]

It would be a good idea to add a linter to GitHub actions to enforce style rules on pull requests to main/staging branches. Ruff in combination with Black seems like a good way to cover the current guidelines.

Originally posted by @Andrei-Treil in #12

[Andrei-Treil]

I can take care of this issue 😄

[davidgantman]

Not sure if it's entailed by Ruff/Black, but a linter that enforces Python type hints would be useful.