Update Cladetime tests to run on all supported operating systems and Python versions

[bsweger]

Background

Cladetime supports multiple versions of Python, and our goal is to have it work on MacOS, Linux, and Windows.

That said, the test suite currently runs on Ubuntu (i.e., GitHub runner) and a single version of Python

Definition of done

• Update the cli.yaml workflow to run on all supported Python versions and all supported operating systems