diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast/src/ast.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast/src/ast.rs
index 802a6fa324984..3e8fddd9954e2 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast/src/ast.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast/src/ast.rs
@@ -2284,6 +2284,54 @@ pub struct FnSig {
     pub span: Span,
 }
 
+impl FnSig {
+    /// Return a span encompassing the header, or where to insert it if empty.
+    pub fn header_span(&self) -> Span {
+        match self.header.ext {
+            Extern::Implicit(span) | Extern::Explicit(_, span) => {
+                return self.span.with_hi(span.hi());
+            }
+            Extern::None => {}
+        }
+
+        match self.header.safety {
+            Safety::Unsafe(span) | Safety::Safe(span) => return self.span.with_hi(span.hi()),
+            Safety::Default => {}
+        };
+
+        if let Some(coroutine_kind) = self.header.coroutine_kind {
+            return self.span.with_hi(coroutine_kind.span().hi());
+        }
+
+        if let Const::Yes(span) = self.header.constness {
+            return self.span.with_hi(span.hi());
+        }
+
+        self.span.shrink_to_lo()
+    }
+
+    /// The span of the header's safety, or where to insert it if empty.
+    pub fn safety_span(&self) -> Span {
+        match self.header.safety {
+            Safety::Unsafe(span) | Safety::Safe(span) => span,
+            Safety::Default => {
+                // Insert after the `coroutine_kind` if available.
+                if let Some(extern_span) = self.header.ext.span() {
+                    return extern_span.shrink_to_lo();
+                }
+
+                // Insert right at the front of the signature.
+                self.header_span().shrink_to_hi()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The span of the header's extern, or where to insert it if empty.
+    pub fn extern_span(&self) -> Span {
+        self.header.ext.span().unwrap_or(self.safety_span().shrink_to_hi())
+    }
+}
+
 /// A constraint on an associated item.
 ///
 /// ### Examples
@@ -3526,6 +3574,13 @@ impl Extern {
             None => Extern::Implicit(span),
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn span(self) -> Option<Span> {
+        match self {
+            Extern::None => None,
+            Extern::Implicit(span) | Extern::Explicit(_, span) => Some(span),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /// A function header.
@@ -3534,12 +3589,12 @@ impl Extern {
 /// included in this struct (e.g., `async unsafe fn` or `const extern "C" fn`).
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Encodable, Decodable, Debug, Walkable)]
 pub struct FnHeader {
-    /// Whether this is `unsafe`, or has a default safety.
-    pub safety: Safety,
-    /// Whether this is `async`, `gen`, or nothing.
-    pub coroutine_kind: Option<CoroutineKind>,
     /// The `const` keyword, if any
     pub constness: Const,
+    /// Whether this is `async`, `gen`, or nothing.
+    pub coroutine_kind: Option<CoroutineKind>,
+    /// Whether this is `unsafe`, or has a default safety.
+    pub safety: Safety,
     /// The `extern` keyword and corresponding ABI string, if any.
     pub ext: Extern,
 }
@@ -3553,38 +3608,6 @@ impl FnHeader {
             || matches!(constness, Const::Yes(_))
             || !matches!(ext, Extern::None)
     }
-
-    /// Return a span encompassing the header, or none if all options are default.
-    pub fn span(&self) -> Option<Span> {
-        fn append(a: &mut Option<Span>, b: Span) {
-            *a = match a {
-                None => Some(b),
-                Some(x) => Some(x.to(b)),
-            }
-        }
-
-        let mut full_span = None;
-
-        match self.safety {
-            Safety::Unsafe(span) | Safety::Safe(span) => append(&mut full_span, span),
-            Safety::Default => {}
-        };
-
-        if let Some(coroutine_kind) = self.coroutine_kind {
-            append(&mut full_span, coroutine_kind.span());
-        }
-
-        if let Const::Yes(span) = self.constness {
-            append(&mut full_span, span);
-        }
-
-        match self.ext {
-            Extern::Implicit(span) | Extern::Explicit(_, span) => append(&mut full_span, span),
-            Extern::None => {}
-        }
-
-        full_span
-    }
 }
 
 impl Default for FnHeader {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/messages.ftl b/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/messages.ftl
index e5f1fcdc4b40d..8dcf3e3aa3882 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/messages.ftl
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/messages.ftl
@@ -57,8 +57,6 @@ ast_passes_auto_super_lifetime = auto traits cannot have super traits or lifetim
     .label = {ast_passes_auto_super_lifetime}
     .suggestion = remove the super traits or lifetime bounds
 
-ast_passes_bad_c_variadic = defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
-
 ast_passes_body_in_extern = incorrect `{$kind}` inside `extern` block
     .cannot_have = cannot have a body
     .invalid = the invalid body
@@ -66,6 +64,19 @@ ast_passes_body_in_extern = incorrect `{$kind}` inside `extern` block
 
 ast_passes_bound_in_context = bounds on `type`s in {$ctx} have no effect
 
+ast_passes_c_variadic_associated_function = associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
+
+ast_passes_c_variadic_bad_extern = `...` is not supported for `extern "{$abi}"` functions
+    .label = `extern "{$abi}"` because of this
+    .help = only `extern "C"` and `extern "C-unwind"` functions may have a C variable argument list
+
+ast_passes_c_variadic_must_be_unsafe =
+    functions with a C variable argument list must be unsafe
+    .suggestion = add the `unsafe` keyword to this definition
+
+ast_passes_c_variadic_no_extern = `...` is not supported for non-extern functions
+    .help = only `extern "C"` and `extern "C-unwind"` functions may have a C variable argument list
+
 ast_passes_const_and_c_variadic = functions cannot be both `const` and C-variadic
     .const = `const` because of this
     .variadic = C-variadic because of this
@@ -84,6 +95,10 @@ ast_passes_const_without_body =
 ast_passes_constraint_on_negative_bound =
     associated type constraints not allowed on negative bounds
 
+ast_passes_coroutine_and_c_variadic = functions cannot be both `{$coroutine_kind}` and C-variadic
+    .const = `{$coroutine_kind}` because of this
+    .variadic = C-variadic because of this
+
 ast_passes_equality_in_where = equality constraints are not yet supported in `where` clauses
     .label = not supported
     .suggestion = if `{$ident}` is an associated type you're trying to set, use the associated type binding syntax
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/ast_validation.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/ast_validation.rs
index 538918a890d52..a6ef89b553db4 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/ast_validation.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/ast_validation.rs
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ impl<'a> AstValidator<'a> {
         }
 
         if !spans.is_empty() {
-            let header_span = sig.header.span().unwrap_or(sig.span.shrink_to_lo());
+            let header_span = sig.header_span();
             let suggestion_span = header_span.shrink_to_hi().to(sig.decl.output.span());
             let padding = if header_span.is_empty() { "" } else { " " };
 
@@ -685,22 +685,53 @@ impl<'a> AstValidator<'a> {
             });
         }
 
+        if let Some(coroutine_kind) = sig.header.coroutine_kind {
+            self.dcx().emit_err(errors::CoroutineAndCVariadic {
+                spans: vec![coroutine_kind.span(), variadic_param.span],
+                coroutine_kind: coroutine_kind.as_str(),
+                coroutine_span: coroutine_kind.span(),
+                variadic_span: variadic_param.span,
+            });
+        }
+
         match fn_ctxt {
             FnCtxt::Foreign => return,
             FnCtxt::Free => match sig.header.ext {
-                Extern::Explicit(StrLit { symbol_unescaped: sym::C, .. }, _)
-                | Extern::Explicit(StrLit { symbol_unescaped: sym::C_dash_unwind, .. }, _)
-                | Extern::Implicit(_)
-                    if matches!(sig.header.safety, Safety::Unsafe(_)) =>
-                {
-                    return;
+                Extern::Implicit(_) => {
+                    if !matches!(sig.header.safety, Safety::Unsafe(_)) {
+                        self.dcx().emit_err(errors::CVariadicMustBeUnsafe {
+                            span: variadic_param.span,
+                            unsafe_span: sig.safety_span(),
+                        });
+                    }
                 }
-                _ => {}
-            },
-            FnCtxt::Assoc(_) => {}
-        };
+                Extern::Explicit(StrLit { symbol_unescaped, .. }, _) => {
+                    if !matches!(symbol_unescaped, sym::C | sym::C_dash_unwind) {
+                        self.dcx().emit_err(errors::CVariadicBadExtern {
+                            span: variadic_param.span,
+                            abi: symbol_unescaped,
+                            extern_span: sig.extern_span(),
+                        });
+                    }
 
-        self.dcx().emit_err(errors::BadCVariadic { span: variadic_param.span });
+                    if !matches!(sig.header.safety, Safety::Unsafe(_)) {
+                        self.dcx().emit_err(errors::CVariadicMustBeUnsafe {
+                            span: variadic_param.span,
+                            unsafe_span: sig.safety_span(),
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+                Extern::None => {
+                    let err = errors::CVariadicNoExtern { span: variadic_param.span };
+                    self.dcx().emit_err(err);
+                }
+            },
+            FnCtxt::Assoc(_) => {
+                // For now, C variable argument lists are unsupported in associated functions.
+                let err = errors::CVariadicAssociatedFunction { span: variadic_param.span };
+                self.dcx().emit_err(err);
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     fn check_item_named(&self, ident: Ident, kind: &str) {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/errors.rs
index 476ed27a10e3c..ae805042c549f 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/errors.rs
@@ -319,12 +319,46 @@ pub(crate) struct ExternItemAscii {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
-#[diag(ast_passes_bad_c_variadic)]
-pub(crate) struct BadCVariadic {
+#[diag(ast_passes_c_variadic_associated_function)]
+pub(crate) struct CVariadicAssociatedFunction {
     #[primary_span]
     pub span: Span,
 }
 
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(ast_passes_c_variadic_no_extern)]
+#[help]
+pub(crate) struct CVariadicNoExtern {
+    #[primary_span]
+    pub span: Span,
+}
+
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(ast_passes_c_variadic_must_be_unsafe)]
+pub(crate) struct CVariadicMustBeUnsafe {
+    #[primary_span]
+    pub span: Span,
+
+    #[suggestion(
+        ast_passes_suggestion,
+        applicability = "maybe-incorrect",
+        code = "unsafe ",
+        style = "verbose"
+    )]
+    pub unsafe_span: Span,
+}
+
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(ast_passes_c_variadic_bad_extern)]
+#[help]
+pub(crate) struct CVariadicBadExtern {
+    #[primary_span]
+    pub span: Span,
+    pub abi: Symbol,
+    #[label]
+    pub extern_span: Span,
+}
+
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
 #[diag(ast_passes_item_underscore)]
 pub(crate) struct ItemUnderscore<'a> {
@@ -659,6 +693,18 @@ pub(crate) struct ConstAndCVariadic {
     pub variadic_span: Span,
 }
 
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(ast_passes_coroutine_and_c_variadic)]
+pub(crate) struct CoroutineAndCVariadic {
+    #[primary_span]
+    pub spans: Vec<Span>,
+    pub coroutine_kind: &'static str,
+    #[label(ast_passes_const)]
+    pub coroutine_span: Span,
+    #[label(ast_passes_variadic)]
+    pub variadic_span: Span,
+}
+
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
 #[diag(ast_passes_pattern_in_foreign, code = E0130)]
 // FIXME: deduplicate with rustc_lint (`BuiltinLintDiag::PatternsInFnsWithoutBody`)
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_builtin_macros/src/source_util.rs b/compiler/rustc_builtin_macros/src/source_util.rs
index 37bab5be5421e..11b868f81a976 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_builtin_macros/src/source_util.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_builtin_macros/src/source_util.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+//! The implementation of built-in macros which relate to the file system.
+
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -11,9 +13,11 @@ use rustc_expand::base::{
 };
 use rustc_expand::module::DirOwnership;
 use rustc_lint_defs::BuiltinLintDiag;
-use rustc_parse::parser::{ForceCollect, Parser};
+use rustc_parse::lexer::StripTokens;
+use rustc_parse::parser::ForceCollect;
 use rustc_parse::{new_parser_from_file, unwrap_or_emit_fatal, utf8_error};
 use rustc_session::lint::builtin::INCOMPLETE_INCLUDE;
+use rustc_session::parse::ParseSess;
 use rustc_span::source_map::SourceMap;
 use rustc_span::{ByteSymbol, Pos, Span, Symbol};
 use smallvec::SmallVec;
@@ -23,11 +27,7 @@ use crate::util::{
     check_zero_tts, get_single_str_from_tts, get_single_str_spanned_from_tts, parse_expr,
 };
 
-// These macros all relate to the file system; they either return
-// the column/row/filename of the expression, or they include
-// a given file into the current one.
-
-/// line!(): expands to the current line number
+/// Expand `line!()` to the current line number.
 pub(crate) fn expand_line(
     cx: &mut ExtCtxt<'_>,
     sp: Span,
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub(crate) fn expand_line(
     ExpandResult::Ready(MacEager::expr(cx.expr_u32(topmost, loc.line as u32)))
 }
 
-/* column!(): expands to the current column number */
+/// Expand `column!()` to the current column number.
 pub(crate) fn expand_column(
     cx: &mut ExtCtxt<'_>,
     sp: Span,
@@ -57,9 +57,7 @@ pub(crate) fn expand_column(
     ExpandResult::Ready(MacEager::expr(cx.expr_u32(topmost, loc.col.to_usize() as u32 + 1)))
 }
 
-/// file!(): expands to the current filename */
-/// The source_file (`loc.file`) contains a bunch more information we could spit
-/// out if we wanted.
+/// Expand `file!()` to the current filename.
 pub(crate) fn expand_file(
     cx: &mut ExtCtxt<'_>,
     sp: Span,
@@ -81,6 +79,7 @@ pub(crate) fn expand_file(
     )))
 }
 
+/// Expand `stringify!($input)`.
 pub(crate) fn expand_stringify(
     cx: &mut ExtCtxt<'_>,
     sp: Span,
@@ -91,6 +90,7 @@ pub(crate) fn expand_stringify(
     ExpandResult::Ready(MacEager::expr(cx.expr_str(sp, Symbol::intern(&s))))
 }
 
+/// Expand `module_path!()` to (a textual representation of) the current module path.
 pub(crate) fn expand_mod(
     cx: &mut ExtCtxt<'_>,
     sp: Span,
@@ -104,9 +104,9 @@ pub(crate) fn expand_mod(
     ExpandResult::Ready(MacEager::expr(cx.expr_str(sp, Symbol::intern(&string))))
 }
 
-/// include! : parse the given file as an expr
-/// This is generally a bad idea because it's going to behave
-/// unhygienically.
+/// Expand `include!($input)`.
+///
+/// This works in item and expression position. Notably, it doesn't work in pattern position.
 pub(crate) fn expand_include<'cx>(
     cx: &'cx mut ExtCtxt<'_>,
     sp: Span,
@@ -116,39 +116,48 @@ pub(crate) fn expand_include<'cx>(
     let ExpandResult::Ready(mac) = get_single_str_from_tts(cx, sp, tts, "include!") else {
         return ExpandResult::Retry(());
     };
-    let file = match mac {
-        Ok(file) => file,
+    let path = match mac {
+        Ok(path) => path,
         Err(guar) => return ExpandResult::Ready(DummyResult::any(sp, guar)),
     };
     // The file will be added to the code map by the parser
-    let file = match resolve_path(&cx.sess, file.as_str(), sp) {
-        Ok(f) => f,
+    let path = match resolve_path(&cx.sess, path.as_str(), sp) {
+        Ok(path) => path,
         Err(err) => {
             let guar = err.emit();
             return ExpandResult::Ready(DummyResult::any(sp, guar));
         }
     };
-    let p = unwrap_or_emit_fatal(new_parser_from_file(cx.psess(), &file, Some(sp)));
 
     // If in the included file we have e.g., `mod bar;`,
-    // then the path of `bar.rs` should be relative to the directory of `file`.
+    // then the path of `bar.rs` should be relative to the directory of `path`.
     // See https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/69838/files#r395217057 for a discussion.
     // `MacroExpander::fully_expand_fragment` later restores, so "stack discipline" is maintained.
-    let dir_path = file.parent().unwrap_or(&file).to_owned();
+    let dir_path = path.parent().unwrap_or(&path).to_owned();
     cx.current_expansion.module = Rc::new(cx.current_expansion.module.with_dir_path(dir_path));
     cx.current_expansion.dir_ownership = DirOwnership::Owned { relative: None };
 
     struct ExpandInclude<'a> {
-        p: Parser<'a>,
+        psess: &'a ParseSess,
+        path: PathBuf,
         node_id: ast::NodeId,
+        span: Span,
     }
     impl<'a> MacResult for ExpandInclude<'a> {
-        fn make_expr(mut self: Box<ExpandInclude<'a>>) -> Option<Box<ast::Expr>> {
-            let expr = parse_expr(&mut self.p).ok()?;
-            if self.p.token != token::Eof {
-                self.p.psess.buffer_lint(
+        fn make_expr(self: Box<ExpandInclude<'a>>) -> Option<Box<ast::Expr>> {
+            let mut p = unwrap_or_emit_fatal(new_parser_from_file(
+                self.psess,
+                &self.path,
+                // Don't strip frontmatter for backward compatibility, `---` may be the start of a
+                // manifold negation. FIXME: Ideally, we wouldn't strip shebangs here either.
+                StripTokens::Shebang,
+                Some(self.span),
+            ));
+            let expr = parse_expr(&mut p).ok()?;
+            if p.token != token::Eof {
+                p.psess.buffer_lint(
                     INCOMPLETE_INCLUDE,
-                    self.p.token.span,
+                    p.token.span,
                     self.node_id,
                     BuiltinLintDiag::IncompleteInclude,
                 );
@@ -156,24 +165,27 @@ pub(crate) fn expand_include<'cx>(
             Some(expr)
         }
 
-        fn make_items(mut self: Box<ExpandInclude<'a>>) -> Option<SmallVec<[Box<ast::Item>; 1]>> {
+        fn make_items(self: Box<ExpandInclude<'a>>) -> Option<SmallVec<[Box<ast::Item>; 1]>> {
+            let mut p = unwrap_or_emit_fatal(new_parser_from_file(
+                self.psess,
+                &self.path,
+                StripTokens::ShebangAndFrontmatter,
+                Some(self.span),
+            ));
             let mut ret = SmallVec::new();
             loop {
-                match self.p.parse_item(ForceCollect::No) {
+                match p.parse_item(ForceCollect::No) {
                     Err(err) => {
                         err.emit();
                         break;
                     }
                     Ok(Some(item)) => ret.push(item),
                     Ok(None) => {
-                        if self.p.token != token::Eof {
-                            self.p
-                                .dcx()
-                                .create_err(errors::ExpectedItem {
-                                    span: self.p.token.span,
-                                    token: &pprust::token_to_string(&self.p.token),
-                                })
-                                .emit();
+                        if p.token != token::Eof {
+                            p.dcx().emit_err(errors::ExpectedItem {
+                                span: p.token.span,
+                                token: &pprust::token_to_string(&p.token),
+                            });
                         }
 
                         break;
@@ -184,10 +196,17 @@ pub(crate) fn expand_include<'cx>(
         }
     }
 
-    ExpandResult::Ready(Box::new(ExpandInclude { p, node_id: cx.current_expansion.lint_node_id }))
+    ExpandResult::Ready(Box::new(ExpandInclude {
+        psess: cx.psess(),
+        path,
+        node_id: cx.current_expansion.lint_node_id,
+        span: sp,
+    }))
 }
 
-/// `include_str!`: read the given file, insert it as a literal string expr
+/// Expand `include_str!($input)` to the content of the UTF-8-encoded file given by path `$input` as a string literal.
+///
+/// This works in expression, pattern and statement position.
 pub(crate) fn expand_include_str(
     cx: &mut ExtCtxt<'_>,
     sp: Span,
@@ -206,6 +225,7 @@ pub(crate) fn expand_include_str(
         Ok((bytes, bsp)) => match std::str::from_utf8(&bytes) {
             Ok(src) => {
                 let interned_src = Symbol::intern(src);
+                // MacEager converts the expr into a pat if need be.
                 MacEager::expr(cx.expr_str(cx.with_def_site_ctxt(bsp), interned_src))
             }
             Err(utf8err) => {
@@ -218,6 +238,9 @@ pub(crate) fn expand_include_str(
     })
 }
 
+/// Expand `include_bytes!($input)` to the content of the file given by path `$input`.
+///
+/// This works in expression, pattern and statement position.
 pub(crate) fn expand_include_bytes(
     cx: &mut ExtCtxt<'_>,
     sp: Span,
@@ -237,6 +260,7 @@ pub(crate) fn expand_include_bytes(
             // Don't care about getting the span for the raw bytes,
             // because the console can't really show them anyway.
             let expr = cx.expr(sp, ast::ExprKind::IncludedBytes(ByteSymbol::intern(&bytes)));
+            // MacEager converts the expr into a pat if need be.
             MacEager::expr(expr)
         }
         Err(dummy) => dummy,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/lib.rs
index f3ed604210565..d00a4c3583403 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/lib.rs
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ use rustc_lint::unerased_lint_store;
 use rustc_metadata::creader::MetadataLoader;
 use rustc_metadata::locator;
 use rustc_middle::ty::TyCtxt;
+use rustc_parse::lexer::StripTokens;
 use rustc_parse::{new_parser_from_file, new_parser_from_source_str, unwrap_or_emit_fatal};
 use rustc_session::config::{
     CG_OPTIONS, CrateType, ErrorOutputType, Input, OptionDesc, OutFileName, OutputType, Sysroot,
@@ -1288,10 +1289,15 @@ fn warn_on_confusing_output_filename_flag(
 
 fn parse_crate_attrs<'a>(sess: &'a Session) -> PResult<'a, ast::AttrVec> {
     let mut parser = unwrap_or_emit_fatal(match &sess.io.input {
-        Input::File(file) => new_parser_from_file(&sess.psess, file, None),
-        Input::Str { name, input } => {
-            new_parser_from_source_str(&sess.psess, name.clone(), input.clone())
+        Input::File(file) => {
+            new_parser_from_file(&sess.psess, file, StripTokens::ShebangAndFrontmatter, None)
         }
+        Input::Str { name, input } => new_parser_from_source_str(
+            &sess.psess,
+            name.clone(),
+            input.clone(),
+            StripTokens::ShebangAndFrontmatter,
+        ),
     });
     parser.parse_inner_attributes()
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_expand/src/module.rs b/compiler/rustc_expand/src/module.rs
index 19f3cdbc54911..79ab3cab22ce2 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_expand/src/module.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_expand/src/module.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use std::path::{self, Path, PathBuf};
 use rustc_ast::{AttrVec, Attribute, Inline, Item, ModSpans};
 use rustc_attr_parsing::validate_attr;
 use rustc_errors::{Diag, ErrorGuaranteed};
+use rustc_parse::lexer::StripTokens;
 use rustc_parse::{exp, new_parser_from_file, unwrap_or_emit_fatal};
 use rustc_session::Session;
 use rustc_session::parse::ParseSess;
@@ -67,8 +68,12 @@ pub(crate) fn parse_external_mod(
         }
 
         // Actually parse the external file as a module.
-        let mut parser =
-            unwrap_or_emit_fatal(new_parser_from_file(&sess.psess, &mp.file_path, Some(span)));
+        let mut parser = unwrap_or_emit_fatal(new_parser_from_file(
+            &sess.psess,
+            &mp.file_path,
+            StripTokens::ShebangAndFrontmatter,
+            Some(span),
+        ));
         let (inner_attrs, items, inner_span) =
             parser.parse_mod(exp!(Eof)).map_err(|err| ModError::ParserError(err))?;
         attrs.extend(inner_attrs);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_expand/src/proc_macro_server.rs b/compiler/rustc_expand/src/proc_macro_server.rs
index 5b1d3d6d35b6b..295573f449267 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_expand/src/proc_macro_server.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_expand/src/proc_macro_server.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use rustc_ast::util::literal::escape_byte_str_symbol;
 use rustc_ast_pretty::pprust;
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
 use rustc_errors::{Diag, ErrorGuaranteed, MultiSpan, PResult};
-use rustc_parse::lexer::nfc_normalize;
+use rustc_parse::lexer::{StripTokens, nfc_normalize};
 use rustc_parse::parser::Parser;
 use rustc_parse::{exp, new_parser_from_source_str, source_str_to_stream, unwrap_or_emit_fatal};
 use rustc_proc_macro::bridge::{
@@ -485,8 +485,13 @@ impl server::FreeFunctions for Rustc<'_, '_> {
 
     fn literal_from_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result<Literal<Self::Span, Self::Symbol>, ()> {
         let name = FileName::proc_macro_source_code(s);
-        let mut parser =
-            unwrap_or_emit_fatal(new_parser_from_source_str(self.psess(), name, s.to_owned()));
+
+        let mut parser = unwrap_or_emit_fatal(new_parser_from_source_str(
+            self.psess(),
+            name,
+            s.to_owned(),
+            StripTokens::Nothing,
+        ));
 
         let first_span = parser.token.span.data();
         let minus_present = parser.eat(exp!(Minus));
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/interface.rs b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/interface.rs
index 4c820b8877b75..b52c5b4cd663b 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/interface.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/interface.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ use rustc_lint::LintStore;
 use rustc_middle::ty;
 use rustc_middle::ty::CurrentGcx;
 use rustc_middle::util::Providers;
-use rustc_parse::new_parser_from_simple_source_str;
+use rustc_parse::lexer::StripTokens;
+use rustc_parse::new_parser_from_source_str;
 use rustc_parse::parser::attr::AllowLeadingUnsafe;
 use rustc_query_impl::QueryCtxt;
 use rustc_query_system::query::print_query_stack;
@@ -68,7 +69,8 @@ pub(crate) fn parse_cfg(dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, cfgs: Vec<String>) -> Cfg {
                 };
             }
 
-            match new_parser_from_simple_source_str(&psess, filename, s.to_string()) {
+            match new_parser_from_source_str(&psess, filename, s.to_string(), StripTokens::Nothing)
+            {
                 Ok(mut parser) => match parser.parse_meta_item(AllowLeadingUnsafe::No) {
                     Ok(meta_item) if parser.token == token::Eof => {
                         if meta_item.path.segments.len() != 1 {
@@ -166,13 +168,15 @@ pub(crate) fn parse_check_cfg(dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, specs: Vec<String>) -> Ch
             error!("expected `cfg(name, values(\"value1\", \"value2\", ... \"valueN\"))`")
         };
 
-        let mut parser = match new_parser_from_simple_source_str(&psess, filename, s.to_string()) {
-            Ok(parser) => parser,
-            Err(errs) => {
-                errs.into_iter().for_each(|err| err.cancel());
-                expected_error();
-            }
-        };
+        let mut parser =
+            match new_parser_from_source_str(&psess, filename, s.to_string(), StripTokens::Nothing)
+            {
+                Ok(parser) => parser,
+                Err(errs) => {
+                    errs.into_iter().for_each(|err| err.cancel());
+                    expected_error();
+                }
+            };
 
         let meta_item = match parser.parse_meta_item(AllowLeadingUnsafe::No) {
             Ok(meta_item) if parser.token == token::Eof => meta_item,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/passes.rs b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/passes.rs
index 6d9751d7d4d61..d39219bfd660f 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/passes.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/passes.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ use rustc_middle::arena::Arena;
 use rustc_middle::dep_graph::DepsType;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, CurrentGcx, GlobalCtxt, RegisteredTools, TyCtxt};
 use rustc_middle::util::Providers;
+use rustc_parse::lexer::StripTokens;
 use rustc_parse::{new_parser_from_file, new_parser_from_source_str, unwrap_or_emit_fatal};
 use rustc_passes::{abi_test, input_stats, layout_test};
 use rustc_resolve::{Resolver, ResolverOutputs};
@@ -52,10 +53,18 @@ pub fn parse<'a>(sess: &'a Session) -> ast::Crate {
     let mut krate = sess
         .time("parse_crate", || {
             let mut parser = unwrap_or_emit_fatal(match &sess.io.input {
-                Input::File(file) => new_parser_from_file(&sess.psess, file, None),
-                Input::Str { input, name } => {
-                    new_parser_from_source_str(&sess.psess, name.clone(), input.clone())
-                }
+                Input::File(file) => new_parser_from_file(
+                    &sess.psess,
+                    file,
+                    StripTokens::ShebangAndFrontmatter,
+                    None,
+                ),
+                Input::Str { input, name } => new_parser_from_source_str(
+                    &sess.psess,
+                    name.clone(),
+                    input.clone(),
+                    StripTokens::ShebangAndFrontmatter,
+                ),
             });
             parser.parse_crate_mod()
         })
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lexer/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lexer/mod.rs
index f5f081efc4956..51019db7c00e4 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lexer/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lexer/mod.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ pub(crate) struct UnmatchedDelim {
 }
 
 /// Which tokens should be stripped before lexing the tokens.
-pub(crate) enum StripTokens {
+pub enum StripTokens {
     /// Strip both shebang and frontmatter.
     ShebangAndFrontmatter,
     /// Strip the shebang but not frontmatter.
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lib.rs
index d8792d7af4c36..88b67d792deb9 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lib.rs
@@ -54,29 +54,18 @@ pub fn unwrap_or_emit_fatal<T>(expr: Result<T, Vec<Diag<'_>>>) -> T {
     }
 }
 
-/// Creates a new parser from a source string. On failure, the errors must be consumed via
-/// `unwrap_or_emit_fatal`, `emit`, `cancel`, etc., otherwise a panic will occur when they are
-/// dropped.
-pub fn new_parser_from_source_str(
-    psess: &ParseSess,
-    name: FileName,
-    source: String,
-) -> Result<Parser<'_>, Vec<Diag<'_>>> {
-    let source_file = psess.source_map().new_source_file(name, source);
-    new_parser_from_source_file(psess, source_file, StripTokens::ShebangAndFrontmatter)
-}
-
-/// Creates a new parser from a simple (no shebang, no frontmatter) source string.
+/// Creates a new parser from a source string.
 ///
 /// On failure, the errors must be consumed via `unwrap_or_emit_fatal`, `emit`, `cancel`,
 /// etc., otherwise a panic will occur when they are dropped.
-pub fn new_parser_from_simple_source_str(
+pub fn new_parser_from_source_str(
     psess: &ParseSess,
     name: FileName,
     source: String,
+    strip_tokens: StripTokens,
 ) -> Result<Parser<'_>, Vec<Diag<'_>>> {
     let source_file = psess.source_map().new_source_file(name, source);
-    new_parser_from_source_file(psess, source_file, StripTokens::Nothing)
+    new_parser_from_source_file(psess, source_file, strip_tokens)
 }
 
 /// Creates a new parser from a filename. On failure, the errors must be consumed via
@@ -87,6 +76,7 @@ pub fn new_parser_from_simple_source_str(
 pub fn new_parser_from_file<'a>(
     psess: &'a ParseSess,
     path: &Path,
+    strip_tokens: StripTokens,
     sp: Option<Span>,
 ) -> Result<Parser<'a>, Vec<Diag<'a>>> {
     let sm = psess.source_map();
@@ -110,7 +100,7 @@ pub fn new_parser_from_file<'a>(
         }
         err.emit();
     });
-    new_parser_from_source_file(psess, source_file, StripTokens::ShebangAndFrontmatter)
+    new_parser_from_source_file(psess, source_file, strip_tokens)
 }
 
 pub fn utf8_error<E: EmissionGuarantee>(
@@ -172,6 +162,9 @@ fn new_parser_from_source_file(
     Ok(parser)
 }
 
+/// Given a source string, produces a sequence of token trees.
+///
+/// NOTE: This only strips shebangs, not frontmatter!
 pub fn source_str_to_stream(
     psess: &ParseSess,
     name: FileName,
@@ -179,13 +172,16 @@ pub fn source_str_to_stream(
     override_span: Option<Span>,
 ) -> Result<TokenStream, Vec<Diag<'_>>> {
     let source_file = psess.source_map().new_source_file(name, source);
-    // used mainly for `proc_macro` and the likes, not for our parsing purposes, so don't parse
-    // frontmatters as frontmatters, but for compatibility reason still strip the shebang
+    // FIXME(frontmatter): Consider stripping frontmatter in a future edition. We can't strip them
+    // in the current edition since that would be breaking.
+    // See also <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/145520>.
+    // Alternatively, stop stripping shebangs here, too, if T-lang and crater approve.
     source_file_to_stream(psess, source_file, override_span, StripTokens::Shebang)
 }
 
-/// Given a source file, produces a sequence of token trees. Returns any buffered errors from
-/// parsing the token stream.
+/// Given a source file, produces a sequence of token trees.
+///
+/// Returns any buffered errors from parsing the token stream.
 fn source_file_to_stream<'psess>(
     psess: &'psess ParseSess,
     source_file: Arc<SourceFile>,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_parse/src/parser/tests.rs b/compiler/rustc_parse/src/parser/tests.rs
index a6e7266e71b4d..e645fb47b9ecf 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_parse/src/parser/tests.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_parse/src/parser/tests.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ use rustc_span::{
 };
 use termcolor::WriteColor;
 
+use crate::lexer::StripTokens;
 use crate::parser::{ForceCollect, Parser};
 use crate::{new_parser_from_source_str, source_str_to_stream, unwrap_or_emit_fatal};
 
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ fn string_to_parser(psess: &ParseSess, source_str: String) -> Parser<'_> {
         psess,
         PathBuf::from("bogofile").into(),
         source_str,
+        StripTokens::Nothing,
     ))
 }
 
@@ -2240,7 +2242,7 @@ fn parse_item_from_source_str(
     source: String,
     psess: &ParseSess,
 ) -> PResult<'_, Option<Box<ast::Item>>> {
-    unwrap_or_emit_fatal(new_parser_from_source_str(psess, name, source))
+    unwrap_or_emit_fatal(new_parser_from_source_str(psess, name, source, StripTokens::Nothing))
         .parse_item(ForceCollect::No)
 }
 
@@ -2520,7 +2522,8 @@ fn ttdelim_span() {
         source: String,
         psess: &ParseSess,
     ) -> PResult<'_, Box<ast::Expr>> {
-        unwrap_or_emit_fatal(new_parser_from_source_str(psess, name, source)).parse_expr()
+        unwrap_or_emit_fatal(new_parser_from_source_str(psess, name, source, StripTokens::Nothing))
+            .parse_expr()
     }
 
     create_default_session_globals_then(|| {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_span/src/symbol.rs b/compiler/rustc_span/src/symbol.rs
index e5108d8b7e921..f4af238d7dc55 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_span/src/symbol.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_span/src/symbol.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::{fmt, str};
 
 use rustc_arena::DroplessArena;
-use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxIndexSet;
+use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashSet, FxIndexSet};
 use rustc_data_structures::stable_hasher::{
     HashStable, StableCompare, StableHasher, ToStableHashKey,
 };
@@ -21,18 +21,17 @@ mod tests;
 
 // The proc macro code for this is in `compiler/rustc_macros/src/symbols.rs`.
 symbols! {
-    // This list includes things that are definitely keywords (e.g. `if`),
-    // a few things that are definitely not keywords (e.g. the empty symbol,
-    // `{{root}}`) and things where there is disagreement between people and/or
-    // documents (such as the Rust Reference) about whether it is a keyword
-    // (e.g. `_`).
+    // This list includes things that are definitely keywords (e.g. `if`), a
+    // few things that are definitely not keywords (e.g. `{{root}}`) and things
+    // where there is disagreement between people and/or documents (such as the
+    // Rust Reference) about whether it is a keyword (e.g. `_`).
     //
     // If you modify this list, adjust any relevant `Symbol::{is,can_be}_*`
     // predicates and `used_keywords`. Also consider adding new keywords to the
     // `ui/parser/raw/raw-idents.rs` test.
     Keywords {
-        // Special reserved identifiers used internally for elided lifetimes,
-        // unnamed method parameters, crate root module, error recovery etc.
+        // Special reserved identifiers used internally for unnamed method
+        // parameters, crate root module, etc.
         // Matching predicates: `is_special`/`is_reserved`
         //
         // tidy-alphabetical-start
@@ -2868,11 +2867,20 @@ impl Interner {
         let byte_strs = FxIndexSet::from_iter(
             init.iter().copied().chain(extra.iter().copied()).map(|str| str.as_bytes()),
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            byte_strs.len(),
-            init.len() + extra.len(),
-            "duplicate symbols in the rustc symbol list and the extra symbols added by the driver",
-        );
+
+        // The order in which duplicates are reported is irrelevant.
+        #[expect(rustc::potential_query_instability)]
+        if byte_strs.len() != init.len() + extra.len() {
+            panic!(
+                "duplicate symbols in the rustc symbol list and the extra symbols added by the driver: {:?}",
+                FxHashSet::intersection(
+                    &init.iter().copied().collect(),
+                    &extra.iter().copied().collect(),
+                )
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            )
+        }
+
         Interner(Lock::new(InternerInner { arena: Default::default(), byte_strs }))
     }
 
diff --git a/library/std/src/sys/platform_version/darwin/tests.rs b/library/std/src/sys/platform_version/darwin/tests.rs
index eecd58ec79e35..17b2cc18ec096 100644
--- a/library/std/src/sys/platform_version/darwin/tests.rs
+++ b/library/std/src/sys/platform_version/darwin/tests.rs
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ fn compare_against_sw_vers() {
     assert_eq!(__isOSVersionAtLeast(major, minor, subminor), 1);
 
     // One lower is available
-    assert_eq!(__isOSVersionAtLeast(major, minor, subminor.saturating_sub(1)), 1);
-    assert_eq!(__isOSVersionAtLeast(major, minor.saturating_sub(1), subminor), 1);
-    assert_eq!(__isOSVersionAtLeast(major.saturating_sub(1), minor, subminor), 1);
+    assert_eq!(__isOSVersionAtLeast(major, minor, (subminor as u32).saturating_sub(1) as i32), 1);
+    assert_eq!(__isOSVersionAtLeast(major, (minor as u32).saturating_sub(1) as i32, subminor), 1);
+    assert_eq!(__isOSVersionAtLeast((major as u32).saturating_sub(1) as i32, minor, subminor), 1);
 
     // One higher isn't available
     assert_eq!(__isOSVersionAtLeast(major, minor, subminor + 1), 0);
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index def0cfa86a584..d0297bf70b63f 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "dependencies": {
-        "browser-ui-test": "^0.22.0",
+        "browser-ui-test": "^0.22.2",
         "es-check": "^6.2.1",
         "eslint": "^8.57.1",
         "eslint-js": "github:eslint/js",
@@ -485,9 +485,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/browser-ui-test": {
-      "version": "0.22.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/browser-ui-test/-/browser-ui-test-0.22.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-p/C02TMybTDKsAjpGOdnyNC0Q25KDae/fKMnvHaqcJ0tXRqNKwndW2Ltq7HTmin5xqg8GGOmysEgWTZkXu6pfA==",
+      "version": "0.22.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/browser-ui-test/-/browser-ui-test-0.22.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-eNB/PN2yDGe5n5IwE3ld/N6A39jM1oRzJmT5nOVQqrvoZEtcd9JSggDQPNVUnMEyuGcD4OEOWMsEa4oJppAmDQ==",
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "css-unit-converter": "^1.1.2",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 976d630363413..04e0f6af19a0c 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "dependencies": {
-    "browser-ui-test": "^0.22.0",
+    "browser-ui-test": "^0.22.2",
     "es-check": "^6.2.1",
     "eslint": "^8.57.1",
     "eslint-js": "github:eslint/js",
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/clean/render_macro_matchers.rs b/src/librustdoc/clean/render_macro_matchers.rs
index d684e6f8650f9..b5a8d64ff4f56 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/clean/render_macro_matchers.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/clean/render_macro_matchers.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use rustc_ast::tokenstream::{TokenStream, TokenTree};
 use rustc_ast_pretty::pprust::PrintState;
 use rustc_ast_pretty::pprust::state::State as Printer;
 use rustc_middle::ty::TyCtxt;
+use rustc_parse::lexer::StripTokens;
 use rustc_session::parse::ParseSess;
 use rustc_span::symbol::{Ident, Symbol, kw};
 use rustc_span::{FileName, Span};
@@ -64,14 +65,18 @@ fn snippet_equal_to_token(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, matcher: &TokenTree) -> Option<String
     // Create a Parser.
     let psess = ParseSess::new(rustc_driver::DEFAULT_LOCALE_RESOURCES.to_vec());
     let file_name = FileName::macro_expansion_source_code(&snippet);
-    let mut parser =
-        match rustc_parse::new_parser_from_source_str(&psess, file_name, snippet.clone()) {
-            Ok(parser) => parser,
-            Err(errs) => {
-                errs.into_iter().for_each(|err| err.cancel());
-                return None;
-            }
-        };
+    let mut parser = match rustc_parse::new_parser_from_source_str(
+        &psess,
+        file_name,
+        snippet.clone(),
+        StripTokens::Nothing,
+    ) {
+        Ok(parser) => parser,
+        Err(errs) => {
+            errs.into_iter().for_each(|err| err.cancel());
+            return None;
+        }
+    };
 
     // Reparse a single token tree.
     if parser.token == token::Eof {
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/doctest/make.rs b/src/librustdoc/doctest/make.rs
index f229f77c97846..5eaadc9eb4510 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/doctest/make.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/doctest/make.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use rustc_ast::tokenstream::TokenTree;
 use rustc_ast::{self as ast, AttrStyle, HasAttrs, StmtKind};
 use rustc_errors::emitter::stderr_destination;
 use rustc_errors::{ColorConfig, DiagCtxtHandle};
+use rustc_parse::lexer::StripTokens;
 use rustc_parse::new_parser_from_source_str;
 use rustc_session::parse::ParseSess;
 use rustc_span::edition::{DEFAULT_EDITION, Edition};
@@ -468,14 +469,16 @@ fn parse_source(
     let dcx = DiagCtxt::new(Box::new(emitter)).disable_warnings();
     let psess = ParseSess::with_dcx(dcx, sm);
 
-    let mut parser = match new_parser_from_source_str(&psess, filename, wrapped_source) {
-        Ok(p) => p,
-        Err(errs) => {
-            errs.into_iter().for_each(|err| err.cancel());
-            reset_error_count(&psess);
-            return Err(());
-        }
-    };
+    // Don't strip any tokens; it wouldn't matter anyway because the source is wrapped in a function.
+    let mut parser =
+        match new_parser_from_source_str(&psess, filename, wrapped_source, StripTokens::Nothing) {
+            Ok(p) => p,
+            Err(errs) => {
+                errs.into_iter().for_each(|err| err.cancel());
+                reset_error_count(&psess);
+                return Err(());
+            }
+        };
 
     fn push_to_s(s: &mut String, source: &str, span: rustc_span::Span, prev_span_hi: &mut usize) {
         let extra_len = DOCTEST_CODE_WRAPPER.len();
diff --git a/src/tools/clippy/clippy_lints/src/doc/needless_doctest_main.rs b/src/tools/clippy/clippy_lints/src/doc/needless_doctest_main.rs
index 74283d7ba863b..43bb972355500 100644
--- a/src/tools/clippy/clippy_lints/src/doc/needless_doctest_main.rs
+++ b/src/tools/clippy/clippy_lints/src/doc/needless_doctest_main.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use rustc_ast::{CoroutineKind, Fn, FnRetTy, Item, ItemKind};
 use rustc_errors::emitter::HumanEmitter;
 use rustc_errors::{Diag, DiagCtxt};
 use rustc_lint::LateContext;
+use rustc_parse::lexer::StripTokens;
 use rustc_parse::new_parser_from_source_str;
 use rustc_parse::parser::ForceCollect;
 use rustc_session::parse::ParseSess;
@@ -49,13 +50,14 @@ pub fn check(
                 let sm = Arc::new(SourceMap::new(FilePathMapping::empty()));
                 let psess = ParseSess::with_dcx(dcx, sm);
 
-                let mut parser = match new_parser_from_source_str(&psess, filename, code) {
-                    Ok(p) => p,
-                    Err(errs) => {
-                        errs.into_iter().for_each(Diag::cancel);
-                        return (false, test_attr_spans);
-                    },
-                };
+                let mut parser =
+                    match new_parser_from_source_str(&psess, filename, code, StripTokens::ShebangAndFrontmatter) {
+                        Ok(p) => p,
+                        Err(errs) => {
+                            errs.into_iter().for_each(Diag::cancel);
+                            return (false, test_attr_spans);
+                        },
+                    };
 
                 let mut relevant_main_found = false;
                 let mut eligible = true;
diff --git a/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/parser.rs b/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/parser.rs
index 2ec8769c45f2a..63c6c8c99d0dd 100644
--- a/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/parser.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 use rustc_ast::{ast, attr};
 use rustc_errors::Diag;
+use rustc_parse::lexer::StripTokens;
 use rustc_parse::parser::Parser as RawParser;
 use rustc_parse::{exp, new_parser_from_file, new_parser_from_source_str, unwrap_or_emit_fatal};
 use rustc_span::{Span, sym};
@@ -64,11 +65,14 @@ impl<'a> ParserBuilder<'a> {
         input: Input,
     ) -> Result<RawParser<'a>, Vec<Diag<'a>>> {
         match input {
-            Input::File(ref file) => new_parser_from_file(psess, file, None),
+            Input::File(ref file) => {
+                new_parser_from_file(psess, file, StripTokens::ShebangAndFrontmatter, None)
+            }
             Input::Text(text) => new_parser_from_source_str(
                 psess,
                 rustc_span::FileName::Custom("stdin".to_owned()),
                 text,
+                StripTokens::ShebangAndFrontmatter,
             ),
         }
     }
@@ -104,8 +108,12 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
         span: Span,
     ) -> Result<(ast::AttrVec, ThinVec<Box<ast::Item>>, Span), ParserError> {
         let result = catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(|| {
-            let mut parser =
-                unwrap_or_emit_fatal(new_parser_from_file(psess.inner(), path, Some(span)));
+            let mut parser = unwrap_or_emit_fatal(new_parser_from_file(
+                psess.inner(),
+                path,
+                StripTokens::ShebangAndFrontmatter,
+                Some(span),
+            ));
             match parser.parse_mod(exp!(Eof)) {
                 Ok((a, i, spans)) => Some((a, i, spans.inner_span)),
                 Err(e) => {
diff --git a/tests/ui-fulldeps/auxiliary/parser.rs b/tests/ui-fulldeps/auxiliary/parser.rs
index 6726969350dd1..6ee39e5130f68 100644
--- a/tests/ui-fulldeps/auxiliary/parser.rs
+++ b/tests/ui-fulldeps/auxiliary/parser.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ extern crate rustc_span;
 use rustc_ast::ast::{AttrKind, Attribute, DUMMY_NODE_ID, Expr};
 use rustc_ast::mut_visit::{self, MutVisitor};
 use rustc_ast::node_id::NodeId;
-use rustc_ast::token::{self, Token};
+use rustc_ast::token;
 use rustc_ast::tokenstream::{AttrTokenStream, AttrTokenTree, LazyAttrTokenStream};
 use rustc_errors::Diag;
 use rustc_parse::parser::Recovery;
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ pub fn parse_expr(psess: &ParseSess, source_code: &str) -> Option<Box<Expr>> {
         psess,
         FileName::anon_source_code(source_code),
         source_code.to_owned(),
+        rustc_parse::lexer::StripTokens::Nothing,
     ));
 
     let mut parser = parser.recovery(Recovery::Forbidden);
diff --git a/tests/ui-fulldeps/mod_dir_path_canonicalized.rs b/tests/ui-fulldeps/mod_dir_path_canonicalized.rs
index 99cb5fc5aa1c6..df5f29e35fe69 100644
--- a/tests/ui-fulldeps/mod_dir_path_canonicalized.rs
+++ b/tests/ui-fulldeps/mod_dir_path_canonicalized.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ extern crate rustc_span;
 #[allow(unused_extern_crates)]
 extern crate rustc_driver;
 
-use rustc_parse::{new_parser_from_file, unwrap_or_emit_fatal};
+use rustc_parse::{lexer::StripTokens, new_parser_from_file, unwrap_or_emit_fatal};
 use rustc_session::parse::ParseSess;
 use std::path::Path;
 
@@ -34,6 +34,11 @@ fn parse() {
 
     let path = Path::new(file!());
     let path = path.canonicalize().unwrap();
-    let mut parser = unwrap_or_emit_fatal(new_parser_from_file(&psess, &path, None));
+    let mut parser = unwrap_or_emit_fatal(new_parser_from_file(
+        &psess,
+        &path,
+        StripTokens::ShebangAndFrontmatter,
+        None,
+    ));
     let _ = parser.parse_crate_mod();
 }
diff --git a/tests/ui/c-variadic/issue-86053-1.rs b/tests/ui/c-variadic/issue-86053-1.rs
index 537d0263adf78..58dfee55cf885 100644
--- a/tests/ui/c-variadic/issue-86053-1.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/c-variadic/issue-86053-1.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,6 @@ fn ordering4 < 'a , 'b     > ( a :            ,   self , self ,   self ,
     //~| ERROR unexpected `self` parameter in function
     //~| ERROR unexpected `self` parameter in function
     //~| ERROR `...` must be the last argument of a C-variadic function
-    //~| ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+    //~| ERROR `...` is not supported for non-extern functions
     //~| ERROR cannot find type `F` in this scope
 }
diff --git a/tests/ui/c-variadic/issue-86053-1.stderr b/tests/ui/c-variadic/issue-86053-1.stderr
index b58016b5a8165..adbc04d3a65a4 100644
--- a/tests/ui/c-variadic/issue-86053-1.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/c-variadic/issue-86053-1.stderr
@@ -46,11 +46,13 @@ error: `...` must be the last argument of a C-variadic function
 LL |     self , ... ,   self ,   self , ... ) where F : FnOnce ( & 'a & 'b usize ) {
    |            ^^^
 
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+error: `...` is not supported for non-extern functions
   --> $DIR/issue-86053-1.rs:11:36
    |
 LL |     self , ... ,   self ,   self , ... ) where F : FnOnce ( & 'a & 'b usize ) {
    |                                    ^^^
+   |
+   = help: only `extern "C"` and `extern "C-unwind"` functions may have a C variable argument list
 
 error[E0412]: cannot find type `F` in this scope
   --> $DIR/issue-86053-1.rs:11:48
diff --git a/tests/ui/c-variadic/not-async.rs b/tests/ui/c-variadic/not-async.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..45a7e1f8972bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/c-variadic/not-async.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//@ edition: 2021
+#![feature(c_variadic)]
+#![crate_type = "lib"]
+
+async unsafe extern "C" fn cannot_be_async(x: isize, ...) {}
+//~^ ERROR functions cannot be both `async` and C-variadic
+//~| ERROR hidden type for `impl Future<Output = ()>` captures lifetime that does not appear in bounds
diff --git a/tests/ui/c-variadic/not-async.stderr b/tests/ui/c-variadic/not-async.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..b8caf0d8bd852
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/c-variadic/not-async.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+error: functions cannot be both `async` and C-variadic
+  --> $DIR/not-async.rs:5:1
+   |
+LL | async unsafe extern "C" fn cannot_be_async(x: isize, ...) {}
+   | ^^^^^ `async` because of this                        ^^^ C-variadic because of this
+
+error[E0700]: hidden type for `impl Future<Output = ()>` captures lifetime that does not appear in bounds
+  --> $DIR/not-async.rs:5:59
+   |
+LL | async unsafe extern "C" fn cannot_be_async(x: isize, ...) {}
+   | --------------------------------------------------------- ^^
+   | |
+   | opaque type defined here
+   |
+   = note: hidden type `{async fn body of cannot_be_async()}` captures lifetime `'_`
+
+error: aborting due to 2 previous errors
+
+For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0700`.
diff --git a/tests/ui/cmse-nonsecure/cmse-nonsecure-entry/generics.rs b/tests/ui/cmse-nonsecure/cmse-nonsecure-entry/generics.rs
index ad4fca8252d24..eb6f4a323655b 100644
--- a/tests/ui/cmse-nonsecure/cmse-nonsecure-entry/generics.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/cmse-nonsecure/cmse-nonsecure-entry/generics.rs
@@ -53,9 +53,7 @@ extern "cmse-nonsecure-entry" fn trait_object(x: &dyn Trait) -> &dyn Trait {
     x
 }
 
-extern "cmse-nonsecure-entry" fn static_trait_object(
-    x: &'static dyn Trait,
-) -> &'static dyn Trait {
+extern "cmse-nonsecure-entry" fn static_trait_object(x: &'static dyn Trait) -> &'static dyn Trait {
     //~^ ERROR return value of `"cmse-nonsecure-entry"` function too large to pass via registers [E0798]
     x
 }
@@ -63,14 +61,12 @@ extern "cmse-nonsecure-entry" fn static_trait_object(
 #[repr(transparent)]
 struct WrapperTransparent<'a>(&'a dyn Trait);
 
-extern "cmse-nonsecure-entry" fn wrapped_trait_object(
-    x: WrapperTransparent,
-) -> WrapperTransparent {
+extern "cmse-nonsecure-entry" fn wrapped_trait_object(x: WrapperTransparent) -> WrapperTransparent {
     //~^ ERROR return value of `"cmse-nonsecure-entry"` function too large to pass via registers [E0798]
     x
 }
 
-extern "cmse-nonsecure-entry" fn c_variadic(_: u32, _: ...) {
-    //~^ ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+unsafe extern "cmse-nonsecure-entry" fn c_variadic(_: u32, _: ...) {
+    //~^ ERROR `...` is not supported for `extern "cmse-nonsecure-entry"` functions
     //~| ERROR requires `va_list` lang_item
 }
diff --git a/tests/ui/cmse-nonsecure/cmse-nonsecure-entry/generics.stderr b/tests/ui/cmse-nonsecure/cmse-nonsecure-entry/generics.stderr
index 7aeb6969feb9f..8937def9428cf 100644
--- a/tests/ui/cmse-nonsecure/cmse-nonsecure-entry/generics.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/cmse-nonsecure/cmse-nonsecure-entry/generics.stderr
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
-  --> $DIR/generics.rs:73:53
+error: `...` is not supported for `extern "cmse-nonsecure-entry"` functions
+  --> $DIR/generics.rs:69:60
    |
-LL | extern "cmse-nonsecure-entry" fn c_variadic(_: u32, _: ...) {
-   |                                                     ^^^^^^
+LL | unsafe extern "cmse-nonsecure-entry" fn c_variadic(_: u32, _: ...) {
+   |        -----------------------------                       ^^^^^^
+   |        |
+   |        `extern "cmse-nonsecure-entry"` because of this
+   |
+   = help: only `extern "C"` and `extern "C-unwind"` functions may have a C variable argument list
 
 error[E0798]: functions with the `"cmse-nonsecure-entry"` ABI cannot contain generics in their type
   --> $DIR/generics.rs:30:1
@@ -50,28 +54,28 @@ LL | extern "cmse-nonsecure-entry" fn trait_object(x: &dyn Trait) -> &dyn Trait
    = note: the result must either be a (transparently wrapped) i64, u64 or f64, or be at most 4 bytes in size
 
 error[E0798]: return value of `"cmse-nonsecure-entry"` function too large to pass via registers
-  --> $DIR/generics.rs:58:6
+  --> $DIR/generics.rs:56:80
    |
-LL | ) -> &'static dyn Trait {
-   |      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ this type doesn't fit in the available registers
+LL | extern "cmse-nonsecure-entry" fn static_trait_object(x: &'static dyn Trait) -> &'static dyn Trait {
+   |                                                                                ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ this type doesn't fit in the available registers
    |
    = note: functions with the `"cmse-nonsecure-entry"` ABI must pass their result via the available return registers
    = note: the result must either be a (transparently wrapped) i64, u64 or f64, or be at most 4 bytes in size
 
 error[E0798]: return value of `"cmse-nonsecure-entry"` function too large to pass via registers
-  --> $DIR/generics.rs:68:6
+  --> $DIR/generics.rs:64:81
    |
-LL | ) -> WrapperTransparent {
-   |      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ this type doesn't fit in the available registers
+LL | extern "cmse-nonsecure-entry" fn wrapped_trait_object(x: WrapperTransparent) -> WrapperTransparent {
+   |                                                                                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ this type doesn't fit in the available registers
    |
    = note: functions with the `"cmse-nonsecure-entry"` ABI must pass their result via the available return registers
    = note: the result must either be a (transparently wrapped) i64, u64 or f64, or be at most 4 bytes in size
 
 error: requires `va_list` lang_item
-  --> $DIR/generics.rs:73:53
+  --> $DIR/generics.rs:69:60
    |
-LL | extern "cmse-nonsecure-entry" fn c_variadic(_: u32, _: ...) {
-   |                                                     ^^^^^^
+LL | unsafe extern "cmse-nonsecure-entry" fn c_variadic(_: u32, _: ...) {
+   |                                                            ^^^^^^
 
 error: aborting due to 9 previous errors
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/feature-gates/feature-gate-c_variadic.rs b/tests/ui/feature-gates/feature-gate-c_variadic.rs
index 45c688420931d..88d91dbd081fb 100644
--- a/tests/ui/feature-gates/feature-gate-c_variadic.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/feature-gates/feature-gate-c_variadic.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-#![crate_type="lib"]
+#![crate_type = "lib"]
 
-pub unsafe extern "C" fn test(_: i32, ap: ...) { }
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn test(_: i32, ap: ...) {}
 //~^ ERROR C-variadic functions are unstable
 
 trait Trait {
-    unsafe extern "C" fn trait_test(_: i32, ap: ...) { }
+    unsafe extern "C" fn trait_test(_: i32, ap: ...) {}
     //~^ ERROR C-variadic functions are unstable
-    //~| ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+    //~| ERROR associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
 }
diff --git a/tests/ui/feature-gates/feature-gate-c_variadic.stderr b/tests/ui/feature-gates/feature-gate-c_variadic.stderr
index e30a2f1ede367..808aa20948d03 100644
--- a/tests/ui/feature-gates/feature-gate-c_variadic.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/feature-gates/feature-gate-c_variadic.stderr
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+error: associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
   --> $DIR/feature-gate-c_variadic.rs:7:45
    |
-LL |     unsafe extern "C" fn trait_test(_: i32, ap: ...) { }
+LL |     unsafe extern "C" fn trait_test(_: i32, ap: ...) {}
    |                                             ^^^^^^^
 
 error[E0658]: C-variadic functions are unstable
   --> $DIR/feature-gate-c_variadic.rs:3:1
    |
-LL | pub unsafe extern "C" fn test(_: i32, ap: ...) { }
-   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+LL | pub unsafe extern "C" fn test(_: i32, ap: ...) {}
+   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    |
    = note: see issue #44930 <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/44930> for more information
    = help: add `#![feature(c_variadic)]` to the crate attributes to enable
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ LL | pub unsafe extern "C" fn test(_: i32, ap: ...) { }
 error[E0658]: C-variadic functions are unstable
   --> $DIR/feature-gate-c_variadic.rs:7:5
    |
-LL |     unsafe extern "C" fn trait_test(_: i32, ap: ...) { }
-   |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+LL |     unsafe extern "C" fn trait_test(_: i32, ap: ...) {}
+   |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    |
    = note: see issue #44930 <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/44930> for more information
    = help: add `#![feature(c_variadic)]` to the crate attributes to enable
diff --git a/tests/ui/frontmatter/auxiliary/expr.rs b/tests/ui/frontmatter/auxiliary/expr.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..5f6941106664c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/frontmatter/auxiliary/expr.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+---
+-
+---
+1
diff --git a/tests/ui/frontmatter/auxiliary/makro.rs b/tests/ui/frontmatter/auxiliary/makro.rs
index 70707b27bff95..1d64fa44bd3e1 100644
--- a/tests/ui/frontmatter/auxiliary/makro.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/frontmatter/auxiliary/makro.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,20 @@
 extern crate proc_macro;
-use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use proc_macro::{Literal, TokenStream};
 
 #[proc_macro]
 pub fn check(_: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    // In the following test cases, the `---` may look like the start of frontmatter but it is not!
+    // That's because it would be backward incompatible to interpret them as such in the latest
+    // stable edition. That's not only the case due to the feature gate error but also due to the
+    // fact that we "eagerly" emit errors on malformed frontmatter.
+
+    // issue: <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/145520>
+    _ = "---".parse::<TokenStream>();
+    // Just a sequence of regular Rust punctuation tokens.
     assert_eq!(6, "---\n---".parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap().into_iter().count());
+
+    // issue: <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/146132>
+    assert!("---".parse::<Literal>().is_err());
+
     Default::default()
 }
diff --git a/tests/ui/frontmatter/include-in-expr-ctxt.rs b/tests/ui/frontmatter/include-in-expr-ctxt.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..7b02c9cb8a54e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/frontmatter/include-in-expr-ctxt.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Check that an expr-ctxt `include` doesn't try to parse frontmatter and instead
+// treats it as a regular Rust token sequence.
+//@ check-pass
+#![expect(double_negations)]
+
+fn main() {
+    // issue: <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/145945>
+    const _: () = assert!(-1 == include!("auxiliary/expr.rs"));
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/frontmatter/include-in-item-ctxt.rs b/tests/ui/frontmatter/include-in-item-ctxt.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c8455bc49abd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/frontmatter/include-in-item-ctxt.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// Ensure that in item ctxts we can `include` files that contain frontmatter.
+//@ check-pass
+
+#![feature(frontmatter)]
+
+include!("auxiliary/lib.rs");
+
+fn main() {
+    foo(1);
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/frontmatter/included-frontmatter.rs b/tests/ui/frontmatter/included-frontmatter.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 57616cd1228c1..0000000000000
--- a/tests/ui/frontmatter/included-frontmatter.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-#![feature(frontmatter)]
-
-//@ check-pass
-
-include!("auxiliary/lib.rs");
-
-// auxiliary/lib.rs contains a frontmatter. Ensure that we can use them in an
-// `include!` macro.
-
-fn main() {
-    foo(1);
-}
diff --git a/tests/ui/frontmatter/proc-macro-observer.rs b/tests/ui/frontmatter/proc-macro-observer.rs
index b1cc1460933f2..6c4c8c572897e 100644
--- a/tests/ui/frontmatter/proc-macro-observer.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/frontmatter/proc-macro-observer.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@
 //@ proc-macro: makro.rs
 //@ edition: 2021
 
-makro::check!();
+// Check that a proc-macro doesn't try to parse frontmatter and instead treats
+// it as a regular Rust token sequence. See `auxiliary/makro.rs` for details.
 
-// checks that a proc-macro doesn't know or parse frontmatters at all and instead treats
-// it as normal Rust code.
-// see auxiliary/makro.rs for how it is tested.
+makro::check!();
 
 fn main() {}
diff --git a/tests/ui/inference/note-and-explain-ReVar-124973.rs b/tests/ui/inference/note-and-explain-ReVar-124973.rs
index f1e2464563699..aa4b909fa76c8 100644
--- a/tests/ui/inference/note-and-explain-ReVar-124973.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/inference/note-and-explain-ReVar-124973.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #![feature(c_variadic)]
 
 async unsafe extern "C" fn multiple_named_lifetimes<'a, 'b>(_: u8, ...) {}
-//~^ ERROR hidden type for `impl Future<Output = ()>` captures lifetime that does not appear in bounds
+//~^ ERROR functions cannot be both `async` and C-variadic
+//~| ERROR hidden type for `impl Future<Output = ()>` captures lifetime that does not appear in bounds
 
 fn main() {}
diff --git a/tests/ui/inference/note-and-explain-ReVar-124973.stderr b/tests/ui/inference/note-and-explain-ReVar-124973.stderr
index 574f6508e4c78..964fbc4a4fb7a 100644
--- a/tests/ui/inference/note-and-explain-ReVar-124973.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/inference/note-and-explain-ReVar-124973.stderr
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+error: functions cannot be both `async` and C-variadic
+  --> $DIR/note-and-explain-ReVar-124973.rs:5:1
+   |
+LL | async unsafe extern "C" fn multiple_named_lifetimes<'a, 'b>(_: u8, ...) {}
+   | ^^^^^ `async` because of this                                      ^^^ C-variadic because of this
+
 error[E0700]: hidden type for `impl Future<Output = ()>` captures lifetime that does not appear in bounds
   --> $DIR/note-and-explain-ReVar-124973.rs:5:73
    |
@@ -8,6 +14,6 @@ LL | async unsafe extern "C" fn multiple_named_lifetimes<'a, 'b>(_: u8, ...) {}
    |
    = note: hidden type `{async fn body of multiple_named_lifetimes<'a, 'b>()}` captures lifetime `'_`
 
-error: aborting due to 1 previous error
+error: aborting due to 2 previous errors
 
 For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0700`.
diff --git a/tests/ui/mir/issue-83499-input-output-iteration-ice.rs b/tests/ui/mir/issue-83499-input-output-iteration-ice.rs
index 9277994d9b30f..dc0d14bf9d6b6 100644
--- a/tests/ui/mir/issue-83499-input-output-iteration-ice.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/mir/issue-83499-input-output-iteration-ice.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 
 fn main() {}
 
-fn foo(_: Bar, ...) -> impl {}
-//~^ ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
-//~| ERROR cannot find type `Bar` in this scope
+unsafe extern "C" fn foo(_: Bar, ...) -> impl {}
+//~^ ERROR cannot find type `Bar` in this scope
 //~| ERROR at least one trait must be specified
diff --git a/tests/ui/mir/issue-83499-input-output-iteration-ice.stderr b/tests/ui/mir/issue-83499-input-output-iteration-ice.stderr
index 4a1aa49eb6e6f..31a393e7367a3 100644
--- a/tests/ui/mir/issue-83499-input-output-iteration-ice.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/mir/issue-83499-input-output-iteration-ice.stderr
@@ -1,21 +1,15 @@
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
-  --> $DIR/issue-83499-input-output-iteration-ice.rs:7:16
-   |
-LL | fn foo(_: Bar, ...) -> impl {}
-   |                ^^^
-
 error: at least one trait must be specified
-  --> $DIR/issue-83499-input-output-iteration-ice.rs:7:24
+  --> $DIR/issue-83499-input-output-iteration-ice.rs:7:42
    |
-LL | fn foo(_: Bar, ...) -> impl {}
-   |                        ^^^^
+LL | unsafe extern "C" fn foo(_: Bar, ...) -> impl {}
+   |                                          ^^^^
 
 error[E0412]: cannot find type `Bar` in this scope
-  --> $DIR/issue-83499-input-output-iteration-ice.rs:7:11
+  --> $DIR/issue-83499-input-output-iteration-ice.rs:7:29
    |
-LL | fn foo(_: Bar, ...) -> impl {}
-   |           ^^^ not found in this scope
+LL | unsafe extern "C" fn foo(_: Bar, ...) -> impl {}
+   |                             ^^^ not found in this scope
 
-error: aborting due to 3 previous errors
+error: aborting due to 2 previous errors
 
 For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0412`.
diff --git a/tests/ui/parser/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs b/tests/ui/parser/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs
index 243924e6c53ee..4db056f15a51f 100644
--- a/tests/ui/parser/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/parser/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs
@@ -4,25 +4,28 @@
 fn main() {}
 
 fn f1_1(x: isize, ...) {}
-//~^ ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+//~^ ERROR `...` is not supported for non-extern functions
 
 fn f1_2(...) {}
-//~^ ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+//~^ ERROR `...` is not supported for non-extern functions
+
+unsafe extern "Rust" fn f1_3(...) {}
+//~^ ERROR `...` is not supported for `extern "Rust"` functions
 
 extern "C" fn f2_1(x: isize, ...) {}
-//~^ ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+//~^ ERROR functions with a C variable argument list must be unsafe
 
 extern "C" fn f2_2(...) {}
-//~^ ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+//~^ ERROR functions with a C variable argument list must be unsafe
 
 extern "C" fn f2_3(..., x: isize) {}
 //~^ ERROR `...` must be the last argument of a C-variadic function
 
 extern "C" fn f3_1(x: isize, ...) {}
-//~^ ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+//~^ ERROR functions with a C variable argument list must be unsafe
 
 extern "C" fn f3_2(...) {}
-//~^ ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+//~^ ERROR functions with a C variable argument list must be unsafe
 
 extern "C" fn f3_3(..., x: isize) {}
 //~^ ERROR `...` must be the last argument of a C-variadic function
@@ -33,12 +36,12 @@ const unsafe extern "C" fn f4_1(x: isize, ...) {}
 
 const extern "C" fn f4_2(x: isize, ...) {}
 //~^ ERROR functions cannot be both `const` and C-variadic
-//~| ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+//~| ERROR functions with a C variable argument list must be unsafe
 //~| ERROR destructor of `VaListImpl<'_>` cannot be evaluated at compile-time
 
 const extern "C" fn f4_3(..., x: isize, ...) {}
 //~^ ERROR functions cannot be both `const` and C-variadic
-//~| ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+//~| ERROR functions with a C variable argument list must be unsafe
 //~| ERROR `...` must be the last argument of a C-variadic function
 
 extern "C" {
@@ -50,30 +53,30 @@ struct X;
 
 impl X {
     fn i_f1(x: isize, ...) {}
-    //~^ ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+    //~^ ERROR associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
     fn i_f2(...) {}
-    //~^ ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+    //~^ ERROR associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
     fn i_f3(..., x: isize, ...) {}
-    //~^ ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+    //~^ ERROR associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
     //~| ERROR `...` must be the last argument of a C-variadic function
     fn i_f4(..., x: isize, ...) {}
-    //~^ ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+    //~^ ERROR associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
     //~| ERROR `...` must be the last argument of a C-variadic function
     const fn i_f5(x: isize, ...) {}
-    //~^ ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+    //~^ ERROR associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
     //~| ERROR functions cannot be both `const` and C-variadic
     //~| ERROR destructor of `VaListImpl<'_>` cannot be evaluated at compile-time
 }
 
 trait T {
     fn t_f1(x: isize, ...) {}
-    //~^ ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+    //~^ ERROR associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
     fn t_f2(x: isize, ...);
-    //~^ ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+    //~^ ERROR associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
     fn t_f3(...) {}
-    //~^ ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+    //~^ ERROR associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
     fn t_f4(...);
-    //~^ ERROR defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+    //~^ ERROR associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
     fn t_f5(..., x: isize) {}
     //~^ ERROR `...` must be the last argument of a C-variadic function
     fn t_f6(..., x: isize);
diff --git a/tests/ui/parser/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.stderr b/tests/ui/parser/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.stderr
index 5c55cc38b5682..0cd78318de6a8 100644
--- a/tests/ui/parser/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/parser/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.stderr
@@ -1,181 +1,225 @@
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+error: `...` is not supported for non-extern functions
   --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:6:19
    |
 LL | fn f1_1(x: isize, ...) {}
    |                   ^^^
+   |
+   = help: only `extern "C"` and `extern "C-unwind"` functions may have a C variable argument list
 
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+error: `...` is not supported for non-extern functions
   --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:9:9
    |
 LL | fn f1_2(...) {}
    |         ^^^
+   |
+   = help: only `extern "C"` and `extern "C-unwind"` functions may have a C variable argument list
 
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
+error: `...` is not supported for `extern "Rust"` functions
   --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:12:30
    |
+LL | unsafe extern "Rust" fn f1_3(...) {}
+   |        -------------         ^^^
+   |        |
+   |        `extern "Rust"` because of this
+   |
+   = help: only `extern "C"` and `extern "C-unwind"` functions may have a C variable argument list
+
+error: functions with a C variable argument list must be unsafe
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:15:30
+   |
 LL | extern "C" fn f2_1(x: isize, ...) {}
    |                              ^^^
+   |
+help: add the `unsafe` keyword to this definition
+   |
+LL | unsafe extern "C" fn f2_1(x: isize, ...) {}
+   | ++++++
 
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:15:20
+error: functions with a C variable argument list must be unsafe
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:18:20
    |
 LL | extern "C" fn f2_2(...) {}
    |                    ^^^
+   |
+help: add the `unsafe` keyword to this definition
+   |
+LL | unsafe extern "C" fn f2_2(...) {}
+   | ++++++
 
 error: `...` must be the last argument of a C-variadic function
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:18:20
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:21:20
    |
 LL | extern "C" fn f2_3(..., x: isize) {}
    |                    ^^^
 
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:21:30
+error: functions with a C variable argument list must be unsafe
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:24:30
    |
 LL | extern "C" fn f3_1(x: isize, ...) {}
    |                              ^^^
+   |
+help: add the `unsafe` keyword to this definition
+   |
+LL | unsafe extern "C" fn f3_1(x: isize, ...) {}
+   | ++++++
 
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:24:20
+error: functions with a C variable argument list must be unsafe
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:27:20
    |
 LL | extern "C" fn f3_2(...) {}
    |                    ^^^
+   |
+help: add the `unsafe` keyword to this definition
+   |
+LL | unsafe extern "C" fn f3_2(...) {}
+   | ++++++
 
 error: `...` must be the last argument of a C-variadic function
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:27:20
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:30:20
    |
 LL | extern "C" fn f3_3(..., x: isize) {}
    |                    ^^^
 
 error: functions cannot be both `const` and C-variadic
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:30:1
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:33:1
    |
 LL | const unsafe extern "C" fn f4_1(x: isize, ...) {}
    | ^^^^^ `const` because of this             ^^^ C-variadic because of this
 
 error: functions cannot be both `const` and C-variadic
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:34:1
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:37:1
    |
 LL | const extern "C" fn f4_2(x: isize, ...) {}
    | ^^^^^ `const` because of this      ^^^ C-variadic because of this
 
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:34:36
+error: functions with a C variable argument list must be unsafe
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:37:36
    |
 LL | const extern "C" fn f4_2(x: isize, ...) {}
    |                                    ^^^
+   |
+help: add the `unsafe` keyword to this definition
+   |
+LL | const unsafe extern "C" fn f4_2(x: isize, ...) {}
+   |       ++++++
 
 error: `...` must be the last argument of a C-variadic function
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:39:26
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:42:26
    |
 LL | const extern "C" fn f4_3(..., x: isize, ...) {}
    |                          ^^^
 
 error: functions cannot be both `const` and C-variadic
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:39:1
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:42:1
    |
 LL | const extern "C" fn f4_3(..., x: isize, ...) {}
    | ^^^^^ `const` because of this           ^^^ C-variadic because of this
 
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:39:41
+error: functions with a C variable argument list must be unsafe
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:42:41
    |
 LL | const extern "C" fn f4_3(..., x: isize, ...) {}
    |                                         ^^^
+   |
+help: add the `unsafe` keyword to this definition
+   |
+LL | const unsafe extern "C" fn f4_3(..., x: isize, ...) {}
+   |       ++++++
 
 error: `...` must be the last argument of a C-variadic function
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:45:13
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:48:13
    |
 LL |     fn e_f2(..., x: isize);
    |             ^^^
 
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:52:23
+error: associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:55:23
    |
 LL |     fn i_f1(x: isize, ...) {}
    |                       ^^^
 
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:54:13
+error: associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:57:13
    |
 LL |     fn i_f2(...) {}
    |             ^^^
 
 error: `...` must be the last argument of a C-variadic function
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:56:13
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:59:13
    |
 LL |     fn i_f3(..., x: isize, ...) {}
    |             ^^^
 
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:56:28
+error: associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:59:28
    |
 LL |     fn i_f3(..., x: isize, ...) {}
    |                            ^^^
 
 error: `...` must be the last argument of a C-variadic function
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:59:13
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:62:13
    |
 LL |     fn i_f4(..., x: isize, ...) {}
    |             ^^^
 
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:59:28
+error: associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:62:28
    |
 LL |     fn i_f4(..., x: isize, ...) {}
    |                            ^^^
 
 error: functions cannot be both `const` and C-variadic
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:62:5
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:65:5
    |
 LL |     const fn i_f5(x: isize, ...) {}
    |     ^^^^^                   ^^^ C-variadic because of this
    |     |
    |     `const` because of this
 
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:62:29
+error: associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:65:29
    |
 LL |     const fn i_f5(x: isize, ...) {}
    |                             ^^^
 
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:69:23
+error: associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:72:23
    |
 LL |     fn t_f1(x: isize, ...) {}
    |                       ^^^
 
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:71:23
+error: associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:74:23
    |
 LL |     fn t_f2(x: isize, ...);
    |                       ^^^
 
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:73:13
+error: associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:76:13
    |
 LL |     fn t_f3(...) {}
    |             ^^^
 
-error: defining functions with C-variadic arguments is only allowed for free functions with the "C" or "C-unwind" calling convention
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:75:13
+error: associated functions cannot have a C variable argument list
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:78:13
    |
 LL |     fn t_f4(...);
    |             ^^^
 
 error: `...` must be the last argument of a C-variadic function
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:77:13
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:80:13
    |
 LL |     fn t_f5(..., x: isize) {}
    |             ^^^
 
 error: `...` must be the last argument of a C-variadic function
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:79:13
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:82:13
    |
 LL |     fn t_f6(..., x: isize);
    |             ^^^
 
 error[E0493]: destructor of `VaListImpl<'_>` cannot be evaluated at compile-time
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:30:43
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:33:43
    |
 LL | const unsafe extern "C" fn f4_1(x: isize, ...) {}
    |                                           ^^^   - value is dropped here
@@ -183,7 +227,7 @@ LL | const unsafe extern "C" fn f4_1(x: isize, ...) {}
    |                                           the destructor for this type cannot be evaluated in constant functions
 
 error[E0493]: destructor of `VaListImpl<'_>` cannot be evaluated at compile-time
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:34:36
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:37:36
    |
 LL | const extern "C" fn f4_2(x: isize, ...) {}
    |                                    ^^^   - value is dropped here
@@ -191,13 +235,13 @@ LL | const extern "C" fn f4_2(x: isize, ...) {}
    |                                    the destructor for this type cannot be evaluated in constant functions
 
 error[E0493]: destructor of `VaListImpl<'_>` cannot be evaluated at compile-time
-  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:62:29
+  --> $DIR/variadic-ffi-semantic-restrictions.rs:65:29
    |
 LL |     const fn i_f5(x: isize, ...) {}
    |                             ^^^   - value is dropped here
    |                             |
    |                             the destructor for this type cannot be evaluated in constant functions
 
-error: aborting due to 32 previous errors
+error: aborting due to 33 previous errors
 
 For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0493`.