feat(arbos60): add multi-gas constraints pricing model#700
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AnkushinDaniil wants to merge 68 commits intomainfrom
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feat(arbos60): add multi-gas constraints pricing model#700AnkushinDaniil wants to merge 68 commits intomainfrom
AnkushinDaniil wants to merge 68 commits intomainfrom
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Pull request overview
Implements ArbOS 60 multi-gas constraints pricing with per-resource weighted backlogs and per-resource base fees, and wires it into transaction processing and pricing updates.
Changes:
- Added storage-backed
MultiGasConstraintandMultiGasFeesprimitives for ArbOS 60+ multi-dimensional pricing. - Updated
L2PricingStateto select aGasModel, update multi-gas backlogs/exponents, and commit per-resource fees. - Integrated multi-gas backlog growth in tx processing and added extensive tests across pricing, storage, and precompile-related behaviors.
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Copilot reviewed 20 out of 20 changed files in this pull request and generated 8 comments.
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| File | Description |
|---|---|
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum/Math/MathExtensions.cs | Adds inlining hints for saturating arithmetic helpers used by backlog math. |
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum/Execution/ArbitrumTransactionProcessor.cs | Routes gas pool/backlog updates by GasModel, wiring multi-gas growth. |
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum/Evm/MultiGas.cs | Adds CheckResourceKind helper and adjusts docs. |
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum/Evm/ArbitrumGasPolicy.cs | Tracks code deposit under StorageGrowth for multi-gas accounting. |
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum/Arbos/Storage/MultiGasFees.cs | New storage struct for next/current per-resource base fees with commit rotation. |
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum/Arbos/Storage/MultiGasConstraint.cs | New storage struct for weighted multi-resource constraints and weighted backlog updates. |
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum/Arbos/Storage/L2PricingState.cs | Core pricing/state changes: GasModel, multi-gas exponent calc, fee update/commit, backlog routing. |
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum/Arbos/Storage/GasConstraint.cs | Cleans up storage clearing via new Clear() methods; makes class sealed. |
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum/Arbos/Storage/ArbosStorage.cs | Adds Clear() to slot and storage-backed primitives. |
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum/Arbos/ArbosVersion.cs | Introduces version 60 constants / alias for multi-gas constraints enablement. |
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum.Test/Precompiles/PrecompileContextTests.cs | Adds tests for multi-gas tracking (some currently don’t exercise production code). |
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum.Test/Precompiles/ConstraintsPrecompileTests.cs | Adds tests around configuring and using multi-gas constraints. |
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum.Test/Infrastructure/ArbosStateTestExtensions.cs | Adds test-only helpers for reading/writing multi-gas fees. |
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum.Test/Evm/MultiGasTests.cs | Adds tests for CheckResourceKind validation behavior. |
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum.Test/Arbos/Storage/L2PricingStateTests.cs | Expands test coverage for gas model selection, backlog updates, multi-gas pricing, and guards. |
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum.Test/Arbos/L2Pricing/PricingModelMultiGasTests.cs | Adds equivalence tests across legacy/single/multi-gas models. |
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum.Test/Arbos/L2Pricing/MultiGasFeesTests.cs | Adds tests for per-resource fees and commit semantics. |
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum.Test/Arbos/L2Pricing/MultiGasConstraintTests.cs | Adds tests for weighted backlog math and storage behavior. |
| src/Nethermind.Arbitrum.Test/Arbos/ArbosStorageTests.BackedByType.cs | Adds tests for new Clear() methods on storage-backed primitives. |
| src/Nethermind | Updates submodule pointer. |
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src/Nethermind.Arbitrum/Execution/ArbitrumTransactionProcessor.cs
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src/Nethermind.Arbitrum.Test/Precompiles/PrecompileContextTests.cs
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src/Nethermind.Arbitrum.Test/Precompiles/ConstraintsPrecompileTests.cs
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src/Nethermind.Arbitrum.Test/Infrastructure/ArbosStateTestExtensions.cs
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wurdum
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Please add integration tests to make sure e2e compatibility with nitro
src/Nethermind.Arbitrum/Execution/ArbitrumTransactionProcessor.cs
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src/Nethermind.Arbitrum.Test/Arbos/Storage/L2PricingStateTests.cs
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Added more tests. The next step in my plan is to adopt system tests |
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@AnkushinDaniil I've opened a new pull request, #712, to work on those changes. Once the pull request is ready, I'll request review from you. |
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I would wait for system tests inclusion for better stability and assurance. I don't think there is any reason to rush this..my humble opinion. |
Add ArbOS 60 multi-gas constraints with per-resource weights: - MultiGasConstraint: storage-backed constraint with weighted resources - MultiGasFees: per-resource base fee storage (next-block/current-block) - L2PricingState: constraint management, exponent calculation, pricing updates - GasModel enum for routing: Legacy, SingleGasConstraints, MultiGasConstraints - Input validation and bounds checking throughout
- Add Clear() to storage-backed types (ArbosStorageSlot, ArbosStorageBackedUInt/ULong/UInt256) - Add MultiGas.CheckResourceKind() validation for defensive programming - Throw InvalidOperationException on divisor == 0 instead of silent continue - Move test-only methods to test project via extension methods - Move weights dictionary inside loop to match reference implementation
In ArbOS 60+ (multi-gas constraints), BacklogUpdateCost returns a static cost (StorageReadCost + StorageWriteCost) regardless of constraint count. The C# implementation was missing this early return and continued with additional overhead calculations. Added tests to verify the static cost behavior in ArbOS 60 and the dynamic cost calculation in ArbOS 51.
…ization Performance improvements for multi-gas constraints implementation: - Add [AggressiveInlining] to SaturateMul and SaturateSub for consistency with SaturateAdd (MathExtensions.cs) - Seal leaf classes (MultiGasConstraint, GasConstraint, MultiGasFees, L2PricingState) to enable JIT devirtualization - Replace yield iterator in CalcMultiGasConstraintsExponents with direct loop to avoid state machine allocation per-call - Use inline array FeeBuffer instead of heap-allocated UInt256[] in MultiDimensionalPriceForRefund to eliminate per-transaction allocation
Add 24 tests to achieve full patch coverage: - Exception guards: divisor-zero checks in CalcMultiGasConstraintsExponents and UpdatePricingModelMultiConstraints - Migration path: SetMultiGasConstraintsFromSingleGasConstraints conversion, uint32 clamping, and clearing existing constraints - Legacy pricing: GasPoolUpdateCost for ArbOS 49/50, legacy backlog grow/shrink, high backlog pricing - Multi-gas fees: CommitMultiGasFees early return and commit paths, L1Calldata/zero fee fallback to baseFeeWei - MultiGas: CheckResourceKind validation for valid and invalid kinds - ArbosStorage: Clear methods for UInt, ULong, UInt256 backed storage
Remove ShouldUseGasConstraints() which was a C#-only helper that didn't exist in Nitro. Use GetGasModelToUse() directly instead, which matches Nitro's GasModelToUse() function. Changes: - Remove ShouldUseGasConstraints() from L2PricingState - Update tests to use GetGasModelToUse() assertions - Remove tests that directly tested the removed method
…sPool UpdateGasPool now routes to GrowBacklog for ArbOS 60+ MultiGasConstraints mode, matching Nitro's tx_processor behavior. Legacy and SingleGasConstraints modes continue using AddToGasPool. Added tests mirroring Nitro's TestMultiGasConstraintBacklogGrowth and TestMultiGasConstraintBacklogDecay patterns for weighted accumulation.
Remove Arrange/Act/Assert comments from ConstraintsPrecompileTests and PrecompileContextTests per code style guidelines.
Nethermind unconditionally zeroed multigas for all callers to owner precompiles via RestoreBurnedMultiGas in the finally block. Nitro's OwnerPrecompile.Call returns burner.gasUsed (non-zero) for non-owner paths but multigas.ZeroGas() only for actual owners. Adds AddOwnerCheckMultiGasDelta helper that computes the system burner's multigas delta and injects it into the gas policy accumulator for non-owner and OOG paths before RestoreBurnedMultiGas cleans up. Constraint: _systemBurner.BurnedMultiGas is never consumed by final accounting Constraint: context.Burn(gasUsed) single-arg overload does not track multigas Rejected: Conditional restore only for owners | leaves stale delta in shared _systemBurner Confidence: high Scope-risk: narrow
…erns Replace field-by-field BlockTree reset with ResettableArbitrumBlockTree decorator that creates fresh instances. ArbOSVersionOverride now uses thread-safe consume-once pattern via Interlocked.Exchange. - Delete TrieStoreClearableCache (TrieStore implements IClearableCache directly) - Register HeaderStore, BlockStore, ChainLevelInfoRepository as IClearableCache - ArbitrumBlockTree simplified to pure constructor delegation Constraint: BlockTree constructor must be fast on empty DBs for reset performance Rejected: Field-level reset | fragile, requires tracking every new field Rejected: Keep TrieStoreClearableCache wrapper | unnecessary indirection Confidence: medium Scope-risk: moderate Not-tested: BlockTree decorator reset performance under load
Failed tests are retried up to N times (default 3, --retries flag). Duration accumulates across attempts. Summary distinguishes flaky tests (passed on retry) from hard failures. Parallel runner checks worker health between retry attempts and restarts if needed. Constraint: Retry wraps _run_single_test — no changes to test execution itself Rejected: Retry only non-deterministic failures | impossible to classify reliably Confidence: high Scope-risk: narrow
…eset config Multi-gas resource split: cold access costs now correctly split between StorageAccess (cold premium) and Computation (warm base), matching Nitro's operations_acl.go pattern: ColdCost - WarmRead → StorageAccess, WarmRead → Computation. BurnArbGas: changed from expecting throw to asserting GasLeft==0, matching Nitro's ArbosTest.go which intentionally ignores the Burn error (//nolint:errcheck) and silently consumes all remaining gas. Redeem backlog: removed Math.Min(long.MaxValue, gasToDonate) cap that caused SaturateSub to zero the backlog, triggering StorageWriteZeroCost (5000) instead of StorageWriteCost (20000) — a 15000 gas discrepancy. CodeDb: assert NOT cleared during reinitialize since code is content-addressed and immutable across reinitializations. EnableTestReset: new config flag (default: false) gates test-only behavior — ResettableArbitrumBlockTree, debug_reinitialize RPC, and skipVersionCheck for per-test ArbOS version overrides. Constraint: Comparison tests send varying ArbOS versions per test Rejected: effectiveArbOSVersion override | failed when test version != chainspec version Directive: EnableTestReset must remain false in production — it gates mutable BlockTree and debug RPC Confidence: high Scope-risk: moderate Not-tested: EnableTestReset in non-comparison production scenarios (always false)
The smart rebuild feature (git-based change detection, build state tracking, auto Nethermind build) added unnecessary complexity. Users should build manually before running comparison tests. Removed: _get_git_hash, _needs_rebuild, _record_build, build_nethermind, BUILD_STATE_FILE, and git-based skip logic from compile_test_binary.
Revert comment edits, style changes, and formatting-only modifications that were inadvertently included in the multigas feature branch. Preserves all functional multigas/ResourceKind changes. Files affected: 13 C# files across Arbos, Evm, Execution, Genesis, Modules, and Rpc layers.
The unconditional MixHash recomputation in InitializeAndBuildGenesisBlock could overwrite the chainspec's canonical MixHash value in production, causing genesis block hash mismatch. Now only recomputes when EnableTestReset is true, where the init message may carry a different ArbOS version than the chainspec. Constraint: Production genesis must use chainspec MixHash verbatim Rejected: Always recompute MixHash | breaks production genesis hash Confidence: high Scope-risk: narrow
Replace misleading comments with actionable TODO referencing Nitro arbosstate.go:240-256. NativeTokenSupplyManagementEnabled and TransactionFilteringEnabled are hardcoded to disabled — correct for standard chains but needs implementation for custom Orbit chains. Confidence: high Scope-risk: narrow
Apply ruff format to 3 Python files and add missing flaky/retries_enabled args to SummaryStats constructors in test_formatters.py. Confidence: high Scope-risk: narrow
…as-constraints # Conflicts: # src/Nethermind # src/Nethermind.Arbitrum/ArbitrumPlugin.cs # src/Nethermind.Arbitrum/Precompiles/ArbitrumPrecompileExecutionContext.cs
Replace direct IClearableCache implementation on CacheCodeInfoRepository with a nested CacheClearService class. CacheCodeInfoRepository has scoped dependencies (IWorldState) that prevent singleton resolution as IClearableCache. The nested class has zero dependencies and accesses the private static cache directly. Constraint: CacheCodeInfoRepository depends on scoped IWorldState Rejected: InternalsVisibleTo | anti-pattern between production assemblies Rejected: IClearableCache on CacheCodeInfoRepository | DI resolution failure at runtime Confidence: high Scope-risk: narrow
- Remove dead FeeBuffer InlineArray struct from L2PricingState - Move allocating test-only methods (UsedResources, GetResourcesWithWeights) from MultiGasConstraint to MultiGasConstraintTestExtensions - Add XML documentation to all public members of L2PricingState Constraint: Extension methods use public GetResourceWeight() API, not private fields Confidence: high Scope-risk: narrow
Rewrite comments that referenced the upstream Go codebase by name, replacing them with self-contained descriptions of the behavior.
Single-use method that just wraps `new TxGasInfo(header.BaseFeePerGas)`. Inlined at the only call site and removed the now-unused `spec` variable.
16 tasks
Align with submodule change — AccountAccessKind.SelfDestructBeneficiary fully encodes the "no warm charge" semantic, making chargeForWarm redundant. Updates ArbitrumGasPolicy and fixes 3 SELFDESTRUCT tests to use AccountAccessKind.SelfDestructBeneficiary with correct cold-path assertions (full ColdAccountAccess to StorageAccess, no split). Constraint: chargeForWarm was only false at the SELFDESTRUCT call site Rejected: Keep both parameters for flexibility | no other caller needs chargeForWarm=false
wurdum
approved these changes
Mar 24, 2026
| if (storageKey is null or { Length: 0 }) | ||
| { | ||
| // Nethermind's SetNonce throws if account is null, so we must create first. | ||
| if (!_db.AccountExists(_account)) |
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Hmm, do we have some issue without account init?
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Yes. Nitro similarly ensures the account exists before touching storage.
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I don't get. Why did it work before, and doesn't now?
| public class ArbitrumSpecHelper(ArbitrumChainSpecEngineParameters parameters) : IArbitrumSpecHelper | ||
| public class ArbitrumSpecHelper( | ||
| ArbitrumChainSpecEngineParameters parameters, | ||
| IArbOSVersionOverride? versionOverride = null) : IArbitrumSpecHelper |
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This optional overrider doesn't look good.
Why don't we extend the IArbitrumSpecHelper to have OverrideArbOsVersion? Same functionality, but less confusing invariants.
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I considered this, but IArbitrumSpecHelper is better to be a read-only spec-resolution interface, it's injected widely. Adding OverrideArbOsVersion leads to the situation when every consumer would see a mutation method that only ArbitrumDebugRpcModule and test-reset code actually call.
The current IArbOSVersionOverride is a narrow, separate interface that only the two callers that actually need override capability depend on.
If you still prefer consolidating, I can add it to IArbitrumSpecHelper.
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Makes sense. Let's make IArbOSVersionOverride required (not have a default null assignment), and introduce something like DisabledArbOsVersionOverride that does nothing.
The idea here is to ensure we always provide all the dependencies explicitly. Having optional or non-typed (func, action) dependencies is a road to uncontrolled dependency tree.
src/Nethermind.Arbitrum/Execution/Receipts/ArbitrumBlockReceiptTracer.cs
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src/Nethermind.Arbitrum.Test/Arbos/L2Pricing/MultiGasConstraintTests.cs
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- Remove unused `spec` parameter from PrepareBlockHeader - Use explicit AbiSignature type instead of var - Rename s_optionsCache to _optionsCache per naming conventions - Remove redundant using Nethermind.Arbitrum.Evm
- Explain PrepareBlockHeader's CommitMultiGasFees runs in a temporary scope that gets discarded - Explain transient registration is required for Func<T> factory pattern in test reset mode
Remove redundant scalar `_gasBurnt` field from SystemBurner. All gas burns now go through `Burn(ResourceKind, ulong)` with MultiGas tracking. `Burned` property returns `BurnedMultiGas.Total` as single source of truth. Classify previously untyped scalar burns: - ArbosStorage code hash cost → StorageAccess - StylusPrograms init cost → WasmComputation - StylusParams precompile call cost → Computation - ArbitrumVirtualMachine owner check → Computation Also fixes TestBurner bug where `Burned` returned remaining gas instead of consumed gas.
- Remove `= false` default from ArbitrumModule enableTestReset parameter - Replace `var` with explicit `Dictionary<ResourceKind, ulong>` in tests - Add explicit `enableTestReset: false` at call sites that relied on default
Replace the custom ReceiptForRpcPolymorphicConverter (which cloned JsonSerializerOptions with itself removed to prevent infinite recursion) with the standard .NET 7+ IJsonTypeInfoResolver approach using JsonPolymorphismOptions. Cleaner, no self-removal hack, no ConcurrentDictionary cache needed.
Resolve conflicts between multigas-constraints branch and sequencer support: ArbitrumModule now accepts IArbitrumConfig, keep both EnableTestReset logic and ArbitrumSequencerModule registration, merge IClearableCache registrations with ArbitrumBlockFactory, take main's TxGasInfo and l1BlockNumber in ArbitrumEthRpcModule.
Submodule had diverged from main: our 11 custom commits (MultiGas tracking, IResettableBlockTree, IClearableCache, etc.) were based on an older common ancestor missing 10 upstream commits (SIMD fix, eth_getLogs fix, RLP decoders, transaction receipts subscription). Rebased our custom commits onto main's submodule pointer (40aa1f34) so both upstream and branch changes are included.
…x gasPrice Arbitrum always reports the block's BaseFeePerGas as the effective gas price in receipts, matching Nitro's behavior. The merge from main introduced tx.GetGasInfo() which computes per-transaction gas price, causing mismatches: system txs reported 0 instead of baseFee, and user txs reported their gasPrice instead of baseFee.
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Well done. Figuring out where to put all these |
…pport The IJsonTypeInfoResolver approach (da1ebcb) broke polymorphic serialization — ArbitrumReceiptForRpc properties (GasUsedForL1, MultiGasUsed) were not serialized in comparison mode responses. Revert to a custom JsonConverter<ReceiptForRpc> that delegates to the runtime type, restoring correct receipt comparison.
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Summary
Implements ArbOS 60 multi-gas constraints pricing model with per-resource weights. Includes MultiGas tracking fixes and comparison mode test isolation improvements (merged from #723).
Key Features
Core Pricing Model
GasModelenum for routing:Legacy,SingleGasConstraints,MultiGasConstraintsMaxPricingExponentBipscap (85,000)UpdateGasPoolnow callsGrowBacklog(computeGas, AccumulatedMultiGas)for ArbOS 60+MultiGas Tracking (from #723)
Comparison Mode (from #723)
IResettableBlockTreeArchitecture
Gas Model Selection
flowchart TD Start([GetGasModelToUse]) --> V60{ArbOS >= 60?} V60 -->|Yes| MC{MultiGasConstraints<br/>Length > 0?} MC -->|Yes| MGC[MultiGasConstraints] MC -->|No| V50 V60 -->|No| V50{ArbOS >= 50?} V50 -->|Yes| SC{Constraints<br/>Length > 0?} SC -->|Yes| SGC[SingleGasConstraints] SC -->|No| LEG[Legacy] V50 -->|No| LEG style MGC fill:#22c55e,stroke:#16a34a,color:#000 style SGC fill:#3b82f6,stroke:#2563eb,color:#000 style LEG fill:#a1a1aa,stroke:#71717a,color:#000Storage Layout
classDiagram class MultiGasConstraint { <<12 slots>> +ulong Target +uint AdjustmentWindow +ulong Backlog +ulong MaxWeight +ulong WeightedResources_8 +GrowBacklog(MultiGas) +ShrinkBacklog(MultiGas) } class MultiGasFees { <<16 slots>> +UInt256 NextBlockFees_8 +UInt256 CurrentBlockFees_8 +CommitNextToCurrent() } class GasConstraint { <<3 slots - Legacy>> +ulong Target +ulong AdjustmentWindow +ulong Backlog } class ResourceKind { <<enum>> Unknown Computation HistoryGrowth StorageAccess StorageGrowth L1Calldata L2Calldata WasmComputation } MultiGasConstraint --> ResourceKind : weights per kind MultiGasFees --> ResourceKind : fees per kindPricing Update Flow (Per Block)
sequenceDiagram participant Block as Block Producer participant L2P as L2PricingState participant MGC as MultiGasConstraint participant MGF as MultiGasFees participant Storage as BaseFeeWei Block->>L2P: UpdatePricingModel(timePassed) Note over L2P: Model = MultiGasConstraints loop For each constraint L2P->>MGC: Get backlog, target L2P->>L2P: newBacklog = backlog - timePassed * target L2P->>MGC: SetBacklog(newBacklog) end L2P->>L2P: CalcMultiGasConstraintsExponents() Note over L2P: exponent = backlog * weight * BIPS / divisor loop For each ResourceKind L2P->>L2P: baseFee = minBaseFee * exp(exponent) L2P->>MGF: SetNextBlockFee(kind, baseFee) end L2P->>Storage: Set max of all baseFees Block->>L2P: CommitMultiGasFees() L2P->>MGF: CommitNextToCurrent() Note over MGF: nextBlockFees copied to currentBlockFeesTransaction Gas Tracking
flowchart LR subgraph TX [Transaction Execution] OP[EVM Opcode] -->|gas + resourceKind| ACC[Accumulate MultiGas] end subgraph GROW [Post-TX: UpdateGasPool → GrowBacklog] ACC -->|TxExecContext.AccumulatedMultiGas| UB[GrowBacklog] UB -->|for each constraint| WB[Weighted Update] WB -->|add weighted amount| MGC2[MultiGasConstraint] end subgraph SHRINK [Block End: ShrinkBacklog] TIME[timePassed * target] --> SB[ShrinkBacklog] SB -->|subtract capacity| MGC3[MultiGasConstraint] end style TX fill:#60a5fa,stroke:#3b82f6,color:#000 style GROW fill:#f87171,stroke:#ef4444,color:#000 style SHRINK fill:#4ade80,stroke:#22c55e,color:#000Weighted Backlog Calculation
flowchart TD subgraph Input [Input] MG[MultiGas<br/>per-resource usage] W[Constraint Weights<br/>per-resource multiplier] end subgraph Calculation [Calculation] MG -->|amount| MUL[Multiply] W -->|weight| MUL MUL -->|saturating| WA[weightedAmount] WA -->|saturating add/sub| BL[totalBacklog] end subgraph Output [Output] BL --> SET[constraint.SetBacklog] end style Input fill:#fbbf24,stroke:#f59e0b,color:#000 style Calculation fill:#c084fc,stroke:#a855f7,color:#000 style Output fill:#4ade80,stroke:#22c55e,color:#000System Test Validation
New logic has been validated by Nitro comparison system tests. The following 4 multi-gas specific tests were added to the passing list as part of this PR:
TestSetAndGetGasPricingConstraintsTestSetAndGetMultiGasPricingConstraintsTestMultiGasRefundForNormalTxTestMultiGasRefundForRetryableTxThese tests run in comparison mode against Nitro, validating state root parity at every block.
Total passing comparison tests: 46 (see
tools/comparison/passing-tests.txt).Unit & Integration Tests
MultiGasConstraintTests.cs— Storage operations, backlog updates (including Nitro-mirrored weighted accumulation tests)MultiGasFeesTests.cs— Fee commit workflowPricingModelMultiGasTests.cs— Pricing model equivalence testsL2PricingStateTests.cs— Constraint lifecycle, exponent calculationDependencies
IResettableBlockTree, MultiGas gas tracking in EVM