cpu/stm32: MCU implementation of the new GPIO API

[gschorcht]

Contribution description

This PR provides the MCU implementation of the low-level GPIO API in PR #14602 for STM32. It also contains necessary changes for STM32 boards.

This PR depends on and includes PR #14602. Only the commits from bd0b266 and f1f6cae are new in this PR.

Testing procedure

The following tests should be executed:

• Flash tests/periph_gpio_exp to any STM32F1 board and test whether basic GPIO functionality is still working.
• Flash tests/periph_gpio_exp to any STM32 board and test whether basic GPIO functionality is still working.
• Use make -C tests/periph_gpio_exp test on any STM32F1 board to test whether the redirection to virtual GPIO expanders ports works correctly.
• Use make -C tests/periph_gpio_exp test on any STM32 board to test whether the redirection for virtual GPIO expanders ports works correctly.
• Use tests/periph_adc on any STM32L4 board to check whether ADC is still working.
• Use any test that requires SPI on any STM32 board to check whether SPI is still working. If possible, it should be tested with and without hardware CS.
• Use a Nucleo-64 board and flash examples/micropython, connect D9 (PC7) with D6 (PB10) and execute the following python instructions to test correct pin mapping in micropython:

  from machine import Pin
  p0 = Pin((2, 7), Pin.OUT)
  p1 = Pin((1, 10), Pin.IN)
  print(p0)
  print(p1)
  p0.value(1)
  print(p1.value())
  p0.value(0)
  print(p1.value())
  

The following tests might be skipped because the according peripheral is changed only slightly so that it might be enough to review the change. In these cases, only pin == GPIO_UNDEF and pin != GPIO_UNDEF were replaced by gpio_is_undef(pin) and !gpio_is_undef(pin), respectively.

• Use tests/periph_adc on any STM32F1 board to check whether ADC is still working.
• Use tests/periph_adc on any STM32L1 board to check whether ADC is still working.
• Use tests/conn_can on any STM32 board that supports CAN to check whether CAN is still working.
• Use tests/periph_i2c on any STM32F1 board to check whether I2C is still working.
• Use tests/periph_pwm on any STM32 board to test whether PWM is still working.
• Use tests/periph_qdec on any STM32 board that supports QDEC to check whether QDEC is still working.
• Use tests/periph_uart on any STM32 board to check whether UART is still working.

Issues/PRs references

Depends on PR #14602

[stale]

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