A model for polarized radio-wave propagation through anisotropic ice, treated as an effective medium, based on Fujita et al. (2006). This model has gained broad adoption in the radioglaciology literature, with several variations in use throughout the articles referenced below.
References
Ershadi, M. R., Drews, R., Hawkins, J. D., Elliott, J., Lines, A. P., Koch, I., & Eisen, O. (2024). Autonomous rover enables radar profiling of ice-fabric properties in Antarctica. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 62 , 1–9. (Conference Name: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing) doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2024.33945941739
Ershadi, M. R., Drews, R., Mart´ın, C., Eisen, O., Ritz, C., Corr, H., . . . Mulvaney, R. (2022). Polarimetric radar reveals the spatial distribution of ice fabric at domes and divides in East Antarctica. The Cryosphere, 16 (5), 1719–1739. doi:10.5194/tc-16-1719-2022
Fujita, S., Maeno, H., & Matsuoka, K. (2006). Radio-wave depolarization and scattering within ice sheets: A matrix-based model to link radar and ice-core measurements and its application. Journal of Glaciology, 52 (178), 407–424. doi: 10.3189/172756506781828548
Hills, B. H., Holschuh, N., Hoffman, A., Horlings, A., Erwin, E., Kirkpatrick, L., . . . Christianson, K. (2025). Radar-derived crystal orientation fabric suggests dynamic stability at the summit of hercules dome. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 130 (3). doi: 10.1029/2023JF0075881915
Jordan, T. M., Besson, D. Z., Kravchenko, I., Latif, U., Madison, B., Nokikov, A., & Shultz, A. (2020). Modeling ice birefringence and oblique radio wave propagation for neutrino detection at the South Pole. Annals of Glaciology, 61 (81), 84–91. doi: 10.1017/aog.2020.181982
Jordan, T. M., Mart´ın, C., Brisbourne, A. M., Schroeder, D. M., & Smith, A. M. (2022). Radar Characterization of Ice Crystal Orientation Fabric and Anisotropic Viscosity Within an Antarctic Ice Stream. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 127 (6), 1–24. doi: 10.1029/2022JF0066731986
Jordan, T. M., Schroeder, D. M., Castelletti, D., Li, J., & Dall, J. (2019). A Polarimetric Coherence Method to Determine Ice Crystal Orientation Fabric from Radar Sounding: Application to the NEEM Ice Core Region. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 57 (11), 8641–8657. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2019.29219801991
Jordan, T. M., Schroeder, D. M., Cooper, W., & Siegfried, M. R. (2020). Estimation of ice fabric within Whillans Ice Stream using polarimetric phase-sensitive radar sounding. Annals of Glaciology, 61 (81), 74–83. doi: 10.1017/aog.2020.6
Matsuoka, K., Wilen, L., Hurley, S. P., & Raymond, C. F. (2009). Effects of birefringence within ice sheets on obliquely propagating radio waves. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 47 (5), 1429–1443. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2008.2005201
Oraschewski, F. M., Ershadi, M. R., & Drews, R. (2025). Polarimetric wide-angle radar detects competing signatures of ice fabric and structural firn anisotropy. Geophysical Research Letters.
Young, T. J., Mart´ın, C., Christoffersen, P., Schroeder, D., Tulaczyk, S. M., & Dawson, E. J. (2021). Rapid and accurate polarimetric radar measurements of ice crystal fabric orientation at the Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide ice core site. The Cryosphere, 15 (8), 4117–4133. doi: 10.5194/tc-15-4117-20212479