@carbonplan/zarr-layer

Custom layer for rendering Zarr datasets in MapLibre or Mapbox GL, inspired (and borrowing significant code and concepts from) zarr-gl, zarr-cesium, @carbonplan/maps, and deck-gl-raster. Uses CustomLayerInterface to render data directly to the map and supports rendering to globe and mercator projections for both MapLibre and Mapbox. Input data are reprojected on the fly.

This is an active experiment so expect to run into some bugs! Please report them.

demo

See the demo for a quick tour of capabilities. Code for the demo is in the /demo folder.

data requirements

Supports v2 and v3 zarr stores via zarrita. Arbitrary CRS support via proj4 reprojection for 'untiled' data. Tiled data need to be in EPSG:4326 or EPSG:3857.

Multiscales

High resolution datasets require multiscales. There are two main ways to store these. We recommend the untiled path for ease of data creation. Performance appears similar between the two options in most cases.

Tiled

Classic approach that requires reprojection to either web mercator or WGS84. Breaks data down into chunks that correspond exactly to web map slippy map tile conventions (XYZ). See ndpyramid. Data creation for this format can be resource intensive, see the untiled section below for an easier alternative.

• Limited to EPSG:4326 or EPSG:3857

Untiled

Support for the emerging multiscales convention (non-slippy map conforming) is experimental! We also try to interpret other multiscale formats. Chunks are loaded based on viewport intersection and zoom level.

• Supports client side CRS reprojection via proj4 and @developmentseed/raster-reproject

See topozarr for a look at how to create these datasets.

install

npm install @carbonplan/zarr-layer

build locally

npm install
npm run build

usage

import maplibregl from 'maplibre-gl' // or mapbox
import { ZarrLayer } from '@carbonplan/zarr-layer'

const map = new maplibregl.Map({container: 'map'})
const layer = new ZarrLayer({
  id: 'zarr-layer',
  source: 'https://example.com/my.zarr',
  variable: 'temperature',
  clim: [270, 310],
  colormap: ['#000000', '#ffffff', ...],
  selector: { month: 1 },
})
map.on('load', () => {
  map.addLayer(layer)
  // optionally add before id to slot data into map layer stack.
  // map.addLayer(layer, 'beforeID')
})

options

Required:

Option	Type	Description
id	string	Unique layer identifier
source	string	Zarr store URL
variable	string	Variable name to render
colormap	array	Array of hex strings or [r,g,b] values
clim	[min, max]	Color scale limits

Optional:

Option	Type	Default	Description
selector	object	{}	Dimension selector (unspecified dims default to index 0)
opacity	number	1	Layer opacity (0-1)
zarrVersion	2 | 3	auto	Zarr format version (tries v3 first, falls back to v2)
minzoom	number	0	Minimum zoom level for rendering
maxzoom	number	Infinity	Maximum zoom level for rendering
fillValue	number	auto	No-data value (from metadata if not set)
spatialDimensions	object	auto	Custom { lat, lon } dim names
crs	string	auto	CRS identifier for built-in projections (EPSG:4326 or EPSG:3857). For other CRS, use proj4.
proj4	string	-	Proj4 definition string for CRS reprojection (bounds recommended, else derived from coordinates)
bounds	array	auto	[xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax] in source CRS units (degrees for EPSG:4326, meters for EPSG:3857). These are interpreted as edge bounds (not center-to-center)
latIsAscending	boolean	auto	Latitude orientation
renderingMode	'2d' | '3d'	'3d'	Custom layer rendering mode
customFrag	string	-	Custom fragment shader
uniforms	object	-	Shader uniform values (requires customFrag)
onLoadingStateChange	function	-	Loading state callback
throttleMs	number	100	Throttle interval (ms) for data fetching during rapid selector changes. Set to 0 to disable.
transformRequest	function	-	Transform request URLs and add headers/credentials (see authentication)

methods

layer.setOpacity(0.8)
layer.setClim([0, 100])
layer.setColormap(['#000', '#fff'])
layer.setSelector({ time: 5 })
layer.setVariable('precipitation') // async - reloads metadata
layer.setUniforms({ u_weight: 1.5 }) // no-op unless layer has customFrag

selectors

Selectors specify which slice of your multidimensional data to render. Dimensions not specified default to index 0.

Basic syntax:

// Simple value - matches exact value in coordinate array
{ time: 5 }
{ time: '2024-01-15' }

// Explicit index - uses array index directly (no coordinate lookup)
{ time: { selected: 5, type: 'index' } }

// Explicit value - same as simple syntax, matches exact value
{ time: { selected: 5, type: 'value' } }

Multi-band selection (for custom shaders):

// String values use the string directly as the shader variable name
{ band: ['tavg', 'prec'] }
// exposes as: tavg, prec

// Numeric values are prefixed with the dimension key (required for valid GLSL identifiers)
{ month: [1, 2, 3] }
// exposes as: month_1, month_2, month_3

// Mix with other dimensions
{ band: ['red', 'green', 'blue'], time: 0 }

Query-specific selectors:

// Array of values for time series queries
const result = await layer.queryData(
  { type: 'Point', coordinates: [lng, lat] },
  { time: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] } // returns data for all 5 time steps
)

Type options:

Type	Behavior
'value' (default)	Matches exact value in coordinate array (throws if not found)
'index'	Uses value directly as array index

custom shaders and uniforms

Custom fragment shaders let you do math on your data to change how it's displayed. This can be useful for things like log scales, combining bands, or aggregating data over a time window. Note that in order to access different bands/time slices etc., the data need to be in the same chunk. You can pass in uniforms to allow user interaction to influence the custom shader code.

new ZarrLayer({
  // ...
  customFrag: `
    uniform float u_weight;
    float val = band_a * u_weight;
    float norm = (val - clim.x) / (clim.y - clim.x);
    vec4 c = texture(colormap, vec2(clamp(norm, 0.0, 1.0), 0.5));
    fragColor = vec4(c.rgb, opacity);
  `,
  uniforms: { u_weight: 1.0 },
})

custom projections

For datasets in non-standard projections (e.g., Lambert Conformal Conic, UTM), provide a proj4 definition string. Specifying bounds in source CRS units is recommended for performance (otherwise derived from coordinate arrays). If you set crs to a non-EPSG:4326/EPSG:3857 value without proj4, the renderer will warn and fall back to inferred CRS.

new ZarrLayer({
  // ...
  spatialDimensions: {
    lat: 'projection_y_coordinate',
    lon: 'projection_x_coordinate',
  },
  proj4:
    '+proj=lcc +lat_1=38.5 +lat_2=38.5 +lat_0=38.5 +lon_0=-97.5 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +R=6371229 +units=m +no_defs',
  bounds: [-2697520, -1587306, 2697480, 1586694], // recommended: edge bounds [xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax] in source CRS units
})

The data will be reprojected to Web Mercator for display using GPU-accelerated mesh reprojection powered by @developmentseed/raster-reproject. Find proj4 strings at epsg.io or in your dataset's metadata.

queries

Supports Point, Polygon, and MultiPolygon geometries in geojson format. You can optionally pass in a custom selector to override the visualization selector.

// Point query
const result = await layer.queryData(
  { type: 'Point', coordinates: [lng, lat] },
  // optional selector override (useful for e.g. time series creation)
  { time: [0, 1, 2] }
)

// Polygon query
const result = await layer.queryData({
  type: 'Polygon',
  coordinates: [[...]],
})

// Returns:
// {
//   [variable]: number[],
//   dimensions: ['lat', 'lon'],
//   coordinates: { lat: number[], lon: number[] }
// }

Note: Query results match rendered values (scale_factor/add_offset applied, fillValue/NaN filtered). For datasets rendered via proj4 reprojection, queries sample the underlying source grid; because reprojection/resampling occurs for display, a visual pixel click may not align perfectly with the nearest source pixel.

authentication

Use transformRequest to add headers or credentials to requests. The function receives the fully resolved URL for each request, enabling per-path authentication like presigned S3 URLs. Supports any fetch options.

// Static auth (same headers for all requests)
transformRequest: (url) => ({
  url,
  headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` },
})

// Presigned URLs (path-specific signatures)
transformRequest: async (url) => ({
  url: await getPresignedUrl(url),
})

thanks

This experiment is only possible following in the footsteps of other work in this space. zarr-gl showed that custom layers are a viable rendering option and zarr-cesium showed how flexible web rendering can be. We borrow code and concepts from both. This library also leans on our prior work on @carbonplan/maps for many of its patterns. Custom projection support uses @developmentseed/raster-reproject for adaptive mesh generation. LLMs of several makes aided in the coding and debugging of this library.

license

All the code in this repository is MIT-licensed, but we request that you please provide attribution if reusing any of our digital content (graphics, logo, articles, etc.).

about us

CarbonPlan is a nonprofit organization that uses data and science for climate action. We aim to improve the transparency and scientific integrity of climate solutions with open data and tools. Find out more at carbonplan.org or get in touch by opening an issue or sending us an email.