Refactor string formatting to use f-strings

comtypes/_comobject.py

@@ -76,8 +76,7 @@ def winerror(exc):
         # cases we return a generic error code.
         return E_FAIL
     raise TypeError(
-        "Expected comtypes.COMERROR or WindowsError instance, got %s"
-        % type(exc).__name__
+        f"Expected comtypes.COMERROR or WindowsError instance, got {type(exc).__name__}"
     )
 
 
@@ -178,7 +177,7 @@ def call_without_this(this, *args):
                 args[args_out_idx[0]][0] = result
             elif args_out != 0:
                 if len(result) != args_out:
-                    msg = "Method should have returned a %s-tuple" % args_out
+                    msg = f"Method should have returned a {args_out}-tuple"
                     raise ValueError(msg)
                 for i, value in enumerate(result):
                     args[args_out_idx[i]][0] = value
@@ -198,7 +197,7 @@ def call_without_this(this, *args):
             except (ValueError, TypeError):
                 msg = str(details)
             else:
-                msg = "%s: %s" % (source, descr)
+                msg = f"{source}: {descr}"
             hr = HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(hr)
             return ReportError(msg, iid=interface._iid_, clsid=clsid, hresult=hr)
         except WindowsError as details:
@@ -251,7 +250,7 @@ def find_method(self, fq_name, mthname):
         return getattr(self.inst, mthname)
 
     def find_impl(self, interface, mthname, paramflags, idlflags):
-        fq_name = "%s_%s" % (interface.__name__, mthname)
+        fq_name = f"{interface.__name__}_{mthname}"
         if interface._case_insensitive_:
             # simple name, like 'QueryInterface'
             mthname = self.names.get(mthname.lower(), mthname)
@@ -306,7 +305,7 @@ def _create_vtbl_type(fields, itf):
         class Vtbl(Structure):
             _fields_ = fields
 
-        Vtbl.__name__ = "Vtbl_%s" % itf.__name__
+        Vtbl.__name__ = f"Vtbl_{itf.__name__}"
         _vtbl_types[fields] = Vtbl
         return Vtbl
 

comtypes/_memberspec.py

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ def _resolve_argspec(
                 elif typ is ctypes.POINTER(VARIANT):
                     defval = ctypes.pointer(VARIANT.missing)
                 else:
-                    # msg = ("'optional' only allowed for VARIANT and VARIANT*, not for %s" % typ.__name__)
+                    # msg = f"'optional' only allowed for VARIANT and VARIANT*, not for {typ.__name__}"
                     # warnings.warn(msg, IDLWarning, stacklevel=2)
                     defval = typ()
         if defval is _NOTHING:
@@ -176,11 +176,11 @@ def COMMETHOD(idlflags, restype, methodname, *argspec) -> _ComMemberSpec:
     helptext = "".join(t for t in idlflags if isinstance(t, helpstring)) or None
     paramflags, argtypes = _resolve_argspec(argspec)
     if "propget" in idlflags:
-        name = "_get_%s" % methodname
+        name = f"_get_{methodname}"
     elif "propput" in idlflags:
-        name = "_set_%s" % methodname
+        name = f"_set_{methodname}"
     elif "propputref" in idlflags:
-        name = "_setref_%s" % methodname
+        name = f"_setref_{methodname}"
     else:
         name = methodname
     return _ComMemberSpec(
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Tuple[str, _UnionT[property, "named_property"]]]:
                 # Hm, must be a descriptor where the __get__ method
                 # returns a bound object having __getitem__ and
                 # __setitem__ methods.
-                prop = named_property("%s.%s" % (self._cls_name, name), fget, fset, doc)
+                prop = named_property(f"{self._cls_name}.{name}", fget, fset, doc)
             yield (name, prop)
 
     def to_propget_keys(self, m: _MemberSpec) -> Tuple[str, _DocType, int]:
@@ -605,11 +605,11 @@ def __setitem__(self, index, value):
             self.fset(self.instance, index, value)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "<bound_named_property %r at %x>" % (self.name, id(self))
+        return f"<bound_named_property {self.name!r} at {id(self):x}>"
 
     def __iter__(self):
         """Explicitly disallow iteration."""
-        msg = "%r is not iterable" % self.name
+        msg = f"{self.name!r} is not iterable"
         raise TypeError(msg)
 
 
@@ -630,4 +630,4 @@ def __set__(self, instance):
         raise AttributeError("Unsettable attribute")
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "<named_property %r at %x>" % (self.name, id(self))
+        return f"<named_property {self.name!r} at {id(self):x}>"

comtypes/_post_coinit/_cominterface_meta_patcher.py

@@ -122,8 +122,8 @@ def __setitem__(self, index, value):
                 else:
                     raise
             except TypeError:
-                msg = "%r object does not support item assignment"
-                raise TypeError(msg % type(self))
+                msg = f"{type(self)!r} object does not support item assignment"
+                raise TypeError(msg)
 
 
 def iterator(itf: Type) -> None:

comtypes/automation.py

@@ -209,14 +209,14 @@ def __del__(self):
 
     def __repr__(self):
         if self.vt & VT_BYREF:
-            return "VARIANT(vt=0x%x, byref(%r))" % (self.vt, self[0])
+            return f"VARIANT(vt=0x{self.vt:x}, byref({self[0]!r}))"
         elif self is type(self).null:
             return "VARIANT.null"
         elif self is type(self).empty:
             return "VARIANT.empty"
         elif self is type(self).missing:
             return "VARIANT.missing"
-        return "VARIANT(vt=0x%x, %r)" % (self.vt, self.value)
+        return f"VARIANT(vt=0x{self.vt:x}, {self.value!r})"
 
     @classmethod
     def from_param(cls, value):
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ def _set_value(self, value):
             else:
                 self.vt = _ctype_to_vartype[type(ref)] | VT_BYREF
         else:
-            raise TypeError("Cannot put %r in VARIANT" % value)
+            raise TypeError(f"Cannot put {value!r} in VARIANT")
         # buffer ->  SAFEARRAY of VT_UI1 ?
 
     # c:/sf/pywin32/com/win32com/src/oleargs.cpp 197
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ def _get_value(self, dynamic=False):
             typ = _vartype_to_ctype[self.vt & ~VT_ARRAY]
             return cast(self._.pparray, _midlSAFEARRAY(typ)).unpack()
         else:
-            raise NotImplementedError("typecode %d = 0x%x)" % (vt, vt))
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"typecode {vt} = 0x{vt:x})")
 
     def __getitem__(self, index):
         if index != 0:
@@ -711,17 +711,16 @@ class tagEXCEPINFO(Structure):
         scode: int
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "<EXCEPINFO %s>" % (
-            (
-                self.wCode,
-                self.bstrSource,
-                self.bstrDescription,
-                self.bstrHelpFile,
-                self.dwHelpContext,
-                self.pfnDeferredFillIn,
-                self.scode,
-            ),
+        info = (
+            self.wCode,
+            self.bstrSource,
+            self.bstrDescription,
+            self.bstrHelpFile,
+            self.dwHelpContext,
+            self.pfnDeferredFillIn,
+            self.scode,
         )
+        return f"<EXCEPINFO {info}>"
 
 
 tagEXCEPINFO._fields_ = [
@@ -917,7 +916,7 @@ def Invoke(self, dispid: int, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
                 raise COMError(
                     hresult,
                     text,
-                    ("TypeError: Parameter %s" % (argerr.value + 1), args),
+                    (f"TypeError: Parameter {argerr.value + 1}", args),
                 )
             raise
         return result._get_value(dynamic=True)