Add basic chemicals (ammonia and methanol production technologies)

[Rick10119]

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Additional context

Ammonia and Methanol Production Technologies - Techno-Economic Parameters

This document summarizes the key techno-economic parameters for ammonia and methanol production technologies implemented in MacroEnergy.jl.

Overview

The codebase includes six production technologies:

• Thermal Ammonia (without CCS)
• Thermal Ammonia with CCS
• Synthetic Ammonia (electrochemical)
• Thermal Methanol (without CCS)
• Thermal Methanol with CCS
• Synthetic Methanol (electrochemical)

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1. Ammonia Production Technologies

1.1 Thermal Ammonia (without CCS)

File: src/model/assets/thermalammonia.jl

Parameter	Value	Unit	Notes
Electricity Consumption	0.03787	MWh/MWh NH₃	Source: Literature
Fuel Consumption	1.3095	MWh CH₄/MWh NH₃	Natural gas consumption
CO₂ Emission Rate	0.181048235160161	tons CO₂/MWh CH₄	Direct emissions
Investment Cost	2,093,045.41	$/MW	Capital cost
Fixed O&M Cost	84,025.0649	$/MW-yr	Annual fixed operating cost
Variable O&M Cost	0.9015	$/MWh NH₃	Variable operating cost
Lifetime	30	years	Asset lifetime

Inputs:

• Natural gas (CH₄)
• Electricity

Outputs:

• Ammonia (NH₃)
• CO₂ emissions

---

1.2 Thermal Ammonia with CCS

File: src/model/assets/thermalammoniaccs.jl

Parameter	Value	Unit	Notes
Electricity Consumption	0.07342	MWh/MWh NH₃	1.93× higher than without CCS
Fuel Consumption	1.3095	MWh CH₄/MWh NH₃	Same as without CCS
CO₂ Emission Rate	0.0091	tons CO₂/MWh CH₄	5% emission rate (95% reduction)
CO₂ Capture Rate	0.17195	-	95% capture rate
Investment Cost	2,720,959.03	$/MW	130% of thermal ammonia without CCS
Fixed O&M Cost	109,232.584	$/MW-yr	Higher than without CCS
Variable O&M Cost	1.17195	$/MWh NH₃	Higher than without CCS
Lifetime	30	years	Asset lifetime

Inputs:

• Natural gas (CH₄)
• Electricity

Outputs:

• Ammonia (NH₃)
• CO₂ emissions (reduced)
• CO₂ captured

Key Differences from Thermal Ammonia:

• 94% higher electricity consumption
• 30% higher investment cost
• 95% CO₂ capture rate
• 5% residual emissions

---

1.3 Synthetic Ammonia (Electrochemical)

File: src/model/assets/syntheticammonia.jl

Parameter	Value	Unit	Notes
H₂ Consumption	1.1484	MWh H₂/MWh NH₃	Hydrogen input
N₂ Consumption	0.1597	tonnes N₂/MWh NH₃	Nitrogen input
Electricity Consumption	0.2473	MWh/MWh NH₃	Electrical energy
Investment Cost	1,461,749.91	$/MW	Capital cost
Fixed O&M Cost	2,512.7481	$/MW-yr	Annual fixed operating cost
Variable O&M Cost	0.02027	$/MWh NH₃	Variable operating cost
Lifetime	30	years	Asset lifetime

Inputs:

• Hydrogen (H₂)
• Nitrogen (N₂)
• Electricity

Outputs:

• Ammonia (NH₃)

Key Characteristics:

• Zero direct CO₂ emissions (if H₂ is green)
• Lower investment cost than thermal with CCS
• Much lower O&M costs
• Requires hydrogen and nitrogen feedstocks
• Source: DECHEMA 2017 and Danish Energy Agency

---

2. Methanol Production Technologies

2.1 Thermal Methanol (without CCS)

File: src/model/assets/thermalmethanol.jl

Parameter	Value	Unit	Notes
Electricity Consumption	-0.10	MWh/MWh CH₃OH	Negative = co-generation (produces electricity)
Fuel Consumption	1.66586	MWh CH₄/MWh CH₃OH	Natural gas consumption
CO₂ Emission Rate	0.110645539	tons CO₂/MWh CH₃OH	Direct emissions (1 ton/ton)
Investment Cost	934,641.774	$/MW	Capital cost
Fixed O&M Cost	37,456.44	$/MW-yr	Annual fixed operating cost
Variable O&M Cost	1.8325	$/MWh CH₃OH	Variable operating cost
Lifetime	30	years	Asset lifetime

Inputs:

• Natural gas (CH₄)
• Electricity (net producer)

Outputs:

• Methanol (CH₃OH)
• CO₂ emissions

Key Characteristics:

• Net electricity producer (co-generation)
• Source: OSTI

---

2.2 Thermal Methanol with CCS

File: src/model/assets/thermalmethanolccs.jl

Parameter	Value	Unit	Notes
Electricity Consumption	0.0	MWh/MWh CH₃OH	No net electricity production
Fuel Consumption	1.7158	MWh CH₄/MWh CH₃OH	103% of thermal methanol without CCS
CO₂ Emission Rate	0.0110645539	tons CO₂/MWh CH₃OH	90% reduction
CO₂ Capture Rate	0.099576	-	90% capture rate
Investment Cost	981,373.863	$/MW	105% of thermal methanol without CCS
Fixed O&M Cost	39,328.8	$/MW-yr	105% of thermal methanol without CCS
Variable O&M Cost	1.924125	$/MWh CH₃OH	105% of thermal methanol without CCS
Lifetime	30	years	Asset lifetime

Inputs:

• Natural gas (CH₄)
• Electricity

Outputs:

• Methanol (CH₃OH)
• CO₂ emissions (reduced)
• CO₂ captured

Key Differences from Thermal Methanol:

• No net electricity production (loss of co-generation benefit)
• 3% higher fuel consumption
• 5% higher investment cost
• 90% CO₂ capture rate
• 10% residual emissions

---

2.3 Synthetic Methanol (Electrochemical)

File: src/model/assets/syntheticmethanol.jl

Parameter	Value	Unit	Notes
Electricity Consumption	0.271	MWh/MWh CH₃OH	Electrical energy
H₂ Consumption	1.138	MWh H₂/MWh CH₃OH	Hydrogen input
CO₂ Consumption	0.248	tonnes CO₂/MWh CH₃OH	Captured CO₂ input
CO₂ Emission Rate	0.10	-	10% of CO₂ consumed is emitted
Investment Cost	685,961.676	$/MW	Capital cost
Fixed O&M Cost	1,175.6697	$/MW-yr	Annual fixed operating cost
Variable O&M Cost	0.0121	$/MWh CH₃OH	Variable operating cost
Lifetime	20	years	Asset lifetime (shorter than thermal)

Inputs:

• Hydrogen (H₂)
• Captured CO₂ (CO₂Captured)
• Electricity

Outputs:

• Methanol (CH₃OH)
• CO₂ emissions (10% of CO₂ consumed)

Key Characteristics:

• Uses captured CO₂ as feedstock
• Lower investment cost than thermal with CCS
• Much lower O&M costs
• Shorter lifetime (20 years vs 30 years)
• Requires hydrogen and captured CO₂ feedstocks
• 10% of consumed CO₂ is emitted during process
• Source: DECHEMA 2017 and Agora Energiewende (2018)

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3. Technology Comparison Summary

3.1 Ammonia Production Comparison

Technology	Investment Cost ($/MW)	Electricity (MWh/MWh)	Fuel/H₂ (MWh/MWh)	CO₂ Emissions	CCS Capture
Thermal Ammonia	2,093,045	0.03787	1.3095 (CH₄)	0.181 tons/MWh CH₄	No
Thermal Ammonia CCS	2,720,959	0.07342	1.3095 (CH₄)	0.0091 tons/MWh CH₄	95%
Synthetic Ammonia	1,461,750	0.2473	1.1484 (H₂)	0 (if green H₂)	N/A

Key Insights:

• Synthetic ammonia has the lowest investment cost
• Thermal with CCS has 30% higher investment but 95% emission reduction
• Synthetic requires 6.5× more electricity but zero emissions (with green H₂)
• Synthetic has much lower O&M costs

3.2 Methanol Production Comparison

Technology	Investment Cost ($/MW)	Electricity (MWh/MWh)	Fuel/H₂ (MWh/MWh)	CO₂ Emissions	CCS Capture
Thermal Methanol	934,642	-0.10 (produces)	1.66586 (CH₄)	0.111 tons/MWh	No
Thermal Methanol CCS	981,374	0.0	1.7158 (CH₄)	0.011 tons/MWh	90%
Synthetic Methanol	685,962	0.271	1.138 (H₂)	0.10 (10% of CO₂ consumed)	Uses CO₂

Key Insights:

• Thermal methanol without CCS produces electricity (co-generation)
• Thermal with CCS loses co-generation benefit
• Synthetic methanol uses CO₂ as feedstock (carbon utilization)
• Synthetic has lowest investment cost
• Synthetic has much lower O&M costs but shorter lifetime

3.3 Cost Structure Comparison

Technology	Investment ($/MW)	Fixed O&M ($/MW-yr)	Variable O&M ($/MWh)	Lifetime
Thermal Ammonia	2,093,045	84,025	0.9015	30 years
Thermal Ammonia CCS	2,720,959	109,233	1.1720	30 years
Synthetic Ammonia	1,461,750	2,513	0.0203	30 years
Thermal Methanol	934,642	37,456	1.8325	30 years
Thermal Methanol CCS	981,374	39,329	1.9241	30 years
Synthetic Methanol	685,962	1,176	0.0121	20 years

Key Observations:

• Synthetic technologies have significantly lower O&M costs
• Thermal with CCS has higher costs across all categories
• Synthetic methanol has very low variable O&M (0.0121)
• Synthetic methanol has shorter lifetime (20 vs 30 years)

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4. Notes on Parameter Units

• Electricity/Fuel Consumption: MWh per MWh of output product (NH₃ or CH₃OH)
• CO₂ Emissions: tons CO₂ per MWh of input fuel or output product
• Investment Cost: $/MW - Capital cost per MW of capacity
• Fixed O&M Cost: $/MW-yr - Annual fixed operating and maintenance cost per MW of capacity
• Variable O&M Cost: $/MWh - Variable operating cost per MWh of output product (NH₃ or CH₃OH)
• Lifetime: Asset operational lifetime in years

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5. Data Sources

• Thermal Ammonia: 2018 USD, Literature - for chemical looping (not the main stream technology for ammonia production)
• Thermal Methanol: 2011 USD, OSTI
• Thermal Methanol CCS: 105% of thermal methanol without CCS (all cost parameters)
• Synthetic Ammonia: 2015 USD, Source: DECHEMA 2017 and Danish Energy Agency
• Synthetic Methanol: 2017 USD, Source: DECHEMA 2017 and Agora Energiewende (2018)
• CCS Technologies: Parameters scaled from base thermal technologies

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6. Implementation Files

All technologies are implemented in src/model/assets/:

• thermalammonia.jl - Thermal ammonia without CCS
• thermalammoniaccs.jl - Thermal ammonia with CCS
• syntheticammonia.jl - Synthetic (electrochemical) ammonia
• thermalmethanol.jl - Thermal methanol without CCS
• thermalmethanolccs.jl - Thermal methanol with CCS
• syntheticmethanol.jl - Synthetic (electrochemical) methanol