Make each thread have its own default stream

mlx/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ target_sources(
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/primitives.cpp
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/random.cpp
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/scheduler.cpp
+          ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/stream.cpp
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/transforms.cpp
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/utils.cpp
           ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/linalg.cpp

mlx/backend/cuda/eval.cpp

@@ -10,12 +10,14 @@
 
 namespace mlx::core::gpu {
 
-void new_stream(Stream s) {
-  // Force initalization of CUDA, so CUDA runtime get destroyed at last.
+void init() {
+  // Force initalization of CUDA, so CUDA runtime get destroyed last.
   cudaFree(nullptr);
   // Make sure CUDA event pool get destroyed after device and stream.
   cu::CudaEvent::init_pool();
-  // Ensure the static stream objects get created.
+}
+
+void new_stream(Stream s) {
   cu::get_command_encoder(s);
 }
 

mlx/backend/gpu/eval.h

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 namespace mlx::core::gpu {
 
+void init();
 void new_stream(Stream stream);
 void eval(array& arr);
 void finalize(Stream s);

mlx/backend/metal/eval.cpp

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 
 namespace mlx::core::gpu {
 
+void init() {}
+
 void new_stream(Stream stream) {
   if (stream.device == mlx::core::Device::gpu) {
     metal::device(stream.device).get_command_encoder(stream.index);

mlx/backend/no_gpu/eval.cpp

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 
 namespace mlx::core::gpu {
 
+void init() {}
+
 void new_stream(Stream) {}
 
 void eval(array&) {

mlx/device.cpp

@@ -25,14 +25,6 @@ void set_default_device(const Device& d) {
   mutable_default_device() = d;
 }
 
-bool operator==(const Device& lhs, const Device& rhs) {
-  return lhs.type == rhs.type && lhs.index == rhs.index;
-}
-
-bool operator!=(const Device& lhs, const Device& rhs) {
-  return !(lhs == rhs);
-}
-
 bool is_available(const Device& d) {
   switch (d.type) {
     case Device::cpu:

mlx/device.h

@@ -23,15 +23,22 @@ struct MLX_API Device {
 
   DeviceType type;
   int index;
+
+  // TODO: Use default three-way comparison when it gets supported in XCode.
+  bool operator==(const Device&) const = default;
+  bool operator<(const Device& rhs) const {
+    return type < rhs.type || index < rhs.index;
+  }
 };
 
+inline bool operator==(const Device& device, Device::DeviceType type) {
+  return device.type == type;
+}
+
 MLX_API const Device& default_device();
 
 MLX_API void set_default_device(const Device& d);
 
-MLX_API bool operator==(const Device& lhs, const Device& rhs);
-MLX_API bool operator!=(const Device& lhs, const Device& rhs);
-
 MLX_API bool is_available(const Device& d);
 
 /** Get the number of available devices for the given device type. */

mlx/scheduler.cpp

@@ -1,47 +1,10 @@
 // Copyright © 2023 Apple Inc.
 
 #include "mlx/scheduler.h"
-#include "mlx/backend/gpu/device_info.h"
 #include "mlx/backend/gpu/eval.h"
 
 namespace mlx::core {
 
-Stream default_stream(Device d) {
-  if (!gpu::is_available() && d == Device::gpu) {
-    throw std::invalid_argument(
-        "[default_stream] Cannot get gpu stream without gpu backend.");
-  }
-  return scheduler::scheduler().get_default_stream(d);
-}
-
-void set_default_stream(Stream s) {
-  if (!gpu::is_available() && s.device == Device::gpu) {
-    throw std::invalid_argument(
-        "[set_default_stream] Cannot set gpu stream without gpu backend.");
-  }
-  return scheduler::scheduler().set_default_stream(s);
-}
-
-Stream get_stream(int index) {
-  return scheduler::scheduler().get_stream(index);
-}
-
-std::vector<Stream> get_streams() {
-  return scheduler::scheduler().get_streams();
-}
-
-Stream new_stream(Device d) {
-  if (!gpu::is_available() && d == Device::gpu) {
-    throw std::invalid_argument(
-        "[new_stream] Cannot make gpu stream without gpu backend.");
-  }
-  return scheduler::scheduler().new_stream(d);
-}
-
-Stream new_stream() {
-  return scheduler::scheduler().new_stream(default_device());
-}
-
 void synchronize(Stream s) {
   if (s.device == mlx::core::Device::cpu) {
     auto p = std::make_shared<std::promise<void>>();
@@ -59,6 +22,28 @@ void synchronize() {
 
 namespace scheduler {
 
+Scheduler::Scheduler() {
+  gpu::init();
+}
+
+Scheduler::~Scheduler() {
+  for (auto& s : get_streams()) {
+    try {
+      synchronize(s);
+    } catch (const std::runtime_error&) {
+      // ignore errors if synch fails
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void Scheduler::new_thread(Device::DeviceType type) {
+  if (type == Device::gpu) {
+    threads_.push_back(nullptr);
+  } else {
+    threads_.push_back(std::make_unique<StreamThread>());
+  }
+}
+
 /** A singleton scheduler to manage devices, streams, and task execution. */
 Scheduler& scheduler() {
   // Intentionally leaked to avoid the "static destruction order fiasco":

mlx/scheduler.h

@@ -66,47 +66,18 @@ struct StreamThread {
 
 class Scheduler {
  public:
-  Scheduler() : n_active_tasks_(0) {
-    if (is_available(Device::gpu)) {
-      default_streams_.insert({Device::gpu, new_stream(Device::gpu)});
-    }
-    default_streams_.insert({Device::cpu, new_stream(Device::cpu)});
-  }
+  Scheduler();
+  ~Scheduler();
 
   // Not copyable or moveable
   Scheduler(const Scheduler&) = delete;
   Scheduler(Scheduler&&) = delete;
   Scheduler& operator=(const Scheduler&) = delete;
   Scheduler& operator=(Scheduler&&) = delete;
 
-  Stream new_stream(const Device& d) {
-    streams_.emplace_back(streams_.size(), d);
-    if (d == Device::gpu) {
-      threads_.push_back(nullptr);
-      gpu::new_stream(streams_.back());
-    } else {
-      threads_.push_back(new StreamThread{});
-    }
-    return streams_.back();
-  }
-
   template <typename F>
   void enqueue(const Stream& stream, F&& f);
 
-  Stream get_default_stream(const Device& d) const {
-    return default_streams_.at(d.type);
-  }
-  Stream get_stream(int index) const {
-    return streams_.at(index);
-  }
-  std::vector<Stream> get_streams() const {
-    return streams_;
-  }
-
-  void set_default_stream(const Stream& s) {
-    default_streams_.at(s.device.type) = s;
-  }
-
   void notify_new_task(const Stream& stream) {
     {
       std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(mtx);
@@ -137,26 +108,13 @@ class Scheduler {
     }
   }
 
-  ~Scheduler() {
-    for (auto s : streams_) {
-      try {
-        synchronize(s);
-      } catch (const std::runtime_error&) {
-        // ignore errors if synch fails
-      }
-    }
-    for (auto t : threads_) {
-      if (t != nullptr) {
-        delete t;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
  private:
-  int n_active_tasks_;
-  std::vector<StreamThread*> threads_;
-  std::vector<Stream> streams_;
-  std::unordered_map<Device::DeviceType, Stream> default_streams_;
+  friend Stream mlx::core::new_stream(Device d);
+
+  void new_thread(Device::DeviceType type);
+
+  int n_active_tasks_{0};
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<StreamThread>> threads_;
   std::condition_variable completion_cv;
   std::mutex mtx;
 };

mlx/stream.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// Copyright © 2026 Apple Inc.
+
+#include "mlx/stream.h"
+#include "mlx/backend/cpu/device_info.h"
+#include "mlx/backend/gpu/device_info.h"
+#include "mlx/scheduler.h"
+
+#include <array>
+#include <optional>
+#include <shared_mutex>
+
+namespace mlx::core {
+
+namespace {
+
+auto& default_stream_storage(Device d) {
+  // Each device has its own default stream in each thread.
+  static thread_local auto default_streams = []() {
+    std::array<std::vector<std::optional<Stream>>, 2> streams;
+    streams[static_cast<size_t>(Device::cpu)].resize(cpu::device_count());
+    streams[static_cast<size_t>(Device::gpu)].resize(gpu::device_count());
+    return streams;
+  }();
+  return default_streams[static_cast<size_t>(d.type)].at(d.index);
+}
+
+auto& all_streams() {
+  static std::tuple<std::vector<Stream>, std::shared_mutex> streams_and_mtx;
+  return streams_and_mtx;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+Stream default_stream(Device d) {
+  if (!gpu::is_available() && d.type == Device::gpu) {
+    throw std::invalid_argument(
+        "[default_stream] Cannot get gpu stream without gpu backend.");
+  }
+  auto& s = default_stream_storage(d);
+  if (!s.has_value()) {
+    s = new_stream(d.type);
+  }
+  return s.value();
+}
+
+void set_default_stream(Stream s) {
+  if (!gpu::is_available() && s.device == Device::gpu) {
+    throw std::invalid_argument(
+        "[set_default_stream] Cannot set gpu stream without gpu backend.");
+  }
+  default_stream_storage(s.device) = s;
+}
+
+std::vector<Stream> get_streams() {
+  auto& [streams, mtx] = all_streams();
+  std::shared_lock lock(mtx);
+  return streams;
+}
+
+Stream new_stream(Device d) {
+  if (!gpu::is_available() && d == Device::gpu) {
+    throw std::invalid_argument(
+        "[new_stream] Cannot make gpu stream without gpu backend.");
+  }
+  auto& [streams, mtx] = all_streams();
+  std::unique_lock lock(mtx);
+  int index = streams.size();
+  auto& s = streams.emplace_back(index, d);
+  scheduler::scheduler().new_thread(d.type);
+  if (d == Device::gpu) {
+    gpu::new_stream(s);
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+} // namespace mlx::core

mlx/stream.h

@@ -13,31 +13,26 @@ struct MLX_API Stream {
   int index;
   Device device;
   explicit Stream(int index, Device device) : index(index), device(device) {}
+
+  // TODO: Use default three-way comparison when it gets supported in XCode.
+  bool operator==(const Stream&) const = default;
+  bool operator<(const Stream& rhs) const {
+    return device < rhs.device || index < rhs.index;
+  }
 };
 
-/** Get the default stream for the given device. */
+/** Get the default stream of current thread for the given device. */
 MLX_API Stream default_stream(Device d);
 
-/** Make the stream the default for its device. */
+/** Make the stream the default for its device on current thread. */
 MLX_API void set_default_stream(Stream s);
 
 /** Make a new stream on the given device. */
 MLX_API Stream new_stream(Device d);
 
-/** Get the stream with the given index. */
-MLX_API Stream get_stream(int index);
-
 /** Get all available streams. */
 MLX_API std::vector<Stream> get_streams();
 
-inline bool operator==(const Stream& lhs, const Stream& rhs) {
-  return lhs.index == rhs.index;
-}
-
-inline bool operator!=(const Stream& lhs, const Stream& rhs) {
-  return !(lhs == rhs);
-}
-
 /* Synchronize with the default stream. */
 MLX_API void synchronize();