build: switch to C++23

[targos]

Following Chromium.

Closes: #61125
Refs: https://issues.chromium.org/issues/388070065

[nodejs-github-bot]

Review requested:

• @nodejs/gyp

[targos]

Shows an error in quic code (@jasnell):

In file included from /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/14/../../../../include/c++/14/memory:78:
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/14/../../../../include/c++/14/bits/unique_ptr.h:91:16: error: invalid application of 'sizeof' to an incomplete type 'node::quic::Stream::Outbound'
   91 |         static_assert(sizeof(_Tp)>0,
      |                       ^~~~~~~~~~~
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/14/../../../../include/c++/14/bits/unique_ptr.h:205:4: note: in instantiation of member function 'std::default_delete<node::quic::Stream::Outbound>::operator()' requested here
  205 |           _M_deleter()(__old_p);
      |           ^
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/14/../../../../include/c++/14/bits/unique_ptr.h:503:7: note: in instantiation of member function 'std::__uniq_ptr_impl<node::quic::Stream::Outbound, std::default_delete<node::quic::Stream::Outbound>>::reset' requested here
  503 |         _M_t.reset(std::move(__p));
      |              ^
../src/quic/streams.cc:324:23: note: in instantiation of member function 'std::unique_ptr<node::quic::Stream::Outbound>::reset' requested here
  324 |     stream->outbound_.reset();
      |                       ^
../src/quic/streams.h:294:9: note: forward declaration of 'node::quic::Stream::Outbound'
  294 |   class Outbound;
      |         ^
1 error generated.

[targos]

I opened ngtcp2/ngtcp2#1970 for the ngtcp2 error.