Active & Passive Filter Design

📌 Project Overview

This project focuses on the design and implementation of Active and Passive Filters using Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps) and passive components in Analog Electronics. The primary goal is to enhance signal processing by selectively allowing desired frequency components while attenuating unwanted noise.

🎯 Objectives

• Design and analyze Low-Pass, High-Pass, Band-Pass, and Band-Stop filters using both active and passive components.
• Optimize filter performance based on cutoff frequency, gain, and quality factor (Q-factor).
• Implement and test the circuit using LTSpice for simulation and hardware prototypes.

🔧 Components & Tools

Hardware:

• Operational Amplifiers (TL074, LM741, or equivalent)
• Resistors and Capacitors (selected based on filter specifications)
• Inductors (for passive filter design)
• DC Power Supply
• Function Generator
• Oscilloscope
• Breadboard & Connecting Wires

Software:

• LTSpice (for circuit simulation)

🔍 Filter Design Considerations

• Filter Type: Active vs. Passive
• Filter Order: Determines the sharpness of the cutoff.
• Cutoff Frequency (fc): Defines the boundary between passband and stopband.
• Gain (Av): Controls signal amplification in active filters.
• Q-Factor: Impacts selectivity in Band-Pass and Band-Stop filters.

⚙️ Circuit Implementations

1. Low-Pass Filter (LPF) – Allows low frequencies and attenuates high frequencies.
2. High-Pass Filter (HPF) – Allows high frequencies and attenuates low frequencies.
3. Band-Pass Filter (BPF) – Passes frequencies within a specific range.
4. Band-Stop Filter (BSF) – Attenuates a specific frequency band while passing others.

📊 Simulation & Results

• Frequency Response (Bode Plot) comparison with theoretical values.
• Phase Response Analysis.
• Practical implementation vs. simulated results using LTSpice.

🏆 Key Learnings & Challenges

• Effects of real-world components on filter performance.
• Importance of Op-Amp selection in active filter stability.
• Noise considerations and mitigation techniques.
• Differences in performance between active and passive filters.

📜 References

• Texas Instruments Op-Amp Application Notes

🤝 Contributors

• Saivarshith Mitukula

📩 Contact

For any queries, feel free to reach out via [saivarshith.mitukula@gmail.com] or connect on [LinkedIn].