SNOW-3347488: reduce describe query by reusing parent attributes for cte optimization on and reduce desc query on

[sfc-gh-aling]

1. Which Jira issue is this PR addressing? Make sure that there is an accompanying issue to your PR.

   Fixes SNOW-3347488

2. Fill out the following pre-review checklist:

   • I am adding a new automated test(s) to verify correctness of my new code
     • If this test skips Local Testing mode, I'm requesting review from @snowflakedb/local-testing
   • I am adding new logging messages
   • I am adding a new telemetry message
   • I am adding new credentials
   • I am adding a new dependency
   • If this is a new feature/behavior, I'm adding the Local Testing parity changes.
   • I acknowledge that I have ensured my changes to be thread-safe. Follow the link for more information: Thread-safe Developer Guidelines
   • If adding any arguments to public Snowpark APIs or creating new public Snowpark APIs, I acknowledge that I have ensured my changes include AST support. Follow the link for more information: AST Support Guidelines

3. Please describe how your code solves the related issue.

Change 1: General reduce-describe optimization
What: Enhanced _extract_inferable_attribute_names to accept from_attributes and resolve Alias(Attribute(...)) types by looking up the parent plan's known types by column name. Also enhanced _extract_selectable_attributes to pass from_attributes downstream. This is a general improvement to the metadata inference -- it works regardless of CTE.
Files: metadata_utils.py only
Effect: When reduce_describe_query_enabled is ON, more projections can be resolved locally without a DESCRIBE, because Alias(Attribute) expressions now inherit types from the FROM clause.

Change 2: CTE-specific describe reduction
What: Three things:
Added Alias(Cast(...)) inference using Cast.to for scalar types (skipping structured types to avoid Snowflake type promotion issues)
Added try_infer_attributes_from_flattened_projection and replaced the unconditional _attributes = None in SelectStatement.select() flattening with a smart re-derive attempt
Added unit tests (test_metadata_utils.py) and integ tests (test_reduce_describe_query.py)
Files: metadata_utils.py, select_statement.py, plus new test files
Effect: When CTE optimization is ON, the select() flattening no longer unconditionally discards cached attributes. Combined with Cast inference, this eliminates the extra describe query for self-joins on createDataFrame tables.

The two changes are complementary -- Change 1 handles the Alias(Attribute) case (column pass-through), Change 2 handles the Alias(Cast) case (typed columns from createDataFrame with schema). Together they cover the two most common projection patterns that trigger unnecessary describes.

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[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 95.23810% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 92.27%. Comparing base (c5362e4) to head (d281d20).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...lake/snowpark/_internal/analyzer/metadata_utils.py	94.87%	0 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #4175      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   95.42%   92.27%   -3.16%     
==========================================
  Files         171      171              
  Lines       43615    43644      +29     
  Branches     7459     7470      +11     
==========================================
- Hits        41620    40271    -1349     
- Misses       1220     2504    +1284     
- Partials      775      869      +94     

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