lib/posix: Adopt newlib-style re-entrant API for getopt family #99450
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Replace the Zephyr-specific re-entrant getopt family APIs with those from newlib. This allows use of the newlib and picolibc native implementations and provides a cleaner re-entrant mechanism, using a local variable to hold the getopt state instead of having a thread-local variabled tucked away in the shell context.
This will require changing all re-entrant users of getopt, switching from the Zephyr-style interfaces to the newlib-style.