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This PR is mostly an import from pqmx. It includes some helpers:

  1. Added a new platform.mk
  2. Added a "baremetal/platform" directory
  3. Added pqmx hal code into baremetal/platform
  4. used platform.mk to override exec wrapper
  5. changed rules.mk to use LDFLAGS for linking instead of CFLAGS
  6. Added an exec_wrapper.py that encodes the command-line arguments into a binary blob and then loads that into qemu in order to pass command-line arguments.

@bremoran
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Why has void __attribute__ ((destructor)) semihosting_exit(void); been removed from the patch?

@mkannwischer
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Why has void __attribute__ ((destructor)) semihosting_exit(void); been removed from the patch?

I got some errors because that declaration is conflicting with the static definition:

static void __attribute__ ((destructor)) semihosting_exit(void) {
	semihosting_syscall(REPORT_EXCEPTION, ApplicationExit);
}

https://github.com/slothy-optimizer/pqmx/blob/67014499f6070753c41047c548021b9a1d4493d0/envs/m55-an547/src/platform/semihosting.c#L29

bremoran and others added 5 commits September 26, 2025 08:53
This commit is mostly an import from pqmx. It includes some helpers:

1. Added a new platform.mk
2. Added a nix package for pqmx files for platform support
3. Used platform.mk to override exec wrapper
4. Changed rules.mk to use LDFLAGS for linking instead of CFLAGS
5. Added an exec_wrapper.py that encodes the command-line arguments into a binary blob and then loads that into qemu in order to pass command-line arguments.

Signed-off-by: Brendan Moran <brendan.moran@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Brendan Moran <brendan.moran@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Matthias J. Kannwischer <matthias@kannwischer.eu>
Signed-off-by: Matthias J. Kannwischer <matthias@kannwischer.eu>
Signed-off-by: Brendan Moran <brendan.moran@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Matthias J. Kannwischer <matthias@kannwischer.eu>
Signed-off-by: Matthias J. Kannwischer <matthias@kannwischer.eu>
Ported upstream in slothy-optimizer/pqmx#92

Signed-off-by: Matthias J. Kannwischer <matthias@kannwischer.eu>
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Mac Mini (M1, 2020) benchmarks (opt)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 49577 cycles 49577 cycles 1
ML-DSA-44 sign 180499 cycles 180495 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 58530 cycles 58536 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 86317 cycles 86319 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 298546 cycles 298540 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 93826 cycles 93829 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 139758 cycles 139765 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 368751 cycles 368816 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 148936 cycles 148955 cycles 1.00

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Mac Mini (M1, 2020) benchmarks (no-opt)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 115028 cycles 115047 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 sign 430483 cycles 430530 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 122120 cycles 122127 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 197480 cycles 197453 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 701021 cycles 701043 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 197653 cycles 197660 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 334650 cycles 334647 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 883905 cycles 883884 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 328524 cycles 328482 cycles 1.00

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Arm Cortex-A76 (Raspberry Pi 5) benchmarks (opt)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 118578 cycles 118677 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 sign 433513 cycles 434196 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 136127 cycles 136128 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 204890 cycles 204655 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 723070 cycles 722836 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 219441 cycles 219033 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 334379 cycles 333723 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 902403 cycles 902244 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 353929 cycles 354180 cycles 1.00

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Arm Cortex-A76 (Raspberry Pi 5) benchmarks (no-opt)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 212960 cycles 213073 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 sign 781272 cycles 780938 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 229684 cycles 230283 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 380793 cycles 380323 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 1283523 cycles 1291497 cycles 0.99
ML-DSA-65 verify 372127 cycles 371762 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 608699 cycles 608969 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 1642380 cycles 1642314 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 621105 cycles 621469 cycles 1.00

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Intel Xeon 4th gen (c7i)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 36249 cycles 36242 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 sign 149080 cycles 149255 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 45589 cycles 45581 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 65308 cycles 65196 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 249833 cycles 249902 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 73503 cycles 73532 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 99236 cycles 98776 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 299695 cycles 297462 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-87 verify 109590 cycles 109101 cycles 1.00

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Arm Cortex-A72 (Raspberry Pi 4) benchmarks (opt)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 225683 cycles 241740 cycles 0.93
ML-DSA-44 sign 730142 cycles 783288 cycles 0.93
ML-DSA-44 verify 246956 cycles 259672 cycles 0.95
ML-DSA-65 keypair 398266 cycles 395952 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 sign 1232893 cycles 1218288 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 verify 408964 cycles 401060 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-87 keypair 660204 cycles 690349 cycles 0.96
ML-DSA-87 sign 1594485 cycles 1622692 cycles 0.98
ML-DSA-87 verify 669280 cycles 683560 cycles 0.98

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⚠️ Performance Alert ⚠️

Possible performance regression was detected for benchmark 'Arm Cortex-A72 (Raspberry Pi 4) benchmarks (opt)'.
Benchmark result of this commit is worse than the previous benchmark result exceeding threshold 1.03.

Benchmark suite Current: 01896d5 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-87 verify 705962 cycles 683560 cycles 1.03

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Intel Xeon 4th gen (c7i) (no-opt)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 95384 cycles 95140 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 sign 343386 cycles 342954 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 101539 cycles 101407 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 164450 cycles 165152 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 571750 cycles 572201 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 164017 cycles 164063 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 269859 cycles 269815 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 725646 cycles 725739 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 271755 cycles 271505 cycles 1.00

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Intel Xeon 3rd gen (c6i)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 59156 cycles 60408 cycles 0.98
ML-DSA-44 sign 230970 cycles 235614 cycles 0.98
ML-DSA-44 verify 74544 cycles 76046 cycles 0.98
ML-DSA-65 keypair 105209 cycles 109390 cycles 0.96
ML-DSA-65 sign 384188 cycles 401753 cycles 0.96
ML-DSA-65 verify 118857 cycles 123901 cycles 0.96
ML-DSA-87 keypair 163127 cycles 163737 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 465827 cycles 464816 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 181584 cycles 181747 cycles 1.00

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AMD EPYC 4th gen (c7a)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 44267 cycles 43322 cycles 1.02
ML-DSA-44 sign 169792 cycles 165389 cycles 1.03
ML-DSA-44 verify 57628 cycles 54826 cycles 1.05
ML-DSA-65 keypair 74169 cycles 73916 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 270300 cycles 269422 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 84773 cycles 84771 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 114447 cycles 114338 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 318972 cycles 319622 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 133073 cycles 132541 cycles 1.00

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AMD EPYC 3rd gen (c6a)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 75350 cycles 72747 cycles 1.04
ML-DSA-44 sign 244700 cycles 236548 cycles 1.03
ML-DSA-44 verify 85137 cycles 82039 cycles 1.04
ML-DSA-65 keypair 125145 cycles 124867 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 384088 cycles 385203 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 133403 cycles 133463 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 209216 cycles 210163 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 489425 cycles 491127 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 218372 cycles 218705 cycles 1.00

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Graviton4

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 71575 cycles 71581 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 sign 252114 cycles 252581 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 82590 cycles 82664 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 126356 cycles 126408 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 418463 cycles 418664 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 133419 cycles 133516 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 205263 cycles 204938 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 525478 cycles 524475 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 215795 cycles 215419 cycles 1.00

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Intel Xeon 3rd gen (c6i) (no-opt)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 157098 cycles 157182 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 sign 563423 cycles 563472 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 168684 cycles 168336 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 269430 cycles 269609 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 926881 cycles 929842 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 274472 cycles 275116 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 450127 cycles 449653 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 1179279 cycles 1177782 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 460548 cycles 458669 cycles 1.00

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AMD EPYC 4th gen (c7a) (no-opt)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 120863 cycles 120960 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 sign 452575 cycles 451761 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 131607 cycles 131842 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 207033 cycles 206660 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 747363 cycles 743143 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 verify 210265 cycles 210414 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 339557 cycles 339309 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 941588 cycles 942595 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 349391 cycles 349710 cycles 1.00

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AMD EPYC 3rd gen (c6a) (no-opt)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 136518 cycles 135531 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-44 sign 544636 cycles 542011 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 149132 cycles 148332 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-65 keypair 227548 cycles 227333 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 873969 cycles 872696 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 236655 cycles 235696 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 374355 cycles 374328 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 1098028 cycles 1096980 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 387026 cycles 386854 cycles 1.00

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Graviton3

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 76485 cycles 76423 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 sign 269380 cycles 269769 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 89294 cycles 89263 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 133669 cycles 133682 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 448392 cycles 448331 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 144081 cycles 144041 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 216284 cycles 216122 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 558599 cycles 558530 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 230496 cycles 230621 cycles 1.00

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Graviton4 (no-opt)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 133125 cycles 133089 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 sign 498184 cycles 498238 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 144960 cycles 145049 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 225893 cycles 226042 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 814279 cycles 813433 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 231411 cycles 231316 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 374552 cycles 374311 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 1019765 cycles 1020678 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 383503 cycles 383346 cycles 1.00

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Graviton2

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 118912 cycles 118873 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 sign 434651 cycles 434272 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 136532 cycles 136302 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 204930 cycles 204745 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 722992 cycles 723393 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 219369 cycles 219031 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 334779 cycles 334328 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 903656 cycles 903486 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 354058 cycles 354325 cycles 1.00

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Graviton3 (no-opt)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 138554 cycles 138676 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 sign 494869 cycles 495462 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 148816 cycles 148745 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 242573 cycles 242563 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 810159 cycles 809718 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 240873 cycles 241143 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 396199 cycles 396476 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 1031385 cycles 1031322 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 402476 cycles 402118 cycles 1.00

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Graviton2 (no-opt)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 213208 cycles 213272 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 sign 782622 cycles 793588 cycles 0.99
ML-DSA-44 verify 229934 cycles 229931 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 381211 cycles 380672 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 1285319 cycles 1284756 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 372525 cycles 372176 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 609807 cycles 609908 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 1645838 cycles 1646075 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 621832 cycles 621820 cycles 1.00

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Signed-off-by: Matthias J. Kannwischer <matthias@kannwischer.eu>
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Arm Cortex-A55 (Snapdragon 888) benchmarks (opt)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 289672 cycles 289604 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 sign 1090368 cycles 1093742 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 341689 cycles 341646 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 492370 cycles 492001 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 1794486 cycles 1791920 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 534305 cycles 532865 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 838082 cycles 844493 cycles 0.99
ML-DSA-87 sign 2347483 cycles 2390950 cycles 0.98
ML-DSA-87 verify 895515 cycles 902798 cycles 0.99

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⚠️ Performance Alert ⚠️

Possible performance regression was detected for benchmark 'AMD EPYC 4th gen (c7a)'.
Benchmark result of this commit is worse than the previous benchmark result exceeding threshold 1.03.

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 verify 57628 cycles 54826 cycles 1.05

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⚠️ Performance Alert ⚠️

Possible performance regression was detected for benchmark 'AMD EPYC 3rd gen (c6a)'.
Benchmark result of this commit is worse than the previous benchmark result exceeding threshold 1.03.

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 75350 cycles 72747 cycles 1.04
ML-DSA-44 sign 244700 cycles 236548 cycles 1.03
ML-DSA-44 verify 85137 cycles 82039 cycles 1.04

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SpacemiT K1 8 (Banana Pi F3) benchmarks (no-opt)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 822804 cycles 823176 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 sign 3331045 cycles 3331963 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 verify 920593 cycles 920774 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 1400601 cycles 1402671 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 5466160 cycles 5471731 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 1465886 cycles 1468017 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 2296718 cycles 2302849 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 6788105 cycles 6818527 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 2400160 cycles 2398326 cycles 1.00

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Arm Cortex-A55 (Snapdragon 888) benchmarks (no-opt)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 460452 cycles 462028 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-44 sign 2206841 cycles 2218140 cycles 0.99
ML-DSA-44 verify 545010 cycles 546922 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 774808 cycles 773458 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 3624744 cycles 3630448 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 847207 cycles 847514 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 1248867 cycles 1247379 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 sign 4448413 cycles 4444207 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 verify 1357736 cycles 1361732 cycles 1.00

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Arm Cortex-A72 (Raspberry Pi 4) benchmarks (no-opt)

Benchmark suite Current: d9fe127 Previous: 899852c Ratio
ML-DSA-44 keypair 308789 cycles 306664 cycles 1.01
ML-DSA-44 sign 1198861 cycles 1206298 cycles 0.99
ML-DSA-44 verify 335379 cycles 334992 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 keypair 566962 cycles 565588 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 sign 1951292 cycles 1948544 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-65 verify 532357 cycles 531484 cycles 1.00
ML-DSA-87 keypair 858554 cycles 873002 cycles 0.98
ML-DSA-87 sign 2467671 cycles 2486808 cycles 0.99
ML-DSA-87 verify 884783 cycles 888309 cycles 1.00

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permissions:
contents: 'read'
id-token: 'write'
uses: ./.github/workflows/baremetal.yml
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Before merge, we need to add

needs: [ base ]

but let's keep it like this for development.

@mkannwischer mkannwischer force-pushed the armv8.1-m branch 2 times, most recently from 664eda4 to a39644a Compare September 26, 2025 08:33
Signed-off-by: Matthias J. Kannwischer <matthias@kannwischer.eu>
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